北师大版高中英语模块3 Unit 7 The sea语言点（一）
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| 名称 | 北师大版高中英语模块3 Unit 7 The sea语言点（一） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2019-11-10 10:15:55 | ||
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文档简介
Unit 7 The sea语言点（一）
目标认知
重点词汇
matter，voyage，achieve，control，further，commit，persuade，eventually，deed，apologise
protect，pollution，remind，altogether，responsible，real，feed，energetic，intelligent
especially，educate，attract，discount，measure
重点短语
deal with，set sail，according to，get into trouble，make it，in search of，
be known as，make sure，up-to-date，watch out
重点句型
would like to do sth
“介词+关系代词”
what作连接代词的用法
“倍数”表达法
It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
祈使句的用法归纳
with复合结构
the more...the more...
知识讲解
重点词汇
matter
【原句回放】Do you think it matters which Europeans first reached America?(P8)你认为是哪一批欧洲人最早到达美洲重要吗?
【点拨】matter
分析：该句中谓语动词后面是宾语从句，it作形式主语，真正的主语是which Europeans first reached America。
It is difficult to finish the task on time． 按时完成这项任务很难。
(1)vi. 要紧，重要，有关系
It doesn’t matter what you are dressed in．你穿什么并不重要。
Did it matter how many people talked or what they said?
有多少人说了话或者他们说了些什么有什么要紧的吗?
温馨提示：matter通常用于疑问句或否定句中。
(2)n. [C]事情，问题
It is a matter of life-and-death for them．
对他们来说，这是生死攸关的问题。
归纳拓展
as a matter of fact＝in fact实际上，事实上
a matter of...……的问题
voyage
【原句回放】VIKING VOYAGES TO AMERICA(P8)北欧海盗航行到美洲
【点拨】voyage n. 航海，航空；vi. 航行，航海，(尤指)远航
常用结构
make a voyage航海
on the voyage out在出航途中
on the voyage home在返航途中
易混辨析
voyage，journey，trip，travel与tour
(1)voyage多指航海。
(2)journey指到某一目的地的旅行，距离较远，多指陆地。
(3)tour指周游，往往指绕行后回到原出发点。
(4)travel泛指旅游，多用于长途旅行。
(5)trip指短途旅行。
Columbus succeeded in making a voyage to America in 1492．
哥伦布于1492年成功地航行至美洲。
We’ll make a journey to Beijing by train．我们将乘火车去北京。
He made a tour of Shanghai last week．上周他去了一趟上海。
We had eight days’ travel by car．我们乘小汽车游历了八天。
He will take a weekend trip to the seaside．他周末将去海边旅行。
achieve
【原句回放】They achieved this long before Columbus ever set sail．(P8)早在哥伦布起航之前，他们就已经到达那里了。
【点拨】achieve vt．完成，实现，达到(目的等)
achievement n．完成，达到，成就，成绩
He will never achieve anything if he doesn’t work hard．如果不努力工作，他将一事无成。
He’s lucky enough to have achieved such great progress．他真幸运，取得了如此大的进步。
(2019 陕西高考) Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for what Doris Lessing had achieved in literature. 读完了她的自传后，我对多丽丝·莱辛在文学上的成就非常敬佩。
归纳拓展
achieve success获得成功
achieve victory取得胜利
achieve one’s purpose达到某人的目的
achieve one’s aim／goal实现某人的目标
control
【原句回放】They controlled the seas and coasts of Northern Europe between the 8th and 10th centuries AD．(P8)公元8世纪到10世纪期间，他们控制着北欧海面和沿海地区。
【点拨】control vt. 控制，支配；n. [U]控制，管理
常用结构
be out of control失去控制
be under the control of受……的控制
be in control of控制着……
be in the control of受……的控制
(2019 北京高考) To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 输入). 为了达到减少体重的目标---输出，我们需要控制吃的东西----输入。
Nowadays Iraq is out of control completely．America is to blame．
如今伊拉克完全失控了，美国应该受到谴责。
further
【原句回放】In 982 AD，when a man called Eric the Red decided to set sail further west，there were as many as 10，000 Vikings living in Iceland．(P8)公元982年，冰岛上生活着多达10，000的北欧海盗，就在此时，一个叫埃里克·雷德的人决定向西远航。
在本句中when引导时间状语从句；called Eric the Red为过去分词短语作定语，修饰a man；living in Iceland为现在分词短语作定语，修饰Vikings。
【点拨】further
(1)adv. 更远，较远；进一步，进一层
We must go further into the question．我们必须进一步研究这个问题。
(2)adj. 较远的；更进一步的，更多的
Have you anything further to add?你还有什么要进一步补充的吗?
(3)adv. 而且，此外
We must do our work faster，and further better．
我们要把工作做得更快一些，而且要做得更好一些。
(4)vt. 促进，推进，助长
He went abroad to further his study．他去国外深造了。
温馨提示
farther—farthest多指具体的距离“较远”，“最远”。
further—furthest多指程度上“进一步”，“最深”等抽象意义。
commit
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】commit
①vt. 犯(罪、错等)，做(坏事)
They committed many horrible crimes against Chinese people．
他们对中国人民犯下了许多滔天罪行。
②vt. 花(钱或时间)
The company committed its profit to building new factories．
那个公司把盈利投入到了兴建新工厂上。
常用结构
commit oneself to(doing) sth．承担义务做某事，承诺做某事
commit some money／time to(doing) sth．花费一些金钱或时间做某事／在某事上
commit a crime犯罪
归纳拓展
commitment n. 承诺，已承诺(或同意)的事
persuade
【原句回放】He persuaded some people to go back with him to Greenland．(P8)他说服一些人与他一起回到格陵兰岛。
【点拨】 persuade
(1)vt. 说服，劝服
You might be able to persuade him．你也许能说服他。
常用结构
persuade sb. into／out of doing sth. (＝argue／talk sb. into／out of doing sth.)说服某人做／不做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
persuade sb. that...使某人相信……
I have persuaded him into doing it．我已说服他去做这件事。
He persuaded me out of dropping the experiment．
他劝我不要放弃这个实验。
I am persuaded that he is innocent．我相信他无罪。
(2)vi. 被说服
He persuades easily．他容易被说服。
易混辨析
persuade，convince与advise
(1)persuade和convince的意思均为“说服”；前者着重情感上的“敦促，劝告”，后者着重理智方面的“辩证，证明”。两者都可用于以下结构：
persuade／convince sb. that...
persuade／convince sb. to do sth.
persuade／convince sb. of sth.
He persuaded me that the book was not worth buying．
他说服我那本书不值得买。
(2)persuade和convince都表示结果，即“说服了”；若表示“说服”或“劝说”的动作，常用try to persuade／convince，也可用advise来表示。
I tried to persuade／I advised him to start early but he didn’t listen．
我(尽力)劝说他早点动身，可他不听。
eventually
【原句回放】Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric，but he was blown off course and found himself in an unknown land，from where he eventually reached Greenland．(P8)比阿尼希望找到和埃里克在一起的父亲，但是他被吹离了航线，结果发现自己在一个未知的地方，从那里他最终抵达格陵兰岛。
本句为but连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰his father；第二个分句中含有from where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰an unknown land。
【点拨】eventually adv. 最终，终于
He worked so hard that eventually he made himself ill．
他工作太努力，最终病倒了。
She eventually passed her driving test．
她最终通过了驾驶考试。
易混辨析
eventually与at last
①eventually意为“(作为结果而)终于(发生)，最终”。
If the population goes on increasing at the present rate，there will eventually not be enough resources left on earth to sustain human life．
如果人口继续按现在的速度增长，最后地球上剩下的资源将不够维持人类生命。
②at last通常表示“(在长久等待以后)终于(发生)”。
At last the spring came after a long severe winter．
经过漫长而严酷的寒冬，春天终于来临了。
deed
【原句回放】We know about Eric the Red and Leif’s deeds through stories which were written down centuries later in Norway and Iceland．(P8)我们从几个世纪之后挪威和冰岛记载下来的传说中得知埃里克·雷德和赖伊夫的事迹。
本句中which引导限制性定语从句，修饰stories。
【点拨】 deed n．行为，行动
We all consider that you did a good deed．我们都认为你做了件好事。
常用结构
good／evil deeds好／坏事
do a good deed做一件好事
in deed实际上
in name but not in deed名义上而不是实际上
It is not difficult to do a good deed．but it’s difficult to do good deeds in life．
做一件好事并不难，难的是一辈子做好事。
apologise
【原句回放】Mr. Johnson apologised for the mistake．(P9)约翰逊先生因为这个错误而道了歉。
【点拨】 apologise (也写作apologize) vi．道歉
常用结构
apologise for(doing) sth. 为(做)某事表示歉意
apologise to sb. for(doing) sth. 为(做)某事向某人道歉
I apologise to her for stepping on her feet．我因踩到她的脚而向她道歉。
归纳拓展
apologist n. 辩护者
apology n. 道歉，认错
常用结构：make／offer an apology to sb. for(doing) sth. 因(做)某事而向某人道歉
But, not everyone knows how to make an apology.
