北师大版高中英语模块2 Unit 6 Design 定语从句（I）

定语从句（1）
概念引入：
She is the girl who sings best of all.
她是所有人中唱得最好的。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.
他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
Give me the book whose cover is green.
把那本儿绿皮儿的书给我。
定语从句是我们初中学过的一项语法，上面这些句子与你初中学的有差别吗？是不是有点不同呢？从这个单元开始，我们将学习定语从句的升级版，但还是从头开始学哟。
语法点拨【高清课堂：定语从句一 P1】，
定语从句的定义
Do you know the girl who came here yesterday? 你认识昨天来的那个女孩吗？
The book which he bought the day before yesterday is very good.
他前天买的那本书很棒。
He is the man whom we should learn from. 他就是我们应该学习的人。
Her friend whose home is very far came to see her. 她的那位家很远的朋友来看她了。
其中粗体的部分就是定语从句，划横线的部分叫做先行词，也就是被定语从句修饰的词。
定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
关系词：上面例子中的关系代词who, whom, which, that是用来引导定语从句的连接词。这些连接词代替先行词在从句中担任一个成分，如主语、宾语或表语。例如：
Those students who study in this school are good at football.
（who代替先行词students在从句中充当主语）
There is still much homework which we must finish.
（which代替先行词homework在从句中充当宾语）
关系代词引导的定语从句
I. who和whom
1. who和whom代表人, 当先行词在从句中作主语时用who引导，作宾语时用whom引导。
The girl who is singing is my best friend. 正在唱歌的女孩是我最好的朋友。
（who代替先行词the girl在从句中作主语）
His friend who works as a doctor is very interesting. 他那当医生的朋友很有趣。
（who代替先行词His friend在从句中作主语）
I have to find the boy whom I saw yesterday. 我得找到昨天见的那个男孩。■
(whom代替先行词the boy在从句中saw的宾语)
He is the man whom I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
（whom代替先行词the man在从句中作met的宾语）
练一练：who还是whom？
1. The man _______ is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
2. Do you know the girl _______ I talked to just now?
3. Is he the man _______ wants to see you?
答案：1. who 2. whom 3. who
2. whom在定语从句中充当宾语时常可省略，注意whom可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语，而介词提前时whom不能省略。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
刘先生就是你们在公交车上谈论的那个人。
Ling Feng is just the boy (whom) I want to see. (whom代表先行词the boy作动词see的宾语)
凌峰就是我想见的那个男孩。
This is the girl (whom) he worked with. (whom代表先行词the girl作介词with的宾语)
这就是同他一起工作的女孩。
This is the girl with whom he worked. (whom不能省略)

3. 在口语和非正式语体中关系代词whom常用who代替，可省略。
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。
II. which
先行词是事物，在从句中作主语或宾语时，我们就用which引导定语从句。同样，在从句中作宾语时可以省略，但是此介词提前，不能省略。
They had a radio which could send out messages. (代替先行词radio在从句中作主语)
他们有一个能发出信息的收音机。
He told us a story which made everyone laugh. (代替先行词story在从句中作主语)
他讲了一个让我们人人发笑的故事。
Where is the car (which) you bought last month? (代替先行词car在从句中作宾语，可省)
你上个月买的车在哪儿呢？
The package (which) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which在从句中作宾语）
你拿的包快散了。
Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. (2019 福建高考)
运动在生活中非常重要，没有它你会惨兮兮的。
III. that
that前的先行词可以是人也可以是物。指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。that在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises by one million.
来这个城市参观的人数每年增加一百万。
Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天上午看见的那个人在哪儿？
I’ve got a novel (that/which) you may like to read. 我弄到一本你或许想看的小说。
IV. whose
whose可以指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“……（先行词）的”，若指物，可以同of which互换。
…the prince went to the house looking for the girl whose foot fit the shoe… (2019 福建高考)
……王子去那幢房子，寻找脚能穿上那只鞋的女孩儿…… (whose foot 指女孩儿的脚)
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. (whose roof指房子的屋顶)
我曾经住在一个屋顶塌陷的房子里。
The classroom whose door (=the door of which) is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室很快就会被修好。
Do you like the book whose cover (=the cover of which) is yellow?
