课件63张PPT。专题四 任务型阅读
考点1 信息转换题考点1 信息转换题 信息转换题的答案是不能直接在文章中找到原词的，这需要我们对文章进行加工或转换。加工转换的类型可具体分为以下两种：
1.间接法。基于原文某个词语的语法变形，如：主动与被动、谓语动词与非谓语动词、动词原形与动词第三人称单数形式、动词与名词、名词与形容
词、形容词副词的比较级与最高级、名词单复数等。
2.意译法。对原文中的某句话在保持意思不变的前提下，变换一种说法。这种变换有一定的难度,要求考生吃透原句的意思，然后进行转换。
根据已给句子查找并定位信息后，要加工分析信息并转换成另一种表达
方式，达到组织信息的目的。常见的转换方式有：词性(形)转换、句子结构
转换、另选他词来释义等。如:
(1)词性(形)的转换
动词→形容词
It's the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people...
→Conscientious people are very helpful to others.
(动)名词→动词
Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are.
→Messages from others help you determine who you are.
形容词→副词
People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge.
→People perform better when thinking positively.
动词→名词
Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter
homes.
→One piece of evidence is the migration of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes. 动词的第三人称单数形式→现在分词
So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth
magnet to point north and south.
→Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely swinging magnetic needle lines
itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.
(2)句子结构转换
①Spending even part of the day at a camp can help children meet more people
in society.
→Camps help children to gain more social experience. ②...camp hosts encourage children to work as a group to solve problems...
→Children are encouraged to solve problems together...
③They have shown that there's no benefit in meeting the needs of those learning
styles.
→It is not beneficial to meet the needs of those learning styles.
(3)另选他词来释义
①...the teacher always has to tell other students to stop talking...
→Teachers have to tell students to keep quiet/silent in class.
②...sometimes they work together...
→Teachers can also organize the kids in small groups to explain special problems sometimes they can cooperate. 典例1????
How Arts Promote Our Economy
…
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their pro- fessional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come”is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers,booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. Accord-ing to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.
… 思路点拨 信息转换题。第二段指出任何演出都需要不同专业的人员参
与，第三段接着指出除了与演出有关的专业人员以外，还需要市场营销人员
等一并帮助达成最终演出的成功，因此填写 promotion“广告宣传”或者
markeing“营销”。 答案 promotion/marketing 典例2????
An Extension of the Human Brain
…
Regarding memory:Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This fun_ction of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing;I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed,Wikipedia, or other websites.
… 思路点拨 信息转换题。根据该段中的“...Once I look up something on the Internet, I don‘t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.”中的 keep 可知其构成 短语 keep...in mind“记住”，介词 without 后跟动名词形式，故可知填 keeping。 答案 keeping 典例3????
Population Change
...
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
... 思路点拨 文章从第三段开始，举例分析了发展中国家出生率与经济发展的关系。故此处副标题应为“人口与经济压力”。答案 economic巩固技能练
Passage 1(2019江苏苏锡常镇二模)
Human love isn't neatly ordered or easily predictable. But that doesn't mean
that mathematics hasn't got something because, love, as with most of life, is full
of patterns. Mathematics is, basically, all about the study of patterns, patterns from
predicting the weather to the fluctuations (起伏) in the stock market, to the move-
ment of the planets or the growth of cities. And if we're being honest, none of those
things are exactly neatly ordered and easily predictable, either. So let us talk about how to pick a perfect partner using a hit of mathematics
that is called Optimal Stopping Theory.
Imagine that you start dating when you’re 15 and ideally, you’d like to be
married by the time that you're 35. And there's a number of people that you could
potentially date across your lifetime, and they'll be at varying levels of goodness.
The math says then that what you should do in the first 37 percent of your dating
window—you should just reject everybody as serious marriage potential. And then,
you should pick the next person that is better than everybody that you've seen before. If you do this, it can be mathematically proven, in fact, that this is the best possible way of maximizing your chances of finding the perfect partner.
But unfortunately, I have to tell you that this method does come with some
risks.
For instance, imagine if your perfect partner appeared during your first 37
percent. Now, unfortunately, you'd have to reject them. Now, if you're following
the maths, I'm afraid no one else will appear that's better than anyone you've seen before, so you have to go on rejecting everyone and die alone.
Okay, another risk is, let's imagine, instead, that the first people that you dated
in your first 37 percent are just incredibly dull, boring and terrible people. Now, that's okay, because you're in your rejection phase. But then imagine, the next personto come along is just slightly less boring, dull and terrible than everybody that you've seen before. Now, if you are following the maths, I'm afraid you have to marry him
or her and end up in a relationship which is, frankly, not most satisfying.
Okay, so this method doesn't give you a 100 percent success rate, but there's no other possible strategy that can do any better.
And actually, I also think that subconsciously, humans, we do sort of do this anyway. We give ourselves a little bit of time to play the field, get a feel for themarketplace or whatever when we're young. And then we only start looking seriously at potential marriage candidates once we hit our mid-to-late 20s. I think this is con-
vincing proof, if ever it were needed, that everybody's brains are prewired (天生的)
to be just a little bit mathematical. Therefore, it can be mathematically proven that
this is the best way to find the perfect partner.答案????
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了用数学的理论(最优停止理论) 寻找结婚对象。作者还详细分析了最优停止理论有可能存在的风险以及为 什么这是最好的策略。
1.studies 根据第一段第三句 Mathematics is, basically, all about the study of patterns...可知，数学是关于模式的研究，原文中 study 为名词，此处需用动
词，故填入 studies。注意应用第三人称单数形式。
2.mathematical 根据第二段 So let us talk about how to pick a perfect partner
using a bit of mathematics that is called Optimal Stopping Theory.可知，作者试图讨论如何用被称之为最优停止理论的数学方法来选择完美伴侣，即使用
最好的数学方法。原文中 mathematics 为名词，此处需用形容词修饰名词，
故填 mathematical。
3.none 根据第三段第三句 The math says then that what you should do in the first 37 percent of your dating window—you should just reject everybody as
serious marriage potential. 可知，你要拒绝前37%约会的人成为你的结婚对象。 原文中用了 reject 不接受，与此处 pick none of 相符，故填 none。
4.Risks 根据第四段中的...I have to tell you that this method does come with some risks. 可知，此处作者谈论的是这种方法可能存在风险，故填 Risks。注意大写首字母。5.after 根据第六段第三句...the next person to come along...可知,此处表示随 后出现的人,即在37%之后到来的人。故填after。
6.better 根据第六段第三句...the next person to come along is just slightly less boring, dull and terrible than everybody that you‘ve seen before. 可知，后面遇
到的人只比之前的人稍微不那么无聊、沉闷和讨厌，即稍微好一点点，故填
better。
7.resulting 根据第六段最后一句 Now, if you are following the maths, I’m
afraid you have to marry him or her and end up in a relationship which is, frankly,
not most satisfying. 可知，如果你遵循这个理论，可能会导致选了一个并非完 美的伴侣。原文中用了 end up in 以……告终，此处只能填一个单词,用result，
result in 最终导致，为固定短语。根据句子结构可知，此处应用现在分词作结果状语，故填 resulting。
8.Why????根据文章最后一句 Therefore, it can be mathematically proven that this is the best way to find the perfect partner. 可知，作者认为从数学的角度，这是 最好的寻找伴侣的方式。作者用 therefore 来总结归纳前面说的话，由此可见， 最后一段是在分析为什么这个方法是最好的，故填Why。注意大写首字母。9.marriage????根据最后一段第三句...looking seriously at potential marriage
candidates...可知，作者建议要认真看待潜在的结婚人选，即为了婚姻寻
找可能的人选，故填 marriage。
10.spend 根据最后一段第二句 We give ourselves a little bit of time to play the field...可知，作者认为人们在做出认真的决定之前经常给自己一点时间培 养市场感。此处结构为 spend some time (in) doing sth ，故填spend。Passage 2(2019江苏苏北三市模拟)
Emojis Catch Fire: Creators Seek IP Protection
Emojis (表情符号) are part of a great many messages exchanged by users of
instant message apps, social media, email and the like. As the latest form of intel- lectual property (IP) in China, they are turning out to be a money-spinner and also
IP worth further protection in China.
