课件27张PPT。专题一 名词常考点清单
一、名词的分类
名词即表示人或物名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见 下表:考点清单二、可数名词的复数形式
1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词,可数名词有单数 和复数两种形式,构成可数名词复数的部分规则如下: 2.某国人变复数
(1)中国人Chinese→Chinese
(2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen
(3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs
可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余-s加后面。
3.以-o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-s,有些在词尾加-es。如:
hero→heroes英雄 potato→potatoes土豆
tomato→tomatoes西红柿 zoo→zoos动物园
radio→radios收音机4.以man,woman开头的复合名词变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变 成复数形式。如:
man teacher→men teachers男老师(们)
5.字母、数字、缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加's或-s。如:
There are two f's in the word “office”.
单词“office”里有两个f。
Many VIPs are coming to our city.
许多贵宾将要到我们市来。
6.有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:roof→roofs屋顶 belief→beliefs信仰
proof→proofs证据 chief→chiefs首领
7.一些名词加-s后,读音会发生变化。如:
mouth/ma??/→mouths/ma?ez/嘴
path/pɑ??/→paths/pɑ?ez/小径
youth/ju??/→youths/ju?ez/少年
三、不可数名词的量
1.概述:不可数名词表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要 为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语中名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致,因而不能单 从意义上推测。
2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,常用“数词或冠词+表示量的名词+of+不 可数名词”这样的结构来表示,表示量的名词可以是单数也可以是复数。如:
a piece of paper一张纸????a drop of water一滴水
two cups of tea两杯茶
四、名词所有格
1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系。有三种表示形式,分别是??s所有格、 of所有格和双重所有格。如:Beijing is China's capital./Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。
2.表示两者或两者以上的人共同拥有某物时,只在最后一个名词后加??s。如:
This is Mary and her sister's bedroom.
这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。
Lily and Lucy's mother is a nurse.
莉莉和露西的妈妈是一位护士。
如果表示各自所有,则每个名词都在词尾加's表示所属关系。如:
These are Tom's and Mary's bags.
这些是汤姆的包和玛丽的包。Wei Hua's and John's licenses are missing.
魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。
3.以-s结尾的复数名词,在s后加“'”;不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加??s。如:
Teachers' Day教师节????Children's Day儿童节
4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如:
the door of the room这个房间的门
5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+'s所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。如:He is a friend of my brother's.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。
Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的女儿吗?6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加's代表全称。如:at the doctor's在诊所
7.由some-,any-,every-与-one/-body结合起来的复合不定代词,如someone,every- body等和else连用时, 's应加在else后。如:somebody else's pencil别人的铅笔
8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加's或 “'”来构成所有格。如:
(1)用于时间
an hour's ride 骑车一小时的路程
two weeks' time 两个星期的时间(2)用于度量
thirteen tons' weight 13吨的重量
five hundred metres' distance 五百米的距离
(3)用于价值
a hundred yuan's order一百元的订货单
a million pounds'cheque一百万英镑的支票
(4)用于天体
the earth's satellite地球卫星(5)用于国家
Belgium's capital 比利时的首都
(6)用于城市
Shenyang's industry 沈阳的工业
Changchun's agriculture 长春的农业
五、名词的转化
1.某些名词后面加-y构成形容词表示“充满……的”。如:cloud→cloudy多云 的
2.某些名词后面加-ful构成形容词表示“具有……性质的”。如:
use→useful有用的 care→careful小心的3.部分表示人的名词后加-ly构成形容词,这种形容词常具有赞美的意味。如: friend→friendly友好的
4.某些名词后加-less构成形容词,表示“没有/不……的”。如:
care→careless粗心的 use→useless没用的
六、名词的用法
1.作主语
名词在句子中能作很多成分,但作主语是它的主要用途之一。如:
English is very useful.英语很有用。
The children are playing happily.孩子们正在高兴地玩耍。
2.作定语
名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。如:
paper tigers纸老虎
work places工作的地方
3.作宾语
She learns Chinese hard every day.
她每天都努力学汉语。4.作表语
Tom is my good friend.汤姆是我的好朋友。
5.作宾语补足语
They chose the boy monitor.
他们选那个男孩儿当班长。易混点清单
一、有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:
work(工作)—a work(作品)
glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(报纸;试卷)
wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)
room(空间)—a room(房间)
二、不可数名词的量
不少名词在汉语中是可数的,但在英语中却不可数,比如不能说 a bread,a news,a paper等,如果要表示这些不可数名词的量,应用一类“可数”的词作定语来表 达。如:
a piece of news一则新闻
a piece of advice一条建议
a piece of bread一片面包
a bottle of ink一瓶墨水
a basket of food一篮子食物
a block of ice一块冰三、有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如:
physics物理 maths数学 politics政治 news新闻
四、“数词-名词(-形容词)”构成的复合形容词中名词需用单数形式。如:
She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩儿。
(five-year-old不能说成five-years-old)
a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞
五、分辨可数名词和不可数名词的口诀
可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。
如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。
有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。
如:
bike(自行车),如果把一辆自行车分成两半,每一半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能 再叫自行车,所以bike是可数名词。
water(水),如果把一杯水分成两杯,每杯仍可叫水,因此water是不可数名词。
orange(橙汁),如果把一瓶橙汁分成两瓶,每瓶还可以叫橙汁,故orange(橙汁)为不 可数名词;但意为“橙子”时,是可数名词。六、双重所有格与of所有格的区别。如:
He is a friend of your father's.
他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)
He is a friend of your father.
他是你父亲的朋友。(强调是朋友关系,而不是其他关系)
七、month,mouth两个词变复数时,直接加-s,不要误以为它们和以-ch,-sh结尾的 单词是一类,它们是以-th结尾的。1.(2018山东日照,2)It's an easy job,but it needs great ????care????(谨慎).
2.(2019山东青岛,1)—Lucy,how about going to the library?????
—Sounds great!Reading books can give us much pleasure.
3.(2019山东临沂,18)If I leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive to the airport,I ' ll arrive at about 11.So it's about two ????hours'????(hour) drive from my house to the airport.
4.(2019山东烟台,67)Chinese ????culture???? (文化) has influenced the world for thousands of years.中考题组5.(2019山东烟台,69)It is science and technology that connect ????progress????(进步) with the future of humans.
6.(2018山东日照,44)The boy was so careless that he made a big mistake???? in the exam.
7.(2018山东日照,49)Some parents tell their kids not to speak to ????strangers????(陌 生人).
8.(2018山东日照,50)Tom began to show a special ????interest????(兴趣) in painting at childhood.
9.(2019山东青岛,50)Keeping English ????diaries???? (日记) is a good way to improve English.
10.(2019山东临沂,64)In America,95% of pet owners think of their animals as fam- ily ????members????.(member)
11.(2019山东临沂,68)There are about 6,000 languages that are spoken around the world,but 43% of them are dying out.If no ????action???? is taken,some of these lan- guages will disappear.(act)1.(2019山东一模,6)—Mom,where ' s my notebook?
—Maybe it ' s in your ????bag????(包).
2.(2019山东一模,12)—Mom,I ' m hungry.May I have some ????bread????(面包)?
—Of course.But don ' t eat too much.
3.(2019山东二模,8)—I ' m thirsty.May I have something to drink?
—OK.Here ' s some water????.
4.(2019山东二模,13)We will have a two ????months ' ???? holiday after the exam. (month)模拟题组5.(2018山东三模,8)—What ' s the writer ' s purpose???? in writing the passage?
—To tell people the importance of education.
6.(2018山东三模,15)—Which country made paper first in the world?
—China????.
7.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,21)—What is the ????secret???? (秘 密) of your excellent spoken English?
—Practice makes perfect!
8.(2019山东临沂蒙阴复习验收考试,18)Now more and more schools care for the full development???? of the students ' talents.9.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,22)“WeChat” really makes a great ????difference????(影响) to people's life.It ' s easy for us to keep in touch with others.
10.(2019山东临沂蒙阴复习验收考试,61)Chinese people started to open to the western world ????centuries????(century) ago.
11.(2019济南商河模拟考试,29)Teenagers should learn the spirit???? of Lei Feng.课件21张PPT。专题七 副词
常考点清单
一、副词的分类
1.时间副词
时间副词有now,then,today,tomorrow,yesterday,before,ago,soon, immediately,lately,early等。时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标 志,所以一定要掌握不同时态的时间标志。
2.地点副词
地点副词有outside,inside,upstairs,here,there,home,near,away,in,考点清单back,up,anywhere等。地点副词和动词连用时不加介词。
3.方式副词
方式副词有quickly,happily,loudly,carefully,calmly,badly,easily, fast等。方式副词大多由“形容词+-ly”构成。
4.程度副词
程度副词有very,quite,rather,too,much,so等。有些程度副词可以 修饰形容词原级,有些能修饰形容词比较级。
5.频度副词
频度副词有sometimes,often,always,usually,never等。频度副词表 示动作发生的频率。6.疑问副词
疑问副词有when,where,why,how等。疑问副词常用来构成特殊 疑问句。
7.关系副词
关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词常用来引导定语从 句。
二、副词的用法
1.作状语。如:
He works hard.(修饰动词)
他工作努力。He parked the car very easily.(修饰副词)
他很容易地把汽车停好了。
Unfortunately,he was out.(修饰整个句子)
很遗憾,他出去了。
2.作定语。
有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语,放在所修饰词的后 面。
3.作表语。
作表语的副词多数是表示位置或状态的,如in,out,on,off,away,up- stairs等。如:He is in.他在家。
What's on at the movies?电影院在上演什么片子?
I must be off right now.我必须马上走。
4.作补足语。如:
Let them in.让他们进来。
三、副词的位置
1.时间副词可放在句首、句中或句末。如:
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.
=Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station.
明天我将去车站接他。2.方式副词一般放在动词(+宾语)的后面,有时也可放在实义动词 的前面。如:
The boy finished the homework quickly.
这个男孩快速地完成了作业。
3.地点副词通常置于句末,紧跟在动词(+宾语)后面。
The students all studied here last week.
这些学生上周都在这里学习了。
4.频度副词通常位于be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实 义动词之前。如:
She is always kind to us.(be动词之后)她总是对我们很好。
The work has never been finished.(频度副词never放在助动词has 的后面)
这份工作永远也做不完。
He often goes to school early.(实义动词之前)
他经常早早去上学。
5.程度副词的位置有下列两种情况:
①修饰动词时,它在句中的位置与频度副词的情况相似。如:
I really like the boy.(在实义动词之前)
我非常喜欢这个男孩。②修饰形容词、副词时,一般放在被修饰的词的前面(enough要放 在被修饰词的后面)。如:
He studies much harder now.现在他学习努力多了。
He runs fast enough.他跑得够快。
四、副词的排列顺序
1.时间、地点副词并列出现时,地点副词在前,时间副词在后。
2.多个方式副词并列时,单词短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等 词连接。如:
Please write slowly and carefully.
请慢慢且仔细地写。五、副词比较等级的用法
1.副词的比较级、最高级的变化规则和形容词的比较级、最高 级的变化规则基本相同。请参见形容词比较等级的变化方法。
2.在两者进行比较,表示“A不如B……”时,部分双音节和多音 节副词除使用“not...as/so+副词原级+as”结构外,还可使用 “less+副词原级+than”结构。如:
Bill didn't do his homework as carefully as Jim.
=Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim.
比尔做作业没有吉姆认真。
3.副词最高级前一般可省略定冠词the。如:Of all the students, Lin Tao did best in English.
林涛在所有学生当中英语最好。
4.不规则变化表易混点清单
一、how long,how soon,how often和how far
how long“多久,多长时间”,对“for+时间段”提问。
how soon“多久以后”,对“in+时间段”提问。
how often“多长时间一次”,对频率提问,常用once/twice/three times a week等回答。
how far“多远”,对距离提问。
二、hard和hardly
hard意为“努力地,费力地,认真地,猛烈地”;hardly意为“几乎 不”,是有否定意义的副词。如:We should study hard as students.
作为学生,我们应该努力学习。
I can hardly catch up with you.Can you walk a little more slowly?我 几乎跟不上你了,你能走慢一点吗?
三、much too和too much
much too意为“非常,极其,太”,much和too都是副词,much 修饰 too,用以加强语气,中心词是too,much too修饰形容词或副词原级; too much意为“太多”,中心词是much,too修饰much,以加强语气, too much修饰不可数名词,与too many相对,too many修饰可数名 词复数。如:The skirt is much too dear.这条裙子太贵了。
Please don't eat too much ice cream.It's bad for your health.
请不要吃太多的冰激凌。它对你的身体不好。
There are too many people in the supermarket.
超市里人太多了。
四、too,as well,also和either
too,as well和 also通常用于肯定句和疑问句,too和as well多用于口 语,一般放在句末,而also多用于书面语,一般放在句中。either常 用于否定句,往往放在句末。如:
He went there too.他也去那里了。He didn't go there either.他也没有去那里。
I like you as well.我也喜欢你。
I also went there.我也去那里了。
五、too,enough和so
too意为“太”,用于“too...to...”结构表示“太……而不能… …”;enough意为“足够”,用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to...”结构表示“足够……能……”;so意为“如此”,用于 “so...that...”结构表示“如此……以至于……”。如:
The man is too old to look after himself.
这个男人年纪太大了,照顾不了自己。The boy runs fast enough to win the game.
这个男孩跑得足够快,能赢得比赛。
The motorbike is so expensive that I can't afford it.
这辆摩托车太贵了,我买不起。
六、already和yet
already意为“已经”,主要用于肯定句;yet用于谈论尚未发生但 可能发生的事情,主要用于否定句和疑问句。如:
We've already watched that film.
我们已经看过那部电影了。
I haven't finished my homework yet.
我还没有完成我的作业。The boy runs fast enough to win the game.
这个男孩跑得足够快,能赢得比赛。
The motorbike is so expensive that I can't afford it.
这辆摩托车太贵了,我买不起。
六、already和yet
already意为“已经”,主要用于肯定句;yet用于谈论尚未发生但 可能发生的事情,主要用于否定句和疑问句。如:
We've already watched that film.
我们已经看过那部电影了。
I haven't finished my homework yet.
我还没有完成我的作业。中考题组1.(2019山东青岛,5)My brother has a healthy living habit.He ????hardly????(几乎不) stays up late,and he is an early bird.
2.(2019山东临沂,23)“Left-behind” children ????hardly???? ever see their parents, because their parents work in the cities,leaving them behind in the countryside to be cared for by their grandparents.
3.(2019山东烟台,66)????Luckily????(幸运),he was at home when I called this morn- ing.
4.(2018山东日照,47)The teacher explains everything ????clearly????(清晰).5.(2019山东青岛,49)People who learn ????wisely???? (明智地) and well will achieve their dreams more easily.
6.(2019山东临沂,63)Our team lost the game because we played very ????badly???? (bad).
7.(2019桂林)Of all the students in my class,Lily studies ????most carefully????(care- ful).
8.(2019湘潭)—What subject do you like ????best???? (well),English, math or physics?
—Of course, English.1.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,65)The firemen decided to cut the iron fence ????immediately????(immediate) so as to save the girl.
2.(2019山东一模,26)We are happy to see that the passengers on the bus are talking more and more ????politely????(polite).
3.(2019山东二模,26)—The girls are talking about the Korean soap operas ????happi- ly???? (happy).
—Yes.They have so many fun things to share.