但是,不是每个人都知道在犯错后该怎样道歉。
protect
【原句回放】Protecting the Sea(P10)保护海洋
【点拨】protect vt. 保护，保卫
常用结构
Eyelash can protect your eyes from the dust．
睫毛可以保护你的眼睛不受灰尘的伤害。
I’ll protect you／myself from being insulted．
我将保护你／我自己免受侮辱。
These tree belts protect 500，000 acres of farmland against shifting sand．
这些防护林带保护了500，000英亩的农田不受流沙的侵袭。
【拓展1】protection n. [U]保护
under the protection of在……的保护下
【拓展2】“阻止……做某事”的几种表达
prevent...(from) doing sth．
stop...(from) doing sth．
protect...from doing sth．
keep...from doing sth．
温馨提示
在上述四个动词短语中，protect...from doing sth．和keep...from doing sth．中的from不能省略，其他两个短语中的from可以省略。
pollution
【原句回放】What is sea pollution?(P10)什么是海洋污染?
【点拨】 pollution n．污染
air pollution空气污染
the pollution of atmosphere大气污染
归纳拓展
pollute vt. 使污染
polluted adj. 被污染的，被玷污的
polluter n. 污染者，污染源
The dark smoke from the factories has seriously polluted the environment of our city．
这些工厂排出来的黑烟已经严重地污染了我们城市的环境。
remind
【原句回放】If you miss some information，write a question mark to remind you to listen especially carefully the second time．(P10)如果你错过了一些信息，打上问号以提醒你第二次特别仔细地听。
【点拨】remind vt. 使想起，提醒
常用结构
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
remind sb. that...使某人想起……
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事
It reminds me that I must order some more butter．
这使我想起我得多订购一些黄油。
This will always remind me of you．
这会使我经常想起你。
Did you remind him of the book he borrowed?
你提醒他关于他借的书了吗?
When I reminded her，she shook her head．
当我提醒她时，她摇了摇头。
归纳拓展
recall sth. to sb. 使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人某事
温馨提示
reminder为名词，意思是“提示，使某人回想起某事的人或物”。
The waiters were cleaning the tables，which served as a reminder that it was time to leave．
服务员们在收拾桌子，提醒顾客该走了。
altogether
【原句回放】Some fish may disappear altogether．(P11)有些鱼可能会完全消失。
【点拨】altogether adv.
①完全，全部
That’s altogether different. 那完全不一样。
She was not altogether pleased with her new dress．
她对自己的新衣服不甚满意。
②总而言之，总之
It was raining，but altogether it was a good trip．
天下了雨，不过总而言之，那是一次不错的旅行。
③总共，一共
You owe me $50 altogether．你一共欠我50美元。
温馨提示
altogether作“完全，全部”讲时，与not连用表示部分否定。
易混辨析
altogether与all together
altogether表示“总共”、“总之”或“完全地”；all together表示“一起，同时”。
Altogether，I consider it wrong．总的说来，我认为这是错误的。
We’re all together again．我们大家又相聚了。
responsible
【原句回放】... often it’s quite difficult to find who’s responsible for pollution．(P11)……通常很难找到谁应为污染负责。
【点拨】responsible adj. 有责任的，应负责任的
常用结构：
He is my son and I’m responsible for him．
他是我的儿子，我对他负责。
Who is responsible for the mess?
谁对混乱状况负责?
温馨提示
responsible作前置定语与作后置定语意思不同。
a responsible person一个可信赖的人／可靠的人
the person responsible负责人，主管人
real
【原句回放】We have polar bears and a real iceberg too!(P12)我们有北极熊，还有一座真正的冰山!
【点拨】real adj. 真正的，真实的
Do you know the real reason for her absence? 你知道她缺席的真正原因吗?
Father Christmas isn't real．圣诞老人不是真有其人。
I'm learning to skate on real ice．我在真正的冰上学溜冰。
归纳拓展：reality n. 事实，现实
易混辨析：real，actual，true与practical
1. actual指“实际上”、“事实上”存在或发生的事情，或人所共知的客观事实。
The actual cost of repairs was a lot less than we had expected.
实际的修理费用比我们预期的要低得多。
2. real指“真实存在的，不是假的或捏造的。
He is just a recent graduate experiencing the real world for the first time.
他只是一个刚毕业首次体验现实世界的毕业生。
3. true: 所代表的事实，强调的是和事实相符的。
What she said was completely true because I saw what happened myself.
她说的完全符合事实，因为我也亲眼所见。
4. true 或real用作修饰一个实体，表示这完全是“真的”，不是伪造的。
It’s a true/real pearl. 这是真珍珠.
5. practical指从实践、实用角度讲“实事求是的，可行的，有实际经验的”。
This kind of product is worthless for all practical purposes.
这种产品毫无实用价值。
feed
【原句回放】Watch the acrobatic seals at feeding time．(P12)(你可以)在(给海豹)喂食时观看海豹杂技。
【点拨】feed vt. ＆ vi. 饲养，喂养，靠……为生
常用结构
feed sb. ／sth. on sth. 为某人／某物提供某物为食
feed sth. to sb. ／sth. 以某物作为食物喂养某人／某物
feed on／upon sth. 以某物为食物
Please feed some grass to the cow.请给牛喂点草。
She has fed milk to the baby.她已给婴儿喂过奶。
The child was feeding the monkey on/with a banana.那孩子用香蕉喂猴子。
Cattle feed mostly on grass.牛以草为主食。
归纳拓展
live on靠……为生(多用于指人)
energetic
【原句回放】Meet our less energetic but more friendly penguins．(P12)会会我们不爱运动却非常友好的企鹅。
【点拨】energetic adj. 有活力的
He is an energetic tennis player．他是一名精力充沛的网球运动员。
Cool autumn days make us feel energetic．
凉爽的秋日使我们感到精力充沛。
归纳拓展
energy n. 精力，干劲；能量，能源
energetically adv. 精力充沛地
易混辨析
active，energetic，lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意，其区别如下：
(1)active指有活动能力，强调与消极或静止相反的积极活动状态。
(2)energetic指精力充沛，奋力从事某事业。
(3)lively强调机智、有生气。
intelligent
【原句回放】See our intelligent dolphins．(P12)看看我们聪明的海豚。
【点拨】intelligent adj. 有才智的，理解力强的
Human beings are much more intelligent than animals．人类比动物聪明得多。
归纳拓展
intellectual adj. 有才智的，脑力的，理智的
intelligence n. 智力，理解力，才智，信息
intellect n. 智力，才智超群的人
He is obviously a mail of very high intelligence．
很明显，他是个高智商的人。
She is an intellect．她是一个才智超群的人。
易混辨析
bright，clever，wise，brilliant，smart与intelligent
这些形容词均含有“聪明的”之意，其区别如下：
(1)bright为口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷、理解力强、机灵等。
(2)clever强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定能够全面妥当地考虑问题。
(3)wise侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见、有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
(4)brilliant指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
(5)smart为普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
(6)intelligent为正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象的东西或在处理、解决问题时，智力超过一般人。
especially
【原句回放】Especially for younger children．(P12)(这是)特别为小孩子设计的。
【点拨】especially adv. 尤其，特别
Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
噪音是令人不愉快的，特别是当你设法睡觉时。
易混辨析
especially与specially
(1)especially(＝particularly) adv. 意为“尤其，特别”，强调程度，用来修饰形容词、介词短语或状语从句。
(2)specially adv．意为“专门地，特别地”，表示为了某个特殊目的而做某事。
He likes the country，especially in spring．
他喜欢乡村，尤其是在春天。
These textbooks are specially written for English beginners．
这些课本是专门为英语初学者而写的。
educate
【原句回放】They can be educated about daily life on the beach in this exciting area．(P12)他们可以在这个令人兴奋的环境里接受海滩上日常生活的教育。
【点拨】educate vt. 教育
He has been educated at college．他接受过大学教育。
It is a difficult task to educate children．教育孩子是件困难的事。
归纳拓展
educated adj. 受过教育的
education n. 教育，教育学
educational adj. ．教育的，有教育意义的
educationally adv. 教育地，有教育意义地
educator n. 教育家，教育工作者
A child receives his early education at home．儿童在家接受早期教育。
They have a perfect educational system．
他们有一套完善的教育制度。
常用结构
educate oneself自学
educate the ear to music培养音乐鉴赏能力
a man of little education没有受过多少教育的人
compulsory education义务教育
adult education成人教育
易混辨析
educate与teach
两者都可指“教，教育”，但teach只强调教给学生知识，侧重教的动作，而educate强调教育的目的以及培养的结果。
attract
【原句回放】Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body—and then eat them!(P12)有些鱼用它们身上的一种光吸引其他鱼——然后吃掉它们!
【点拨】attract vt. 吸引
She was attracted by his smile．她被他的微笑吸引住了。
Flowers attract bees．花儿招引蜜蜂。
The moon attracts the earth’s seas．月球对地球上的海洋有吸引力。
常用结构
attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力
attract sh. (to sb.／sth.)(某物)吸引某人，(某人)引起某人的好感或爱慕
归纳拓展
attraction n. 吸引(力)，有吸引力的人或物
attractive adj. 有吸引力的，引人注意的
attractively adv. 有吸引力地
discount
【原句回放】Special discount before the 22nd so the sooner the better!(P13)22日前特价，所以越早越好!
【点拨】discount n. [C，U]折扣，减价
常用结构
at a discount打折扣，没销路，不值钱，不受重视
We gave(a)10 per cent discount for cash．
现金付款，我们予以九折优惠。
Is honesty at a discount today? 诚实在今天不值钱了吗?