Consider Rumi, a panda-like emoji, which has been downloaded on social media more than 340 million times, representing about one fourth of China's entire popula-
tion. More and more users love to use emojis because they help spice up their mes-
sages with slick meanings, moods or states of mind that are best expressed quickly，not in words, but through interesting or funny images.
Not only do they use, they also tip. China's largest social media platform
WeChat told China Daily that in 2017, more than 6.9 million users tipped emoji
artists nearly 14 million yuan ($2 million) in all. The return can be handsome.
Zhang Xuchen, 39, a part-time emoji creator from Tianjin, said that he earned a
good income in the tens of thousands of yuan a year simply through tipping from
customers, which supplements (贴补) his job as a forklift truck driver.
StarMoly, founded in 2016, is the developer of Rumi. It owns more than 30
emojis, which have been downloaded more than 1.4 billion times. “Driven by the
wide use of social media in nearly every corner in China, emojis are undoubtedlypromising IP,” said Lin Dongdong, president of StarMoly. Unlike traditional IP, the company's emojis will change their costumes and status according to
different situations, which brings the digital-based images alive.
StarMoly has also cooperated with a great number of companies to develop
its IP. It has authorized its emojis to The Shape of Water, an Oscar-winning film,
to use them in domestic publicity. “To protect our IP, we select our partners with great caution. We only choose those well-known and high-quality brands including
Lay's, Microsoft and Taobao to make sure that our IP is protected,” Lin said, noting
that there are indeed many cases of abuse and piracy in the emoji and its related
sectors in China. “Emojis are very likely to be pirated because most of them are in digital
forms, which are very easy to be copied and used again,” said Cheng Yanbo,
an analyst. “Besides, it is a brand-new and wild area that is not effectively
supervised(监管).”
A good example, he said, is the facepalm emoji, one of the country's most widespread characters. It was recently registered as a trademark by a clothing maker from Zhejiang Province instead of the emoji's creator, WeChat.
“To protect these emoji IP, related rules and regulations are needed to
protect the IP rights of both creators and companies,” he said, adding that
education on the subject is supposed to keep up.答案????
[语篇解读] 文章讲述了新兴的表情符号产业，并分析了其受欢迎的原因和 存在的问题，并给出解决方案。
1.deserve 根据第一段第二句 As the latest form of intellectual property (IP) in
China, they are turning out to be a money-spinner and also IP worth further protec-
tion in China.可知，Emojis 以中国最新的知识产权形式为开发者带来财富，也值得远期的保护。原文用了形容词 worth 值得，此处需要一个动词与 bring 并列，故填 deserve。2.popularity/currency 此处需要一个归纳性词汇来总结第二段。第二段在分析
emojis 受欢迎的原因，故填 popularity/currency。
3.express/convey????根据第二段最后一句...that are best expressed quickly, not in
words, but through interesting or funny images. 可知，人们可以通过有趣的图片用比文字更快的速度表达自己的意思、情绪或想法。原文用了被动形式，此
处需用主动形式。故填 express/convey。
4.Cases 本题需要填一个总结概括性词汇。文中举了一些 emojis 受欢迎的和开发者获益的案例。cases in point 恰当的例子，固定短语，符合语境，故填 Cases。注意大写首字母。5.looking 根据第二段第一句 Consider Rumi, a panda-like emoji, which has been downloaded...可知，Rumi 是一个酷似熊猫的emoji。look like看上去像，
此处用现在分词作后置定语，故填 looking。
6.tipped 根据第三段第四句 Zhang Xuchen,...he earned a good income in the tens of thousands of yuan a year simply through tipping from customers...可知， 他挣的钱是来自客户们的打赏。tip打赏，此处用作动词。根据语境应用一般 过去时，故填tipped。注意词尾变化。7.developed/created/produced/made????根据第四段第一句 StarMoly...is the
developer of Rumi. 可知，StarMoly 是 Rumi 的开发商。此处需用动词构
成动宾搭配。根据语境应用一般过去时。故填 developed 或与之意思相
近的 created/produced/made。
8.majority 根据第六段第一句 Emojis are very likely to be pirated because most of them are in digital forms...可知，表情符号很容易被盗版，因为它们
主要以电子形式存在。原文用了 most of...，此处空格前有定冠词 the，故
填 majority。9.lack/shortage/absence 根据第六段最后一句 Besides, it is a brand-new and wild area that is not effectively supervised. 可知，表情符号是全新的行业，没
有有力的监管。原文谓语部分用了否定形式,此处根据结构需用 lack 或与之
意义相近的 shortage/absence。
10.follow 根据最后一段最后一句...adding that education on the subject is supposed to keep up. 可知，相关的教育需要跟进。keep up 与 follow 近义，故
填 follow。拓展提升练
Passage 1(2019江苏江都中学、扬中高级中学、溧水高级中学期初联考)
Time for Americans to act on climate change
The climate crisis is worsening at an alarming rate that is becoming harder and harder to ignore. For more than two decades, scientific reports have made it clear that global warming is real, that humans cause it and that the consequences will be
disastrous.
The scientific community has become increasingly panicked over the past year.
The latest assessment from the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changepainted a far more terrible picture than its previous analyses, and the long-awaited
National Climate Assessment made it clear that climate change represents a severe
threat to human health as well as our economic security. Out of this panic came the
treaty (条约) reached this past weekend by world leaders to keep the Paris Climate
Agreement alive.
Yet many Americans still don't regard the threat as a key priority for our
government, and support President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris
Agreement. Campaign contributions from fossil fuel companies have convinced elected officials to look the other way. A certain amount of despair has resulted in widespread apathy (漠然). But there is another reason that has been discussed far less openly. While a
growing number of people understand that climate change will have significant worldwide consequences, many Americans have an intuitive (直觉的) belief that their nation is more capable than others of adapting to a changed environment. Why? Because they have before.
This historical success, however, resulted from the federal government taking science seriously, and making investments to urge revolution and innovation.
But these innovations did not happen by themselves, or simply because of the
United States' rich resources. They depended on consistent support from the leaders about the need to take action when faced with crises. This has been especially true in the environmental crisis.
President Bill Clinton had a shockingly modest record of advancing climate
security, particularly given that his vice president, Al Gore, had been one of the most outspoken environmentalists in Congress. By far Clinton's biggest accom-
plishment was assigning Gore to participate in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations. Clinton chose, however, to avoid what surely would have been a terrible fight in the Senate to gain approval of the treaty. While this effort probably would have failed, it would have signaled to the American people how seriously the Democratic Party took climate change. Thus, the time has clearly arrived for progressive candidates to start cam-
paigning on a platform built around the need for a sustainability revolution. Such
a plan should include a carbon tax, well-funded clean energy research, evolved
agricultural policies and smarter public transport. Given that Generation X and
millennials (千禧一代) never bought into the fiction that the United States is
immune to the dangers of global warming, the time is ripe to make climate
security a crucial government responsibility. Only by doing so can we begin the
long-overdue (拖延好久的) campaign to save the planet.
Time for Americans to act on climate change答案????