4.(2018山东三模,18)I think that Jane writes as ????carefully???? (careful) as Mike.模拟题组5.(2018山东三模,26)It’s noisy here,so it’s necessary to speak ????loudly????(loud) to make everyone hear you.
6.(2019济南商河第二次模拟考试,30)I don’t like fast food and I ????seldom????(很 少) go to the KFC.
7.(2019柳州模拟)Peter studies ????hardest????(hard) of all the students in his class.课件20张PPT。专题三 冠词
常考点清单
一、冠词的泛指和特指用法
泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指上文已提到的人或事物, 或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物,也可以指对话双方心目中 所默认的、特定的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳如下:考点清单??
??二、不定冠词的用法
1.用于第一次提到的某人或某物前。如:
This is a book.这是一本书。
2.表示同类中的任何一个。如:
A dog is a friendly animal.狗是一种友好的动物。
3.泛指某人或某物。如:
A young man is waiting for you.有个年轻人在等你。
4.用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于ev- ery。如:
five lessons a week一周五节课5.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵,一份,一场”等。如:
There'll be a strong wind in South China.
华南地区将有一股强风。
6.用于某些固定短语中。如:
a little一点儿;have a walk/talk/look/rest散步/谈话/看一看/休息一下;have a cold 得了感冒;have a good time玩得高兴;in a hurry匆忙地;for a while一会儿;keep a diary写日记;do sb. a favor帮某人一个忙
7.用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前。如:
a knife and fork一副刀叉三、定冠词the的用法
1.用于双方都知道的人或事物前。如:
Give me the book,please.请给我那本书。
2.用于特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物前。如:
Do you know the girl in red?
你认识穿红色衣服的那个女孩儿吗?
3.表示独一无二的事物。如:
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
4.用在序数词、形容词最高级前面,以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作 用的比较级前。如:The first lesson is very easy.第一节课非常简单。
She is the taller of the twins.
她是双胞胎里较高的那个。
5.用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇俩。如:
The Greens are watching TV now.
格林一家人现在正在看电视。
6.用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或事物。如:
The orange is orange.橘子是橘黄色的。
7.用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前。如:the Great Wall长城????the Summer Palace颐和园
8.与某些形容词连用表示一类人或事物。如:
We should help the old.我们应该帮助老人。
9.用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前。如:
I like playing the violin.我喜欢拉小提琴。
10.用在某些固定短语中。如:
in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上;in the end最后;all the time一 直;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;in the open air在户外;at the age of 在……岁时;at the beginning of在……开始时;on the other side of在……的另一边;in the middle of在……的中间;at the moment此刻
四、零冠词的用法
1.不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前面用零冠词。如:
Animals can't live without water.
没有水动物就不能生存。
2.某些专有名词,如人名、地名、国名等前面用零冠词。如:
China is a great country.中国是一个伟大的国家。
Mary lives in New York.玛丽住在纽约。
3.名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时,用零冠词。如:
Every student likes English in our class.
我们班每个学生都喜欢英语。
4.在某些节日、星期、月份等前面用零冠词,但若表特指,则需要加the。如:
June 1st is Children's Day.6月1日是儿童节。
5.表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补语时用零冠词。如:
He was elected president of the company.
他被选为公司的总裁。
6.在三餐、球类运动及学科名词之前用零冠词。如:I went to school without breakfast this morning.
今天早上我没吃早饭就去上学了。
He often plays football after school.
他放学后经常踢足球。
We all like French.我们都喜欢法语。
7.在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名、路名、山名等前面常用零冠词。如:
Nanjing Road南京路????Hainan Island海南岛
8.在与by连用的交通工具名称前用零冠词。如:by car,by train。但take a bus,in a boat中需用冠词。9.在某些固定词组或习惯用语中用零冠词。如:
day and night日日夜夜;face to face面对面地;side by side肩并肩地;step by step一 步一步地;watch TV看电视;at school/work/home在学校/在工作/在家;at first/last 起初/最终;in trouble在困境中;in danger在危险中;on foot步行;on duty/watch值 班;on time准时;in time及时;go to school/work去上学/去工作;at noon/night/dawn 在中午/晚上/黎明易混点清单
一、单数名词前加定冠词、不定冠词,复数名词前不加冠词都可以表示“一 类”。
?马是有用的动物。
二、有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
1.?2.?
3.?
4.?
5.?
6.?7.?
8.?
9.?
10.?
三、序数词前面用定冠词与不定冠词的区别
“the+序数词”表示“第几”;“a+序数词(first除外)”表示“又一,再一”。 如:The cake is delicious,and I would like a second one.
这种蛋糕很好吃,我想再吃一块儿。四、a number of与the number of
a number of的意思是“许多,一些”,修饰可数名词复数,“a number of+可数名 词复数”作主语时谓语动词用复数形式;the number of的意思是“……的数目, ……的数量”,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如:
A number of students like playing computer games.
许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。
The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school.
我们学校学生的数量大约是1,500。1.(2018山东日照,1)—Which bottle is yours?
—????The???? one with ????a???? blue cover.
2.(2019山东青岛,2)Qingdao is a beautiful city that lies in ????the???? east of China.
3.(2019山东临沂,16)Berlin is ????the???? capital of Germany.
4.(2019河南)—Judy, how was ????the???? camping?
—The other campers were nice, and we had ????a????fun time together.
5.(2019东营)Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the world's longest sea-based pro- ject, brings people in those three cities within ????a???? “one-hour living circle”.中考题组6.(2019南通)Sandy is ????an????Australian girl.She came to China for travelling with her parents last week.
7.(2019湘潭)This year is ????t he???? 70th anniversary(周年) of the founding of the People's Republic of China.1.(2018山东三模,6)—Would you like ????an???? apple or ????a???? pear?
—Either,thanks.
2.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,24)—What ????a???? heavy rain it was!
—Yes,but I love ????the????air after it rains.It smells so fresh.
3.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,16)Earth is ????the????only home to every- one.Let's try to make it ????a???? greener world to live in.
4.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,28)I want ????an???? iPad.I hope my mom 模拟题组will buy one for me on my birthday this year.
5.(2019济南商河二模,27)—What's in your schoolbag?—There's only ????a????pen- cil box.
6.“ ????An????apple a day keeps the doctor away.”is ????a???? useful saying.
7.Learning is ????a???? lifelong journey because every day brings something new.
8.I usually have ????an???? egg and some bread for breakfast.课件40张PPT。专题九 动词的时态和语态常考点清单一 动词的时态与语态概述
动词常见的八种时态?考点清单动词的语态?常考点清单二 动词的时态
一、动词常见的八种时态
1.一般现在时:谓语用动词原形或第三人称单数形式
2.一般过去时:谓语用动词的过去式
3.一般将来时:谓语用 will/be going to/...+动词原形
4.现在进行时:谓语用 am/is/are+现在分词
5.现在完成时:谓语用 have/has+过去分词
6.过去进行时:谓语用 were/was+现在分词
7.过去完成时:谓语用 had+过去分词
8.过去将来时:谓语用 would/was/were going to/...+动词原形二、动词的五种基本形式
动词主要用来表示动作、状态和行为,而动作和状态的发生有具 体的时间和表现方式,这就是英语中动词的时态。在英语中,动词 的时态由动词的不同形式来表示。
英语中动词的五种基本形式为:动词原形、第三人称单数形式、 现在分词、过去式和过去分词。如:work—works—working— worked—worked。 1.动词原形变其他四种基本形式的方法(规则动词)续表 2.巧记ABB型不规则动词(A代表原形,BB代表过去式和过去 分词) 3.巧记ABC型不规则动词(A代表原形,B代表过去式,C代表 过去分词) 4.巧记AAA型不规则动词(A代表原形、过去式和过去分词)
hit hurt let rid cost read put cut三、动词各种时态的用法
英语中各种时态的使用频率不同,下面分别介绍初中阶段要求掌 握的几种时态。
(一)一般现在时
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形或第三人称单数表示。如:
Tom often helps his parents do the housework at home.
汤姆在家经常帮助父母做家务。
Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herself.
有时候露西自己洗她的衣服。2.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或现在的状态。常与often,always, usually,sometimes,once a week,every day等时间状语连用。如:
I often go to school by bike.我经常骑自行车去上学。
(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。如:
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来。如:
If it rains tomorrow,we won't go to the park.如果明天下雨,我们就不去公园了。
When I grow up,I will go to America.
等我长大后,我将去美国。
(4)在某些以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生 的动作。如:
There goes the bell.铃响了。
3.与一般现在时连用的时间状语
(1)on Sundays,on weekends,every day,in the morning,every year等。
(2)once a year,twice a month,three times a week 之类的词组。(二)一般过去时
1.一般过去时的构成:一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。如:
Last week Tom made a model plane with his friend Jack.
上周汤姆和他的朋友杰克做了一个飞机模型。
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如:
I got up at six this morning.
今天早上我六点起的床。
We visited the factory last week.
上周我们参观了那个工厂。(2)表示过去的习惯或过去经常发生的动作。如:
When I was in the countryside,I often swam in the river.
当我在乡下时,我常常在河里游泳。
3.和一般过去时连用的时间状语
last night,yesterday,last week,some years ago,in 1995,in the past,the other day,at that time,just now等。
(三)一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其构成主要有以下几种形式:
1.“will/shall+动词原形”,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如to- morrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday,in+一段时间,in 2020
等。如:They will leave for Shanghai next week.他们下周将离开去上海。
Will you be back in two days?你将在两天后回来吗?
?注意 shall只用于主语是I或we时,will可用于各种人称。如:
Where shall we meet tomorrow?
明天我们在哪里见面?
2.“be going to+动词原形”,表示计划、打算做某事或客观迹象 表明要发生的事。如:
What are you going to do next Sunday?
下周日你打算干什么?Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm.
看那些乌云,暴风雨就要来临了。
3.“be about to+动词原形”,表示即将发生的动作,一般不与具体 的时间状语连用。如:
The train is about to leave.
火车就要离开了。
4.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划或安排要做的事。如:
She is to get married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。(四)现在进行时
1.现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+动词的现在分词”构成。
2.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。如:
—What are you doing?——你在做什么?
—I am reading a book.——我正在看书。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。如:
They are studying hard this term.
他们这学期学习很努力。(3)go,leave,arrive,start等动词用现在进行时表示将来。如:
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
本周日我要去北京。
(4)当时间状语为now,at present等或当句子中含有look,listen之类 的暗示词时,常使用现在进行时。
注意 有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:
a.感官动词,如see,hear等。
b.表示喜欢或厌恶的动词,如like,love,hate等。
c.表示希望、态度的动词,如want,agree等。
d.表示状态的动词,如lie等。
e.表示归属的动词,如belong等。
f.表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词,如know,forget等。(五)现在完成时
基本结构:have/has+动词的过去分词
1.表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或 结果。如:
—Have you had your lunch yet?——你吃过午饭了吗?
—Yes,I have.——是的,我吃过了。
I have already watched the TV play.
我已经看过这部电视剧了。注意 already,yet常和现在完成时连用,already常用于肯定句,
yet常用于疑问句和否定句。
2.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还要持续下 去,常和表示时间段的状语连用。如:
We have lived here since 2000.
自从2000年以来我们一直住在这里。
3.几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
(1)just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分 词之间。如:
He has just come back from Beijing.
他刚从北京回来。(2)ever意为“在任何时候”,常用于疑问句中。如:
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你去过上海吗?
(3)never意为“从来没有”,常用于助动词与过去分词之间。如:
I have never traveled by plane before.
我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
(4)before 意为“以前”,通常放在句末。如:
I haven't heard of it before.我以前从来没有听说过这件事。
4.延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法
(1)现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在,在肯定句中与表示一段时间的状语连用时应注意句中的谓语动词应是延续性动词,非延续性动词在肯定句中不能和一段时间连用。如:
我离开这所学校已经8年了。
误:I've left this school for eight years.
正:I've been away from this school for eight years.
他借用我的词典已经两天了。
误:He has borrowed my dictionary for two days.
正:He has kept my dictionary for two days.
不过,在否定句中非延续性动词可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I haven't gone to see him for several months.
我已经好几个月没去看他了。
(2)非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法:a.将非延续性动词(短语)转化为延续性动词(短语)b.将时间状语改为过去的时间,并用一般过去时代替现在完 成时。
c.用句型“It is+一段时间+since从句(从句中的谓语动词用非延 续性动词的过去式)”表示。如:
It is two years since the old man died.
这个老人死了两年了。
(六)过去进行时
基本结构:was/were+现在分词。
1.表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。常和 表示过去的时间状语then,at that time,this time yesterday,at ten yesterday等连用,或用另一动作来表示过去的时间。如:
—What were you doing at nine last night?
——昨天晚上九点你正在干什么?
—I was watching TV at that time.
——那时我正在看电视。
He was reading when I came in.
当我进来时,他正在读书。
I was doing my homework while my parents were watching TV.
当我父母看电视的时候,我正在做作业。2.过去进行时常和always、forever等时间状语连用,表示过去频
繁发生的动作,此时的过去进行时带有一定的感彩。如:
Alice was always changing her mind.
艾丽斯总是在改变主意。
常考点清单三 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成及用法
1.被动语态的构成
(1)被动语态的基本结构:be+及物动词的过去分词
(2)各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例): 2.被动语态的用法
在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,被动语态主要用于下列几种 情况:
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:
This watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:
More trees must be planted every year.
每年都必须种更多的树。
(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:
Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。二、主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.“主语+谓语+宾语”结构的主动语态变为被动语态
(1)要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语 是人称代词,要将宾格变成主格。
(2)主动句中的主语在被动句中由by引出,若主语为人称代词,则 要将主格变为宾格。
(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。如:
We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态)→He was asked to sing an English song by us.
我们请他唱首英文歌。
2.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构的主动语态变为被动 语态
谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直 接宾语转化成主语。若将直接宾语转化成主语,则在被动句中原 来的间接宾语由介词to或for引出。如:
She gave me a book.(变为被动语态)→
I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me改为了主语)
A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book改为了主语)
她给了我一本书。易混点清单
一、动词的时态
1.have/has been to,have/has gone to 和have/has been in 三种结构的 区别
have/has been to,have/has gone to 和have/has been in 是现在完成 时的三个非常常见的结构。它们的用法有很大的差异。have/has been to 表示“去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去 了其他地方,总之现在已不在该地。have/has gone to 则表示“去 了某地”,现在还未回来。have/has been in 表示“已在某地(待了 多久)”,若该地为小地方,则in需用at代替,当后面跟副词时只用have/has been,其后不可用任何介词。如:
Jim has gone to London with his family.
吉姆已经和他的家人去了伦敦。
Have you been to Beijing before?
你以前去过北京吗?
The Greens have been in China for two years.
格林一家人已经在中国两年了。
The Greens are in China now.They have been here for half a year.
格林一家人现在在中国,他们在这儿已经半年了。2.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
一般来说,如果强调过去某个时候或某段时间曾有过某个动作应 用一般过去时;而强调动作在过去某个时候或某段时间内正在进 行时则应用过去进行时。
二、动词的语态
(一)主动结构表被动意义
1.open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut等词作不及物动词且它 们的主语为物时,可用主动形式表被动意义。如:
This kind of pen writes very smoothly.
这种钢笔写起字来很流畅。
This kind of shirt sells well here.这种衬衫在这里卖得很好。
2.look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动形式表被动意义。如:
Uniforms look ugly on us.
制服穿在我们身上很难看。
Mooncakes taste delicious.