温馨提示
discount原意为“不计算(在内)”，因而指某物减价出售时所减去的百分比。中文“折扣”意为扣除所减百分比之后余下的百分比。换言之，中文说九折，英文是10% discount；中文说八折，英文是20% discount，依此类推。
他以九折的价钱买下了这套房子。
(×)He bought the house at a 90% discount．
(√)He bought the house at a 10% discount．
measure
【原句回放】An average fish like this measures 90 centimetres in length，and it can weigh as much as 30 kilos．(P13)像这样的鱼，平均每条有90厘米长。并且体重可达30千克。
【点拨】measure
(1)n. 量度，测量，尺寸
I took the measure of the desk．我量了那张课桌的尺寸。
(2)n. 程度，范围，适度，分寸
He didn’t become rich in business，but he succeeded in some measure．
他做生意没有变富，但在某种程度上他算成功了。
(3)n．措施，办法
The medicine may not help him，but it is the only measure I can take before the doctor comes．
这种药可能对他没帮助，但在医生到来之前我只能采取这种办法。
(4)v. 量，计量，丈量，测量
He measured his daughter for a new dress．
他为他的女儿量尺寸做新衣服。
常用结构
in a certain measure在一定程度上
take sb.’s measure＝take the measure of sb. 给某人量尺寸，摸清某人的底细
set measures to限制，约束
take measures to do sth．采取措施做某事
measure for measure以牙还牙
重点短语
deal with
【原句回放】How can we deal with this problem?(PIO)我们怎样才能处理这个问题呢?
【点拨】deal with
(1)与……做买卖
We’ve been dealing with Mr. Wang for many years．
我们已经与王先生做了多年生意。
(2)对付
The person is hard to deal with．这个人很难对付。
(3)处理，安排
He’s able to deal with all kinds of troublesome cases．
他能处理各种棘手的案件。
(4)论述，涉及
That book deals with Asian problems．
那本书论述了亚洲问题。
温馨提示
how通常与deal with连用，what通常与do with连用。
How can we deal with this problem?
＝What can we do with this problem?
我们如何才能解决这个问题?
set sail
【原句回放】They achieved this long before Columbus ever set sail．(P8)早在哥伦布起航之前，他们就已经到达那里了。
【点拨】set sail起航
常用结构：set sail for someplace 起航去某地
We set sail at dawn and headed for New York.
我们在黎明起程，直驶纽约。
Whatever the weather is like tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao.
无论明天什么天气，我们的船都会起航去澳门。
【拓展1】sail n. 乘船航行；vi. (船)航行，开船，驾驶(或乘坐)帆船航行
sailing n．帆船运动，(乘帆船的)航行
The ship is sailing for England．这艘船正驶向英格兰。
Sailing is loved by a lot of people．许多人都爱帆船运动。
【拓展2】关于set的常用结构
set about着手处理，开始做（接名词或动名词）
set out动身，打算，开始（接动词不定式）
set aside搁置，取消，留出
set down放下，记下
set fire to使燃烧，纵火烧
set foot on／in登上，涉足
set off动身，出发，使爆炸
set up建立，创立
She set about answering letters as soon as she arrived at the office．她一到办公室就开始写回信。
They succeeded in what they set out to do．他们打算做的事做好了。
according to
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】according to根据，依照（接名词、名词性短语或从句）
According to my watch，it’s four o’clock．依照我的表，现在是4点。
He is an honest businessman, according to what everyone says.
根据大家所说，他是位诚实的商人。
【拓展】according as依照，取决于
You may go or stay according as you decide．
你可以走也可以留，由你决定。
易混辨析：according to与by
两者都有“依照，根据”的意思，但其用法有所区别：
①指依据非常确定的事物(如the clock，the voice，the appearance，the smell等)时，by和according to可换用。
By／According to my watch，it is 10:00．依照我的表，现在是10点。
②by不能用于指“人”的词前，according to不能和me，opinion等连用。
Don’t judge a person by his looks．不要以貌取人。
get into trouble
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】get into trouble遇到麻烦，出事了
He is always getting into trouble when he is out．
He got into trouble when he got to America．到美国时，他碰到了麻烦。
归纳拓展
①asking／looking for trouble自找麻烦
It’s asking for trouble to associate with criminals．
和罪犯打交道是自找麻烦。
Aren’t you looking for trouble?
难道你不是在自寻烦恼吗?
②be in trouble有麻烦，有困难
If you don’t pay the bill．you are going to be in trouble．
若你不付账单，你就会有麻烦。
③get sb．into trouble使某人陷入困境
Watch out，you can’t get her into trouble．
小心点，你不能给她惹麻烦。
④trouble vt．使忧虑，使烦恼
trouble sb. (to do sth.)打扰某人(做某事)
Could I trouble you to open the window，please?
劳驾，请您把窗户打开好吗?
make it
【原句回放】Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland．(P8)埃里克又一次起航了，这一次有25艘船与他同行，但其中只有14艘到达格陵兰岛。
本句中的of which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰25 ships。
【点拨】make it做成某事，获得成功
I just made it to the washroom before throwing up．
我忍住呕吐，及时冲进了洗手间。
I never thought she would make it as an actress．
我从来没有想到她会成为一名女演员。
归纳拓展
get it懂得，理解，明白
catch it受惩罚，受斥责
Oh，the paper is supposed to go in this side up．I get it．
哦，纸得这面朝上放进去。我明白了。
You will catch it if your mother finds out．
如果你妈知道了，那你就要挨骂了。
in search of
【原句回放】Not long after Eric the Red had landed in Greenland，a man called Biarni set sail from Iceland in search of Eric’s party．(P8)埃里克·雷德登上格陵兰岛后不久，一个叫比阿尼的人从冰岛起航来寻找埃里克一行人。
【点拨】 in search of （为了）寻找，寻求（短语介词，多表示目的）
They started off at once in search of the missing girl．他们立即出发去寻找那个丢失的女孩。
The boys went in search of something to eat. 孩子们去找东西吃。
【拓展】search vt. 搜查(某人或某地方)
常用结构：
search for 寻找（接具体的目标）
search after 探索，寻找（后常接抽象名词）
search out 找出，查出
search...for... 搜查……以寻找……
a/the search for 在寻找……
He searched his pockets for the key. 他翻遍了自己的口袋找钥匙。
They searched him but found nothing. 他们搜了他的身，但没有找到什么。
We searched the whole forest for the girl. 我们搜遍了整个森林找那个小女孩。
We are on the way searching for truth. 我们在探求真相的路上。
Many people spend years searching after peace of mind, often with little success.
许多人花了数年的时间寻找心灵的平和，经常不怎么成功。
The police at once began a search for a criminal. 警察立刻开始搜寻罪犯。
be known as
【原句回放】He then sailed further south to an island which is now known as Newfoundland．(P8)然后他继续南行至现在叫做纽芬兰的岛屿。
【点拨】be known as 作为……而出名，被认为是
Beijing is known as the capital of China．北京作为中国的首都而出名。
Lu Xun was known as the greatest writer of China in the 1920s and 1930s．
鲁迅作为中国20世纪二三十年代最伟大的作家而出名。
对比：
be known for 因……而出名
be known to 为……所熟悉
He is known to the police because of his previous criminal record.
他因以前的犯罪记录而为警察所知。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
【拓展】make oneself known to 对……作自我介绍
as is well known众所周知
make sure
【原句回放】Make sure you know what you have to do…(P10)确保你知道必须要做的事……
【点拨】make sure搞清楚，弄明白，确保
Father makes sure that all the lights are off before he goes to bed．
睡觉前，父亲确保所有的灯都熄灭了。
He looked behind to make sure he was not being followed．
他向后看了看，确保没被人跟踪。
Have you made sure of／about the time of the train?
你已弄清楚这列火车的时间了吗?
【拓展】be sure that...确信……，确保……
be sure to do一定做……
be sure of／about对……确信，对……有把握
do sth. for sure肯定做某事，确定做某事
She wanted to be sure that her baby was being looked after．
她想确保有人在照看她的孩子。
Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there．
确保一到那儿你就给我写信。
I’m sure of his success．我肯定他会成功。
He said he would give US his decision for sure by Wednesday．
他说周三之前一定给我们他的决定。
温馨提示
(1)上述短语中的sure都可用certain代替，但在It is certain that...句型中，只能用certain，不能用sure。
(2)be sure of／about／that...的主语多为人，意指“(主语)相信／确信……”
up-to-date
【原句回放】Our most up-to-date attraction．(P12)我们最新、最具吸引力的活动。
【点拨】up-to-date adj. 现代的，新式的
His idea is up-to-date，though he is old．
虽然他年纪大了，但他的思想却紧跟时代。
归纳拓展
(1)out of date过时的，陈旧的
The information in the book is out of date．这本书中的信息已过时了。
(2)date from／date back to追溯到
The old temple dates from／dates back to 2，000 years ago．
这座古庙要追溯到2，000年前。
watch out
【原句回放】Watch out! (P12)要当心哦!
【点拨】 watch out(＝look out)当心，注意
If you don’t watch out，you’ll be cheated．如果你不小心，你就会上当。
Watch out! There is a car coming．小心，有汽车来了!
归纳拓展
(1)watch it(＝watch out)当心
Watch it when you handle the glasses! 拿这些玻璃杯时要当心!
(2)watch out for小心提防，密切注意
Watch out for a tall man with a black hat
当心一个戴黑帽子的高个男子。
(3)watch over照看，看守
He is watching over his father’s sheep．他正在替父亲放羊。
重点句型
would like to do sth.