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。人类破坏了环境，应该为自己所做的事情 负责。但是美国人对于全球的环境问题有着不同的态度，消极或积极。作者 呼吁美国人采取积极措施应对环境变化。
1.aware/conscious 根据第一段第一句 The climate crisis is worsening at an alarming rate that is becoming harder and harder to ignore. 可知，气候危机变得 越来越严重，使得人们越来越难以忽视,即越来越多的人意识到气候危机的严 重性。根据空格前后的词汇可知此处为 be aware/conscious of 明白，意识到， 故填 aware/conscious。2.blame 根据第一段第二句...that humans cause it and...可知，是人类导致了全球气候变暖，即人类应该对此负责。be to blame for...对……负有责任，符合语境，故填 blame。
3.answer 人类应该为他们所做的事情负责。answer for 对……负责，故填 an-
swer。
4.under 根据第二段第二句...that climate change represents a severe threat to human health as well as our economic security. 可知，气候变化给人类健康和经济安全带来了威胁，即人类健康和经济安全处于严重的威胁之下。故填 under。
5.favo(u)r/support????根据第三段第一句...and support President Trump's decision to
withdraw from the Paris Agreement. 可知，很多人支持特朗普退出巴黎条约的决定。原文用了动词 support，此处转换成介词短语 in support of 或 in favo(u)r
of。
6.Reasons 本空要填一个归纳性词汇。根据文章内容及右栏内容可知，此处 是在谈论人们做出相关反应的原因。介词 for 前用 reason，原因不止一个，应用复数形式。故填 Reasons。注意大写首字母。
7.interest 根据第三段第二句 Campaign contributions from fossil fuel companies have convinced elected officials to look the other way. 可知，竞选活动经费来自
一些化石燃料公司，他们能左右当选官员的意见,即他们之间存在着经济利益关系。interest relationship 利益关系，符合语境，故填 interest。8.sure/certain/optimistic 根据第四段第二句...many Americans have an intuitive
(直觉的) belief that their nation is more capable than others of adapting to a chang-
ed environment. 可知，很多美国人相信他们比其他国家更有能力应对环境变
化，即他们对自己的能力有把握，或感到乐观。故填 sure/certain/optimistic。
9.positive 根据倒数第二段内容或右栏内容可知，与特朗普相比，美国前总统 克林顿对于环境问题的态度是积极的。a positive attitude 一个积极的态度，与 前面 a negative attitude 形成对应关系，故填 positive。
10.Conclusion 本题需要填一个归纳性词汇。根据文章内容和右栏内容可知，此处是对全文的一个归纳总结，故填 Conclusion。注意大写首字母。Passage 2(2019江苏扬州一模)
The changes facing fast-food companies
Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof. When consumers need to
cut spending, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attract-
ive. As a result, fast-food chains have survived the recession better than their more
expensive competitors. In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by
more than 6%, but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains.In some
markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased. But in this ongoing recession (萧条), which is more severe, not all fast-food companies have been as fortunate. Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall.
In the recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. Smaller fast-food chains in America, such as Jack in the Box and Carl's Jr., have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they
cut back spending on advertising.
In the face of such challenges, some fast-food companies have sacrificed their
own profits by trying to give customers better value. During the recession companies set prices low, hoping to tempt more customers through the door. But in many cases that strategy doesn't work. Some companies are rethinking their strategies. KFC
has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5 to attract consumers away
from $1 specials.
Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, include-
ing drinks. McDonald's started selling better coffee as a challenge to Starbucks. Its
“McCafe” line now accounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America. As fast-food
companies shift from “super size” to “more buys”, they need to keep customer traffic high throughout the day. Many see breakfast as a big opportunity, and not just for
fatty food. McDonald's has started selling porridge in America, because the profits can be high.
But what about those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing options like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something about
helping to fight obesity (肥胖). These offerings don't necessarily lead to profit
loss, as they can broaden the appeal of stores for groups of diners that include
some people who don't want to eat a burger.
But calls for tougher government regulation never wear down. This year Congress passed America's health-reform bill, which requires restaurant chains with 20 or more stores to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu. And the recent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonald's from including toys in its high-calorie “Happy Meals”, because law makers believe it attracts
children to unhealthy food, suggests that fast-food companies will have to continue
trying something new.
The changes facing fast-food companies?
??
? 答案????
[语篇解读] 本文介绍了快餐公司在经济衰退中面临的挑战以及它们所采取的对策，同时指出随着更严格的食品监管政策的出台，快餐公司应更有创造性。
1.survivors/competitors/businesses/companies 根据第一段第三句 As a result, fast-food chains have survived the recession better than their more expensive competitors. 可知，快餐连锁店在经济衰退中比那些高价的竞争对手生存得更 好，它们成了更好的幸存者、竞争者、企业或公司，故填survivors/competitors/businesses/companies。2.appeals 根据第一段第二句 When consumers need to cut spending, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive. 可知，在经济衰退期间，便宜的快餐更吸引消费者。原文用了形容词 attractive，此处根据空格后的 to可知应填 appeals。
3.instead 根据第二段第三句 In the recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money. 可知，在经济 衰退期间，很多人为了省钱选择在家吃饭而不是出去吃。此处和空格后的介 词构成短语instead of (代替)，故填 instead。4.decreased/reduced/less 根据第二段第四句 Smaller fast-food chains in
America, such as Jack in the Box and Carl‘s Jr., have been hit particularly
hard in this downturn because they cut back spending on advertising. 可知，
小型的快餐公司在经济衰退中受到更沉重的打击是因为它们削减了广告
开支。原文用了cut back spending，此处应用形容词性质的词，故填
decreased/reduced/less。
5.Strategies/Measures/Approaches/Solutions/Ways 本题需填一个归纳性词 汇。第三、四段介绍了快餐公司为了应对这些挑战所采取的对策或方法，
故填 Strategies/Measures/Approaches/Solutions/Ways。6.high/higher 根据第三段最后两句 Some companies are rethinking their strategies. KFC has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5 to attract consumers away from $1 specials. 可知，一些快餐公司重新考虑它们的战略，
像肯德基就推出了一款售价5美元的鸡肉三明治以吸引消费者放弃1美元
的特价。与1美元的特价相比，它们的价格是较高的，故填 high/higher。
7.added 根据第四段第一句 Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks. 可知，有些公司在菜单中增加一些新的
产品。add...to...把……添加到……中，此处应用过去分词和 are 构成被动语
态。故填 added。注意词尾变化。8.profitable 根据倒数第三段最后一句 McDonald‘s has started selling porridge in America, because the profits can be high. 可知，麦当劳卖早餐粥是因为它的 利润更大。此处用形容词作表语，故填 profitable。
9.healthy/healthier 根据倒数第二段第二、三句 So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided government regulation. By providing options like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at least given the impression of doing something
about helping to fight obesity. 可知，快餐公司提供像沙拉和低卡路里的三明治这样健康的食物来避开政府监管。沙拉和低卡路里的三明治都属于健康食物，此处需用形容词修饰名词 food。故填 healthy/healthier。10.creative/innovative/flexible/adaptable 根据最后一段最后一句...suggests that
fast-food companies will have to continue trying something new. 可知，随着更为严格的食品法的通过，快餐公司需要继续尝试新的东西来应对。尝试新的东
西即更有创造性、更灵活。此处用形容词作表语，故填 creative/innovative/
flexible/adaptable。课件57张PPT。考点2 信息查找题考点2 信息查找题 信息查找题首先要浏览图表，借助图表结构抓住文章主旨、结构层次以 及文章的脉络，并确定图表中的内容与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系。这 就要求学生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词
或其适当形式填空。
1.常用的方法是带着问题有意识地在关键处做标记。
2.根据最醒目的字眼，如：suggestion，time，age，number，place，habit等。 3.依据信息词，如：
6w：who，what，when，where，why，how；
时间先后：first，then，after that，next，finally等；
因果：because，thus，lead to，is caused by，as a result of，now that，
since，as等；
比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，just as common as...等；
转折：but，while，however，instead，on the contrary等。 典例1????
How Arts Promote Our Economy
…
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a
community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater perform-
ances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
… 思路点拨 信息查找题。根据该段第一句“A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect (连锁反应) throughout a community.”中的 effect 可知，艺 术有逐渐传播的效果，故填 effect。 答案 effect 典例2????
How Arts Promote Our Economy
…
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg's investment of
$35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the
two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for
every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia,
a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3
billion and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts
industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.
… 思路点拨 信息查找题。根据该段中的 In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support
44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers. 可以看出，对艺术进行投资之后，会产生很多工作岗位，这些岗位中有80%是艺术以外的行业，从 including 后的举例中也能看出，因
此空格处填写 outside 或 beyond。 答案 outside/beyond 典例3????