月饼尝起来很好吃。
3.在sth. be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。如:
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。4.“want/need/require+doing”相当于“want/need/require+to be
done”。to be done表示不定式的被动结构。
My bike needs repairing.
=My bike needs to be repaired.
我的自行车需要修理。
(二)被动语态和系表结构的区别
1.被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者,而系表结构则表示主语的 特点或所处的状态。
2.系表结构中的-ed形式的形容词常有固定的介词搭配,而被动语 态中常由by引出动作的发出者。如:
Miss Wang is satisfied with us.(系表结构)
王老师对我们很满意。
3.系表结构中的-ed形式的形容词可以被副词修饰。如:
She's so worried about her exams.(系表结构)
她非常担心她的考试。
4.系表结构通常只有一般时态和完成时态,而被动语态则可用于 多种时态。1.(2018山东日照,7)—When will you give the novel back to me?
—Sorry,I ????haven’t finished????(finish) it.How about Friday?
2.(2018山东日照,8)The window broke into pieces shortly after the plane ????took???? (take) off.
3.(2019山东青岛,6)The English Speech Competition ????brought????(bring) out the best in her.As a result,she is more active now.
4.(2019山东临沂,24)Around the world,300 million tons of plastic ????is created???? (create) each year,of which about 10 percent ends up in the sea.中考题组5.(2019山东临沂,27)Melting ice (融冰) can cause sea levels to rise.Since 1993,sea levels ????have risen????(rise) at a speed of 3.2cm every 10 years.
6.(2018山东日照,42)Anyone who breaks the law will be punished????.
7.(2019桂林)He hasn’t communicated much with his parents since he ????got???? (get) a mobile phone last year.
8.(2019河北)He ????told????(tell) me his name, but I can??t remember it now.1.(2019山东一模,34)—How long have you ????lived????(居住) in Jinan?
—For about ten years.
2.(2019山东二模,25)—What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon?
—I ????was cleaning????(clean) the classroom.
3.(2019山东二模,29)Carol ????did???? (做) some reading and ????practiced????(练习) English last weekend.
4.(2018山东三模,25)—Hi,Tom,would you like to smoke?模拟题组—No,thank you.It has been six months since I ????stopped????(stop) smoking.
5.(2018山东三模,29)The litter in the plastic bag ????was collected????(collect) by May and her brother yesterday afternoon.
6.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,28)—I didn’t see you at the begin- ning of the party last night.
—I ????was working???? (work) on my biology report at that time.
7.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,29)We??re sure that the environ- ment in our city ????will be improved????(improve) greatly through our work in the near future.8.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,19)It is believed that tea ????was brought ???? (bring) to Korea and Japan from China during 6th and 7th centuries.
9.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,26)—Excuse me,could you tell me the way to Mount Meng?
—Sure.Go down this road and turn left.You ????will see????(see) the mountains near the village.
10.(2019山东济南中考考前最后一卷A卷,53)—Why don’t you buy your son a new mobile phone,Mrs.Li?
—Because he ????has had???? (have) his phone for less than one year.课件26张PPT。专题二 代词考点清单二、物主代词常考点清单
一、人称代词三、反身代词四、指示代词五、疑问代词续表六、普通不定代词及复合不定代词
(一)普通不定代词
1.初中阶段常用的普通不定代词列表如下: 2.普通不定代词的用法
(1)some与any
some和any均表示“一些”,既可指代或修饰可数名词,也可指代或修饰不可数 名词;some 一般用于肯定句中,any 多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如:
There are many pencils in my room.You ' ll find some in the drawer.
我的房间里有很多铅笔。你会在抽屉里找到一些。
Look!Some boys are playing football.
看!一些男生正在踢足球。
—Would you like some coffee?——你要喝点咖啡吗?
—Yes,please.——好的,谢谢。
(2)many 与 much
many指代或修饰可数名词复数,much指代或修饰不可数名词,它们都可以与表示程度的副词so,too等连用。如:
Don ' t take so many books.别拿那么多书。
He has never eaten so much breakfast.
他从没吃过这么多早餐。
(3)either与neither
either 指两个人或物中的一个,neither 指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定搭 配either/neither of+名词/代词的复数+谓语动词(第三人称单数);当either...or...和 neither...nor...连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保 持一致。如:Neither of the books is good.这两本书都不好。
Either you or he is wrong.不是你错了,就是他错了。
(4)both 与 all
both 表示“两者都”;all指“三者或三者以上都”,二者都常与of连用。如:
Both of the plans are good.两个计划都很好。
All of Jim,Lucy and Lily agree to stay here.
吉姆、露西和莉莉都同意留在这里。(二)复合不定代词
1.初中阶段常用的复合不定代词列表如下: 2.在反意疑问句中,当陈述部分的主语是指人的复合不定代词,如 every- body,nobody,anyone等时,反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词 they;当陈述部分的 主语是指物的复合不定代词,如 everything,anything,something,nothing等时,反意 疑问部分的主语通常用代词 it。如:
Everybody is here,aren ' t they?大家都在这里,不是吗?
Everything is ready,isn ' t it?所有东西都准备好了,不是吗?
3.当形容词或 else修饰复合不定代词 something,everything,everyone 等时,形容 词或 else 通常放在这些词的后面。如:
He has something important to tell you.他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
Can you find anyone else?你能找到其他人吗?
4.everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one 既可指人也可指物,还可 以和of连用。如:
I ' d like everyone to be happy.我希望人人都幸福。
I have kept every one of her letters.
我已经把她的每一封信都保存了下来。七、代词it的用法
1.指代前面提到过的事物。如:
The book on the desk is not mine.It is Jim's.
桌子上的那本书不是我的,它是吉姆的。
2.代替指示代词this或that。如:
—What's that?——那是什么?
—It is a pencil.——那是一支铅笔。
3.指代婴儿或不明身份的人。如:
Someone is knocking at the door. Go and see who it is.
有人在敲门,去看看是谁。4.指代时间或日期。如:
—What's the time now?——现在几点了?
—It's ten o'clock.——十点了。
5.指代天气。如:
—What's the weather like today?—It's sunny.
——今天天气怎么样?——天气晴朗。
6.指代距离。如:
How far is it from your school to your home?
从学校到你家有多远?7.作形式主语,常用于下列句型中:
(1)It is+adj.+(for sb.+)to do sth.如:
It is important for us to work hard.
对我们来说,努力工作是重要的。
(2)It seems that... 好像……
(3)It's one's turn to do... 轮到某人做……了。如:
It's your turn to sing.轮到你唱歌了。
(4)It's+adj.+that 从句。如:
It's necessary that everyone obey the traffic rules.
每个人都遵守交通规则是必要的。8.作形式宾语。如:
Do you think it necessary to learn to wait in line?
你认为有必要学会排队等候吗?
9.用于强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分”。如:
It is he who goes to school by bike every day.
是他每天骑自行车上学。易混点清单
一、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区别
形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词,而名词性物主代词之后不需要接任何 词。
如:这张票是她的,不是我的。
[误] This is hers ticket, not my.
[正] This is her ticket, not mine.
二、it,one,that作代词时的区别
1.it特指上文提到的同一事物。如:The book is mine.It's very interesting.
这本书是我的,它很有趣。
2.one 泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不同物。如:
—Who has a pen?——谁有一支钢笔?
—I have one.——我有一支。
3.that 常用于比较结构中,特指同名异物的可数名词单数或不可数名词,以避免 重复。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter.
冬天北京的天气比广州的天气冷。三、both,all,either,any,neither,none四、little,a little,few,a few 如:
Would you please buy some ink for me,Tony?There is little left.托尼,请你给我买些墨水好吗?几乎没有了。
A few people know it.有几个人知道它。
五、other,the other,others,the others,another1.(2018山东日照,6)I can hardly eat anything????.I am not feeling well today.
2.(2019山东临沂,21)Tennis can exercise all of our muscles(肌肉).And it requires us????to spend time with others.This is good for our health too.
3.(2019山东青岛,46)Don't worry!We are old enough to look after ourselves???? (我们自己).
4.(2019山东临沂,62)The little boy said,“I am old enough to take good care of ???? myself????(my).”中考题组5.(2019江苏宿迁,9)As the lights in the room went out,it was very dark and noth-
ing????(没有什么) could be seen clearly.
6.(2019重庆,22)Tom is my best friend.I often play basketball with him????(他).
7.(2019江苏扬州,2)—Annie, your????(you) books are all over the place.
—Sorry,Mom. I'll put them away.
8.(2019江苏泰州,4)—You look pale today,Madam!What's the matter with you?
—Nothing???? serious.Just a cold.
9.(2019江苏南京,4)Last month the students in Changjiang Road Primary School held the “Ten Years of Growth Ceremony” to celebrate their???? (they) 10th birthday together.10.(2019黑龙江龙东地区,4)—I lost my textbook and I couldn't find it???? any- where.
—Here are some.Just take one????,please.1.(2019山东一模,17)—Who is in the classroom?
—????Nobody????(没有人).All the students are on the playground.
2.(2019山东二模,22)I find ????i t???? hard to finish the work.
3.(2018山东三模,24)—Have you bought ????anything????unusual for Linda's birth- day?
—Not exactly.Just some flowers.
4.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,23)????Somebody????(某人) was call- ing you just now.He wanted to meet you in thirty minutes.模拟题组5.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,27)Some doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight MERS(中东呼吸综合征).They think more of others than ???? themselves????.
6.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,45)As volunteers,they should do ????some- thing???? to help the children in trouble.
7.(2019济南商河二模,28)My brother is only three years old,but he can dress ???? himself????.
8.(2019济南商河二模,35)Jinan Metro makes ????i t???? more convenient for people to travel.课件21张PPT。专题五 介词常考点清单 介词的用法
一、表示时间的常用介词
表示时间的常用介词有at,in,on,after,until,before,during等。
1.at 多用于具体的时刻前,如:at seven在7点;也可用于固定搭配中,如:at noon在 中午;at night在晚上。
2.in 用于年、月、世纪、四季或表示泛指的上午、下午、晚上等的前面,如:in the twenty-first century 在21世纪,in autumn 在秋天,in the morning 在上午;还可考点清单用于构成“从现在起,多长时间以后”的短语。
3.on 主要用在星期几,具体某一天或某一天的早晨、下午、晚上或节日前。如:
on Mid-Autumn Day在中秋节
on June 1st 在6月1日
4.since,from和for
(1)since指从过去某时一直延续至今,后接时间点,句子常用现在完成时。如:
He has lived here since 1993.
从1993年开始他就住在这里。
(2)from说明开始的时间,谓语动词常用过去、现在、将来的某种时态。如:From now on,I will learn English in the morning.
从今以后,我将在早晨学英语。
(3)for指动作延续一段时间,后接时间段,常用于完成时态,也可用于一般过去时 和一般将来时等。如:
I have studied English for four years.
我学英语已经四年了。
5.(1)after与时间段连用,表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,常用于一般过去 时。如:
They finished the work after two years.他们两年后完成了这项工作。
(2)after与时间点连用,也可表示在将来某个时间点之后。如:
I’ll ring you up after two o’ clock.
我会在两点以后打电话给你。
6.“by+时间点”表示“不迟于……”,如果by后跟一个过去的时间点,句子应 用过去完成时。如:
We had learned 1,000 English words by the end of last term.
到上个学期末,我们已经学了1,000个英语单词。
7.“during+时间段”常与延续性动词连用,表示某段时间内的状态。如:He has been living with us during these years.这些年他一直跟我们一起住。
8.until用于否定句中,构成not...until...,意为“直到……才……”,其前的谓语动 词多用非延续性动词;用在肯定句中,意为“直到……为止”,其前的谓语动词 需用延续性动词。如:
I didn’t leave until my mother came home.
直到我妈妈回家我才离开。
I waited for my mother until she came home.
我等妈妈直到她回家。
9.before意为“在……之前”。如:Please finish your homework before ten o’clock.
请于十点前完成你的作业。
二、表示地点的介词
1.表示方位的in,on,to
in表示在某一地区之内(属于该范围);to 表示在某一地区之外(不属于该范围);on 表示与某地接壤。如:
Fujian Province is in the south-east of China.
福建省位于中国的东南部。
Russia is on the north of China.俄罗斯位于中国的北部。2.over,above 和 on 的区别
(1)over 指在……的正上方,表示垂直在上。
(2)above 指在上方,属于斜上方。如:
Raise your arms above your head.
把你的手臂举过你的头。
(3)on 指在上面,表示两物体接触。如:
There is a cup on the table.桌子上有一个杯子。
3.at,in和on的用法区别
(1)at 表示在较小的地点。如:at the bus stop在公共汽车站????at home在家
(2)in 表示在较大的地方。如:
in China在中国????in the world在世界上
(3)on 表示在某物的表面上。如:
on the ground在地上
4.in front of,in the front of,before
(1)in front of 表示“在……的前面(范围外)”。如:
There are some trees in front of the classroom.
教室前面有一些树。(2)in the front of 表示“在……的前面(范围内)”。如:He sits in the front of the classroom.他坐在教室的前面。
(3)before 所表示的位置关系和in front of相同,表示“在……(外部的)前面”。 如:
He sits before me.他坐在我前面。
5.below,under
below表示“在……下方或位置低于……”,不一定有垂直在下之意;under 表示 “在……正下方”。如:
There are many bikes under the tree.树下有许多辆自行车。The coat reaches below the knees.
这件外套到了膝盖下面。
三、be made/used 后介词的选择
1.be made 常见结构
(1)be made in 在某地制造。
(2)be made of和be made from 都可以表示“由……制成”,但be made of 强调从 成品上能看出原材料,而be made from则表示从成品上看不出原材料。
(3)be made into 被制成……。
(4)be made by 被……制成。2.be used 常见结构
be used to(doing)... 习惯于(做)……
be used to do... 被用来做……
be used for doing... 相当于be used to do...
be used as... 被当作……使用
be used by...被……使用易混点清单一、in 和on的区别
?
? 二、between和among的区别
between常指“在……(两者)之间”;among用于指“在……(三者或三者以上的 人或物)之间”。如果把三者及三者以上的人或事物分别看待,指每两者之间, 也可用between。如:
Maria sits between Lucy and Lily.
玛丽亚坐在露西和莉莉之间。
Miss Wang stands among her students.
王老师站在她的学生中间。
You shouldn't eat between meals.你不应该在两餐之间吃东西。
三、across,through,over和past的区别
1.across和through都表示“穿过”。across含有“从……表面穿过”的意思; through含有“从……内部穿过”的意思。如:
He can swim across the river.他能游过这条河。
She had to push her way through the crowd to get to her son.她必须挤过人群才能 到她的儿子跟前。
2.over多指从上方“穿越”,而past指从旁边“经过”。如:
The plane flew over the mountains in the southeast.飞机从东南部的群山上飞过。
They walked past a big tree.
他们从一棵大树旁走过。四、in,with和by表示“用”时的区别
in主要表示“用语言、声音、原材料等”;with表示“用具体有形的工具”;by 表示“用……手段或方式”,后常接动名词。如:
Can you sing this song in English?
你能用英语唱这首歌吗?
I do my homework with a pen.我用钢笔做作业。
The girl made money by selling flowers.
这个女孩通过卖花赚钱。五、but,besides和except的区别
but表示“除……之外”,常与含否定意义的词连用,except表示“除……之外”, 指从整体中排除except所带的人或物,前面常有all,every,any,no等词;besides表示 “除……之外(还有)”,besides所带的人或物包括在内,其前常有other,another,a few等词。如:
Everyone was here but him.