【原句回放】I’d like to go surfing at Sanya，Hainan Island．(P7)我想去海南岛的三亚冲浪。
【点拨】 would like to do sth．愿意做某事，想要做某事
Don’t turn the radio off．I'd like to hear the evening news．
别把收音机关掉，我想听晚间新闻。
I was wondering if you’d like to go to the concert tomorrow night．
我在想你明天晚上是否愿意去听那场音乐会。
温馨提示
would like to have done sth．表示“本打算做某事”。
I would like to have read the article，but I was very busy then．
我本想读一读这篇文章的，但我当时太忙了。
“介词+关系代词”
【原句回放】In the year 1002，when Eric the Red’s son Leif was planning a trip further west。Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans．(P8)在1002年。当埃里克·雷德的儿子赖伊夫打算继续向西航行时，比阿尼就是和他一同商量他的西行计划的人。
when Eric the Red’s son...为关系副词when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the year 1002；with whom…为“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the man。
【点拨】“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
(1)“介词+which”在从句中可以作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。
The factory in which(＝where)1 work is a large one．我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。
This is the reason for which(＝why)he was put it prison．这就是他为什么被关进监狱的原因。
(2)“短语介词+which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作地点状语，表示存在的关系，关系分句主谓常倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy．
他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。
I saw a man，on the head of whom stood a bird．
我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
(3)“介词+which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作目的、方式或地点状语，这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词制约。
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?
你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?
The man，from whom I learned the news，is an engineer．
这个人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得知这个消息的。
(4)“介词by + which(指物)／whom(指人)”用于被动结构的从句中，在从句中作状语，说明动作的发出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot．
杀死羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter．
打死狼的那个人是一个好猎手。
(5)“介词of + which”在从句中作后置定语，代替前置定语“whose”。
He mentioned a book，the title of which(＝whose title) I’ve forgotten．
他提到一本书，书名我忘了。
(6)“介词+which(指物)／whose(指人)”修饰后面的名词。
It rained all night and all day，during which time the ship broke into pieces．
雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the map．
这个司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。
(7)“不定代词或数词+介词of + which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
China has a lot of islands，one of which is Taiwan．
中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film．
这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这部电影。
what作连接代词的用法
【原句回放】Leif followed Biarni’s directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada．(P8)赖伊夫依照比阿尼的指点，航行到据说是现在的加拿大海岸所在地。
what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada为介词to的宾语，由what引导，what在宾语从句中作主语。
【点拨】 what作连接代词的用法
引导名词性从句的what，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(1)具有疑问代词性质的what，意为“什么，什么样的”。
I don’t know what he needs．
我不知道他需要什么。(what在宾语从句中作宾语)
(2)在名词前表示感叹的what，意为“多么”。
Only then did I recognise what silly mistakes I had made．
在那时我才意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。(what在宾语从句中作定语)
(3)具有关系代词性质的what，意为“……的……”。what在此相当于“the+名词+that”或者all that，既包含了先行词也包含了关系代词。
What(＝The thing that) happened after that was interesting．
那之后发生的事很有意思。(what在主语从句中作主语)
China is no longer what(＝the China that)it used to be．
中国再也不是以前的中国了。(what在表语从句中作表语)
The boy dived into water and after what(＝the time that)seemed to be a long time，he came up again．
那个男孩跳进水里，好像过了很久之后，他才又从水里钻出来。(what在宾语从句中作主语)
“倍数”表达法
【原句回放】You can only see a small part of it above the water．It’s three times as big underwater．(P12)你只能看见冰山在水上的一小部分。水下部分是水上部分的3倍大。
【点拨】“倍数”表达法
(1)倍数+形容词／副词的比较级+than…
Line AB is three times longer than line CD．
线段AB比线段CD长3倍／是线段CD的4倍长。
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom．
这个大厅比我们的教室大5倍／是我们教室的6倍大。
(2)倍数+as+形容词／副词的原级+as...
This table is three times as long as that one．这张桌子是那张桌子的3倍长。
This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library．
这本词典的厚度是你从图书馆借的那本(厚度)的5倍。
(3)倍数+the+名词(如size，height，weight，length，width等)+of...
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon．
地球的体积是月球(体积)的49倍。
This river is three times the depth of that one．这条河是那条河的3倍深。
(4)倍数+more+名词+than...
He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago．
他现在挣的钱比10年前挣的(钱)多5倍／是10年前挣的钱的6倍。
There are twice more students in our class than in theirs．
我们班的学生人数比他们班的(学生人数)多2倍／是他们班的(学生人数的)3倍。
(5)倍数+as many(或much)+名词+as...
We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as(we did) ten years ago．
今年我们生产的棉花是10年前(我们生产的棉花)的2倍。
He has got three times as many books as his sister．
他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的(书的数量的)3倍。
(6)倍数+what从句
The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago．
这条路的长度是3年前的4倍。
The price of the meat is twice what it was last year．肉价是去年的2倍。
It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
【原句回放】…… often it’s quite difficult to find who’s responsible for pollution．(P11)……通常很难找到谁应为污染负责。
【点拨】It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
It is necessary to go over it again．
再检查一遍是有必要的。
It’s our duty to help you．
帮助你是我们的责任。
祈使句的用法归纳
【原句回放】Come with us on a“virtual reality”trip to the ocean floor and see some of the strangest fish in the world．(P12)来和我们一起“模拟航行”到海底，看一看世界上最奇异的一些鱼吧!
【点拨】祈使句的用法归纳
(1)祈使句通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等，常以动词原形开头，主语多为第二人称you，常省略。
(2)“祈使句+and／or+一般将来时的陈述句”结构
此句型中有时为了表达更简洁，祈使句部分也用名词性短语来表达，而前边的祈使句相当于if引导的条件句。
Try it again，and you’ll succeed．
＝If you try it again，you’ll succeed．
再试一次，你会成功的。
Another week，and the railway station will be completed．再有一周的时间火车站就竣工了。
(3)由let’s或let us引导的祈使句
let’s引导的祈使句，包括听话者本人在内，表示建议，反意疑问部分用shall we。由let us引导的祈使句不包括听话者本人在内，表示请求，反意疑问部分要用will you。
(4)其他表示祈使概念的结构
“Why not do sth.?”为“Why don’t you do sth.?”的另外一种表达方式，用以委婉提出建议，与其相类似表达祈使概念的句型还有：You’d better／best +do sth.
You’d better go to school early tomorrow．
明天你最好早点去上学。
with复合结构
【原句回放】Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body—and then eat them!(P12)有些鱼用它们身上的一种光吸引其他鱼——然后吃掉它们!
【点拨】with复合结构
①with+宾语+介词短语
We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall．
我们背靠墙坐在干草上。
He was asleep with his head on his arms．他头枕着双臂睡着了。
②with+宾语+过去分词
All the afternoon he worked with his door locked．
整个下午他都在闭门工作。
She sat with her head bent．她低着头坐着。
③with+宾语+现在分词
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．
我母亲病了，我将不能去度假。
④with+宾语+副词
With all lights on，he went out．灯都亮着他就出去了。
With nobody in，the house was broken into．屋里没人，有人闯了进去。
⑤with+宾语+不定式
With nothing to do，I went on shopping．没事可做，我就继续逛街。
⑥with+宾语+形容词
With the glass broken the boy cried．杯子碎了，那个男孩哭了起来。
the more...the more...
【原句回放】Special discount before the 22nd SO the sooner the better!(P13)22日前特价，所以越早越好!
【点拨】the more...the more...
此句型表示“越……就越……”，是一个复合句句型，其中前面的句子是状语从句，后面的句子是主句。the用在形容词或副词的比较级前，more代表形容词或副词的比较级。
The more she learns，the more she wants to learn．
她越学越想学。
The harder you work，the greater progress you will make．
你越努力，进步就越大。
The less he worried, the better he worked.
他越不烦恼,工作就干得越好。
巩固练习
单词拼写
1.No one can predict （预言） whether （污染）will ever be stopped.
2.With the development of （工业）and
（农业），more and more waste is produced to pollute things around us.
3.Swimming in this river is （禁止）.
4.How we can with （处理） this problem remains to be discussed.
5.Dolphins are always of great_______ (智商）so that children like to play with them.
6.At the meeting the secretary （呈现，提出） the project to the committee.
7. (2019 河北邯郸期末) He __________ (道歉)to the people who had been affected.
8. Magellan was a famous sixteenth-century _________ (探险家).
单项填空
1. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years.
A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which
2. The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
A. which B. whose C. when D. where
3.The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
4.Cairo said the work would be done by October， personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
5. This is the river was polluted.
A. what B. how C. that D. whether
6.These books， he read some，were written by Lu Xun.
A. which B. among which C. of which D. with which
7.A survey was carried out on the death rate of newly-born babies in that region， were surprising.
A .the results of it B. as results C. the results of which D. which results
8. He often wrote to the writers he thought would help him to become a writer，too.
A. whom B. who C. when D. because[
9. The knife he cut the bread is very sharp.
A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which
10. Pass me the book cover is red.
A. which B. whose C. what D. that
11. She told us such a story that we were to tears.
A. moving；moved B. moving；moving
C. moved；moved D. moved；moving
12. I was at the news.
A. exciting；exciting B. excited；excited
C. exciting；excited D. excited；exciting
13. Seeing the tiger，the little girl stood there with a look on her face.
A. frightening；frightening B. frightened；frightened
C. frightening；frightened D .frightened；frightening
14. —Your tie looks smart. It with your shirt perfectly.