Population Change
...
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record
of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it's likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer
term. 思路点拨 根据本段的前三句话可知，此处指美国将通过移民提高人口数 量。 答案 immigration巩固技能练
Passage 1(2019江苏南京、盐城二模)
Anyone who's ever made room for a big milestone of adult life—a job, a
marriage, a move—has likely shoved a friendship to the side. After all, there is
no contract locking us to the other person, as in marriage, and there are no blood
bonds, as in family. We choose our friends, and our friends choose us. That's a really distinctive attribute of friendships. But modern life can become so busy that people forget to keep choosing each other. That's when friendships fade, and there's reason to believe it's happening more than ever. Loneliness is on the rise, and feeling lonely has been found to increase a
person's risk of dying early by 26%—and to be even worse for the body than obesity and air pollution. Loneliness damages health in many ways, particularly because it
removes the safety net of social support. “When we perceive our world as threaten-
ing, that can be associated with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.”
The solution is simple: friendship. It helps protect the brain and body from
stress,anxiety and depression. “Being around trusted others, in essence, signals
safety and security,” says Holt-Lunstad. A study last year found that friendships
are especially beneficial later in life. Having supportive friends in old age is a stronger predictor of well-being than family ties—suggesting that the friends you pick may be at least as important as the family you're born into.
Easy as the fix may sound, it can be difficult to keep and make friends as an adult. But research suggests that you only need four and five close pals. If you've ever had a good one, you know what you're looking for. “The expectations of friends, once you have a mature understanding of friendship, don't really change across the life course,” Rawlins says. “People want their close friends to be someone they can talk to and someone they can depend upon.”
If you're trying to fill a dried-up friendship pool, start by looking inward.
Think back to how you met some of your very favorite friends. Volunteering on
a political campaign or in a favorite spin class? Playing in a band? “Friendships
are always about something,” says Rawlins. Common passions help people bond
at a personal level, and they bridge people of different ages and life experiences. Whatever you're into, someone else is too. Let your passion guide you toward people. For example, take a new course or join a committee at your community centers. If you like yoga, start going to classes regularly. Fellow dog lovers tend to gather at dog runs. Using apps and social media—like Facebook to find a local book club—is also a good way to find easy-going folks.
Once you meet a potential future friend, then comes the scary part: inviting
him or her to do something. “You do have to put yourself out there,” says Janice McCabe, associate professor of sociology at Dartmouth College and a friendship researcher. “There's a chance that the person will say no. But there's also a chancethat they'll say yes, and something really great could happen.”
The process takes time, and you may experience false starts. Not everyone will want to put in the effort necessary to be a good friend.
It's never too late to start being a better pal. The work you put into friendships— both new and old—will be well worth it for your health and happiness.答案????
[语篇解读] 快节奏的生活剥夺了人们维持友谊的时间，因此很多人变得更 加孤独，从而影响了人们的身心健康。作者就如何结交朋友提出了自己的建 议。
1.rids 根据第三段第二句 It helps protect the brain and body from stress, anxi- ety and depression. 可知，友谊帮助保护我们的大脑和身体免受压力、焦虑和 沮丧的伤害，即能使我们摆脱这些消极情绪。rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某事。 主语为动名词短语，谓语动词要用单数。故填 rids。2.loneliness 根据第二段第三句中的 Loneliness is on the rise 可知，孤独现
象正在增加，即孤独现象越来越多见，故填 loneliness。
3.Withdrawing/Withdrawal 根据第二段倒数第二句 Loneliness damages health
in many ways, particularly because it removes the safety net of social support. 可
知，孤独在很多方面影响健康，尤其是因为孤独挪去了社会支持这个安全网，即脱离社会，影响人们的身心健康。withdraw from society 脱离社会，此处作主语，用名词或动名词形式，故填 Withdrawing/Withdrawal。注意大写首字母。4.consistent 根据第四段第四句的 The expectations of friends, once you have a mature understanding of friendship, don’t really change across the life course 可 知，一旦你对友谊有了一个成熟的认识，对朋友的期望在一生中就不会改变。 不改变即保持一致。be consistent with 与……一致，故填 consistent。
5.supporters/helpers 根据第四段最后一句 People want their close friends to be someone they can talk to and someone they can depend upon.可知，人们想要 他们的密友成为他们的倾听者和可依靠的人。此处主语 they 为复数，应用名 词的复数形式与主语及 listeners 呼应，故填 supporters/helpers。6.Reflect 根据第五段第二句 Think back to how you met some of your very favorite friends. 可知，你可以回想一下你是如何遇到你最喜欢的朋友，即认
真思考你是如何建立好的友谊的，故填 Reflect。注意大写首字母。
7.similar/common/shared 根据第五段最后一句 Common passions help people bond at a personal level, and they bridge people of different ages and life experi-
ences. 可知，此处表示共同的兴趣爱好，故填 similar/common/shared。8.Trouble 根据第七段第一句 Once you meet a potential future friend, then comes the scary part: inviting him or her to do something. 可知，一旦你遇到
一个可以发展成朋友的人，那么可怕的事就来了：邀请他或她做些事情。
因为你认为这个人可以做朋友，你会不厌其烦地去邀请他或她，trouble sb.
to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事，故填 Trouble。注意大写首字母。
9.refused/rejected 根据第七段中的 There’s a chance that the person will say no. 可知，你邀请别人做事时，别人有可能拒绝，say no 即拒绝。根据文章可知，不要害怕被拒绝。根据空格前的 be 可知此处应用过去分词，构成被动形式，故填 refused/rejected。10.devoted/committed/dedicated 根据最后一段第二句 The work you put into friendships—both new and old—will be well worth it for your health and happi-
ness.可知，在交朋友方面你越投入，你就会越健康、越幸福。此处结构为 be
devoted/committed/dedicated to doing sth.。Passage 2(2019江苏苏锡常镇教情调查一)
Do the Right Thing
In life, people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values. Here's how to stay true to yours.
If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals, you have to know
what those ideals are. Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are
most important from a list: honesty, family and so on. Those qualities are influenced by your parents, your culture and society as a whole, but you have to take ownership of your own decisions. Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear. To
determine which principles are more than just desires, reflect on situations that
resonate (引起共鸣) with yourself.
Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction, but a few strat-
egies can help you follow through. Before you make a big decision, do something
that will put you in high spirits: exercise, socialize with friends, or volunteer. Re- searchers theorize that such activities improve our mood, which promotes dopamine
levels in certain areas of the brain, improving our cognitive abilities and helping us
weigh different options. The trouble is that the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times. When you're under force, ask a family member, a friend or, in certain cases,
a professional for advice. They can provide advice that's not slightly influenced by
the work deadline, or the leaky roof gradually weakening your mental energy.
Of course, people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time. There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one an-
other. It's not so much that people don't know what they want; it's that there are many things we desire, and we don't always know how to compromise. While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires, broader life choices don't need to be a definitive either/or question. One who likes
traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore locations closer to home, or commit to setting aside time for vacation with their family every summer, no matter what else comes up.
Surround yourself with people who, besides sharing your passion, can also pre- vent you from hesitating. A group can remind you, “Hey, we're doing this because we love it.” If you're still struggling, even after seeking out community support,
there's no shame in revising your core values. If you're determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead, it may be time to accept
that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism. Better yet, find opportun-ities to continue the charity program with your friends.
You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with living up to what your parents, co-workers or others expect. If your
values agree with who you really are, no one will have to ask you to make those
choices.
Do the Right Thing答案????