除了他,大家都在。
All the students went to the zoo except Jim.
除了吉姆,所有的学生都去动物园了。
I have a few good friends besides you.除了你之外,我还有几个好朋友。1.(2019山东临沂,17)In the world,more than 30% of schools do not provide safe drinking water ????for???? about 570 million children.
2.(2019山东青岛,47)There is a big park ????beside???? (在旁边) the supermarket.I prefer to take a walk there.
3.(2019葫芦岛)We are going to have a party ????on???? the evening of June 30th.
4.(2019南通)It’s been 100 years since the May Fourth Movement took place ????on ???? May 4,1919.
5.(2019贵阳)The People’s Republic of China was founded ????on???? October 1st, 19中考题组49.We’ll celebrate its 70th anniversary this year.
6.(2019呼和浩特)Ben was helping his mother when the rain began to beat heavily ????against????the windows.
7.(2019北京)We planted some flowers ????in???? the garden yesterday.
8.(2019孝感)To my great joy, my family is always ????behind???? me whatever I de- cide to do.1.(2019山东一模,11)On Mother’s Day,she bought a special gift ????for????her mom.
2.(2019山东二模,11)—How do you study ????for???? a test?
—I often study ????with???? a group.
3.(2018山东三模,11)No matter which country you will visit,you should learn more ????about???? going there.
4.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,31)—How did you come here?
—????By???? taxi.It’s a little far,you know.
5.This story is ????in???? simple English.My little sister can read it.模拟题组6.(2019道外区一模)In English, we say that sharing a problem is like cutting it in half.So you’re halfway to solving a problem just ????by???? talking to someone about it.
7.(2019新区一模)In the game Chinese Parents, designers hope kids and parents can understand each other ????by???? playing the game.
8.My brother joined the army ????in???? September last year.课件37张PPT。专题八 动词的分类
常考点清单一 谓语动词分类概述
谓语动词的种类?考点清单常考点清单二 动词的分类及用法
谓语动词包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
一、实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动 词和不及物动词;按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动 词。
1.及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。
(1)动词+宾语
I like this book very much.我非常喜欢这本书。
(2)动词+宾语+宾语补足语
We call the bird Polly.
我们叫那只鸟Polly。
I saw the children play in the park yesterday.
昨天我看见了孩子们在公园玩。
注意 用省略to 的不定式或动词-ing形式作宾补的动词有:
make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hear等。
(3)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Please pass me the salt.请把盐递给我。常见的接双宾语的动词有:give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,offer,pass, teach,tell,write,read等。
2.不及物动词
不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。如:
Horses run fast.马跑得快。
They work in a factory.
他们在一家工厂工作。
注意 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。如:
We study English.我们学习英语。(及物)
We study hard.我们努力学习。(不及物)Boys like to fly kites.男孩们爱放风筝。(及物)
Birds can fly.鸟会飞。(不及物)
3.有些动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语,主要有以下 几类:
①动词+介词
Look at the blackboard.看黑板。
Listen to me carefully.仔细听我讲。
此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词 后面,不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词+副词He turned off the light when he left.
当他离开时,他把灯关了。
He picked it up and gave it to me.
他把它捡起来并给了我。
注意 代词作宾语时必须放在动词后、副词前,当宾语是名词
时,放在副词前后均可。
③动词+副词+介词
Let's go on with the work.让我们继续工作吧。
注意 宾语只能放在介词之后。
④动词+名词+介词He takes pride in doing a job well.他为做好一份工作而自豪。
Please pay attention to the phrases in the article.
请注意文章中的词组。
We can make good use of air.我们可以充分利用空气。
注意 这类词组的名词前可以加形容词作定语,宾语只能放在
介词之后。
4.延续性动词和非延续性动词
(1)延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,如live,stay,study,work,keep, teach等,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
We have lived in China since 2001.自从2001年以来,我们一直住在中国。
You can keep the book for two weeks.
你可以保留这本书两周。
(2)非延续性动词表示瞬时动作,如buy,lend,borrow,die,begin,stop, finish,arrive,join,go,come,catch等,非延续性动词不能和表示一段 时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他 词代替。如:
He arrived here five days ago.
他五天前到的这儿。二、系动词
系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成系表 结构,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。
常见的系动词有:be,become,get,look,seem,turn,sound,smell,taste, feel。系动词没有被动语态。如:
Mr. Wang seems very angry.王先生好像很生气。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布料摸起来很柔软。
The flower smells sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。三、助动词
助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语。它必须和别的动词连用,帮 助表示时态、语态、否定和疑问等。常用的助动词有be,have, do,will和shall等。
1.助动词be(am,is,are,was,were)
(1)“助动词be+现在分词”构成进行时。如:
The students are having class.学生们正在上课。
They asked me what I was doing all the afternoon.
他们问我整个下午一直在干什么。
(2)“助动词be+过去分词”构成被动语态。如:
The boy was put to bed by his mother.这个男孩儿被他妈妈安排去睡觉了。
The invitation was received yesterday.
请柬是昨天收到的。
2.“助动词have/has/had+过去分词”构成完成时。如:
He has lived in Beijing since he was born.
自他出生以来,他一直住在北京。
3.助动词do或其相关形式用于构成疑问句、倒装句、否定句、 强调句等。如:
He didn't go to see the film last Sunday.
上星期天他没去看那部电影。Do be quiet,children!孩子们,务必保持安静!
4.助动词will和shall用于构成将来时(shall仅用于第一人称,will可 用于各种人称)。如:
There will be more trees in one hundred years.
一百年后将有更多的树。
I shall be fifteen years old next year.
明年我就15岁了。
四、情态动词
情态动词有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,用来表达态 度、情感或推测等,在句中和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词的用法:
1.can的用法
(1)表示能力,意为“能,会”。如:
Can you play basketball?你会打篮球吗?
(2)表示推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
Li Hua can't be in the classroom.
李华不可能在教室里。
(3)表示请求或允许,多用于口语中,意为“可以”,相当于may。 如:
You can go now.你现在可以走了。注意 (1)could是can的过去式,可以表示过去的能力。如:
I could swim when I was seven years old.
我七岁时就会游泳了。
(2)could用于委婉地提出请求、建议等,回答时用can。如:
—Could you show me the way?——你能给我指路吗?
—Yes,I can.——是的,我可以。
2.may的用法
(1)表示推测,意为“可能;也许”,常用于肯定句中。如:
He may come tomorrow.明天他可能会来。
(2)表示请求、允许,意为“可以”。如:May I borrow your book?我可以借你的书吗?
may表示请求时,用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句,其否定回答 常用mustn't或can't,意为“不可以”。如:
—May I go now?——我现在可以走了吗?
—No,you mustn't.——不,不可以。
(3)表示祝愿。如:
May you success!祝你成功!
注意 can和may均可用来征求意见或表示允许,一般可互换使
用。3.must的用法
(1)表示“必须,应该”。
(2)表示推测,意为“一定”。
(3)must表示推测时一般用于肯定句;在疑问句和否定句中一般用 can。
(4)mustn't表示禁止,以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答应用must,而 否定回答则常用needn't,needn't表示“不需要,不必”,相当于 don't have to。如:
There's someone knocking at the door.It must be Jim.
有人在敲门。肯定是吉姆。—Must I finish the project today?——我必须今天完成这个项目
吗?
—No,you needn't.——不,你不必。
4.need的用法
need后加to do说明need为实义动词,用助动词提问和回答;若need 后加do,则need为情态动词,用need提问,肯定回答用must,否定回 答用needn't。如:
You needn't come to school so early.
你不必这么早来学校。
5.had better的用法
“had better+动词原形”表示“最好做……”,否定形式为“had better not+动词原形”。如:
You'd better stay at home.你最好待在家里。
6.shall、should、will、would的用法
(1)shall用于第一、三人称表示征求意见。如:
Shall I open the window?
我打开窗户好吗?
Shall we have lunch here?
我们在这儿吃午饭好吗?
(2)should常用来表示义务、责任。如:
We should obey traffic rules.我们应该遵守交通规则。
(3)will用于第二人称时表示请求,它也可以表达现在的“意 愿”。如:
Will you pass me the book?
把那本书递给我好吗?
We will do anything for you.
我们愿意为你做任何事情。
(4)would用来表示过去的习惯或委婉的请求。如:
Would you tell me the way to the station?
你能告诉我去车站的路吗?易混点清单
1.used to do sth.和be used to doing sth.的区别
be used to doing sth.表示习惯做某事,to后用动名词形式;used to do sth.表示过去常常做某事。如:
I'm used to getting up early.
我习惯早起。
I used to get up at six in the morning.
我过去常常在早上6点起床。
注意 be used to do sth.被用来做某事。如:
Pens are used to write.钢笔被用来写字。2.dress,put on,wear
dress sb.给某人穿衣服;put on穿上,戴上,表动作;wear穿着,戴着,表 状态,与“be in”同义。如:
The boy dressed himself quickly.
男孩快速地穿上了衣服。
Jim put on his coat and went out.
吉姆穿上大衣出去了。
Lily is wearing a red skirt today.
莉莉今天穿着一条红裙子。3.see,look,watch,read
see看见,表结果;look看,表动作,不及物动词,后面需加介词at才能 跟宾语;watch观察;看(比赛、电视、电影等);read阅读(书、报)。 如:
I can see an apple on the table.
我能看见有个苹果在桌子上。
Look!There is a kite flying in the sky.
看!有个风筝在天上飞。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.
看电视太多对你的健康有害。
Don't read books in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。
4.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring意为“带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话者的地方”;take意 为“拿去,带走”,表示“拿到远离说话人的地方”;carry意为 “扛,搬”,没有方向性;fetch意为“去取,去拿”,表示往返拿东 西。如:
Please take the books to the classroom.
请把这些书带到教室去。
Remember to bring your homework to school tomorrow.
记得明天把你的作业带到学校来。The bag is very heavy.Please carry it to my office.
这个包非常沉。请把它搬到我的办公室。
Don't worry.I can fetch the key.
不要着急,我能去取钥匙。
5.spend,take,pay,cost
spend指花费时间或金钱,主语为人,后接on sth.或(in)doing sth.; cost意为“价格为,需支付”;take常用于It+takes/took+时间+to do sth.;pay常与介词for连用。
6.look for,find
look for“寻找”,强调寻找的过程;find“找到”,强调找的结果。如:
They are looking for a football.
他们在找一个足球。
I found my lost bike.
我找到了我丢失的自行车。
7.listen to,hear
listen为不及物动词,与to组成固定搭配,强调听的动作;hear强调听 的结果。
8.hung,hanged
两个词同为hang的过去分词,hung意为“悬挂”;而hanged意为“绞死”。
9.lose,fail,beat,win
lose意为“输”,固定搭配为lose sth.“输掉……”;lose to sb. “输给某人”;fail指“失败”或“未做成某事”;beat 意为“打 败”,后接sb. 或某支队伍;win意为“赢得,取得”,常指在比赛、 战争中获胜或通过努力获得某物。如:
He lost to Tom in this game.
这次比赛他输给汤姆了。
I failed in the game.
我在这次比赛中失利了。Tom beat his brother at ping-pong yesterday.
昨天汤姆打乒乓球赢了他弟弟。
The little girl won support at last.
小女孩最终获得了支持。
10.lose,forget,leave
lose意为“丢失,失去”;forget 意为“忘记”,忘记做某事为forget to do sth.;leave意为“忘了带,丢下”,“leave sth.+地点状语”意 为“把某物忘在某处”。如:
He lost a watch.
他丢了一块手表。He forgot to close the door.
他忘记关门了。
I left my book in the classroom.
我把书忘在教室里了。
11.maybe,may be
may为情态动词,后加动词原形be,用在句中;maybe为副词,意为 “大概,也许”,相当于perhaps,常用于句首。
12.can't和mustn't
表示否定推测时应用can't,表“不可能”的意思;mustn't是“禁 止”的意思,不能用来表推测,而must在肯定句中表推测,意为“一定”。如:
He can't be the boy's father.
他不可能是那个男孩的父亲。
You mustn't smoke in the office.
你不能在办公室里吸烟。1.(2018山东日照,3)Beautiful skirt!May???? I try it on?
2.(2019山东日照,41)Please ????return????(归还) my dictionary as soon as possible.
3.(2019山东青岛,3)As middle school students,we ????should???? (应该) follow the public rules wherever we go.
4.(2019山东临沂,19)—I’m getting hungry.Do you know where we can get some good food?
—Of course!There ????is???? a restaurant around the corner.
5.(2019山东临沂,22)Ants are pretty small.You might think that they ????must????(必中考题组须) be rather weak.But what you might not know is that ants are actually very strong for their size.
6.(2019山东临沂,25)Roy works in London.It ????takes???? (take) him about half an hour to get to work by bus every day.
7.(2019山东临沂,26)Cathy sold some of her things in a yard sale and gave???? away the money to a children’s home.
8.(2019山东烟台,68)Why do more and more kids ????prefer????(更喜欢) to spend time on screens?
9.(2019山东日照,44)I don’t think money will ????solve????(解决) all my problems.10.(2019山东日照,45)The restaurant offers different kinds of seafood,which ???? tastes????(品尝) good.
11.(2019山东临沂,66)Scientists around the world are working to ????discover???? (cover) a medicine for AIDS (艾滋病).1.(2019山东一模,18)The book ????cost????(花费) me one hundred yuan.It??s so ex- pensive.
2.(2019山东一模,27)—Which sunglasses should I choose today?
—I think the red ones.They ????look????(看) nice on you.
3.(2019山东一模,32)—Jenny,I think it’s better to read in silence.What about you?
—I ????disagree????(不同意).I think reading aloud is a good way to learn English.
4.(2019山东一模,33)Sam is very kind and volunteers at after-school programs ????to help????(help) others.模拟题组5.(2019山东二模,16)—Let’s play soccer after school.
—That ????sounds????(听起来) good.
6.(2019山东二模,17)—Is that girl Susan?
—It ????can’t???? (can) be her.She left for Beijing yesterday.
7.(2019山东二模,30)If you want ????to listen???? (listen) to jazz,please go to the Fan- tastic House.
8.(2018山东三模,9)—What’s in the picture?
—There ????is???? (be) a teacher and some students playing games on the playground.
9.(2018山东三模,16)—Hurry up,or we won’t be able to catch the early bus.—Amy,there’s no need to rush????.Dad will drive us to school today.
10.(2018山东三模,17)—Look!Is it Sally playing under the tree?
—No,it ????can’t????(can) be her.She has gone to Xi’an.
11.(2018山东三模,23)Colorful flowers come out now.It’s wonderful for us to ???? smell???? (闻) nice flowers everywhere in spring.课件24张PPT。专题六 形容词常考点清单
一、形容词的用法及位置
说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态的词叫形容词。
1.作定语,放在名词之前,复合不定代词之后。如:
The nice girl is my sister.这个友善的女孩是我的妹妹。
I have something interesting to tell you.
我有一些有趣的事要告诉你。考点清单2.作表语,放在系动词之后。如:
He looks very happy.他看起来很开心。
?注意 有少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语,如alone,afraid,asleep,awake等。
3.作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,常与make,leave,keep等动词连用。如:
You must keep your eyes comfortable.你必须使你的眼睛保持舒适。二、某些形容词不能用程度副词来修饰,也没有比较等级,如southern,northern, Chinese,Japanese等。
三、形容词的名词化
某些形容词放在定冠词之后,表示一类人或事物,常见的有good/bad,rich/poor, young/old,deaf,blind等。如:
The young should be polite to the old.