你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书吗？
必须用that作为连接词的情况
技巧1 看先行词是什么东西。
1.当先行词是all, anything, nothing, everything, none, much, little, few, the one等不定代词时。
He did everything that he could to save the patient. 他做了能做的一切来挽救这个病人。
I mean the one that was sold yesterday. 我的意思是说昨天被卖掉的那个。
There’s nothing in the world that can defeat him. 这世界上没有能打败他的东西。
All that I want is peace and quiet. 我想要的一切就是和平宁静。
2. 当先行词既有人又有物时。
Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.
快看正在过街的小姑娘和她的小狗。
We’ve still remember things and persons that appeared in the school.
我们还记起来发生在学校的一些人和事。

技巧2看先行词被什么修饰。
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first lesson that they learned is the most difficult of all.
他们学的第一课是最难的一课。
This is the most interesting book that I’ve ever read. 这是我读过的最有意思的一本书。
2. 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时
This is the very book that I’m interested in. 这正是我感兴趣的那本书。
The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我们能做的唯一的事情就是等待。
3. 当先行词被all, any, every, no, only, very, last, next, one of等词所修饰时。
You can take any seat that is free. 你可以坐任何一个空座。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有书。
注意：以which, who等开头的疑问句中，用that引导从句，以避免重复。
Which is the car that killed the old lady? 要了老太太的命的是哪辆车？
不能用that作为连接词的情况。
1. 在非限制性定语从句中。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太阳给地球升温，这点对我们很重要。
2. 关系词在从句中作介词宾语且介词提前时。
He took the money away without which they couldn’t live.
他把那些钱带走了，没有这些钱我们没法活。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
我们依赖这片土地，从那儿我们取得了食物。
3. 当先行词本身是that时。
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
刚从天空一闪而过的是什么？
关系词的省略和关系词的数
关系词的省略
1. 当关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语的时候，一般可以省略。
He would give me the book (which/ that) he bought yesterday in the shop.
他会给我他昨天在商店买的那本书。
I hated those people (whom/ that) I met in the party. They were so rude.
我讨厌在晚会上遇到的那些人。他们太粗鲁。
2. 在下面两种情况下，关系词也不能省略。
1）非限制性定语从句中。
They came from Beijing, which I love very much.
他们来自北京，那是我非常喜欢的一个城市。
2）从句的介词提到关系词前面时。
I am still looking for the book about which they talked yesterday.
我还在找我们昨天谈到的那本书。
关系词的数
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，要根据先行词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
God helps those who help themselves. 自助者，上帝也助之。
She is the only one who knows the secret. 她是唯一知道这个秘密的人。
She is one of the teachers who know the secret. 她是知道这个秘密的老师之一。
定语从句（1）
巩固练习
一、选择合适关系代词（which，who，whom，whose，that）填空
1. （2019 衡水中学期中）He has written a book _________ name I’ve forgotten.
2. This is the factory _______ I visited.
3. It is the third dress _______ she has tried on today.
4. This is the most interesting book _______ I have ever read.
5. He is a man _______ means what he says.
6. Those _______ pretend to know what they do not know will be punished one day.
7. Who is the man _______ you just shook hands with.
8. The student with _______ we were talking is the tallest student in our class.
二、单项选择
1. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
2. Please pass me the dictionary ______ cover is black in the book shelf.
A. which B. its C. that D. whose
3. —Is this the museum ____ you visited the other day.
—I have no idea.
A. that B. whose C. to which D. the one
4. This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
5. (2019 嘉兴一中期中) Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ______ don’t.
A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /
6. —Is this the shop _______ sells children’s clothes? （2019 北京朝阳期末）
—Yes, I think so.