—Thanks. I’m glad you like it.
A. matches B. meets C. agrees D. goes
15. (2019江苏盐城期末) I don’t think the word makes any sense in the sentence as it is a(n) _________ different situation.
A. altogether B. constantly C. otherwise D. gradually
16. (2019北京西城期末) The Yellow River is _________ the Pearl River.
A. twice long as B. twice as long as C. as twice longer as D. as long twice as
答案与解析：
单词拼写
1.pollution 2.industry，agriculture 3.banned 4.deal
5. intelligence 6.presented 7. apologized 8. explorer
单项选择
1.C。句意：她带领游客参观博物馆，其建造已耗时三年多。非限制性定语从句的关系词与先行词构成修饰关系，即the construction of the museum “博物馆的建造”。故选C项。
2.B。句意：这个学校商店，其主要顾客是学生，因为放假暂停营业。根据句子结构及句意可确定该题考查定语从句。which引导定语从句，充当从句的主语、宾语或表语；whose充当定语从句的定语，根据句意确定此选项符合要求；when和 where分别充当定语从句中的时间状语和地点状语，不符合句意和语法需要。
3.B。which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。
4.D。which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。
5.B。句意：这条河就是这样被污染的。how引导表语从句。
6.C。of which引导定语从句，修饰these books。
7.C。the results of which 引导定语从句，which指a survey。
8.B。who引导定语从句，修饰the writers，并在从句中作主语。
9.A解析：根据句意“他切面包的那把刀子很锋利”可知应用with which。
10.B解析：whose引导定语从句并在从句中作定语。
11.A解析：moving令人感动的；moved指自身感动的。
12.D解析：excited是自身激动的；exciting 是令人激动的。
13.C解析： the tiger 具有令人害怕的特征，小女孩感到害怕这种心理活动呈现在脸上。
14.D解析：句意:“你的领带看上去很时尚，它与你的衬衫匹配完美。”“谢谢，我非常高兴你喜欢。”go with=match“与……匹配”。
15. A。我认为这个词在这个句子中没有什么意义，因为情景完全不同。altogether 总共，完全地；constantly 始终，一直；otherwise 否则，别的方式；gradually 逐步地。根据句意，选A。
16. B。句意：黄河是珠江的两倍长。表示倍数的句型之一是“倍数+as +形容词 + as +...”，所以选B。
目标认知
重点词汇
matter，voyage，achieve，control，further，commit，persuade，eventually，deed，apologise
protect，pollution，remind，altogether，responsible，real，feed，energetic，intelligent
especially，educate，attract，discount，measure
重点短语
deal with，set sail，according to，get into trouble，make it，in search of，
be known as，make sure，up-to-date，watch out
重点句型
would like to do sth
“介词+关系代词”
what作连接代词的用法
“倍数”表达法
It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
祈使句的用法归纳
with复合结构
the more...the more...
知识讲解
重点词汇
matter
【原句回放】Do you think it matters which Europeans first reached America?(P8)你认为是哪一批欧洲人最早到达美洲重要吗?
【点拨】matter
分析：该句中谓语动词后面是宾语从句，it作形式主语，真正的主语是which Europeans first reached America。
It is difficult to finish the task on time． 按时完成这项任务很难。
(1)vi. 要紧，重要，有关系
It doesn’t matter what you are dressed in．你穿什么并不重要。
Did it matter how many people talked or what they said?
有多少人说了话或者他们说了些什么有什么要紧的吗?
温馨提示：matter通常用于疑问句或否定句中。
(2)n. [C]事情，问题
It is a matter of life-and-death for them．
对他们来说，这是生死攸关的问题。
归纳拓展
as a matter of fact＝in fact实际上，事实上
a matter of...……的问题
voyage
【原句回放】VIKING VOYAGES TO AMERICA(P8)北欧海盗航行到美洲
【点拨】voyage n. 航海，航空；vi. 航行，航海，(尤指)远航
常用结构
make a voyage航海
on the voyage out在出航途中
on the voyage home在返航途中
易混辨析
voyage，journey，trip，travel与tour
(1)voyage多指航海。
(2)journey指到某一目的地的旅行，距离较远，多指陆地。
(3)tour指周游，往往指绕行后回到原出发点。
(4)travel泛指旅游，多用于长途旅行。
(5)trip指短途旅行。
Columbus succeeded in making a voyage to America in 1492．
哥伦布于1492年成功地航行至美洲。
We’ll make a journey to Beijing by train．我们将乘火车去北京。
He made a tour of Shanghai last week．上周他去了一趟上海。
We had eight days’ travel by car．我们乘小汽车游历了八天。
He will take a weekend trip to the seaside．他周末将去海边旅行。
achieve
【原句回放】They achieved this long before Columbus ever set sail．(P8)早在哥伦布起航之前，他们就已经到达那里了。
【点拨】achieve vt．完成，实现，达到(目的等)
achievement n．完成，达到，成就，成绩
He will never achieve anything if he doesn’t work hard．如果不努力工作，他将一事无成。
He’s lucky enough to have achieved such great progress．他真幸运，取得了如此大的进步。
(2019 陕西高考) Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for what Doris Lessing had achieved in literature. 读完了她的自传后，我对多丽丝·莱辛在文学上的成就非常敬佩。
归纳拓展
achieve success获得成功
achieve victory取得胜利
achieve one’s purpose达到某人的目的
achieve one’s aim／goal实现某人的目标
control
【原句回放】They controlled the seas and coasts of Northern Europe between the 8th and 10th centuries AD．(P8)公元8世纪到10世纪期间，他们控制着北欧海面和沿海地区。
【点拨】control vt. 控制，支配；n. [U]控制，管理
常用结构
be out of control失去控制
be under the control of受……的控制
be in control of控制着……
be in the control of受……的控制
(2019 北京高考) To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 输入). 为了达到减少体重的目标---输出，我们需要控制吃的东西----输入。
Nowadays Iraq is out of control completely．America is to blame．
如今伊拉克完全失控了，美国应该受到谴责。
further
【原句回放】In 982 AD，when a man called Eric the Red decided to set sail further west，there were as many as 10，000 Vikings living in Iceland．(P8)公元982年，冰岛上生活着多达10，000的北欧海盗，就在此时，一个叫埃里克·雷德的人决定向西远航。
在本句中when引导时间状语从句；called Eric the Red为过去分词短语作定语，修饰a man；living in Iceland为现在分词短语作定语，修饰Vikings。
【点拨】further
(1)adv. 更远，较远；进一步，进一层
We must go further into the question．我们必须进一步研究这个问题。
(2)adj. 较远的；更进一步的，更多的
Have you anything further to add?你还有什么要进一步补充的吗?
(3)adv. 而且，此外
We must do our work faster，and further better．
我们要把工作做得更快一些，而且要做得更好一些。
(4)vt. 促进，推进，助长
He went abroad to further his study．他去国外深造了。
温馨提示
farther—farthest多指具体的距离“较远”，“最远”。
further—furthest多指程度上“进一步”，“最深”等抽象意义。
commit
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】commit
①vt. 犯(罪、错等)，做(坏事)
They committed many horrible crimes against Chinese people．
他们对中国人民犯下了许多滔天罪行。
②vt. 花(钱或时间)
The company committed its profit to building new factories．
那个公司把盈利投入到了兴建新工厂上。
常用结构
commit oneself to(doing) sth．承担义务做某事，承诺做某事
commit some money／time to(doing) sth．花费一些金钱或时间做某事／在某事上
commit a crime犯罪
归纳拓展
commitment n. 承诺，已承诺(或同意)的事
persuade
【原句回放】He persuaded some people to go back with him to Greenland．(P8)他说服一些人与他一起回到格陵兰岛。
【点拨】 persuade
(1)vt. 说服，劝服
You might be able to persuade him．你也许能说服他。
常用结构
persuade sb. into／out of doing sth. (＝argue／talk sb. into／out of doing sth.)说服某人做／不做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
persuade sb. that...使某人相信……
I have persuaded him into doing it．我已说服他去做这件事。
He persuaded me out of dropping the experiment．
他劝我不要放弃这个实验。
I am persuaded that he is innocent．我相信他无罪。
(2)vi. 被说服
He persuades easily．他容易被说服。
易混辨析
persuade，convince与advise
(1)persuade和convince的意思均为“说服”；前者着重情感上的“敦促，劝告”，后者着重理智方面的“辩证，证明”。两者都可用于以下结构：
persuade／convince sb. that...
persuade／convince sb. to do sth.
persuade／convince sb. of sth.