年轻人应该对老人有礼貌。
四、有一些表语形容词后可接动词不定式be+?+to do sth.五、常见名词变形容词的方法六、形容词比较等级的构成
1.规则变化 2.不规则变化七、形容词比较级的用法
1.表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,其结构为“A...+形容词比较级+than +B”。如:
Lily’s room is bigger than mine.
莉莉的房间比我的大。
?注意 为了避免重复,常用that,those等词来代替前面出现过的名词。其中
those代替可数名词复数;that代替不可数名词或可数名词单数。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Hangzhou in winter.冬天,北京的 天气比杭州的冷。2.表示程度的词或短语a little,a bit,a lot,much,even,far,rather等可修饰形容词比 较级。如:
It is much hotter today than yesterday.
今天比昨天热得多。
3.表示“A和B哪一个更……?”时,用句型“Which(+名词)/Who is+形容词的比 较级,A or B?”。如:
Who is taller,Li Ming or Wang Tao?
谁比较高,李明还是王涛?
4.表示“某物是某物的几倍……”时,用“倍数+形容词比较级+than”表示。如:
Your room is three times bigger than mine.
你的房间是我的房间的三倍大。
5.表示“两者之间比较……的一个”时,常用“the+比较级+of the...”结构。如:
Mary is the taller of the two girls.
玛丽是那两个女孩儿中比较高的那个。
6.表示“越来越……”用“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+形容词 原级”。如:
It’s getting warmer and warmer.天气正变得越来越暖和。
7.表示“越……就越……”时,用“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”结构。如:
The more,the better.越多越好。八、形容词最高级的用法
1.表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用形容词最高级。形容词最高级 前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。如:
He is the tallest student in our class.
他是我们班个子最高的学生。
2.表示在三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时,用“Which(+名词)/Who is+ the+形容词最高级,A,B or C?”结构。如:
Which city is the most beautiful,Beijing,Shanghai or Fuzhou?哪座城市最漂亮,北 京、上海还是福州?3.表示“最……的……之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复 数”结构。如:
Jay Chou is one of the most popular singers.
周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌手之一。
4.形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最……的”。如:
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
黄河是中国的第二长河。
5.形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、名词所有格等,此时不能再用定冠词。 如:This is our best lesson today.
这是我们今天最好的一节课。
6.形容词比较级可以表示最高级含义。如:
Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.
李雷是他班里最高的学生。
=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.
=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.
=Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.
=No one is taller than Li Lei in his class.=Li Lei is taller than any of the other students in his class.易混点清单一、-ing形容词和-ed形容词续表二、形容词最高级前不加the的情况
当形容词最高级前有物主代词或名词所有格时,不加the。如:
Monday is my busiest day.
星期一是我最忙的一天。
三、ill和sick
两个词都是“病的,生病的”之意,都可以作表语,但作定语时只能用sick 而不能 用ill(ill作定语时表示“坏的”)。如:
The sick man is his uncle.
那位病人是他的叔叔。He has been ill for two days.
他已经病了两天了。四、在同一范围内比较时,必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。如:
China is larger than any other country in Asia.
中国比亚洲其他任何一个国家都大。(在同一范围内,只能和其他对象进行比 较)
China is larger than any country in Africa.
中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。(在不同范围内,可以和其中任意一个对象进 行比较)
五、以-ly结尾的形容词
许多形容词加-ly可以构成副词,但有些以-ly结尾的词不是副词,而是形容词。如:
friendly 友好的 lonely 孤独的
lovely 可爱的 likely 可能的
daily 日常的 lively 有生气的
六、black和dark
二者都可作形容词,也可作名词,区别为:black的意思是“黑色(的)”,指颜色,其 反义词是white;dark的意思是“黑暗(的)”,指无光。如:
The doors are painted black.
这些门被刷成了黑色。
It is a dark house.
这是一间黑屋子。1.(2018山东日照,4)The boss is so ????serious???? (严肃的) that almost no one dares to play jokes on him.
2.(2019山东青岛,9)To make rivers ????cleaner????(clean) than before,everybody is supposed to protect them.
3.(2019山东烟台70)We are very ????proud???? (自豪) that a student from our school has won the first prize.
4.(2018山东日照,41)Too much sweet can be harmful???? to kids’teeth.中考题组5.(2018山东日照,43)Mary is absent???? from class today because she is ill in hospi- tal.
6.(2018山东日照,48)She got well after a ????brave????(勇敢) fight against cancer.
7.(2019山东青岛,48)Rose’s father is the ????busiest???? (忙碌的) in the hospital,be- cause he is an excellent doctor.
8.(2019山东临沂,61)I felt ????relaxed???? (relax) lying in the sun on the beach.
9.(2019山东临沂,65)A team of climbers from Peking University reached the top of the world’s ????highest????(high) mountain,Qomolangma,on May 15,2018.
10.(2019山东临沂,67)Have you ever cut your finger on the edge(边缘) of a book page?The small cut on your finger is so ????painful????(pain).1.(2019山东一模,9)—What do you think of the movie Mr.Six?
—I can’t stand it.It’s so ????boring???? (无聊的).
2.(2019山东一模,16)—Look,the river in Jinan is ????cleaner???? (clean) than before.
—Yes,it’s so beautiful.
3.(2019山东二模,13)We will have a ????two-month????(两个月的) holiday after the exam.
4.(2019山东二模,18)Water is the cheapest drink.And it is also ????the healthiest???? (health).模拟题组5.(2019山东二模,20)—What do you think of the latest movie?
—It’s boring????.I don’t like it.
6.(2018山东三模,13)—Molly thinks practicing yoga is a ????helpful???? (有帮助的) way to keep fit.
—Yes.She practices it three times a week.
7.(2018山东三模,20)—What do you think of the food in this restaurant?
—Great!I’ve never been to a ????better???? (good) restaurant in our city.
8.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,68)It is ????unhappy???? (happy) of my mother to lose her purse on the way to the market.9.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,29)—What kind of books do you like?
—I like funny storybooks.They’re very interesting????.
10.(2019山东济南A卷中考考前最后一卷,39)Reading is useful.It can make our minds ????wider???? (wide).课件23张PPT。$专题十 非谓语动词常考点清单一 非谓语动词概述
非谓语动词
考点清单常考点清单二 非谓语动词的用法
一、动词不定式
1.动词不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是 不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是:not+to+动词 原形。 2.动词不定式的句法功能(1)不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后 面,其结构为:It+be+adj.(+for/of sb. )+to do sth.。如:
To learn English well is useful.
=It is useful to learn English well.
学好英语是有用的。
It's important for us to protect the environment.
保护环境对我们来说是重要的。注意 在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质或特征的形容词
后,不用for而用of。如:
It's very kind of you to help me.你能帮助我真是太好了。
It's very clever of you to do it like that!
你那样做真是太聪明了!
(2)不定式作宾语
①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词有want, wish,hope,decide,plan,expect等。
②find,think等词接不定式作宾语且后跟补足语时,常用it代替不 定式,而将真正的宾语放在后面。如:
I find it easy to read English every day.
我发现每天读英语很容易。(3)不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主动关系。如:
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.
露西叫他调小收音机的声音。
tell,ask,want,allow,encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 如:
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.
我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意 一些使役动词和感官动词常用省略to的不定式作宾语补
足语,这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让(let,make,
have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但变为被动语态时,不定 式要还原to。如:
My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.
老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。
(4)不定式作定语
①不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。
②如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,要在不定式后加上适当的 介词。如:
There is nothing to worry about.
没有什么可担心的。(5)不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,在句中可 作主语、宾语、表语等。如:
The teacher is telling the students what to do.
老师正在告诉学生们要做什么。
He didn't know where to go.
他不知道去哪里。
二、动名词
1.动名词的构成
动名词一般由“动词原形+-ing”构成,但也有不规则变化。2.动名词的句法功能注意 英语中有一些动词(短语)后面常跟动名词作宾语。初中
阶段常见的有:finish,enjoy,mind,miss,be worth,be busy,practice, have fun,have trouble,spend...(in),feel like,be used to,give up,keep on,consider,suggest,can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些 动词(短语):
完成实践值得忙(finish,practice,be worth,be busy),
继续习惯别放弃(keep on,be used to,give up),
考虑建议不禁想(consider,suggest,can't help,feel like),
喜欢思念要介意(enjoy,miss,mind)。三、分词
1.分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的基本形式为 “动词+-ing”;过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”,但也有不规 则变化。
2.分词的句法功能续表我记得把你的信寄出去了。
3.?
I forgot to bring my homework this morning.
今天早上我忘记带作业了。
I forgot bringing my homework this morning.
今天早上我忘记已经把作业带来了。
4.?
Please try to do better next time.
下次请设法做得更好些。He tried speaking English.
他试着讲英语。
5.?
Go on to do the other exercises after you finish this one.
你做完这道练习题后,接着做其他的。
He said nothing but went on doing the exercises.
他什么都不说,只是不停地做练习题。
6.?
I regret to tell you that I can't come.我很遗憾地告诉你我不能来了。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不后悔告诉她我的想法。
7.?
I meant to go,but my father didn't agree.
我打算去,但我父亲不赞同。
Doing that means wasting time.
做那件事意味着浪费时间。二、现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
现在分词表示主动、进行,过去分词表示被动、完成。
a developing country发展中国家
a developed country发达国家
三、注意含有介词to的固定短语
在初中阶段的英语学习中,学生常常会遇到含有介词的短语,而其 中有些短语中所含的介词为to,它后面需要接名词、代词或动名 词,学生们很容易将这种情况与不定式符号to后接动词原形混淆。
1.make a contribution to为……做贡献
We should make a contribution to protecting the environment.
我们应该为环保做贡献。2.devote oneself to 献身,致力于……
He has devoted himself to helping the disabled people.
他致力于帮助残疾人。
3.look forward to期盼,盼望
We are looking forward to seeing you again.
我们盼望着再次见到你。
4.prefer...to...喜欢……胜于……
I prefer walking to cycling.
我喜欢步行胜于骑自行车。5.be used to...习惯于……
She is quite used to working hard.
她很习惯努力工作。1.(2018湖北恩施,72)当你去香港时,我正在忙着准备期末考试。(prepare)
While you were on the visit to Hong Kong, I was busy ????preparing????my final ex- ams.
2.(2018湖北恩施,73)不仅我,我妹妹也喜欢跳舞。
Not only I but also my sister enjoys ????dancing????.
3.(2018湖北黄冈改编)It takes several weeks ????to complete (完成)everything.
4.(2018湖北襄阳改编)The traffic is terribly busy in the morning. You’d better avoid ????driving????(驾驶) in the center of the city.中考题组5.(2018湖北襄阳,41)In order ????to encourage????(鼓励) me, he said that if I took part in the race, I would get the highest mark for the term’s PE class.
6.(2018四川乐山,27)—Julia, your mobile phone is ringing.
—Wait a minute. It’s dangerous ????C????it while crossing the street.
A.answering B.answer C.to answer
7.(2018四川乐山,72)During the next few days, I have decided to have a good rest by taking a walk or seeing a film. I really need to ????relax????(放松).1.(2019山东一模,31)????Playing????(play) games too much at night is bad for your eyes.
2.(2019山东三模,33)—Would you mind ????turning???? (turn) on the electric fan,Al- ice?
—Of course not.It’s so hot here.
3.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,27)????To keep????(keep) the air clean,this government will close some factories in the city.
4.(2019济南商河二模,31)I will spend much time ????practicing???? (practice) my 模拟题组spoken English.
5.(2018山东日照模拟)—Didn’t you remember ????meeting????(遇见) me here two years ago?
—I’m really sorry. I have a bad memory.
6.(2018山东威海模拟)The next day, I woke up with a bad cold. I couldn’t stop ???? coughing and sneezing????.(咳嗽和打喷嚏)
7.—Nobody likes ????being laughed????(laugh) at,so we should be kind to everyone.
—I agree with you.
8.—Mary was heard ????to laugh???? (laugh) just now.What happened?—Joe was telling her some jokes.课件17张PPT。专题十一 主谓一致和倒装句常考点清单
一、语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式时, 谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语是复数形式时,谓语动词也采用复 数形式。
1.当and连接两个单数名词或不可数名词(表示两个不同的概念), 或both...and...连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。考点清单Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是学生。
2.不定代词either,neither,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,some- body,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:
Is there anything wrong with your bike?
你的自行车有什么毛病吗?
Everyone is ready for the sports meeting.
每个人都为运动会做好了准备。3.each...and each...,every...and every...作主语时,谓语动词用单数 形式。如:
Each boy and each girl was very excited.
每一个男孩和每一个女孩都很兴奋。
4.主语后接由with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than, including,except,but等词或短语连接的名词时,谓语动词的单复数 形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如:
Mr. Green, along with his wife and two daughters is coming to Bei- jing.
格林先生将和他的妻子及两个女儿一起来北京。5.“a number of+名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式; “the number of+名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:
A number of trees are cut down.许多树木被砍倒了。
The number of students in our class is 32.我们班学生的数量为32 人。
6.“a lot of(lots of,plenty of,most of)+名词”和“分数或百分数+ 名词”等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词,如果是不 可数名词,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果是可数名词复数,则谓语 动词用复数形式。如:
Lots of people have been there.很多人去过那儿。7.“a pair(a series...)+of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数
形式;“大于1的数词+pairs(kinds...)+of+复数名词”作主语时,谓 语动词用复数形式。如:
A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table.
一副太阳镜放在桌子上。
Fifteen pairs of shoes are made each day.
每天制作15双鞋。
8.某些由两部分构成的复数名词(如trousers,shorts,pants等)作主 语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
My trousers were worn out.我的裤子破得不能再穿了。
9.不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Reading is learning.读书就是学习。二、意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致,即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式要 看主语所表达的概念。
1.由and连接的两个名词作主语,如果是指同一概念,则谓语动词 用单数形式。如:
The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week.
那位老师兼作家下周要来给我们做报告。
The singer and dancer has been invited to the party.
那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家被邀请参加了聚会。2.表示金钱、时间、长度等的复数名词或词组作主语时,一般被 看成一个整体,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Three years is a long time.
三年是一段很长的时间。
3.集体名词(如family,team,crowd,class,group,government等)如果 表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示集体中的各个成 员,则谓语动词用复数形式。如:
My family is a small one with three people.
我家是一个有三口人的小家庭。4.people,police,cattle等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形 式。如:
The police are helping a girl look for her mother.
警察正在帮助一个女孩找妈妈。
5.算式中,表示加法和乘法时谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数 形式,但表示减法和除法时谓语动词必须用单数形式。如:
What is/are three times three?
3乘以3是多少?三、就近一致原则
有时谓语动词的形式与它最靠近的名词一致,这种原则叫就近一
致原则。
1.either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but(also)...,not...but...或or连 接两个并列主语时,谓语动词与较近的主语在人称和数上保持一 致。如:
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.
不仅我父母而且我也盼望看到我叔叔。
2.there be...句型中的be动词常与离它最近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a table and three chairs in Tom's room.
在汤姆的房间里有一张桌子和三把椅子。四、倒装句
1.?
(1)这两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况同样适用于后面的人 或物,意思是“某人(物)也是这样”。这种结构中的助动词、be 动词、情态动词的选择要根据前面的句子中的谓语。如:
Lucy is a good student;so is Lily.
