北师大版高中英语模块1 Unit 3 Celebration 被动语态复习1

被动语态复习1
概念引入
主语是动作的发出者，谓语动词用主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，谓语动词用被动语态。和时态一样，语态也是英语学习和使用中非常重要的一项语法，每年各地高考的题量都高于其它语法项目，也是语篇的正确理解的基础，更不用说在作文中的恰当应用的重要性了。此单元我们将复习使用被动语态的注意事项和不定式的被动式的用法。
先看下面句子：
1. Robots are programmed and controlled by a computer.
2. Choose one and be prepared to tell the class about it briefly.
3. It was going to be tested out by Larry’s wife, Claire.
4. Claire didn’t want the robot in her house, especially as her husband would be absent for three weeks, but Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn’t harm her or allow her to be harmed.
5. Claire thought it was ridiculous to be offered sympathy by a robot.
这些句子中斜体词部分都用了被动语态形式，其中例句1、2、3是谓语动词的被动语态，例句4、5是不定式的被动语态。例句1中controlled前省略了are；例句2是并列的两个祈使句，be prepared to意为“为做......准备好”。
用法讲解
【复习被动语态 一、基本用法（以do为例）】
被动语态的时态变化（谓语动词）：
基本用法（以do为例）
一般
进行
完成
现在
am/is/are done
am/is/are being done
has/have been done
过去
was/were done
was/were being done
had been done
将来
shall/will be done
shall/will be being done
shall/will have been done
重点解析：
1. 被动语态的形式从时态上，分成现在、过去、将来，再细分为一般、进行、完成。
2. 被动语态中do永远变成be done，所有的变化中done必须是保留的，而时态是把be做相应的变化而体现的。如：
1) am/is/are doing 是现在进行时，而am/is/are being done是现在进行时的被动语态。
2) 一般过去时的被动语态就是把be变成过去时was/were。
3) 一般将来时即在be done前加了shall/ will。
4）had been done中had表示时态，be改成been，即后面是been done。
记住：把be做相对应的变化来改变时态。
例句：
1. The book was received so eagerly that it was sold out on the first day.
这本书得到了公认，第一天就卖光了。（一般过去时的被动语态）
2. Textbooks are required to come in time.
要求课本及时到达。（一般现在时的被动语态）
3. My sister wants to work in a power plant which is still being built.
我妹妹想去那家尚在修建的发电厂工作。（现在进行时的被动语态）
4. By the end of next May this task will have been finished.
到明年五月末为止，这项任务就已经完成了。（by the end of 到......末为止，next May表示“还没有到”，所以用将来完成时will have done，变成被动语态，即will have been done）
5. The railway had been completed by the end of last year.
这条铁路去年末已经完工了。（同样的by the end of，因为last year表示“过去”，所以用过去完成时的被动语态，have变成了had）
例题：
1. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _____ four days later.
A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued
解析：答案B。先“走丢”，然后“被救”，用一般过去时的被动语态。
2. More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. had sent C. were sent D. had been sent
解析：答案C。“人”是“被送往”，而且是“last year”，所以用一般过去时被动语态。
3. Experiments of this kind _____ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
解析：答案D。因为实验是被做的，排除A、C；“在二战之前”做完了，用had been conducted，表示“过去的过去”。
4. All visitors to this village _________ with kindness.
A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated
解析：答案B。因为“人们”是“被款待”的，treat与visitors是被动关系；句子中因为没有时间状语，我们就把它当作一个客观事实，因此答案为are treated。
注意：
1. 情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+ be done
The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。
2. 被动语态的否定形式
把not置于第一个助动词be、have或情态动词后，如：
The problem is not going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题不打算在会上讨论。
3. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，用于被动结构时，要看作一个整体，不能分开，介词或副词也不能省略。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该戒除。
使用被动语态的场合
1. 当关注的是事情或事物本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。
My car has been moved. 我的汽车有人动过。　　　
2. 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。
If you break the school rules, you will be punished.
如果你违犯了学校的纪律，你会受惩罚的。
3. 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。
He is believed to have invented the computer. 人们都相信他发明了电脑。
Advertisements are seen everywhere. 广告随处可见。
4. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.
那个名人上了公交车，立刻被人们认了出来。（只需一个主语）
I was shown round the campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before.
肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。
（用定语从句使两个松散的句子变成了复合句，句子更流畅、紧凑）
被动语态使用举例
被动语态会使句子更顺畅、紧凑，表达更清楚，因此同学们在书面表达中要尝试使用，不断练习，使书面表达的等级得以提高。下面这篇就“公园要不要收门票？”给报社的一封信的范文中，如果不用被动语态，主语就会都用we，people等，写起来不方便，语言也会句式单一，不够流畅了。
Dear editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. Sixty students out of one hundred think that an entrance ticket should not be bought before one enters a park, for it is a place for the public to go to when they are free. If a ticket must be bought, a gate and walls have to be built for a park, which will make a city look ugly. Forty students out of one hundred think that an entrance fee should be paid before one enters a park, but that the price of the ticket should be reasonable. Money that is got from ticket selling can be used to pay the gardening workers and buy different kinds of flowers and trees. As for myself, I really think parks are good places to go to at weekends and on holidays. At the same time, we, as visitors, should pay the entrance fee when we enter a park. After all, it takes a lot of money to maintain a park in good working order. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yours truly,
Li Hua
被动语态使用的注意要点
1. 双宾语变被动句
有些动词可以有两个宾语，在被动句中，通常用间接宾语（多为人）作主语，如果主语是直接宾语（多为物）时，要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词to或for等。
Ann wasn’t offered the job. 安没得到这份工作。
The Nobel Prize was awarded to George Soros. 这项诺贝尔奖授予乔治·索罗斯了。
2. 加to还是不加to
使役动词have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中不定式to要省略，但在被动结构时，要加to。
有人看见一个陌生人走进了楼。
主动句：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
被动句：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
She is made to clean the floor again. 她被迫再次擦了地板。
注意：使役动词get在主动句中也接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
We have to get him to see a doctor. 我们必须劝他去找医生看看。
3. let 与被动语态
1）let后只有一个单音节动词，在被动语态中可用不带to 的不定式。
　 主动句：They let the stranger go. 他们让陌生人走了。
被动句：The stranger was let go. 陌生人被放走了。
2） 若let 后宾语补足语较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit等代替。
主动句：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
在医院里护士允许我去看了我的同学。
被动句：I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
在医院里我被允许去看了我的同学。
4. 被动结构与系表结构的区别
“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较下列句子：
The enemy was soon surrounded by us. （强调动作，被动结构）
敌人不久就被我们包围了。
The house is surrounded by trees. （表示房子的特点或状态，系表结构）
那座房子周边都是树。
She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. （被动结构）
在黑暗中，她被那只狗咬了。
I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted. （系表结构）
听到我丈夫升职了，我很兴奋。
注意下列表示状态的短语：
be determined 决心 be pleased 感到高兴 be graduated (from) 毕业于
be finished 完成 be prepared (for) 准备好 be occupied (in) 忙于
被动语态要注意的几个句型
1. It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 ? 主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.
表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于这两个句型中。
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。
常用句型：
It is said/ reported /suggested that… 据说/据报道/据建议......
It is believed/ hoped/ thought that…大家相信/希望/认为
It is well known that…众所周知
2. be supposed to do 被推想/期望做某事，应该做某事
Let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good. 我们去看这个电影吧，据说不错。
It’s nearly 8 o’clock. I’d better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.
我要快些了，现在差不多8点钟了。我8：15去接汤姆。
You are not supposed to park here. 这儿不允许停车。
3. get + done与be+ done
在被动句中，get常可以代替be，get多用在口语中，有时表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。
There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt.
酒馆里发生了打斗，幸好无人受伤。
The dog got run over by a car. 狗被汽车辗死了。
不定式的被动式：作用和形式
1. 当不定式的逻辑主语是此不定式动作的承受者时，一般要用不定式的被动式。不定式的被动式可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
It’s an honour to be invited to the ceremony. （作主语）
受邀参加这个仪式很荣幸。
She didn’t like to be treated as a child. （作宾语）
她不喜欢被当孩子对待。
His dream was to be admitted to a good university. （作表语）
他的梦想是被录取进入一所好大学。
There are a lot of things to be discussed. （作定语）
有许多事情要讨论。
She was sent there to be trained for the space flight. （作状语）
她被派到那里接受航空飞行的训练。
2. 不定式的被动式有两种形式：
to be done 表示动词不定式的动作在谓语动词之后或同时发生。
to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
She preferred to have been given more important work to do.
她宁愿已经分给她更重要的工作了。
3. 不定式逻辑主语的确定：
用不定式的主动式还是被动式取决于不定式动作与其逻辑主语的关系，所以找出不定式的逻辑主语很重要。
1. 一般是句子的主语。见例①。
　　2. 作宾语补足语的不定式的逻辑主语是句子的宾语；见例②。
　　3. 作定语的不定式的逻辑主语多是定语所修饰的词。见例③。
　　4. 有时需要添加of/ for引出不定式的逻辑主语。见例④。
　　例如：
　　（斜体部分是逻辑主语，粗体部分是不定式）
　　①The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
　　　这些书和杂志不许带出阅览室。
　　②The officer ordered the man to be taken to the next room.