He persuaded me that the book was not worth buying．
他说服我那本书不值得买。
(2)persuade和convince都表示结果，即“说服了”；若表示“说服”或“劝说”的动作，常用try to persuade／convince，也可用advise来表示。
I tried to persuade／I advised him to start early but he didn’t listen．
我(尽力)劝说他早点动身，可他不听。
eventually
【原句回放】Biarni was hoping to join his father who was with Eric，but he was blown off course and found himself in an unknown land，from where he eventually reached Greenland．(P8)比阿尼希望找到和埃里克在一起的父亲，但是他被吹离了航线，结果发现自己在一个未知的地方，从那里他最终抵达格陵兰岛。
本句为but连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰his father；第二个分句中含有from where引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰an unknown land。
【点拨】eventually adv. 最终，终于
He worked so hard that eventually he made himself ill．
他工作太努力，最终病倒了。
She eventually passed her driving test．
她最终通过了驾驶考试。
易混辨析
eventually与at last
①eventually意为“(作为结果而)终于(发生)，最终”。
If the population goes on increasing at the present rate，there will eventually not be enough resources left on earth to sustain human life．
如果人口继续按现在的速度增长，最后地球上剩下的资源将不够维持人类生命。
②at last通常表示“(在长久等待以后)终于(发生)”。
At last the spring came after a long severe winter．
经过漫长而严酷的寒冬，春天终于来临了。
deed
【原句回放】We know about Eric the Red and Leif’s deeds through stories which were written down centuries later in Norway and Iceland．(P8)我们从几个世纪之后挪威和冰岛记载下来的传说中得知埃里克·雷德和赖伊夫的事迹。
本句中which引导限制性定语从句，修饰stories。
【点拨】 deed n．行为，行动
We all consider that you did a good deed．我们都认为你做了件好事。
常用结构
good／evil deeds好／坏事
do a good deed做一件好事
in deed实际上
in name but not in deed名义上而不是实际上
It is not difficult to do a good deed．but it’s difficult to do good deeds in life．
做一件好事并不难，难的是一辈子做好事。
apologise
【原句回放】Mr. Johnson apologised for the mistake．(P9)约翰逊先生因为这个错误而道了歉。
【点拨】 apologise (也写作apologize) vi．道歉
常用结构
apologise for(doing) sth. 为(做)某事表示歉意
apologise to sb. for(doing) sth. 为(做)某事向某人道歉
I apologise to her for stepping on her feet．我因踩到她的脚而向她道歉。
归纳拓展
apologist n. 辩护者
apology n. 道歉，认错
常用结构：make／offer an apology to sb. for(doing) sth. 因(做)某事而向某人道歉
But, not everyone knows how to make an apology.
但是,不是每个人都知道在犯错后该怎样道歉。
protect
【原句回放】Protecting the Sea(P10)保护海洋
【点拨】protect vt. 保护，保卫
常用结构
Eyelash can protect your eyes from the dust．
睫毛可以保护你的眼睛不受灰尘的伤害。
I’ll protect you／myself from being insulted．
我将保护你／我自己免受侮辱。
These tree belts protect 500，000 acres of farmland against shifting sand．
这些防护林带保护了500，000英亩的农田不受流沙的侵袭。
【拓展1】protection n. [U]保护
under the protection of在……的保护下
【拓展2】“阻止……做某事”的几种表达
prevent...(from) doing sth．
stop...(from) doing sth．
protect...from doing sth．
keep...from doing sth．
温馨提示
在上述四个动词短语中，protect...from doing sth．和keep...from doing sth．中的from不能省略，其他两个短语中的from可以省略。
pollution
【原句回放】What is sea pollution?(P10)什么是海洋污染?
【点拨】 pollution n．污染
air pollution空气污染
the pollution of atmosphere大气污染
归纳拓展
pollute vt. 使污染
polluted adj. 被污染的，被玷污的
polluter n. 污染者，污染源
The dark smoke from the factories has seriously polluted the environment of our city．
这些工厂排出来的黑烟已经严重地污染了我们城市的环境。
remind
【原句回放】If you miss some information，write a question mark to remind you to listen especially carefully the second time．(P10)如果你错过了一些信息，打上问号以提醒你第二次特别仔细地听。
【点拨】remind vt. 使想起，提醒
常用结构
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
remind sb. that...使某人想起……
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事
It reminds me that I must order some more butter．
这使我想起我得多订购一些黄油。
This will always remind me of you．
这会使我经常想起你。
Did you remind him of the book he borrowed?
你提醒他关于他借的书了吗?
When I reminded her，she shook her head．
当我提醒她时，她摇了摇头。
归纳拓展
recall sth. to sb. 使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人某事
温馨提示
reminder为名词，意思是“提示，使某人回想起某事的人或物”。
The waiters were cleaning the tables，which served as a reminder that it was time to leave．
服务员们在收拾桌子，提醒顾客该走了。
altogether
【原句回放】Some fish may disappear altogether．(P11)有些鱼可能会完全消失。
【点拨】altogether adv.
①完全，全部
That’s altogether different. 那完全不一样。
She was not altogether pleased with her new dress．
她对自己的新衣服不甚满意。
②总而言之，总之
It was raining，but altogether it was a good trip．
天下了雨，不过总而言之，那是一次不错的旅行。
③总共，一共
You owe me $50 altogether．你一共欠我50美元。
温馨提示
altogether作“完全，全部”讲时，与not连用表示部分否定。
易混辨析
altogether与all together
altogether表示“总共”、“总之”或“完全地”；all together表示“一起，同时”。
Altogether，I consider it wrong．总的说来，我认为这是错误的。
We’re all together again．我们大家又相聚了。
responsible
【原句回放】... often it’s quite difficult to find who’s responsible for pollution．(P11)……通常很难找到谁应为污染负责。
【点拨】responsible adj. 有责任的，应负责任的
常用结构：
He is my son and I’m responsible for him．
他是我的儿子，我对他负责。
Who is responsible for the mess?
谁对混乱状况负责?
温馨提示
responsible作前置定语与作后置定语意思不同。
a responsible person一个可信赖的人／可靠的人
the person responsible负责人，主管人
real
【原句回放】We have polar bears and a real iceberg too!(P12)我们有北极熊，还有一座真正的冰山!
【点拨】real adj. 真正的，真实的
Do you know the real reason for her absence? 你知道她缺席的真正原因吗?
Father Christmas isn't real．圣诞老人不是真有其人。
I'm learning to skate on real ice．我在真正的冰上学溜冰。
归纳拓展：reality n. 事实，现实
易混辨析：real，actual，true与practical
1. actual指“实际上”、“事实上”存在或发生的事情，或人所共知的客观事实。
The actual cost of repairs was a lot less than we had expected.
实际的修理费用比我们预期的要低得多。
2. real指“真实存在的，不是假的或捏造的。
He is just a recent graduate experiencing the real world for the first time.
他只是一个刚毕业首次体验现实世界的毕业生。
3. true: 所代表的事实，强调的是和事实相符的。
What she said was completely true because I saw what happened myself.
她说的完全符合事实，因为我也亲眼所见。
4. true 或real用作修饰一个实体，表示这完全是“真的”，不是伪造的。
It’s a true/real pearl. 这是真珍珠.
5. practical指从实践、实用角度讲“实事求是的，可行的，有实际经验的”。
This kind of product is worthless for all practical purposes.
这种产品毫无实用价值。
feed
【原句回放】Watch the acrobatic seals at feeding time．(P12)(你可以)在(给海豹)喂食时观看海豹杂技。
【点拨】feed vt. ＆ vi. 饲养，喂养，靠……为生
常用结构
feed sb. ／sth. on sth. 为某人／某物提供某物为食
feed sth. to sb. ／sth. 以某物作为食物喂养某人／某物
feed on／upon sth. 以某物为食物
Please feed some grass to the cow.请给牛喂点草。
She has fed milk to the baby.她已给婴儿喂过奶。
The child was feeding the monkey on/with a banana.那孩子用香蕉喂猴子。
Cattle feed mostly on grass.牛以草为主食。
归纳拓展
live on靠……为生(多用于指人)
energetic
【原句回放】Meet our less energetic but more friendly penguins．(P12)会会我们不爱运动却非常友好的企鹅。
【点拨】energetic adj. 有活力的
He is an energetic tennis player．他是一名精力充沛的网球运动员。
Cool autumn days make us feel energetic．
凉爽的秋日使我们感到精力充沛。
归纳拓展
energy n. 精力，干劲；能量，能源
energetically adv. 精力充沛地
易混辨析
active，energetic，lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意，其区别如下：
(1)active指有活动能力，强调与消极或静止相反的积极活动状态。
(2)energetic指精力充沛，奋力从事某事业。
(3)lively强调机智、有生气。
intelligent
【原句回放】See our intelligent dolphins．(P12)看看我们聪明的海豚。
【点拨】intelligent adj. 有才智的，理解力强的
Human beings are much more intelligent than animals．人类比动物聪明得多。
归纳拓展
intellectual adj. 有才智的，脑力的，理智的
intelligence n. 智力，理解力，才智，信息
intellect n. 智力，才智超群的人
He is obviously a mail of very high intelligence．
很明显，他是个高智商的人。
She is an intellect．她是一个才智超群的人。
易混辨析
bright，clever，wise，brilliant，smart与intelligent
这些形容词均含有“聪明的”之意，其区别如下：
(1)bright为口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷、理解力强、机灵等。
(2)clever强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定能够全面妥当地考虑问题。
(3)wise侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见、有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
(4)brilliant指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
(5)smart为普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
(6)intelligent为正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象的东西或在处理、解决问题时，智力超过一般人。
especially
【原句回放】Especially for younger children．(P12)(这是)特别为小孩子设计的。
【点拨】especially adv. 尤其，特别
Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
噪音是令人不愉快的，特别是当你设法睡觉时。
易混辨析
especially与specially
(1)especially(＝particularly) adv. 意为“尤其，特别”，强调程度，用来修饰形容词、介词短语或状语从句。
(2)specially adv．意为“专门地，特别地”，表示为了某个特殊目的而做某事。
He likes the country，especially in spring．
他喜欢乡村，尤其是在春天。
These textbooks are specially written for English beginners．
这些课本是专门为英语初学者而写的。
educate
【原句回放】They can be educated about daily life on the beach in this exciting area．(P12)他们可以在这个令人兴奋的环境里接受海滩上日常生活的教育。
【点拨】educate vt. 教育
He has been educated at college．他接受过大学教育。
It is a difficult task to educate children．教育孩子是件困难的事。
归纳拓展
educated adj. 受过教育的
education n. 教育，教育学
educational adj. ．教育的，有教育意义的
educationally adv. 教育地，有教育意义地
educator n. 教育家，教育工作者
A child receives his early education at home．儿童在家接受早期教育。
They have a perfect educational system．
他们有一套完善的教育制度。
常用结构
educate oneself自学
educate the ear to music培养音乐鉴赏能力
a man of little education没有受过多少教育的人
compulsory education义务教育
adult education成人教育
易混辨析
educate与teach
两者都可指“教，教育”，但teach只强调教给学生知识，侧重教的动作，而educate强调教育的目的以及培养的结果。
attract
【原句回放】Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body—and then eat them!(P12)有些鱼用它们身上的一种光吸引其他鱼——然后吃掉它们!