露西是个好学生,莉莉也是。
(2)这两种结构的不同点:
“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于肯定句,表示前边的肯定情况也适合后边的人(物),意为“……也……”。
“neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于否定句,表示 前边的否定情况也适合后边的人(物),意为“……也不……”。 如:
Tom watched TV last night;so did Ann.
汤姆昨晚看电视了,安也看了。
Mary didn't watch TV last night;neither did Jim.
玛丽昨晚没有看电视,吉姆也没看。
2.there be句型
there be句型表示“存在”,是一个主语在be动词后面的倒装句。如:
There is a tree in front of the building.楼前面有一棵树。
3.以副词开头的倒装句
在以here,there,out,in,down,away等副词开头的句子中,如果主语 是名词,要用完全倒装。如:
Here are some flowers.这里有一些花。
?注意 如果主语是人称代词,就不能使用完全倒装。如:
Here it is.它在这里。1.(2019绥化)Eighty percent of the students in this school ????exercise????(运动) three to five times a week.
2.(2019天水)Either the students or the teacher ????knows???? (know) him very well.
3.Alice, together with her classmates ????was???? (be) punished for breaking the school rules last week.
4.(2019绥化)If you take a vacation this summer,so ????will????(will) I.
5.(2019铜仁)—I know nothing about the film Titanic.
—????Neither do I????(我也不知道).中考题组6.(2019宜昌)—More and more people prefer to walk rather than ride in cars.
—????So they do????(那是一定的).Walking is good for health.
7.(2019天水)—Peter has made great progress in English recently.
—????So he has????(他的确如此).He has been studying so hard these days.
8.—I think Tom ????has????(have) a tennis ball.
—No, he ????doesn’t????(does) have one.1.(2018长沙期末)My cousin ????has???? (have) healthy food every day.He wants to be a basketball player in the future.
2.(2018醴陵市期末)I often ????play???? (打) volleyball with my classmates after school, but Gina often ????watches????(看) TV at home.
3.(2018埇桥区期末)My English books ????are???? (be) here and his dictionary ????is???? (be) there.
4.(2018醴陵市期末)Here ????are????(be) three nice photos of my family.Do you like ????them????(they)?模拟题组5.(2018临洮县期末)This pair of shoes ????is????(be) 45 yuan.They ????are????(be) size 6.(2018江津区期末)This set of keys ????is????(be) Jim’s.
7.(2018高邮市期末)—This pair of trainers ????is???? (be) very cool.Can I try ????them ????(they) on?
—OK.The dressing room is over there.
8.(2018黔东南州期末)Look, Linda!Here ????are????(be) three books on the desk.课件29张PPT。专题十三 并列句、复合句和连词常考点清单
一、连词的分类
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立充当句子成分,连词主要分为两类: 并列连词和从属连词。
二、并列连词及并列句
用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫并列句。
1.表示并列关系的并列连词及并列句
and“和”;both...and...“……和……都”;not only...but also...考点清单“不但……而且……”;neither...nor...“既不……也不……” 等。如:
My father bought me a present,and I like it very much.
爸爸给我买了一件礼物,我非常喜欢它。
2.表示转折关系的并列连词及并列句
but“但是”;yet“然而”;while“然而”。如:
Lucy likes red while Lily likes white.
露西喜欢红色,然而莉莉喜欢白色。
3.表示选择关系的并列连词及并列句
either...or...“要么……要么……”;or“或者”。如:You can go with us or you can meet us there later.
你可以和我们一起去,或者随后和我们在那里见面。
4.表示因果关系的并列连词及并列句
for“因为”,so“所以”如:
Kate was ill,so she didn't go to school.
凯特生病了,所以她没有去上学。
I have to stay up late,for I have lots of homework to do.
我不得不熬夜,因为我有许多作业要做。三、从属连词及状语从句四、宾语从句
宾语从句属名词性从句,引导词及其作用如下:1.主句与从句时态一致的问题
(1)如果主句是一般现在时或一般将来时,那么宾语从句的时态可 根据实际情况而定。如:
I remember he gave me a book yesterday.
我记得他昨天给了我一本书。
(2)如果主句是过去的某种时态,那么宾语从句一般也要用过去的 某种时态。如:
He told me that he would take part in the high jump.
他告诉我他将会参加跳高。(3)如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,无论主句是什么时
态,从句都用一般现在时。如:
He told me that the earth is round.(真理)
他告诉我地球是圆的。
2.宾语从句的语序
宾语从句要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子改写成一个含 有宾语从句的复合句时,要特别注意从句用陈述句语序。如:
What's Kate's e-mail address?Do you know?
=Do you know what Kate's e-mail address is?3.否定转移
在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的主语为第一人称,谓语
动词是think,believe,suppose等时,要将从句的否定词转移到主句 中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 如:
I don't think he will come with you.
我认为他不会和你一起来。
4.宾语从句的简化
(1)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是 hope,wish,decide,agree等时,从句通常可简化为不定式结构。如:
I hope that I can receive your e-mail.=I hope to receive your e-mail.
我希望能收到你的电子邮件。
(2)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是 know,remember,forget,learn 等时,从句有时可简化为“疑问词+不 定式”结构。如:
She doesn't know what she should do next.
=She doesn't know what to do next.
她不知道下一步该做什么。
(3)宾语从句有时可以简化为名词或名词短语。如:
I don't believe what Tom said.=I don't believe Tom's words.
我不相信汤姆说的话。
五、定语从句
在复合句中担任定语功能的句子叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰 的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系 代词(that,which,who等)和关系副词(when,where,why)。关系代词 或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间,它们既起连接作用,又充 当从句中的一个成分。 1.关系代词的用法
一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which, 在从句中作主语、表语或宾语,但不能放在介词后作介词的宾语; which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语;who在从句中作主语或宾语; whom在从句中作宾语;whose在从句中作定语。如:
A doctor is a person who takes responsibility for people's health.
先行词????关系代词 ????谓语 ????宾语
?
who是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。
句意:医生就是对人们的健康负责的人。(1)先行词指物时,在下列情况下,只能用that引导,不能用which引 导:
①当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等不 定代词时。如:
Is there anything that you don't understand?
你有什么不懂的地方吗?
Tom told his mother all that had happened.
汤姆把发生的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。
②当先行词前面有the only,the very等修饰时。如:
This is the only book that I can find.这是唯一我能找到的一本书。
③当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级,以及被序数词或形容词最 高级修饰时。如:
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最好的书。
④当先行词前面有all,any,no等修饰时。如:
I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.
我想把鲁迅的著作全读完。
⑤当主句是以疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Which is the hotel that you like best?哪家是你最喜欢的旅馆?
(2)关系代词的省略。
①关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,不直接跟在介词后时,可省 略。
②关系代词在从句中作表语或动词的宾语时,可以省略。
2.关系副词的用法
(1)when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:
I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.
我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。(2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有表示原 因的reason一词。如:
We don't know the reason why he was late for school.
我们不知道他为什么上学迟到了。
(3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如:
That is the school where I studied three years ago.
那是我三年前就读的学校。
This is the factory where my father works.
先行词????关系副词????主语 ????谓语
where是关系副词,在定语从句中作地点状语。
句意:这就是我爸爸工作的那个工厂。
?????易混点清单
一、不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词
1.because(因为),so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其 一。如:
Because he was tired,he couldn't walk there.
=He was tired,so he couldn't walk there.
因为他累了,所以他不能走到那里。2.although/though(虽然),but(但是)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只
能用其一。但although/though和yet可以同时出现在一个句子 里。如:
Though he was tired,he still worked hard.
=He was tired,but he still worked hard.
虽然他很累,但他仍然努力工作。
二、if 的不同用法
if有两个意思,作“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句;作“假如,如果” 讲时,引导条件状语从句,此时若主句用一般将来时,则从句用一 般现在时。如:
If it rains,we won't hold the sports meeting.
如果下雨,我们就不开运动会了。
三、and 和or用于否定句中的区别
1.当列举成分是主语,又在否定词之前时,用and连接;当列举成分 在否定词之后时,用or连接。如:
Lucy and Lily can't speak Chinese.
露西和莉莉不会说汉语。
I can't sing or dance.
我既不会唱歌也不会跳舞。
2.在否定句中,如果所连接的两部分都有否定词,那么用and,而不 用or。如:
There is no water and no air on the moon.
月球上没有水,也没有空气。四、when 引导的时间状语从句和宾语从句
1.含有when 引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,若主句是一般将来 时,从句应用一般现在时;当主句是其他时态时,从句要根据具体 意思选择适当的时态。
2.when 引导的宾语从句,首先要保证从句是陈述句语序,然后再 根据主句的时态确定从句的时态,使从句基本与主句内容保持意 义上的一致。如:
I don't know when my father will come back,but I'll tell you
when he comes back.
我不知道我父亲什么时候回来,但他回来时我会告诉你。五、when,while和as引导时间状语从句的区别
when,while和as 引导的时间状语从句都可以使用延续性动词。 when,as 都可以与非延续性动词连用,而while 则不能。
when 表示“当……时,在……期间”。
while 表示“在……期间”。
as 指“一边……一边……,随着……”。如:
The film had been on when we arrived.
当我们到达时电影已经上演了。My mother was cleaning the room while I was doing my homework.
当我做作业时,我妈妈正在打扫房间。
As time went on,I forgot the terrible experience.
随着时间的推移,我忘记了那次糟糕的经历。1.(2018山东日照,9)Smile to the world, ????and????the world will smile back to you.
2.(2018山东日照,10)There is so much noise in the next room.I wonder ????what they are doing now????(他们现在正在干什么).
3.(2019山东青岛,4)The high-speed train ????between????(在……之间) Qingdao and Beijing travels faster now.The train ride takes only about three hours.
4.(2019山东青岛,8)Friends are like books.You don’t need a lot of them ????as long as????(只要) they are good.中考题组5.(2019山东青岛,10)—Could you tell me ????what the weather will be like????(天气 怎么样) tomorrow?
—It will be sunny.
6.(2019山东临沂,20)A recent survey shows that 44 percent of Americans want to use self-driving cars, ????although???? 34 percent believe that they will make the roads more dangerous.
7.(2019山东临沂,28)A break between classes is a good time for students to play sports and talk with their classmates.So it ????not only????(不仅) helps with students’ health, ????but also????(而且) improves their social skills.8.(2019山东临沂,29)Peppa Pig (《小猪佩奇》) is a British cartoon ????which???? has been popular in China and is much loved by little children and their parents.
9.(2019山东临沂,30)Are babies carefree (无忧无虑)?A new study from the US says that 2-year-old babies care about ????how others see them????(别人如何看待他 们).1.(2019山东一模,29)The earth will become more and more beautiful if everyone ????tries????(try) their best to protect the environment.
2.(2019山东一模,14)Jenny likes hamburgers, ????but???? I don’t like them.I think they’re bad for health.
3.(2019山东一模,35)—Excuse me,could you tell me ????how to make a milk shake ????(怎么做奶昔)?
—Pour the yogurt into the blender.
4.(2019山东二模,10)—Why do you like animals so much?模拟题组—????Because???? they’re our friends.
5.(2019山东二模,27)—What do you think of your English teacher?
—I like him very much.He is ????not only???? (不仅) kind ????but also????(而且) hard- working.
6.(2019山东二模,35)I didn’t know ????who left the message????(谁留下的信息).
7.(2018山东三模,10)He studies hard all the time, ????s o???? he has made rapid progress in many ways.
8.(2018山东三模,35)—Can you tell me ????how you????(你如何) come to Mengyin?
—By bus.9.(2019山东菏泽郓城初中学业水平模拟考试,26)—Wow,Wendy,it’s cool to make a short video with your mobile phone.
—Just with a software called Meipai.Let me show you ????how to use it????(怎么用 它).
10.(2019山东济南中考考前最后一卷A卷,55)—Tim,could you tell me ????when you will visit your aunt????(你什么时候去探望你的阿姨) living in the countryside?
—Tomorrow.课件39张PPT。专题十二 简单句(陈述句、感叹句、疑问句、
祈使句)常考点清单
一、陈述句
陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式, 句末通常用“.”。
(一)陈述句的肯定形式
如:
That boy often helps others.
那个男孩经常帮助别人。考点清单I went to the cinema yesterday.
昨天我去看电影了。
(二)陈述句的否定形式
1.如果句子的谓语含有be动词/助动词/情态动词,其否定形式是在 这些词后面加not。如:
She is not a teacher.
她不是老师。
Man can't live without water.
没有水,人类就不能生存。2.如果句子的谓语是实义动词,其否定形式是在实义动词前加don
't,doesn't或didn't。如:
I don't like apples.我不喜欢苹果。
3.除not外,其他表示否定意义的词(短语)也可以构成否定句。
(1)用no表示,no=not any/a。如:
He has no sisters.
=He doesn't have any sisters.
他没有姐妹。
(2)never从来没有。如:
I have never seen such a man.
我从没见过这样的人。(3)little,few几乎没有。如:
There are few students in the classroom.
教室里几乎没有学生。
(4)no one/nobody 没有人。如:
No one/Nobody is interested in the book.
没有人对这本书感兴趣。
(5)nothing什么也没有。如:
There is nothing wrong with you.
你没有什么问题。(6)neither of...两者都不;none of...(三者及三者以上)都不,没有一
个。如:
Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.
他们两个都没有去过北京。
(7)seldom 很少;hardly 几乎不。如:
I seldom go to hospital.我很少去医院看病。
I can hardly say a word.
我几乎一句话都不能说。
(8)too...to...太……而不能……。如:
He was too late to catch the bus.
他太迟了,没有赶上公共汽车。二、感叹句
感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、 哀、乐等感情。感叹句一般由what或how引出,句末常用“!”。
(一)what引导的感叹句
1.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+其他!如:
What a beautiful girl she is!
她是一个多么漂亮的女孩啊!
2.What+形容词+可数名词复数+其他!如:
What important jobs they have done!
他们做了多么重要的工作啊!3.What+形容词+不可数名词+其他!如:
What sweet water it is!
多甜的水啊!
(二)how引导的感叹句
1.How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语(+其他)!如:
How interesting the dog is!
这只狗多么有趣啊!
2.How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语(+其他)!如:
How useful a subject they are learning!
他们正在学的科目多么有用呀!三、疑问句
用来提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。常见的疑问句有一般疑 问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
(一)一般疑问句
一般疑问句常用yes或no回答,它的基本结构为:①be+主语+其 他?;②助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语(动词原形)+其他?。要特别 注意问句与答句在人称、数和时态上的对应。
对一般疑问句作肯定回答时,通常用:Yes,主语+be动词/助动词/情 态动词;作否定回答时,通常用:No,主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词 +not,not一般要与前面的词构成缩略形式。如:—Are you a doctor?——你是医生吗?
—Yes,I am.——是的,我是。
—No,I'm not.——不,我不是。
—Do you like playing football?——你喜欢踢足球吗?
—Yes,I do.——是的,我喜欢。
—No,I don't.——不,我不喜欢。
注意 1.一般疑问句通常是怎么问,怎么答,即用什么词提问,就
用什么词回答,但有时也用其他词语代替yes或no来回答,从而使 语气变得客气、委婉。如:
—Can you come and go to the park with me?——你能来与我一起去公园吗?
—I'm afraid not.I have a lot of work to do.
——恐怕不行,我还有很多工作要做。
2.带有否定词的一般疑问句通常是以be动词、情态动词或助动 词与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。 如:
—Didn't you hear of that thing?(表示惊讶)
——你没有听说那件事吗?