　　　军官命令把这个人带到隔壁房间。
　　③Who was the first one to arrive? 谁是第一个到的？
　　④It is an honor for me to be invited to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀请在这里讲话。
不定式的主动表示被动
1. 主语＋be +adj. +to do 时
能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important等。
The problem is difficult to deal with. 这个问题很难解决。
The box is light enough to carry. 这个盒子很轻，可以搬。
2. 不定式的动作的执行者在句中出现时。
不定式作定语与被修饰词构成动宾关系时，如果句中有此不定式动作的执行者，一般不用被动语态。
The young mother has five children to take care of. 这位年轻的妈妈要照看五个孩子。
（to take care of是the young mother做的）
Give him some books to read. 给他些书看。
（to read是him做的）
3. 疑问词+不定式结构中。
I had no idea who to turn to for help the time I was lost. 我迷路的时候不知道找谁帮忙。
4. 某些动词，如blame, let (出租), rent，seek等的不定式与be连用时。
The house is to let．此房出租。
I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident. 我感觉这次自行车事故该怪我。
The reason is not far to seek. 理由不难找到。
5. 当不定式隐含表示泛指的for me/ us/ you/ people to do结构时。The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house.
（我们）要做重要的事是离开家时要锁门。
6. 在“too…to do; enough…to…”结构中。
The problem is too difficult to work out．这道题很难做出来。
The house is big enough to live in. 这座房子够大，可以住。
7. 在there be结构中。
There is no time to lose（to be lost）．没有时间可以失去了。
（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1. He wanted the letter __________ (type) at once.
2. It is the first such project __________ (design) by Chinese engineers.
3. Ten soldiers___________ (kill) in the conflict by eight o’clock yesterday.
4. He’ll show you the right path _______ (take).
5. He said he was _________ (send) there to attend an important meeting next Friday.
6. Do let your mother know all the truth. Look at her face. She appears ________ (tell) everything.
7. The problem____________ (discuss) in the meeting room now. Let’s just wait for the result.
8. He hurried to the station only ______ (tell) that the train had left.
9. She is busy preparing for the exams __________ (hold) next month.
10. —It snowed heavily last night and there must be a lot of snow on Emei Mountain．
—No，we found a little snow，as most of it seemed ___________ (blow) away.
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。
1．据说他们在医院里受到良好的照顾。
They are said ___________________ in the hospital.
2．这个问题不容易回答。
This question is not _____________.
3．这场火灾应该由谁来负责?
Who ___________ for starting the fire?
4．有这么多的问题需要处理，你的日子一定不会轻松的。
With ____________________, you must have a hard time.
5．我们当然不愿意看到我们的建议被否决。
Of course we would not like our proposal___________________.
6. 在他死后的半个世纪里，人们一直在研究他。
Half a century after his death，he still continued ____________________.
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. His first book _______ next month is based on a true story.
A. published　　 B. to be published　　 C. to publish　　 D. being published
2. There were many talented actors out there just waiting _______.
A. to discover　　　 B. to be discovered　　　 C. discovered 　　　D. being discovered
3. Leonardo da Vinci _________ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A. is said to be buying　　　B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy　　　　　 D. has said to have bought
4. He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell 　　　B. to be told　　　 C. telling 　　　D. told
5. We find it impossible for the work _________ ahead of time.
A. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished
6．Energy drinks are not allowed _______in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.
A. to make　　 B. to be made　　　 C. to have been made　　　 D. to be making
7．It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness_________.
A. to make　　　 B. to be made　　　 C. making　　　 D. being made　
8．He claimed ___________in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated　　　　　　　　 B. treating badly　
C. to be treated badly　　　　　　　　 D. to have been badly treated　
9．Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes, I was still not able to find a chair ________.
A. to sit on　　　 B. to sit　　　 C. to have sat on　　　 D. to be sat on
10．The local health organization is reported _________ twenty-five years ago when Dr Smith became its first president.
A. to be set up　 　B. being set up　　 C. to have been set up　 　D. having been set up
11．Someone took away my umbrella. I’d never expect it _________.　
A. returning　　　 B. to be returned　　　　 C. being returned　 　　D. to return
12. His first novel _______ good reviews since it came out last month.
　　A. receives 　　　　B. is received　　　　C. will receive 　　　　D. has received
13. He will stop showing off, if no notice _____ of him.
A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken
14. — It is said that another new car factory _____ now.
— Yeah. It _____ one and a half years.