A. in which B. where C. 不填 D. that
7. Is there anyone in your class ______ family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
8. I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
9. That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
10. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
11. You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who; / B. /; whom C. whom; / D. /; who
12. This picture ______ has a house and flowers is the one ______ I like best.
A. who; which B. which; that C. who; who D. whose; that
13. She is the girl ______ I guess is a good student.
A. which B. whom C. who D. whose
14. —Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
—Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
15. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
16. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
17. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
18. Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
19. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been
C. had been D. have been
20. The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
三、单句改错
1. Anyone likes it can borrow it from me.
2. The man you saw him just now is my math teacher.
3. He is a person who often help me.
4. He is the person whose the family is very rich.
5. Apple eaters are healthier than those don’t.
6. There are many people, but none of whom I know.
7. That is all what I have known.
8. Is this the book that you are interested?
9. This is the longest train which I have ever seen.
10. The radio set which I bought it last week has gone wrong.
11. They talked for about an hour of the girl and her story which they read in the newspaper.
12. Did you see the man whom I nodded just now?
13. I, who is your good friend, will try my best to help you.
14. I’ll tell you all what he told me last week.
15. On the wall hung a picture, which color is blue.
四、根据汉语提示完成下列句子
1. Who is the boy ____________________ (在那边树下读书). (read)
2. This is the very book ____________________ (我找了三天). (look)
3. Today ________________________ (说英语的人), even if English is their mother tongue, often cannot understand Shakespeare’s jokes. (speak)
4. Look out! Don’t move the girl _____________________ (双臂已受伤的) in the accident too hard or she may be hurt more seriously again. (injure)
5. These photos make me think of the happy hours __________________ (我们度过的) together. (spend)
6. He talked about some writers and books ___________________ (不知道的) us all. (unknown)
7. _____________________ (我们在聚会上遇到的人) were very friendly to us.
8.We are interested in___________________ (你昨天讲的那个故事).
9. I know_______________ (父母都是医生的那位姑娘).
10. My grandparents like living in_____________________ (窗户朝南的那个房间).
11. ________________________________ (正在会上发言的那位女士)is his mother.
12. This is____________________________ (我读过的最好的书).
13. Tell me_________________ (你所知道的一切).
14. This is the first American movie ____________________ (我曾经看过的). (see)
15. English is the most difficult subject _______________________ (你这些年要学的). (learn)
答案与解析
一、选择合适的关系代词（which，who，whom，whose，that）填空
1. whose。代替先行词book，在定语从句中作定语，表示“书的”。
2. which/that。代替先行词在定语从句中作visited的宾语，可以省略。
3. that。try on 试穿，先行词dress作try on的宾语，用that/which引导定语从句，但因为有序数词修饰，只用that。可以省略。
4. that。因为有最高级修饰，且代替先行词book作定语从句的宾语，用that，可以省略。
5. who/that。代替先行词man在定语从句中作主语，不能省略。
6. who。先行词是人，且在从句中作主语，用that或who引导从句；又因为those，who是最佳答案。
7. that。先行词是人，且在从句中作宾语，用that/whom/who引导从句；又因为主句主语Who，that是最佳选择。
8. whom。先行词是人，作从句介词宾语，且介词提前，用whom。
二、单项选择
1. B. 先行词为things and persons，要填的关系代词代替先行词在从句中作宾语，所以用that。
2. D. whose和cover一起构成从句的主语部分，whose在从句中作定语。
3. A. that作从句部分的宾语（不是地点状语）。
4. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films, 因此关系代词that是复数概念，其谓语动词应用复数的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。
5. C。两个空白处要填的关系代词都是代表先行词在定语从句中作主语，而且先行词都是人，所以都选who，而且不能省略。
6. D。要填的关系代词代表先行词shop在从句中作主语，所以填that，不能省略。
7. D. whose引导定语从句, 在从句中作主语family的定语。
8. A. that引导定语从句, 因为先行词是all, 所以只能选用that引导。
9. A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
10. C. two thirds of whom 即two thirds of the 2,000 workers.
11. D. 先行词person后有两个定语从句，第一个从句省略了关系代词whom/who，因为作从句中met的宾语，可以省略；第二个从句中 who做主语，不可省略。
12. B. this picture为物用which，而先行词为the one 只能用that。
13. C. I guess 为插入语，who 在定语从句中作主语。
14. A. what happened是宾语从句。all 之后that he knew是定语从句。先行词是all，所以关系代词只能用that。
15. C. 本句话的定语从句是“who own cars”。 其先行词是people，因此定语从句的谓语动词要用own。主句的主语是The number of指“……的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。
16. D. that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语，follow为不及物动词。
17. A. 先行词gas被the only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。
18. C. “和谁讲话”要用speak to sb. 本题全句应为“Do you know the man whom I spoke to?”。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。
19. B. 本句话中，主句的主语是all为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中做主语。
20. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
三、单句改错
1. 本句缺少作从句的主语的关系代词，先行词为anyone，关系代词应为who/that.