—Yes,I did.——不,我听说了。
—No,I didn't.——是的,我没有听说。(二)特殊疑问句
用特殊疑问词(组)引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使 用yes或no。
特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。
1.疑问代词:可以对主语、表语、宾语、定语提问,有what(什么), who(谁),which(哪一个,哪些),whose(谁的),whom(宾格,“谁”)。 如:
—Who is your teacher?——谁是你的老师?
—Miss Gao is my teacher.——高小姐是我的老师。2.疑问副词:用于对状语提问,有when(何时),where(何地),why(为
什么)和how(如何)等。如:
—When did you come here?
——你是什么时候来到这儿的?
—In 2005.——在2005年。
3.疑问词组:how soon,how long,how far,how often等。
how soon多久以后;how long多长时间,多长;how far多远;how of- ten多久一次。如:
—How soon will the concert begin?
——音乐会多久以后开始?
—In twenty minutes.——20分钟以后。
—How long have you lived here?
——你住在这儿多长时间了?
—For five years.
——5年了。
—How often do you have an English party?
——你们多久举行一次英语聚会?
—Once a month.——一个月一次。
—How far do you live from your school?
——你住的地方离学校有多远?—About ten minutes' walk.——步行大约10分钟。
4.有些含有否定词的特殊疑问句有劝告、建议、责备等意思。 如:
Why don't you go to the zoo?
你为什么不去动物园呢?
(三)选择疑问句
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句 叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连 接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形 式。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。
1.一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择部分?如:
—Do you like apples or pears?——你喜欢苹果还是梨?
—I like pears.——我喜欢梨。
2.特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句+A or B?如:
—Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
——茶和咖啡你更喜欢哪种?
—I prefer coffee.
——我更喜欢咖啡。(四)反意疑问句
反意疑问句是提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意或希望得到对方 证实的句子。一般由“陈述部分+附加疑问部分”构成。附加疑 问部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述 部分是肯定结构,附加疑问部分就用否定结构,反之亦然。反意疑 问句可用yes或no来回答。附加疑问部分的主语要用代词,并与 陈述部分的主语对应,动词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分 对应。
1.附加疑问部分主语及动词的确定
附加疑问部分主语与动词的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为 依据,尤其要注意一些特殊的情况,同时,附加疑问部分的主语一般用人称代词,而动词若为否定形式则一般用缩略形式。
(1)陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none等 表示否定意义的词时,附加疑问部分应用肯定形式。如:
There are few people in the room,are there?
房间里几乎没有人,是吗?
(2)陈述部分是“there be”结构时,附加疑问部分用there。如:
There is a tree in front of the building,isn't there?
楼的前面有一棵树,是吗?
(3)当陈述部分的主语为指事(物)的不定代词something,anything, everything等时,附加疑问部分的主语应用it。如:Something is wrong with your computer,isn't it?
你的电脑出毛病了,是吗?
(4)当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,ev- erybody等时,附加疑问部分的主语可用he或they,但不可用it来代 替。如:
Somebody wants to see you,doesn't he?
有人想见你,是吗?
(5)当陈述部分的主语为this,that等时,附加疑问部分的主语应用 it。类似地,当陈述部分的主语为these,those等时,附加疑问部分的 主语应用they。同时,陈述部分为肯定形式时,附加疑问部分应用
否定形式,反之亦然。如:This is a beautiful picture,isn't it?
这是一幅美丽的图画,不是吗?
Those aren't apple trees,are they?
那些不是苹果树,是吗?
(6)当陈述部分含有have/has时,有下列几种情况:
①have在一般现在时的肯定句中表示“有”时,附加疑问部分的 动词可用haven't/hasn't也可用doesn't/don't。如:
Tom has a new watch,hasn't/doesn't he?
汤姆有块儿新手表,是吗?②have to表示“不得不,必须”之意时,附加疑问部分的动词通常 用助动词do的相应形式。如:
Kate has to help her mother at home,doesn't she?
凯特不得不在家帮她妈妈,是吗?
③have表示“吃,喝,玩,度过”等意思时,附加疑问部分通常用助 动词do的相应形式。如:
They had a good time in Beijing,didn't they?
他们在北京玩得很愉快,是吗?
④had better表示“最好……”,当其用在陈述部分时,附加疑问部 分的动词常用hadn't。如:We'd better stop talking,hadn't we?
我们最好停止说话,好吗?
⑤have用在完成时中,附加疑问部分应用have的相应形式。如:
Lucy has never been to Canada,has she?
露西从没去过加拿大,是吗?
(7)当陈述部分含有need时,如果need作实义动词,则附加疑问部分 应用do的相应形式;如果need作情态动词,则附加疑问部分应用 need的相应形式。如:
We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7:00,don't we?
我们需要在七点到达上海,是吗?We needn't leave at once,need we?
我们不必马上离开,是吗?
(8)当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况:
①mustn't表示“禁止”时,附加疑问部分通常用must。如:
You mustn't stop your car here,must you?
你不能把车停在这里,知道吗?
②must表示“必须,有必要”时,附加疑问部分一般用needn't。 如:
They must come on time,needn't they?
他们必须准时来,是吗?③must表示推测,为“一定,想必”之意时,附加疑问部分的形式 应根据must后面的动词确定。如:
That man must be Mr. Wang,isn't he?
那位男士想必是王先生,是吗?
(9)当陈述部分为I am...形式时,附加疑问部分通常用aren't I。
I'm right,aren't I?我是对的,不是吗?
(10)肯定的祈使句的附加疑问部分可以用will you或won't you;否 定的祈使句的附加疑问部分常用will you。如:
Listen to me carefully,will/won't you?
仔细听我说,好吗?Don't play with fire,will you?
不要玩火,好吗?
(11)以let's开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分应用shall we;以let us/me 开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分应用will you。如:
Let's go to the park,shall we?
让我们去公园,好吗?
Let us help you,will you?
让我们来帮你,好吗?
(12)陈述部分若为主从复合句,附加疑问部分一般与主句一致。 如:She said she would come tomorrow,didn't she?
她说她明天会来,是吗?
注意 若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think,
suppose,expect,believe,imagine等,则附加疑问部分一般与从句一 致(应特别注意否定转移)。如:
I think he is a good student,isn't he?
我认为他是一个好学生,是吗?
We don't think you are right,are you?
我们认为你不对,是吗?2.反意疑问句的答语
对反意疑问句作回答时,如果答案是肯定的,则用yes,后跟肯定形 式的简略回答方式;若答案是否定的,则用no,后跟否定形式的简 略回答方式。
—Lucy skates very well,doesn't she?
——露西滑冰滑得非常好,是吗?
—Yes,she does.
——是的,她滑得非常好。
—You don't like the man,do you?
——你不喜欢这个人,是吗?
—No,I don't.
——是的,我不喜欢。四、祈使句
(一)祈使句的结构及用法
祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语 动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。
1.肯定的祈使句
(1)结构:动词原形(省略主语)+其他成分。如:
Come in!进来!
Be quiet!安静!(2)有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加上do,表示“务必,一
定”。如:
Do come on time!
一定要准时来!
Do look out!一定要小心!
2.否定的祈使句
结构:(1)Don't+动词原形+其他成分。如:
Don't be late.不要迟到。
(2)Let's+not+动词原形+其他成分/Don't let sb.+动词原形+其他 成分。如:
Let's not speak loudly.
我们不要大声说话。(二)祈使句中需要注意的一些情况
1.有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please 加在句尾时,前面要用逗号隔开。如:
Please sit down.请坐。
Stand up,please.请起立。
2.在意思较为明显的情况下,可把谓语动词省去。如:
This way,please.
请这边走。3.有时为了明确地向对方提出请求或发出命令,可加主语。如:
You turn off the light.
你把灯关上。
4.某些名词、“名词+副词”等后面加感叹号,也可作为祈使句使 用。如:
Hands up!举起手来!
Hands down!放下手!
Taxi!出租车!易混点清单
一、陈述句的否定结构
1.注意以下几种情况:
(1)含有all,both,each,every等的肯定句变为否定句后,只表示部分 否定;若表示全部否定,则需用no,no one,nobody,none,neither等。
(2)含有already(已经),too(也)的肯定句变为否定句时,要分别把al- ready和too改为yet和either。如:
He has already finished his work.(变否定句)→
He hasn't finished his work yet.
We want to go on a trip,too.(变否定句)→
We don't want to go on a trip,either.(3)含有always,many,much,often等词的肯定句可直接用never/ hardly,few,little,seldom变为否定句,而不用加not。如:
He always gets up early in the morning.(变否定句)→
He never/hardly gets up early in the morning.
There is much food in the kitchen.(变否定句)→
There is little food in the kitchen.
2.当主句的主语是第一人称I/we,且谓语动词是think,believe,sup- pose等时,若要否定宾语从句,应注意否定转移现象。如:
I think you are right.我认为你是对的。(变否定句)→
I don't think you are right.我认为你不对。二、疑问句
1.一般疑问句
一般情况下,含有情态动词的一般疑问句,回答时应用与问句相同 的词,但有时也用其他情态动词来回答。如:
—May I smoke here?——我可以在这儿吸烟吗?
—No,you mustn't.——不,绝对不可以。
2.反意疑问句
当陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,附加疑问部分的动 词和主语应与主句保持一致。但是以I/We think/believe...开头的 句子,附加疑问部分的动词和主语应与从句保持一致。试比较:
? 1.(2019山东青岛,7)What???? special classes we had! We have learned a lot about paper cutting.
2.(2019绥化)—????How long???? (多久)have you prepared for the competition?
—For two months.
3.(2019葫芦岛)Look at the blue sky.What???? fine weather it is!
4.(2019桂林)????Read????(read) more books,and you will improve your reading skills. 5.(2019桂林)What???? nice weather it is!Let’s go out for a picnic.中考题组6.(2019贵阳)—Yan Ning is one of 25 foreign associates(院士) in the US National Academy of Sciences.
—How???? excellent she is!
7.(2019鄂州)—Last summer holiday, I didn’t go anywhere.How boring!
—????Neither did I????(我也是).But I’m going somewhere for a holiday this summer.1.(2019山东二模,24)Please ????drive????(驾驶) carefully,Michael!There??s a school ahead.
2.(2019山东一模,30)—Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine,do you know?
—Yeah.What???? exciting news!
3.(2018山东三模,22)—????Don’t????(do) listen to music in class.
—Sorry,I won’t do it again.
4.(2018山东三模,32)—International Big Data EXPO(国际大数据博览会) was 模拟题组held in Guiyang on May 26th.
—What???? exciting news it was!
5.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,17)—People choose high-speed train or self-driving to travel on holidays.
—How???? fast the traditional travel ways change!
6.(2019济南商河二模,37)—Chen Geng won first prize in the Chinese Poetry Con- ference(《中国诗词大会》).
—????What???? exciting news it is!
7.(2018合肥期中)Here ????are????(be) some nice gloves.Whose gloves are they?8.(2018江津区期中)I will buy this T-shirt.Twenty dollars ????is???? (be) not a high price.
9.(2018临洮县期中)The boys behind me ????are????(be) my students.课件37张PPT。专题十四 情景交际常考点清单
1.问候
①A: Hello!/Hi!
B: Hello!/Hi!
②A: Hello. How are you?
B: Fine, thank you. And you?
A: Very well, thank you.考点清单③A: Good morning/afternoon/evening.
B: Good morning/afternoon/evening.
④A: Hi,Jim!
B: Hi, Li Lei. Nice to see you again!
⑤A: Hi, Sam!How are you?
B: Fine, thanks. What about you?
⑥A: ?
B:I will, thank you.2.介绍
自我介绍:
①A: My name is Li Yan. Glad to meet you.
B: Nice to meet you. My name is Huang Tao.
②A: My name is Robert Thomas Brown.
B: May I call you Robert?
A: Certainly./Of course.
介绍他人:
①A: This is Mr Huang.
B: How do you do?
C: My name is Lin Ping. How do you do?/Nice to meet you. ②A: This is Mr Huang.
B: Nice to meet you.
C: Nice to meet you, too.
注:在交际场合里,介绍常常伴随着问候,可参见问候用语。
3.告别
告别前,客方表示要离开的常用语:
I'm afraid I must go now.
I think it's time for me to leave now./I think it's time for us to go now.
双方相互道别时的常用语:
Goodbye./Bye-bye./Bye!See you later./See you tomorrow./See you.
4.感谢和应答
感谢某人:
Thank you./Thanks a lot./Thank you very much.
Thank you for your help.
It's very kind/nice of you to help me.
Thank you anyway/all the same.
回答感谢时的用语:
It's my pleasure.
That's all right.
You're welcome.5.道歉和应答
(1)表示道歉的用语:
①Excuse me for... ②Pardon me for...
③Sorry. ④I'm sorry for...⑤I'm sorry that...
(2)回答道歉时的用语:
That's all right./That's OK./Never mind./It's nothing./It doesn't matter.6.邀请和应答
(1)表示邀请的用语:
①Will you come to my party?
②Would you like to go for a walk?
③May I invite you to dinner?
④How/What about going for a walk?
(2)接受邀请时的用语:
①Yes, I'd like/love to.
②Sounds great.
③That would be nice. (3)拒绝邀请时的用语:
①I really enjoy it, but...
②I'd love/like to, but...
7.请求和应答
(1)表示请求的用语:
①May I...?
②Can/Could I...?
③Would you mind if I smoke here?
(2)表肯定的答语:
①Sure/Certainly.
②Yes, please.
③Go ahead, please. ④Of course,you can.
(3)表否定的答语:
①I'm afraid not.
②I'm sorry you can't.
③You'd better not.
8.祝愿、祝贺和应答
(1)祝贺用语:
①Have a good time!
②Have a good journey/trip!
③Good luck!④Enjoy yourself!
⑤Best wishes to you!
⑥Happy New Year!
⑦Merry Christmas!
⑧Happy birthday!
⑨Congratulations!
⑩Well done!
(2)应答用语:
①Thank you.
②You too.
③The same to you.9.提供帮助和应答
(1)提供帮助:
①Can I help you?
②Would you like me to help you?
③What can I do for you?
④Let me help you.
(2)肯定答语:
①Yes, please./Yes, thanks.
②Thank you for your help.
③Thank you. That would be nice. (3)否定答语:
①No,thanks/thank you.
②It's very kind/nice of you, but I can manage it myself.
10.约会
(1)约会前询问对方有无空闲时间的用语:
Are you free this afternoon/evening/Sunday?
(2)常用答语:
①Yes,I'll be free then.
②No, I won't be free then. But I'll be free tomorrow.(3)提出约会时间、地点以征求对方意见的常用语:
①How about tomorrow morning?
②Shall we meet at 3:00 p.m. at the school gate?
(4)常用答语:
That's fine with me./All right, see you then.
11.打电话
(1)打电话人常用语:
①Hello!May I speak to...?
②Is that...speaking?(注意:不能用Are you...?或Who are you?)
③Can I leave a message?④I'll call back later/again.
⑤I'll ring him/her up again.
(2)接电话人常用语:
①Hello! This is Tom speaking.(注意:不能用I am Tom.)
②Hello,who is that?
③Hold on, please.
④Hold the line, please.
⑤Sorry, Tom isn't here right now.
⑥Sorry, but Tom is out.
⑦Can I take a message for you?
⑧Sorry, I'm afraid you have the wrong number.12.就餐
(1)主人常用语:
①What would you like to have?
②Would you like something to drink?
③Help yourself to some chicken.
④Would you like some more rice?
(2)客人常用语:
①Yes, I'd like a drink.