[语篇解读] 在生活中，当人们选择最符合自己价值观的选项时，他们会感到 很满足。因此要做正确的事情。文章介绍了如何忠于自己的方法。
1.match????根据第一段第一句 In life, people feel most satisfied when they choose
options that side with their most deeply held values. 可知，生活中，当人们的选
择和自己根深蒂固的价值观一致时，他们会很满足。原文用了side with 支持，站在……一边，此处表示他们的选择与他们根深蒂固的价值观相匹配。故填
match。2.shape????根据第二段第一句 If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals, you have to know what those ideals are. 可知，如果你想根据你的
理想来塑造人生，那么你得知道你的理想是什么。原文用了 have your life shaped，此处在动词 help 后，应用动词原形作其宾语。故填 shape。
3.factors 根据第二段最后一句中的 Those qualities are influenced by your parents, your culture and society as a whole 可知，your parents， your culture
and society 都是影响生活观念的因素。故填 factors。4.determining/deciding 根据第三段第二句 To determine which principles are more than just desires, reflect on situations that resonate with yourself. 可知，为
了确定你的某些观念不仅仅是愿望时，你得认真思考那些能引起你共鸣的情 况。原文用不定式表示目的，此处跟在 when 后，为现在分词作状语，故填
determining/deciding。
5.mood 根据第四段第二句中的 Before you make a big decision, do something
that will put you in high spirits 可知，在做重大决定前，要使自己的精神状况良好。in high spirits=in a good mood，故填 mood。6.Consult 根据第五段第二句 When you’re under force, ask a family member... for advice. 可知，当你有压力时，向你的家人、朋友或专业人员请教。ask sb. for advice 向某人征求意见，即 consult sb. 咨询某人，故填 Consult。注意首字母大写。
7.compromises/choices????根据第六段最后一句...it’s that there are many things we
desire, and we don’t always know how to compromise. 可知，我们想要很多东西，却不知道怎样在欲望之中做出让步或选择，故填 compromises/choices，注意 复数形式。8.hesitation 根据倒数第二段第一句 Surround yourself with people who...can also prevent you from hesitating. 可知，你身边要有朋友可以阻止你犹豫，即
让你毫不犹豫作出选择。原文用了动名词，此处在形容词后，要用名词，
without a slight hesitation 毫不犹豫，故填 hesitation。
9.shameful/disgraceful 根据倒数第二段第三句...there’s no shame in revising your core values. 可知，改变自己的核心价值观并不是一件丢人的事。原文在 there be句型中，用名词 shame，此处在 be 动词后，应用形容词，no shame 转换成 not shameful，也可用其同义词 disgraceful，故填 shameful/disgraceful。10.expectation(s) 根据最后一段第一句...what you believed was a core priority
actually has much more to do with living up to what your parents, co-workers or
others expect. 可知，你的有些价值观可能符合身边人的期待。原文用了动词
expect，此处在定冠词后，应用名词。what sb. expect(s) 即 sb’s expectation(s)， 故填 expectation(s)。拓展提升练
Passage 1(2019江苏)
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining charac-
teristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select
for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average
brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200~1400 cm3. We are
so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power,
more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull
(颅骨). It's even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2%~3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when
the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of
rest-time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they
spent more time in search of food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee
(黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart
like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's
easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for mov-
ing around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge,
especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for
its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that
these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoy-
ed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.答案????
[语篇解读]????本文为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会进步
与人类文明。文章介绍了人类的两大典型特点——脑容量大和直立行走的利
与弊。本文有助于提升学生辩证分析问题的能力,从而使其对事物做出正确的价值判断。
1.characteristics 根据文章第一段中的 all human beings share several defining characteristics 可知，人类有几个共同的典型特征，再根据题干中的数词 two
可确定答案为 characteristics。 2.disadvantages 文章第二段的概括，设空处对应的右栏中列举的信息主要 介绍了容量大的大脑的缺，故答案为 disadvantages。
3.energy 根据第三段中 By comparison, the brains of apes require only 8% of rest-time energy.可确定答案为 energy。
4.impact(s) 设空处对应的右栏列举了直立行走的好处和缺点，对直立行走 的影响进行了客观、全面的分析，故答案为 impacts 或 impact。
5.guard 根据第四段中 it’s easier to find food or enemies 和 like throwing stones or signaling 并结合题干中 against enemies 可知，直立行走有助于人类发现和
抵御敌人，故答案为 guard。guard against 为固定搭配，意为“提防”。6.other????根据第四段中 their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes 可知，由于行走不再需要手臂,所以它们被解放出来
用于其他的用途，故答案为 other。
7.limits 根据第五段中第三句（调整直立行走的位置是非常难的，尤其是
当骨骼得支撑超大头骨时）可推知直立行走需要限制大脑的大小，故答案
为 limits。
8.physical 根据第五段最后一句话中的关键信息 with backaches and painful necks 可知，由于直立行走，人类往往会背疼和脖子疼，故答案为 physical。9.beat 根据第二段中 We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. 和最后一段中 It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. 可 知容量大的大脑使人类成为地球上最强大的动物，再结合题干中 other beings in terms of intelligence 可推断空格处为“击败，战胜”之意，故答案为 beat。
10.fearful/afraid 根据最后一段最后一句尤其是 lived in constant fear of meat- eating animals 可知，人类尽管具有容量大的大脑和锋利的石器，但一直生活
在对食肉动物的恐惧中，故答案为 fearful 或 afraid。 Passage 2(2018常州一模)
We've been hearing feedback from our customers about the way we handle
performance for iPhones with older batteries and how we have communicated that process. We know that some of you feel Apple has let you down. We apologize. There's been a lot of misunderstanding about this issue, so we would like to clarify
and let you know about some changes we're making.
First and foremost, we have never—and would never—do anything to intention- ally shorten the life of any Apple product, or degrade the user experience to drive customer upgrades. Our goal has always been to create products that our customers love, and making iPhones last as long as possible is an important part of that.
All rechargeable batteries are consumable components that become less effective as their ability to hold a charge reduces. Time and the number of times a battery has been charged are not the only factors in this chemical aging process.
Device use also affects the performance of a battery over its lifespan. For exam-
ple, leaving or charging a battery in a hot environment can cause a battery to age
faster.
A chemically aged battery becomes less capable of delivering peak energy loads, especially in a low state of charge, which may lead to a device unexpectedly shutting itself down in some situations.
It should go without saying that we think sudden, unexpected shutdowns are
unacceptable. We don't want any of our users to lose a call, miss taking a picture
or have any other part of their iPhone experience interrupted if we can avoid it.
About a year ago in IOS 10.2.1,we delivered a software update that improves
power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns on
iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus,iPhone 6s,iPhone 6s Plus, and iPhone SE. With the update,
IOS dynamically manages the maximum performance of some system components when needed to prevent a shutdown. While these changes may go unnoticed, in some cases users may experience longer launch times for apps and other reductions in per-
formance.
Of course, when a chemically aged battery is replaced with a new one, iPhone performance returns to normal when operated in standard conditions.
To address our customers' concerns, to recognize their loyalty and to regain the
trust of anyone who may have doubted Apple's intentions, we've decided to take the
following steps:Apple is reducing the price of an out-of-warranty iPhone battery
replacement by $50—from $79 to $29—for anyone with an iPhone 6 or later whose battery needs to be replaced, starting in late January and available worldwide through December 2018.
Early in 2018, we will issue an IOS software update with new features that give users more visibility into the health of their iPhone's battery, so they can see for themselves if its condition is affecting performance.
At Apple, our customers' trust means everything to us. We will never stop work-
ing to earn and maintain it. We are able to do the work we love only because of your faith and support—and we will never forget that or take it for granted.答案????