A. is building；takes B. is being built；will take
C. is built；will take D. is being built；takes
15. The train ________ arrive at 11:30, but it was an hour late.
A. was about to B. was likely to C. was supposed to D. was certain to
16. He_______ and was made to repeat it.
A. didn’t understand B. didn’t be understood
C. wasn’t understand D. wasn’t understood
17. The pupils here_______ all kinds of exercises every day in the past four weeks.
A. kept busy doing B. keep on doing
C. have kept busy doing D. have been kept busy doing
18. Many people stood near the bus stop, nervously waiting _____.
A. to pick up B. picking up C. to be picked up D. being picked up
19. All these gifts must be mailed immediately__________ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
20. They appeared ______________ me, so I had to explain to them.
A. misunderstanding B. misunderstood
C. to be misunderstood D. to have misunderstood
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用分词的正确形式填空：
1. to be typed 2. to be designed 3. had been killed 4. to take
5. to be sent 6. to have been told 7. is being discussed 8. to be told
9. to be held 10. to have been blown
难点解析：
5. 从said和next Friday可知send应该用过去将来时，因为已经给了was，所以可以用was to be sent表示过去将来和被动。
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. to be well cared for/ looked after或to be taken good cared of
2. easy to answer
3. is to blame
4. so many questions to deal with
5. to be cut off / turned down / cancelled
6. to be studied/ being studied
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1．B。不定式作定语表示将来，排除选项A、D；publish（出版）与其逻辑主语（book）是动宾关系，所以用不定式的被动态。
2. B。wait后要用不定式作宾语，即wait to do；discover和其逻辑主语actors是被动关系，所以用不定式的被动形式。句意：那里有许多有天分的演员就等着被发现。
3. B。sb. be said + to do 某人被说将要去做某事；因为不定式动作buy是在is said之前做的，所以用不定式的完成式。
4. B。only后接不定式，表示一个意想不到的结果；动词tell与主语he是动宾关系，要用不定式的被动形式作结果状语。
5. D。finish的逻辑主语是for引出的the work，是被动关系，排除选项A、B；形容词impossible通常后接不定式或for sb.后多接不定式，排除C。
6．B。make和其逻辑主语“energy drinks（能量饮料）”是被动关系，而且是在谓语动词allow之后做的，所以用不定式的一般式的被动形式。
7. B。句型：It takes sb. some time to do sth.，所以用不定式； make和the connection是被动关系，所以用B。句意：要花很长时间才能在体温和疾病之间建立联系。　　
8. D。claim后接动词作宾语时一般接不定式；不定式动作treat和He之间是被动关系，应用被动形式；treat是谓语动词claim之前完成，要用不定式的完成式。所以选D。
9. A。虽然不定式动作sit和所修饰词chair是被动关系，但“I”是不定式动作的执行者，所以用主动形式；因为chair要作不及物动词sit的地点状语，必须在sit后加介词on。
10. C。sth. is reported后经常接不定式表示“据报道”的内容；不定式动作set up和逻辑主语“The local health organization（当地健康组织）”之间是被动关系，且在“is reported”之前完成，所以选C。
11. B。expect sb. to do （expect后要接不定式做宾语补足语）；不定式动作return和宾语it（指代umbrella）是被动关系，且在expect后完成，所以选B。
12. D。“他的小说受到了好评”，his novel与receive是主动关系，而且还接有宾语，所以用主动语态。
13. A。如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来；take notice of 表示“注意”，notice提前作主语，与pay是被动关系，故选A。
14. B。根据主语与build之间的被动关系和now可知要选现在进行时的被动语态；因工厂正在修建，花费一年半应指将来。
15. C。be supposed to do 应该做某事。be about to do 正要做；be likely to do可能做；be certain to do 确定/肯定做某事。
16. D。understand是及物动词，后面没有宾语，其宾语是主语“他”，所以用被动语态。句意：他没有说明白（被别人明白），所以人家让他重复了一遍。
17. D。过去四周里一直都做某事，用现在完成时；keep sb. busy 使某人忙，“学生们”与“使某人忙”是被动关系，所以用被动语态的现在完成时。
18. C。wait 后要接不定式作宾语，表示“等待做某事”，排除B、D；pick up sb. 表示“用车去接某人”，many people与pick up是被动关系，所以选C。waiting...在句中是伴随状语。
19. C。receive与其逻辑主语gifts是被动关系，而且在句子谓语动作之后发生，所以用一般式的被动语态，选C。
20. D。appear to do 意为“似乎做某事”，排除A、B；misunderstand（误会）与“他们”是主动关系，排除C。因“误会”是在appeared之前做的，所以用不定式的完成式。