②I'd like rice and chicken.③Just a little, please.
④Can I have some more soup?
⑤It's so delicious. Thank you.
⑥No, thank you. I've had enough.
⑦I'm full, thank you.
13.看病
(1)医生常用语:
①What's the matter?
②What seems to be the trouble?
③Do you have a fever?④How long have you felt like this?
⑤It's nothing serious.
⑥Take this medicine three times a day.
⑦You'll be all right/well soon.
(2)病人常用语:
①I feel terrible/bad.
②I don't feel well.
③I've got a cough/headache.
④I've got a pain here.
⑤There's something wrong with my eyes.⑥It hurts here.
⑦I can't sleep well.
14.购物
(1)售货员常用语:
①Can/May I help you?
②What can I do for you?
③How many/much do you like?
④What color/size/kind do you like?
⑤What about this one?
⑥Here's your change. (2)顾客常用语:
①I want/I'd like a pair of shoes.
②How much is it/are they?
③May I try it on?
④It's too big/small.
⑤Sorry, it's too expensive.
⑥Do you have any other colours/sizes/kinds?
⑦Two and a half kilos/pounds, please.
⑧That's fine. I'll take it.
⑨I just have a look.
⑩Well, I'll think about it.15.问路和应答
(1)问路用语:
①Excuse me, where is the nearest post office?
②Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the post office?
③Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest post office?
(2)应答:
①It's over there.
②It's about 500 meters from here.
③Go down this street until you see the tall red building.④Turn right/left at the first/second crossing/corner.
⑤You can take Bus No.103.
⑥You'd better take a taxi.
⑦Sorry, I don't know. I'm new here.
16.谈论天气
(1)询问天气情况:
①What's the weather like today?
②How's the weather in Beijing?
(2)应答:
①It's sunny/cloudy/windy/rainy/snowy/foggy.
②It's getting cool/cold/warm/hot. 17.语言交际困难
Pardon?/I beg your pardon.
Sorry, I can't follow you.
Could you speak more slowly?
How do you say...in English?
I don't know how to say that in English.
How do you spell it?
I'm sorry I only know a little English.18.提醒注意
Don't forget your raincoat.
Remember to lock the door.
Mind your head/step!
No smoking!
Wet floor!
Look out!
Be careful!
Don't touch!
It's dangerous!19.劝告
You'd better go to see the doctor.
You should listen to English every day.
You need to buy a Chinese dictionary.
Don't rush/hurry/push.
Please stand in line.
20.建议
Let's go and have a look.
What/How about going for a picnic this Sunday?
Why don't you buy a computer?
Why not go to a movie?21.态度
(1)同意和不同意
①表示赞同的常用语:
Certainly./Sure./Of course./Yes, please.
Yes, I think so./All right./OK.
That's a good idea./I agree(with you).
②表示不同意的常用语:
No, I don't think so./I'm afraid not./
I really can't agree with you.
③表示不完全赞同的常用语:You may be right.
(2)希望和愿望
I wish to see you again.
I hope to become a doctor.
I hope it stays fine.
I hope so.
I hope not.
(3)表扬和鼓励
①表示表扬和鼓励的常用语:
Very good!Well done!
Wonderful!
Excellent!
You speak English very well!
Your dress is beautiful!
Come on!
Keep trying!
You can do it!
②应答:
Thank you.
OK, I'll try it again.易混点清单
情感
(1)高兴
How wonderful/nice!
That's lovely/great/wonderful!
I'm happy.
It's well done.
I'm pleased to know that.
(2)满意Good!
Well done!
Perfect!
That's fine.
I'm pleased with it.
That's better.
That's good enough.
(3)惊奇
Really? Oh dear!
Is that so?
What a surprise!How surprising!
I'm surprised.
(4)忧虑
What's wrong?
What's the matter?
Are you worried about your health?
Anything wrong?
What should we do?
(5)恐惧
Help! How terrible!
I'm afraid of that dog.
I'm frightened.(6)安慰
There, there! Don't be afraid.
Don't worry. It's (quite)all right.
(7)同情
I'm so sorry!
I'm so sorry for you.
I'm sorry to hear...(8)遗憾
It's a great pity!
What a shame!
That's too bad!1.(2019锦州)—Could you help me with my English after school?
— ????With pleasure????(非常荣幸).
2.(2019无锡)—Why can’t you trust me? Not everything you heard is true.
—Maybe not.But ????there is no smoke without fire????(无风不起浪).
3.(2019葫芦岛)—My parents will take me to Shanghai Disneyland this summer holiday.
—????Have a good time????(玩得开心).
4.(2019包头)—Wasn’t Bob supposed to be here?中考题组—????Don’t worry????(不要担心).He will be here in five minutes.
5.(2019镇江)—My computer has caught a virus and it has gone wrong.
— ????I’m sorry to hear that????(听到这个消息我表示遗憾).
6.(2019包头)—Hey, are you free for dinner tonight?
— ????I’m sorry, no????(很抱歉,我没有时间).My cousins are on the way, and I’ll have dinner with them tonight.
7.(2019镇江)— ????How soon????(多久) can you get to the airport?
—In about 30 minutes.I’m on the way.
8.(2019抚顺)— ????Can I help you????(有什么需要帮助的吗)?—I need some music CDs.1.(2019山东一模,19)—Lucy,would you like some more cakes?
— ????No,thanks????(不用了,谢谢).I’m full now.
2.(2019山东一模,21)—You look sad,Bill. ????What’s the matter???? (怎么了)?
—Sorry,dad.I didn’t get good grades this time.
3.(2019山东一模,23)—Do you like playing basketball or soccer?
— ????I like playing basketball????(我喜欢打篮球).Yao Ming is my favorite player.
4.(2019山东二模,21)—Can I help you?
— ????I’d like some orange juice????(我想要一些橙汁).模拟题组5.(2019山东二模,28)—Where are my CDs?
— ????They are in your schoolbag????(它们在你的书包里).
6.(2019山东二模,31)—Excuse me.Would you mind my using your dictionary for a short time?
— ????Not at all.Help yourself????(没问题,请自便).
7.(2018山东三模,21)—I’m excited about visiting Shanghai Disney Theme Park.
— ????Me,too????(我也是)!I really want to take pictures with Mickey Mouse.
8.(2018山东三模,28)—What about going shopping tomorrow afternoon?
— ????Good idea????(好主意)!Let’s meet at the subway station at 3 o’clock.9.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,30)—May I use the mobile for a while, Mom?
— ????I’m afraid not????(恐怕不可以).You even haven’t started doing your home- work!
10.(2019年山东济南中考考前最后一卷A卷,40)—May I play computer games af- ter finishing my homework?
— ????Of course????(当然可以).课件27张PPT。专题四 数词
常考点清单一 基数词和序数词
一、基数词
1.表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下:
A.1—10
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten
B.11—19
eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen考点清单eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen为特殊形式,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nine- teen都是由其个位数词添加后缀-teen构成的。
C.20—99
整十数中twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式,sixty,seventy,ninety分别是 six,seven,nine添加后缀-ty构成的。表示几十几时,在整十数和个位数词之间添 加连字符“-”。如:21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six
D.100—999
1—9的基数词加“hundred”表示几百,在几十几与几百之间加上and。如:
101 one hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty
648 six hundred and forty-eight
E.1000以上
从数字的右端向左端数,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前 的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 million,第三个“,”前 的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节地分别表示。如:
2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight
16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four
2.基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切的数字,如成百、成千上万时,基数词则以复数形式 出现并且后加of。如:
There are hundreds of people in the hall.
大厅里有数以百计的人。
3.表示人的不确切岁数,用几十的复数形式。如:
He became a professor in his thirties.
他三十多岁时成了教授。
She died of lung cancer in her forties.
她四十多岁时死于肺癌。4.基数词的句法功能
基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语等。如:
Two will be enough for me.
两个对我来说足够了。(作主语)
I need three altogether.
我总共需要三个。(作宾语)
Four students are playing volleyball outside.
四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语)
We are sixteen.我们十六岁了。(作表语)
They three tried to finish the task before sunset.
他们三个人尽力在日落前完成任务。(作同位语)
二、序数词
1.表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:
A.从第一至第十九
其中one—first,two—second,three—third,five—fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth, twelve—twelfth为特殊形式,其他的序数词都是由其对应的基数词后面添加“- th”构成的。如:six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth。B.从第二十至第九十九
第几十由其对应的基数词改结尾字母y为i,再加“-eth”构成。如:
twenty—twentieth thirty—thirtieth
表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词加上连字符“-”和个位序数词表示。如:
thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六
seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九
C.第一百以上的序数词
由基数词变结尾部分为序数词来表示。如:
one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一one thousand three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十
2.序数词的缩写形式
有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有:
first—1st second—2nd third—3rd
fourth—4th sixth—6th twentieth—20th
twenty-third—23rd
其中1,2,3或个位数字是1,2,3的为特殊形式,其他的都是阿拉伯数字后加上“- th”。
3.序数词的句法功能 序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语等。如:
The second is what I really need.
第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语)
He chose the second.
他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)
We are to carry out the first plan.
我们将实施第一个计划。(作定语)
She is the second in our class.
在我们班她是第二名。(作表语)注:在使用序数词时,通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词 a或an时,则表示“再一,又一”。如:
We’ll go over it a second time.
我们会再仔细检查一遍。
We’ve tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time?
我们已经试过三次了。我们还必须再试一次吗?
另外,有时基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在名词之后即可,不需要添 加定冠词。
the first lesson—Lesson One/1 the fifth page—Page 5/Five常考点清单二 数词的用法
一、时刻表示法
1.表示几点钟用基数词加o'clock。如:
five o'clock五点
2.表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时。如:
five past seven 七点五分
half past six 六点半
a quarter past eight 八点一刻
3.表示差几分几点,在分钟后面加to,再加小时。如:ten to eight 七点五十
a quarter to twelve十一点四十五
4.在日常生活中,常用更简单的方法表示时间:以小时、分钟为单位分别读出数 字。如:
6:31—six thirty-one 10:26—ten twenty-six
14:03—fourteen (O) three
二、世纪、年代和年、月、日表示法
1.世纪和年代的表示法
the sixth/6th century 6世纪 the eighteenth/18th century 18世纪
the 1900's 20世纪 the 1600's 17世纪
in the 1930's/1930s在20世纪30年代
in the 1860's/1860s在19世纪60年代
In the 1870s when Marx was already in his fifties,he found it very important to study the situation of Russia,so he began to learn Russian.在19世纪70年代,当马克 思已经50多岁时,他发现研究俄国的形势很重要,因此他开始学习俄语。
2.表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后、年代前添加 early,mid-, late。如:in the early 1920's 在20世纪20年代早期
in the mid-1950's 在20世纪50年代中期
3.年、月、日表示法
(1)年份用基数词表示,一般写为阿拉伯数字,读时可以以hundred为单位,也可以 按前后分为两组,每组按基数词来读。如:
1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine
1800 读作 eighteen hundred
253 读作 two hundred and fifty-three
1902 读作 nineteen O two 表示在哪一年,一般在年份前加介词in,使用year时,year放在数词之前,且year前 加the。
in the year 1875 在1875年
但是,通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字即可。
(2)在某月某日用月份加基数词或序数词表示,月份常用缩写形式。也可以用 “the+序数词+of+月份”表示。如:
January—Jan.一月 February—Feb.二月
March—Mar.三月 April—Apr.四月
June—Jun.六月 July—Jul.七月August—Aug.八月 September—Sept.九月
October—Oct.十月 November—Nov.十一月
December—Dec.十二月
?注意 这里缩写形式后面加的点不能省略,因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。
Oct.1(st)十月一日(读作 October the first)
也可以表示为the first of October
May 5(th)五月五日(读作May the fifth)
也可以表示为the fifth of May
Mar.1(st)三月一日(读作March the first)也可以表示为 the first of March
三、分数表示法
分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分 子是“1”的情况以外,序数词都要用复数形式。分子或分母的数目较大时,两 者都用基数词,中间用over/by/out of/in连接。如:
3/4 three fourths或 three quarters
1/3 one third
24/25 twenty-four over twenty-five
3? three and one fourth或 three and one quarter 1/2 a half
1/4 one quarter或a quarter
1? one and a half 易混点清单
一、数字表达法
?
二、数词和冠词的关系
1.一般情况下,序数词前要加定冠词the,但基数词前不加冠词。如:
Sunday is the first day of a week.
星期天是一周的第一天。
2.a/an+序数词(first除外),表示“又一,再一”。如:Although I have failed twice,my father encourages me to have a third try.
虽然我已经失败了两次,但是爸爸还是鼓励我再试一次。
3.“of the+基数词”表示“范围”。如:
She is the most beautiful girl of the three.
她是这三个女孩中最漂亮的那个。
三、another,other和more修饰数词的用法
(一)another
another表示“另一,又一,再一”,可跟可数名词单数,也可跟带有few或具体数字 的复数名词,此时可把“few/数词+复数名词”看成是一个整体。如:—Have you finished your report yet?
——你的报告完成了吗?
—No,I will finish it in another 10 minutes.
——没有,我还需要10分钟才会完成。
There is room for another few people in the back of the bus.
公共汽车后面还能坐下几个人。
(二)other
表示“另外的”,常接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠 词the连用时,other要放在数词前。如:Mr. Smith asked me to fetch three other recorders.
史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。
Do you know where he found the other two photos?
你知道他是在哪里找到另外两张照片的吗?
(三)more
more一般位于数词之后名词之前。如:
Where will we be in ten more years?
再过十年,我们会在什么地方呢?1.(2019河池)Please pass me the ????fourth????(第四) book on the right.
2.(2019贵阳)There are 24 solar terms in a year.Grain Rain often starts in April,the ????fourth????month of the year.
3.(2019绥化)His mother took him to visit the Great Wall on his ????ninth????(第九) birthday.
4.(2019天水)????Two fifths????(五分之二) of the students in our class are going to the summer camp in Beijing next week.
5.(2019大庆)????Thousands of????(数以千计的) volunteers will be needed for 2022 中考题组Beijing Winter Olympic Games.
6.(2019鄂州)Our country is nearly ????seventy????(七十) years old.We??ll celebrate its ????seventieth????birthday on October 1, 2019 around the country.
7.(2019哈尔滨)—We’ll celebrate the ????seventieth????(第七十) National Day this year.
—That’s really exciting.
8.(2019广元)On my ????ninth????(第九) birthday,I got a new schoolbag as a gift from my parents.1.(2019山东一模,15)I??d like ????three????(三) bowls of noodles.One is for myself and the other two are for my parents.
2.(2019山东二模,9)The number of the teachers in the school is one hundred,and ???? four fifths???? (五分之四) of them are women teachers.
3.(2019山东二模,14)Batman and Spiderman are ????two???? (二) of the most famous American cartoons.
4.(2019山东三模,14)The apartment has ????twelve????(十二) floors and Mr.Smith lives on the ????twelfth???? (第十二) floor with his family.模拟题组5.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,22)Tibet receives ????thousands of????(数 以千计的) foreign visitors from January to April each year.
6.(2019山东临沂蒙阴二轮复习验收考试,62)The recording will be played ????twice ????(two) to make sure you can understand each word.
7.There are ????nine????(九) floors in the building.We live on the ????ninth????(第九) floor.
8.—Is Dongjin High-speed Railway Station the ????second????(第二) largest in Hubei Province?
—Yes, of course.It's just a little smaller than the largest one in Wuhan.