[语篇解读] 本文是苹果手机客服对如何使用手机电池的介绍和解释。所有可充电电池都是可消耗的部件，充电时间和电池充电的次数并不是电池老化的唯一因素，设备的使用环境也会影响电池的寿命，如果将电池放在较热的环境中，或者在较热的环境中给电池充电也会使电池加速老化。
1.Apology 根据第一段第三句“We apologize.”再结合题干中的“Details”可知，右栏介绍的道歉的细节，故可知答案。
2.age 根据对应的右栏信息可知，此处应总结为电池是如何老化(age)的。3.How 通读第四段可知，该段主要陈述了如何使用手机会影响电池的寿命， 故填 How。
4.consequence 根据第五段中的“which may lead to a device unexpectedly shutting itself down in some situations”可知，这是电池老化的结果。
5.from 根据第七段第一句中的“...improves power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns”可知，要在高峰负载期间改进电源 管理，以避免意外关闭；据此可知，电源意外关闭的原因是电源管理不善，
result from 意为“起因于……”，符合语境。6.Prevention 根据第七段第二句中的“...when needed to prevent a shutdown”
可知，要在高峰负载期间改进电源管，以避免/预防（prevent）意外关闭，这里是名词形式，故填 Prevention。
7.managing 根据第七段第二句中的“...IOS dynamically manages the maximum performance of some system components...”可知，这次更新，IOS可以在需要避免关机的情况下，动态管理(manage)某些系统组件的最高运行性能。答案为
managing。8.occasionally/sometimes 根据第七段第三句“While these changes may go unnoticed, in some cases users may experience longer launch times for apps and other reductions in performance.”中的“in some cases”可知，这种情况有时 会发生，故答案为 occasionally/sometimes。
9.helping/enabling/allowing 根据第十段中的“give users more visibility into the health of their iPhone’s battery”可知，该处指帮助使用者看到他们手机电 池的健康状态，所以答案为 helping/enabling/allowing。
10.battery‘s 信息查找题。根据第十段中的“...if its condition is affecting
performance”并结合全段内容可知，这里的 its 指代的是“电池的”，故
答案为 battery's。课件57张PPT。考点3 信息归纳题考点3 信息归纳题 信息归纳题通常要求考生概括文章的主题或行(列)的标题。大多是归纳
某一段落的大意，有时是概括全文的主旨。通常我们可以从下面的方格向上
概括，或从右边的方格向左归纳。
1.解此类题时一般很难从阅读材料中直接找到答案,必须根据文章内容，对句群、段落和全文进行合理的推断与归纳。
2.平时注意总结、记忆高频归纳性词汇。这些词一般具有概括性，在最大程度上覆盖了栏内信息。如:
主题：theme， topic， subject 原因：reason (for)， cause (of)
问题：problem，question，issue
定义：definition
建议：advice，suggestion，tip
目的：purpose ，aim ，goal
异同： difference ，similarity
利弊： benefit，advantage，disadvantage，convenience
态度、观点： attitude，idea，opinion
种类： kind，type，style，form
影响、结果：effect，influence，result，consequence
方式、方法：means，way，method，solution， approach
概括、总结：summary，conclusion 典例1????
How Arts Promote Our Economy
…
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their pro- fessional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come”is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers,booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. Ac-
cording to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more
than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout
a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater perform-
ances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area's development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces
where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this
way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg's investment of
$35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the
two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for
every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3
billion and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts
industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.
… 思路点拨 信息归纳题。文章的这几段从不同的角度阐述了艺术是如何促 进经济发展的，体现的是不同的方式，因此用 way 的复数形式，需大写首字母。 答案 Ways 典例2????
...
News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect
experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly
at an axe-murder,shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane,identify himself with the winning team,laugh understandingly at a warm little story of chil-
dren or dogs.
News of the second kind,however,pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as,for example,when he readsof the threatening foreign situation,the mounting national debt,rising taxes,falling
market,scarce housing,and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”.It is read so that
the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward
news,he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt
himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind,he usually with-
draws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.
... 思路点拨 根据所给段落可知，此处是解释 immediate reward 和 delayed
reward。应用 explanation 的复数形式。 答案 Explanations巩固技能练
Passage 1(2019江苏泰州一模)
Who's Really Addicting You to Technology?
“Nearly everyone I know is addicted in some measure to the Internet”,
wrote Tony Schwartz in The New York Times. It's a common complaint these days.
A steady stream of similar headlines accuses the Net and its offspring apps, social media sites and online games of addicting us to distraction. There's little doubt that nearly everyone who comes in contact with the Net has difficulty disconnecting. But who's at fault for its overuse? To find solutions, it's important to understand what we're dealing with. There are four parties cooperating
to keep you connected: the tech, your boss, your friends and you.
The technologies themselves and their makers are the easiest suspects to blame for our distraction. Online services like Facebook, Google, Twitter and the like rely
on advertising revenue, so the more frequently you use them, the more money they make. No wonder these companies employ teams of people focused on improving
their services to be as attractive as possible.
Good as these services are, there are simple steps we can take to keep them from coming too close. However, less than 15 percent of smartphone users are willing to
adjust their notification settings—meaning the remaining 85 percent of us default to
(默认) the app makers' every preset device.
While companies like Facebook harvest attention to generate revenue from ad-
vertisers, other technologies, for example email, have no such agenda. We check email at all hours of the day—we're obsessed, because that's what the boss wants.For almost all white-collar jobs, email is the primary tool of corporate communica-
tion. A slow response to a message could hurt not only your reputation but also your livelihood.
Your friends are also responsible for the addiction. Think about this familiar scene. People gathered around a table, enjoying food and each others' company.
Then, during an interval in the conversation, someone takes out their phone to check who knows what. Barely anyone notices and no one says a thing.
The reality is that taking one‘s phone out at the wrong time is more than im-
polite behavior because, unlike other minor offense, checking tech is contagious (传染的). Once one person looks at his phone, other people tend to do the same, start- ing a chain reaction.
The technology, your boss, and your friends, all influence how often you find yourself using (or overusing) these gadgets. But there's still someone who deserves
careful examination—the person holding the phone.
When people are doing something difficult they'd rather not do, the phone is used to transport them elsewhere. They can easily escape discomfort temporarily, by answering email or browsing the web under the excuse of so-called “research”. The truth is that we are working unproductively out of our bad habits. Personal technology is indeed more attractive than ever, which doesn't mean we shouldn't attempt to control our use of technology, instead, we should come to terms with the fact that it's more than the technology that's responsible for our habits. Our workplace culture, social norms and individual behavior all play a part.答案????