【点拨】attract vt. 吸引
She was attracted by his smile．她被他的微笑吸引住了。
Flowers attract bees．花儿招引蜜蜂。
The moon attracts the earth’s seas．月球对地球上的海洋有吸引力。
常用结构
attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力
attract sh. (to sb.／sth.)(某物)吸引某人，(某人)引起某人的好感或爱慕
归纳拓展
attraction n. 吸引(力)，有吸引力的人或物
attractive adj. 有吸引力的，引人注意的
attractively adv. 有吸引力地
discount
【原句回放】Special discount before the 22nd so the sooner the better!(P13)22日前特价，所以越早越好!
【点拨】discount n. [C，U]折扣，减价
常用结构
at a discount打折扣，没销路，不值钱，不受重视
We gave(a)10 per cent discount for cash．
现金付款，我们予以九折优惠。
Is honesty at a discount today? 诚实在今天不值钱了吗?
温馨提示
discount原意为“不计算(在内)”，因而指某物减价出售时所减去的百分比。中文“折扣”意为扣除所减百分比之后余下的百分比。换言之，中文说九折，英文是10% discount；中文说八折，英文是20% discount，依此类推。
他以九折的价钱买下了这套房子。
(×)He bought the house at a 90% discount．
(√)He bought the house at a 10% discount．
measure
【原句回放】An average fish like this measures 90 centimetres in length，and it can weigh as much as 30 kilos．(P13)像这样的鱼，平均每条有90厘米长。并且体重可达30千克。
【点拨】measure
(1)n. 量度，测量，尺寸
I took the measure of the desk．我量了那张课桌的尺寸。
(2)n. 程度，范围，适度，分寸
He didn’t become rich in business，but he succeeded in some measure．
他做生意没有变富，但在某种程度上他算成功了。
(3)n．措施，办法
The medicine may not help him，but it is the only measure I can take before the doctor comes．
这种药可能对他没帮助，但在医生到来之前我只能采取这种办法。
(4)v. 量，计量，丈量，测量
He measured his daughter for a new dress．
他为他的女儿量尺寸做新衣服。
常用结构
in a certain measure在一定程度上
take sb.’s measure＝take the measure of sb. 给某人量尺寸，摸清某人的底细
set measures to限制，约束
take measures to do sth．采取措施做某事
measure for measure以牙还牙
重点短语
deal with
【原句回放】How can we deal with this problem?(PIO)我们怎样才能处理这个问题呢?
【点拨】deal with
(1)与……做买卖
We’ve been dealing with Mr. Wang for many years．
我们已经与王先生做了多年生意。
(2)对付
The person is hard to deal with．这个人很难对付。
(3)处理，安排
He’s able to deal with all kinds of troublesome cases．
他能处理各种棘手的案件。
(4)论述，涉及
That book deals with Asian problems．
那本书论述了亚洲问题。
温馨提示
how通常与deal with连用，what通常与do with连用。
How can we deal with this problem?
＝What can we do with this problem?
我们如何才能解决这个问题?
set sail
【原句回放】They achieved this long before Columbus ever set sail．(P8)早在哥伦布起航之前，他们就已经到达那里了。
【点拨】set sail起航
常用结构：set sail for someplace 起航去某地
We set sail at dawn and headed for New York.
我们在黎明起程，直驶纽约。
Whatever the weather is like tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao.
无论明天什么天气，我们的船都会起航去澳门。
【拓展1】sail n. 乘船航行；vi. (船)航行，开船，驾驶(或乘坐)帆船航行
sailing n．帆船运动，(乘帆船的)航行
The ship is sailing for England．这艘船正驶向英格兰。
Sailing is loved by a lot of people．许多人都爱帆船运动。
【拓展2】关于set的常用结构
set about着手处理，开始做（接名词或动名词）
set out动身，打算，开始（接动词不定式）
set aside搁置，取消，留出
set down放下，记下
set fire to使燃烧，纵火烧
set foot on／in登上，涉足
set off动身，出发，使爆炸
set up建立，创立
She set about answering letters as soon as she arrived at the office．她一到办公室就开始写回信。
They succeeded in what they set out to do．他们打算做的事做好了。
according to
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】according to根据，依照（接名词、名词性短语或从句）
According to my watch，it’s four o’clock．依照我的表，现在是4点。
He is an honest businessman, according to what everyone says.
根据大家所说，他是位诚实的商人。
【拓展】according as依照，取决于
You may go or stay according as you decide．
你可以走也可以留，由你决定。
易混辨析：according to与by
两者都有“依照，根据”的意思，但其用法有所区别：
①指依据非常确定的事物(如the clock，the voice，the appearance，the smell等)时，by和according to可换用。
By／According to my watch，it is 10:00．依照我的表，现在是10点。
②by不能用于指“人”的词前，according to不能和me，opinion等连用。
Don’t judge a person by his looks．不要以貌取人。
get into trouble
【原句回放】According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway，Eric the Red was forced to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder，for which he got into trouble．(P8)根据冰岛和挪威古老的传说，埃里克·雷德因犯了谋杀罪而惹上麻烦，被迫离开冰岛。
【点拨】get into trouble遇到麻烦，出事了
He is always getting into trouble when he is out．
He got into trouble when he got to America．到美国时，他碰到了麻烦。
归纳拓展
①asking／looking for trouble自找麻烦
It’s asking for trouble to associate with criminals．
和罪犯打交道是自找麻烦。
Aren’t you looking for trouble?
难道你不是在自寻烦恼吗?
②be in trouble有麻烦，有困难
If you don’t pay the bill．you are going to be in trouble．
若你不付账单，你就会有麻烦。
③get sb．into trouble使某人陷入困境
Watch out，you can’t get her into trouble．
小心点，你不能给她惹麻烦。
④trouble vt．使忧虑，使烦恼
trouble sb. (to do sth.)打扰某人(做某事)
Could I trouble you to open the window，please?
劳驾，请您把窗户打开好吗?
make it
【原句回放】Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland．(P8)埃里克又一次起航了，这一次有25艘船与他同行，但其中只有14艘到达格陵兰岛。
本句中的of which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰25 ships。
【点拨】make it做成某事，获得成功
I just made it to the washroom before throwing up．
我忍住呕吐，及时冲进了洗手间。
I never thought she would make it as an actress．
我从来没有想到她会成为一名女演员。
归纳拓展
get it懂得，理解，明白
catch it受惩罚，受斥责
Oh，the paper is supposed to go in this side up．I get it．
哦，纸得这面朝上放进去。我明白了。
You will catch it if your mother finds out．
如果你妈知道了，那你就要挨骂了。
in search of
【原句回放】Not long after Eric the Red had landed in Greenland，a man called Biarni set sail from Iceland in search of Eric’s party．(P8)埃里克·雷德登上格陵兰岛后不久，一个叫比阿尼的人从冰岛起航来寻找埃里克一行人。
【点拨】 in search of （为了）寻找，寻求（短语介词，多表示目的）
They started off at once in search of the missing girl．他们立即出发去寻找那个丢失的女孩。
The boys went in search of something to eat. 孩子们去找东西吃。
【拓展】search vt. 搜查(某人或某地方)
常用结构：
search for 寻找（接具体的目标）
search after 探索，寻找（后常接抽象名词）
search out 找出，查出
search...for... 搜查……以寻找……
a/the search for 在寻找……
He searched his pockets for the key. 他翻遍了自己的口袋找钥匙。
They searched him but found nothing. 他们搜了他的身，但没有找到什么。
We searched the whole forest for the girl. 我们搜遍了整个森林找那个小女孩。
We are on the way searching for truth. 我们在探求真相的路上。
Many people spend years searching after peace of mind, often with little success.
许多人花了数年的时间寻找心灵的平和，经常不怎么成功。
The police at once began a search for a criminal. 警察立刻开始搜寻罪犯。
be known as
【原句回放】He then sailed further south to an island which is now known as Newfoundland．(P8)然后他继续南行至现在叫做纽芬兰的岛屿。
【点拨】be known as 作为……而出名，被认为是
Beijing is known as the capital of China．北京作为中国的首都而出名。
Lu Xun was known as the greatest writer of China in the 1920s and 1930s．
鲁迅作为中国20世纪二三十年代最伟大的作家而出名。
对比：
be known for 因……而出名
be known to 为……所熟悉
He is known to the police because of his previous criminal record.