2. 本句中从句部分的him重复，关系代词代替先行词the man已经在从句中充当宾语，并且省略，him指代重复，应该删去。
3. 本句从句部分的谓语help形式错误，从句的主语who代替的先行词a person为单数，help应该用第三人称单数形式。
4. 定语从句中，whose修饰名词family，the多余。
5. those所带的定语从句中缺乏主语，应该补充who，从句承前省略eat apples。
6. none of whom I know为从句，和第一句构成主从句的关系，而不是并列句的关系，删去but。
7. 当先行词为不定代词（all）时，关系代词应该用that，what不是关系词，不能用于引导定语从句。
8. 本句中的从句部分句子结构不完整，are interested不能直接接宾语，应增加介词in。
9. 从句的先行词被形容词最高级the longest修饰，关系代词只能用that而不是which，当然在本句关系代词代替先行词作从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，把which改为that或者省略关系代词。
10. 从句中关系代词which代替先行词作从句的宾语，故从句中it多余，应该去掉it。
11. 本题中的先行词既有人又有物，关系代词应该用that而不是which，因此应该把which改为that。
12. 从句中nod为不及物动词，不能直接带宾语。分析句子逻辑，关系代词whom应该代替先行词the man在从句中作宾语，因此需要补充介词to，nod to sb. 向某人点头示意。
13. 在定语从句部分，关系代词代替的先行词是I, 根据主谓一致的原则，从句的谓语用am而不是is。
14. 本句包含的是定语从句而不是名词从句，定语从句的先行词为all，并且指物，因此关系代词应该用that或者省略。
15. 定语从句部分先行词和color一起构成从句的主语，并且二者是所属关系，关系词应该用whose而不是which。
四、根据汉语提示完成下列句子
1. that is reading under the tree over there 先行词为the boy，关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语，但主句的主语为who，从句的关系代词不用who用that。
2. (that) I have looked for three days 关系代词代替先行词在从句中作宾语，并且先行词都被the very修饰，故关系代词用that或者省略。
3. people/ those who speak English/ people speaking English 分析句子结构，主句部分缺少主语，根据汉语提示，用people/those，先行词指人且在从句中作主语，用who。
4. whose arms/the arms of whom have been injured 从句的主语arms和先行词之间的关系是所属关系，用whose arms作从句的主语。
5. (which/ that) we spent 定语从句的先行词是hours，需要关系代词代替它在从句中作spent（度过）的宾语，可以省略。
6. that were unknown to 先行词既有人又有物，并且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，所以只能用that且不能省略。
7. The people (who/whom/that/省略) we met in the party 根据提示知道先行词为people，因为有定语从句限制，加the；先行词指人并且关系词代替先行词在从句中作宾语，故可以选择who/whom/that，或省略。
8. the story (which/ that/省略) you told yesterday 分析句子结构，介词in缺少宾语，需要填入the story，并且在从句中作“讲”的宾语，关系代词选择which/ that/省略。
9. the girl whose parents are both doctors 完整的主句为I know the girl，the girl作从句先行词，关系代词代替先行词在从句中作parents的定语，用whose。
10. the room whose window/the window of which faces the south. 主句补全为：My grandparents like living in the room，先行词为the room，关系代词代替先行词在从句中作window的定语，用whose，或者用the window of which。.
11. The lady who/ that is making a speech at the meeting 主句的主语为The lady，同时关系词代替先行词the lady在从句中作主语，用who/that。
12. the best book (that/省略) I have ever read 本题中先行词book被形容词最高级the best修饰，关系代词只能选择that，由于that在从句中作宾语，可以省略。
13. everything (that/省略) you know 不定代词everything作tell的直接宾语以及从句的先行词，关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作you know的宾语，故只能用that或者省略。
14. ( that/省略) I have ever seen 有序数词修饰先行词，且关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用that引导从句或省略。
15. ( that/省略) you will learn during these years 有最高级修饰先行词，且关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用that引导从句或省略。