[语篇解读] 短文阐述了让人们沉迷于科技的几个因素。除了技术本身以 外，还有很多因素造成我们沉迷于科技。
1.extent/degree 根据第一段第一句的 Nearly everyone I know is addicted in some measure to the Internet 可知，几乎我认识的每个人在某种程度上都对
互联网上瘾。原文用了 in some measure 在某种程度上，此处空前用了介词
To，构成 to some extent/degree。
2.blame 根据第一段第三句 A steady stream of similar headlines accuses the Net and its offspring apps, social media sites and online games of addicting us to distraction. 可知，不断有类似的头条新闻指责网络及其不断出现的应用程序、社交媒体网站和网络游戏让我们沉迷科技，让我们分心。原文中的 accuse 相
当于 lay blame on 把某事归咎于……，故填 blame。
3.economic/financial 根据第三段第二句 Online services like Facebook, Google, Twitter and the like rely on advertising revenue, so the more frequently you use
them, the more money they make.可知，脸书、谷歌、推特等在线服务依赖广告
收入，所以你使用它们的频率越高,它们赚的钱就越多。由此可见，它们设计得有吸引力是出于经济的原因。故填 economic/financial。4.bother 根据第四段最后一句...meaning the remaining 85 percent of us default
to (默认)the app makers’every preset device. 可知，剩下的85%的智能手机用户
默认应用程序制造商的所有预设设备，即不愿意麻烦去做调整，bother to do
sth.烦扰做某事，符合语境，故填 bother。
5.cost 根据第五段最后两句 For almost all white-collar jobs, email is the primary
tool of corporate communication. A slow response to a message could hurt not only
your reputation but also your livelihood. 可知，对于几乎所有的白领工作者来说，电子邮件是公司沟通的主要工具。信息回复不及时不仅会损害名誉，还会毁了生计。cost sb. sth.使某人丧失……，符合语境，故填 cost。6.granted 根据第六段倒数第一、二句 Then, during an interval in the conver- sation, someone takes out their phone to check who knows what. Barely anyone notices and no one says a thing.可知，在谈话的间隙，有人就拿出手机查看手
机上的内容。几乎没人注意到，也没人说什么。由此可见，查看手机被认为
是理所当然的。take sth. for granted 认为某事理所当然，符合语境，故填
granted。
7.follow 根据第七段最后一句 Once one person looks at his phone, other people
tend to do the same, starting a chain reaction.可知，一旦一个人看手机，其他人
也倾向于看手机，从而引发连锁反应。即其他人会效仿，follow suit 效仿，符合语境，故填 follow。8.free/liberate/release 根据第九段第一、二句 When people are doing some- thing difficult they’d rather not do, the phone is used to transport them elsewhere. They can easily escape discomfort temporarily, by answering email or browsing the web under the excuse of so-called “research”. 可知，当人们在做一些他
们不愿意做的困难的事情时，手机是用来把他们注意力转移到其他地方的
工具。他们可以以所谓的“研究”为借口,通过回复电子邮件或浏览网页,轻
松地暂时摆脱不适。free/liberate/release sb. from sth.使某人摆脱/从……中释
放出来，符合语境，故填 free/liberate/release。9.rise/birth 根据第九段最后一句 The truth is that we are working unproductively out of our bad habits.可知，事实上，我们工作效率低下就是因为我们的坏习惯，即坏习惯导致分心，give birth/rise to 引起，使发生，符合语境，故填，rise/
birth。
10.alone/itself 根据最后一段的...instead, we should come to terms with the fact
that it‘s more than the technology that’s responsible for our habits. Our workplace
culture, social norms and individual behavior all play a part.可知，我们应该接受
这样一个事实，那就是我们的习惯不仅仅是由技术造成的，我们的职场文化、社会规范和个人活动方式都起到了一定的作用。也就是说技术不是问题的根源,
sth. alone/itself单单某物;某物本身,符合语境,故填alone/itself。Passage 2(2019江苏苏北七市二模)
One of the primary problems of being a human being is: Try as you might to
come across in a certain way to others, people often perceive (理解) you in an al- together different way.
One person may think, for example, that by offering help to a colleague, she is coming across as generous. But her colleague may interpret her offer as a lack of faith in his abilities. Just as he misunderstands her, she misunderstands him: She offered him help because she thought he was overworked and stressed. He has, after all, been showing up early to work and going home late every day. But that's not why he's keeping strange hours; he just works best when the office is less crowded.
These kinds of misunderstandings lead to conflict and resentment (怨恨) not
just at work, but at home too. How many fights between couples have started with one person misinterpreting what another says and does? He stares at his plate at dinner while she's telling a story and she assumes he doesn't care about what she's
saying, when really he is admiring the beautiful meal she made.
Most of the time, Halvorson says, people don't realize they are not coming
across the way they think they are. “If I ask you,” Halvorson told me, “about
how you see yourself—what traits (特点) you would say to describe yourself—andI ask someone who knows you well to list your traits, there's a big gap between
how other people see you and how you see yourself.”
This gap arises from some quirks (怪癖) of human psychology. Most people
suffer from what psychologists call “the transparency illusion”—the belief that what they feel, desire, and intend is crystal clear to others, even though they have done very little to communicate clearly what is going on inside their minds.
Because the perceived assume they are transparent, they might not spend the time or effort to be as clear and forthcoming about their intentions or emotional states as they could be, giving the perceiver very little information with which to make an accurate judgment. The perceiver, meanwhile, is dealing with two pow-
erful psychological forces that are warping (歪曲) his ability to read others accu- rately.
The chances are your “I'm kind of hurt by what you just said” face probably looks an awful lot like your “I'm not at all hurt by what you just said” face. And
the majority of times that you've said to yourself, “I made my intentions clear”,
or “He knows what I meant,” you didn't and he doesn't. 答案????
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文。作为一个人，最主要的问题之一就是：尽管你可 能会以一种特定的方式来理解你，但人们通常会以一种完全不同的方式来理 解自己。文章论述了这一现象。
1.contradicts 根据第一段中的Try as you might to come across in a certain way to others, people often perceive you in an altogether different way.可知，人们对你的理解和你希望他们对你自己的理解完全不一样，即两者是不一致的。原文中用了 in an altogether different way，此处需要用及物动词，故填 contradicts。2.examples 该空对应的右栏内容都是论证核心论点的案例。故填 examples。
3.trust 根据第二段第二句 But her colleague may interpret her offer as a lack of
faith in his abilities.可知，她主动提出帮忙,可能会被同事误解成对他能力的质、疑，即不信任他。原文用了 a lack of faith，此处需用动词。故填 trust。
4.efficient/productive 根据第二段最后一句...he just works best when the office
is less crowded. 可知，他早上班晚下班是因为他觉得自己在办公室人少的时候工作效率是最高的。故填 efficient/productive。5.attention/focus/concentration/mind 根据第三段最后一句 He stares at his plate
at dinner...he is admiring the beautiful meal she made.可知，其实丈夫的心思在妻子做的晚餐上。形容词性物主代词后跟名词。故填 attention/focus/concentration/mind。
6.Analysis/Analyses/Explanation(s) 此处应填一个总结概括性词汇。右栏内容是对问题的分析或解释。故填 Analysis/Analyses/Explanation(s)。注意首字母大写。7.description/account/understanding/recognition/knowledge/comprehension????根 据第四段中的 what traits you would say to describe yourself可知，你对自己特 点的描述和别人对你的特点的描述是相当不同的。原文用了动词 describe，
此处在形容词性物主代词后要用名词 description，也可用其同义词 account/
understanding/recognition/knowledge/comprehension。
8.communication 根据第五段中的...even though they have done very little to communicate clearly what is going on inside their minds.可知，人们往往有一种 错觉：即使他们不说出来自己的感觉、愿望及意图，别人也知道，原文用了 communicate clearly，此处在形容词 clear 后，应用名词，故填communication。9.fails 根据第六段第一句...they might not spend the time or effort to be as clear
and forthcoming about their intentions or emotional states as they could be, giving
the perceiver very little information with which to make an accurate judgment.可知，被理解的人认为自己是透明的，不需要花时间或精力来阐述自己的意图或情感状况，这样给理解你的人的信息太少，以至于他们不能做出准确判断。fail
to do sth.不能做某事。主语为单数，谓语动词要用单数。故填fails。
10.gap/distance/difference/distinction 根据第一段中 people often perceive you in an altogether different way及最后一段内容可知，你传达的信息和接受者接 收到的信息存在着巨大的差异，故填gap/distance/difference/distinction。拓展提升练
Passage 1(2019江苏苏北七市三模)
How many cabs in New York City? How many tears in a bottle of wine? These aren't just the lyrics(歌词) by the Australian musician Paul Kelly. They are the kind
of questions you are likely to be asked during a job interview.
In recent years, it has become common for bosses to ask interview questions that are impossible to answer. There is no right answer to these “brain-teasers”. Instead, they are supposed to help an interviewer calculate an applicant's ability to reason.
What matters is how you come to the conclusion, not what conclusion you arrive at. Brain-teasers started out in management consultancies. Young graduates
hoping to join the company would be asked: “How many phone booths are there
in Manhattan?” They weren't expected to blurt out (脱口而出) a random number —instead, they were expected to show they could solve even the most stupid pro-
blem.
As consultants swarmed across other organizations, they bought their inscrutable (难以理解的) questions with them. Now, people applying for a job in a call centre
can expect to be asked how a nuclear power plant works.
While many bosses have great confidence in how good or effective brain-teasers are, a research paper published in the Journal of Applied Psychology found they are useless for spotting the best candidate for the job. What they are great for is to make employers feel like intellectual giants.
The study's findings are not surprising. Studies have repeatedly found that most methods of selecting job candidates are hopelessly flawed (有缺点的). Job inter-
views are among the worst ways of picking the right person for the job.
The results of this research raise the question: If interviews are bad at picking
the right person for the job, what are they there for? One feeling I have is that many job selection processes are thinly disguised (伪装的) forms of suffering, designed to make applicants feel worthless and boost the confidence of the person asking the
question.
Think about the extensive list of personal skills required for even the most entry- level job. Or those painful assessment centres where you are supposed to play nice
with people you are competing against to get the job. And then there are the firms
that ask applicants to make a presentation to convey how awesome the firms are. All these exercises seem to be designed not to get the best person for the role, but to
assure the bosses how great they are, and remind you just how lucky you will be to
get this boring job.答案????
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。很多公司经常用脑筋急转弯作为面试问题，
并认为这有利于找到合适的工作人选。而研究结果恰恰与之相反，脑筋急转
弯对公司找到合适的人选没有作用，这只是考官或老板炫耀的方式而已。
1.open/left 根据第二段第二句 There is no right answer to these “brain-teasers”.
可知，这些脑筋急转弯题是没有正确答案的。故填 open 或 left。
2.reasoning 根据第二段第三句 Instead, they are supposed to help an interviewer
calculate an applicant’s ability to reason.可知,这些脑筋急转弯有利于考查求职者的推理能力。the ability to reason=the reasoning ability推理能力,故填reasoning。3.origin/beginning/start 根据第三段第一句 Brain-teasers started out in man- agement consultancies.可见，文章的这部分讲述的是脑筋急转弯的起源或开 始。故填origin、beginning或start。
4.irrelevant/unrelated/unconnected 根据第三段第二句 Young graduates hoping
to join the company would be asked: “How many phone booths are there in Man-
hattan?”可知，该问题与应聘者想要应聘的工作是毫无关系的。故填irrelevant、unrelated或unconnected。
5.Contrary 根据第五段第一句 While many bosses have great confidence in how
good or effective brain-teasers are, a research paper published in the Journal ofApplied Psychology found they are useless for spotting the best candidate for the job.可知，尽管很多老板对脑筋急转弯的作用非常有信心，但是研究表明这对于找到最好的工作人选是没有作用的。由此可见，这与老板们所相信的是相反的。故填 Contrary。注意大写首字母。
6.intelligence/wisdom/knowledge/greatness/excellence 根据第五段最后一句
What they are great for is to make employers feel like intellectual giants.可知，脑 筋急转弯的好处只是让雇主感觉他们像是智力巨人。即脑筋急转弯只是雇主炫耀智商、知识、伟大或优秀的手段而已。故填 intelligence、wisdom、know-
ledge、greatness或excellence。7.assessment/evaluation/opinion/image 根据第七段最后一句中的 make appli- cants feel worthless可知，在作者看来，许多岗位招聘的过程让应聘者感觉自
己毫无价值，即让应聘者对自己的评价过低、认为自己很差或认为自己形象
不好。assessment与evaluation同义；另外have a poor opinion/image of oneself 认 为自己差/认为自己有个不好的形象，都符合语境，故填assessment、evaluation、opinion或image。
8.beyond 根据最后一段第一句Think about the extensive list of personal skills required for even the most entry-level job. 可知，对于最入门级的工作，公司也 要让应聘者大量列举个人才能。其实这些才能已经超过了这个工作的要求。
beyond the requirements of...超过……的要求,故填beyond。9.competitors/rivals/opponents 根据最后一段第二句Or those painful assessment
centres where you are supposed to play nice with people you are competing against
to get the job. 可知,为了得到这份工作,你要看似友好地和你的对手竞争。people you are competing against就是指你的竞争对手,故填competitors、rivals或oppon-
ents。注意用名词的复数形式。
10.praise/applaud 根据最后一段第三句And then there are the firms that ask applicants to make a presentation to convey how awesome the firms are.可知,还 有些公司要求应聘者表达这些公司是有多么好,即称赞这些公司,故填praise 或applaud。Passage 2(2018第一次全国大联考江苏卷)
Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is an incomplete grey and pink stone dating from 196 BCE
which presents a priest's decree(法令) concerning King Ptolemy V of Egypt. The text is in three different versions:Hieroglyphic(象形文字), Demotic (古埃及通俗文字)
and Greek, a fact which invaluably helped to finally explain Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The stone was discovered at Rosetta on the Nile Delta in Egypt in 1799 CE by Bouchard,who was an officer of engineers in Napoleon's army, and removed the stone from an old wall which was being pulled down as part of the construction work on Fort Julien. Bouchard's commanding officer, one General Menou, real- izing its importance, had the stone sent to Alexandria. Casts and copies were made, but the stone was later seized by the British general Tomkins Turner and so the artefact eventually found a permanent home in the British Museum in
London.
Several noted international scholars attempted to use the stone to explain
hieroglyphics, but it was the Englishman Thomas Young who first identified some
of the hieroglyphs which related to Ptolemy V (205—180 BCE) and the direction in which the symbols should be read. However, it was in the early 1820s CE that the
text was fully explained by Frenchmen. Consequently, the full significance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, lost for 1,600 years, was finally rediscovered.
The stone measures 112.3 cm by 75.7 cm and is 28.4 cm thick. The text on the stone is composed of a hieroglyphic text of 14 lines, a demotic text of 32 lines and a Greek text of 54 lines. As portions of the stone are missing—especially the two top
corners and bottom right corner—none of the texts are complete. Hieroglyphs were
the language of Egyptian priests, Demotic script was the commonly used language
and Greek was used for administrative purposes. The text of all the three writing systems refers to a decree passed by a priestly council of Memphis which proves to
be their admiring King Ptolemy V of Egypt, one year after his coronation(加冕).
The text of the stone begins with a lengthy praise of the achievements and good rule of Ptolemy V. We are told the king has brought great prosperity to Egypt and he has invested large sums of money on temples, both building new ones and restoring
old ones, and he has provided grain for the people. Taxes have been reduced or elim-inated, and many prisoners who were previously considered enemies of the state
have been released during his reign. The king has also put down Egypt's enemies , and a specific campaign against an enemy fortress(堡垒) is mentioned, the fall of
which was due to canals being held back to block the city‘s water supply. To
honour all of these deeds, a statue of the king wearing ten gold diadems is to be
set up in all temples titled “Ptolemy Defender of Egypt”.答案????
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,主要涉及见证古代文明的罗塞塔石碑,该石碑是 由牧师们建的,其内容是为埃及国王Ptolemy V歌功颂德的,该石碑的发现对 于研究象形文字具有极大的作用。
1.history 根据第一段第一句中的“The Rosetta Stone is an incomplete grey and pink stone dating from 196 BCE”可知该石碑具有2,214年的历史。
2.languages/versions 根据第一段第二句中的“The text is in three different versions:Hieroglyphic(象形文字), Demotic (古埃及通俗文字) and Greek”可 知答案。3.French 根据第二段中的“...who was an officer of engineers in Napoleon's army...”中的拿破仑可知,是法国人。
4.whose 根据第二段第二句“Bouchard's commanding officer, one General Menou, realizing its importance, had the stone sent to Alexandria.”可知两人之 间的关系,故填whose。
5.London/Britain 根据第二段最后一句的“...and so the artefact eventually found a permanent home in the British Museum in London”可知答案。
6.disappeared 根据第三段最后一句“Consequently, the full significance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, lost for 1,600 years, was finally rediscovered.”中的lost 可知此处填disappeared。7.measurements 根据第四段第一句“The stone measures 112.3 cm by 75.7 cm
and is 28.4 cm thick.”中的动词measure可知这是石碑的尺寸,故用名词形式,再根
据后面的系动词are,可知用复数形式。
8.missing/lost 根据第四段第三句“As portions of the stone are missing—especial-
ly the two top corners and bottom right corner—none of the texts are complete.”中的missing可知答案。
9.Text 信息归纳题。根据右栏内容可知此处涉及石碑上的文字内容,故用Text。
10.lack 根据最后一段中的“...the fall of which was due to canals being held back
to block the city's water supply.”可知敌方城市的沦陷是因为运河被阻挡,切断了敌人的水资源供应。