他因以前的犯罪记录而为警察所知。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
【拓展】make oneself known to 对……作自我介绍
as is well known众所周知
make sure
【原句回放】Make sure you know what you have to do…(P10)确保你知道必须要做的事……
【点拨】make sure搞清楚，弄明白，确保
Father makes sure that all the lights are off before he goes to bed．
睡觉前，父亲确保所有的灯都熄灭了。
He looked behind to make sure he was not being followed．
他向后看了看，确保没被人跟踪。
Have you made sure of／about the time of the train?
你已弄清楚这列火车的时间了吗?
【拓展】be sure that...确信……，确保……
be sure to do一定做……
be sure of／about对……确信，对……有把握
do sth. for sure肯定做某事，确定做某事
She wanted to be sure that her baby was being looked after．
她想确保有人在照看她的孩子。
Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there．
确保一到那儿你就给我写信。
I’m sure of his success．我肯定他会成功。
He said he would give US his decision for sure by Wednesday．
他说周三之前一定给我们他的决定。
温馨提示
(1)上述短语中的sure都可用certain代替，但在It is certain that...句型中，只能用certain，不能用sure。
(2)be sure of／about／that...的主语多为人，意指“(主语)相信／确信……”
up-to-date
【原句回放】Our most up-to-date attraction．(P12)我们最新、最具吸引力的活动。
【点拨】up-to-date adj. 现代的，新式的
His idea is up-to-date，though he is old．
虽然他年纪大了，但他的思想却紧跟时代。
归纳拓展
(1)out of date过时的，陈旧的
The information in the book is out of date．这本书中的信息已过时了。
(2)date from／date back to追溯到
The old temple dates from／dates back to 2，000 years ago．
这座古庙要追溯到2，000年前。
watch out
【原句回放】Watch out! (P12)要当心哦!
【点拨】 watch out(＝look out)当心，注意
If you don’t watch out，you’ll be cheated．如果你不小心，你就会上当。
Watch out! There is a car coming．小心，有汽车来了!
归纳拓展
(1)watch it(＝watch out)当心
Watch it when you handle the glasses! 拿这些玻璃杯时要当心!
(2)watch out for小心提防，密切注意
Watch out for a tall man with a black hat
当心一个戴黑帽子的高个男子。
(3)watch over照看，看守
He is watching over his father’s sheep．他正在替父亲放羊。
重点句型
would like to do sth.
【原句回放】I’d like to go surfing at Sanya，Hainan Island．(P7)我想去海南岛的三亚冲浪。
【点拨】 would like to do sth．愿意做某事，想要做某事
Don’t turn the radio off．I'd like to hear the evening news．
别把收音机关掉，我想听晚间新闻。
I was wondering if you’d like to go to the concert tomorrow night．
我在想你明天晚上是否愿意去听那场音乐会。
温馨提示
would like to have done sth．表示“本打算做某事”。
I would like to have read the article，but I was very busy then．
我本想读一读这篇文章的，但我当时太忙了。
“介词+关系代词”
【原句回放】In the year 1002，when Eric the Red’s son Leif was planning a trip further west。Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans．(P8)在1002年。当埃里克·雷德的儿子赖伊夫打算继续向西航行时，比阿尼就是和他一同商量他的西行计划的人。
when Eric the Red’s son...为关系副词when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the year 1002；with whom…为“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the man。
【点拨】“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
(1)“介词+which”在从句中可以作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。
The factory in which(＝where)1 work is a large one．我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。
This is the reason for which(＝why)he was put it prison．这就是他为什么被关进监狱的原因。
(2)“短语介词+which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作地点状语，表示存在的关系，关系分句主谓常倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy．
他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。
I saw a man，on the head of whom stood a bird．
我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
(3)“介词+which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作目的、方式或地点状语，这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词制约。
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?
你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?
The man，from whom I learned the news，is an engineer．
这个人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得知这个消息的。
(4)“介词by + which(指物)／whom(指人)”用于被动结构的从句中，在从句中作状语，说明动作的发出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot．
杀死羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter．
打死狼的那个人是一个好猎手。
(5)“介词of + which”在从句中作后置定语，代替前置定语“whose”。
He mentioned a book，the title of which(＝whose title) I’ve forgotten．
他提到一本书，书名我忘了。
(6)“介词+which(指物)／whose(指人)”修饰后面的名词。
It rained all night and all day，during which time the ship broke into pieces．
雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the map．
这个司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。
(7)“不定代词或数词+介词of + which(指物)／whom(指人)”在从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
China has a lot of islands，one of which is Taiwan．
中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film．
这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这部电影。
what作连接代词的用法
【原句回放】Leif followed Biarni’s directions and sailed to what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada．(P8)赖伊夫依照比阿尼的指点，航行到据说是现在的加拿大海岸所在地。
what is believed to be the coast of present-day Canada为介词to的宾语，由what引导，what在宾语从句中作主语。
【点拨】 what作连接代词的用法
引导名词性从句的what，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(1)具有疑问代词性质的what，意为“什么，什么样的”。
I don’t know what he needs．
我不知道他需要什么。(what在宾语从句中作宾语)
(2)在名词前表示感叹的what，意为“多么”。
Only then did I recognise what silly mistakes I had made．
在那时我才意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。(what在宾语从句中作定语)
(3)具有关系代词性质的what，意为“……的……”。what在此相当于“the+名词+that”或者all that，既包含了先行词也包含了关系代词。
What(＝The thing that) happened after that was interesting．
那之后发生的事很有意思。(what在主语从句中作主语)
China is no longer what(＝the China that)it used to be．
中国再也不是以前的中国了。(what在表语从句中作表语)
The boy dived into water and after what(＝the time that)seemed to be a long time，he came up again．
那个男孩跳进水里，好像过了很久之后，他才又从水里钻出来。(what在宾语从句中作主语)
“倍数”表达法
【原句回放】You can only see a small part of it above the water．It’s three times as big underwater．(P12)你只能看见冰山在水上的一小部分。水下部分是水上部分的3倍大。
【点拨】“倍数”表达法
(1)倍数+形容词／副词的比较级+than…
Line AB is three times longer than line CD．
线段AB比线段CD长3倍／是线段CD的4倍长。
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom．
这个大厅比我们的教室大5倍／是我们教室的6倍大。
(2)倍数+as+形容词／副词的原级+as...
This table is three times as long as that one．这张桌子是那张桌子的3倍长。
This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library．
这本词典的厚度是你从图书馆借的那本(厚度)的5倍。
(3)倍数+the+名词(如size，height，weight，length，width等)+of...
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon．
地球的体积是月球(体积)的49倍。
This river is three times the depth of that one．这条河是那条河的3倍深。
(4)倍数+more+名词+than...
He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago．
他现在挣的钱比10年前挣的(钱)多5倍／是10年前挣的钱的6倍。
There are twice more students in our class than in theirs．
我们班的学生人数比他们班的(学生人数)多2倍／是他们班的(学生人数的)3倍。
(5)倍数+as many(或much)+名词+as...
We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as(we did) ten years ago．
今年我们生产的棉花是10年前(我们生产的棉花)的2倍。
He has got three times as many books as his sister．
他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的(书的数量的)3倍。
(6)倍数+what从句
The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago．
这条路的长度是3年前的4倍。
The price of the meat is twice what it was last year．肉价是去年的2倍。
It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
【原句回放】…… often it’s quite difficult to find who’s responsible for pollution．(P11)……通常很难找到谁应为污染负责。
【点拨】It +be+ adj. ／n. +(for／of sb.) to do sth．句型
It is necessary to go over it again．
再检查一遍是有必要的。
It’s our duty to help you．
帮助你是我们的责任。
祈使句的用法归纳
【原句回放】Come with us on a“virtual reality”trip to the ocean floor and see some of the strangest fish in the world．(P12)来和我们一起“模拟航行”到海底，看一看世界上最奇异的一些鱼吧!
【点拨】祈使句的用法归纳
(1)祈使句通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等，常以动词原形开头，主语多为第二人称you，常省略。
(2)“祈使句+and／or+一般将来时的陈述句”结构
此句型中有时为了表达更简洁，祈使句部分也用名词性短语来表达，而前边的祈使句相当于if引导的条件句。
Try it again，and you’ll succeed．
＝If you try it again，you’ll succeed．
再试一次，你会成功的。
Another week，and the railway station will be completed．再有一周的时间火车站就竣工了。
(3)由let’s或let us引导的祈使句
let’s引导的祈使句，包括听话者本人在内，表示建议，反意疑问部分用shall we。由let us引导的祈使句不包括听话者本人在内，表示请求，反意疑问部分要用will you。
(4)其他表示祈使概念的结构
“Why not do sth.?”为“Why don’t you do sth.?”的另外一种表达方式，用以委婉提出建议，与其相类似表达祈使概念的句型还有：You’d better／best +do sth.
You’d better go to school early tomorrow．
明天你最好早点去上学。
with复合结构
【原句回放】Some fish attract other fish with a light on their body—and then eat them!(P12)有些鱼用它们身上的一种光吸引其他鱼——然后吃掉它们!
【点拨】with复合结构
①with+宾语+介词短语
We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall．
我们背靠墙坐在干草上。
He was asleep with his head on his arms．他头枕着双臂睡着了。
②with+宾语+过去分词
All the afternoon he worked with his door locked．
整个下午他都在闭门工作。
She sat with her head bent．她低着头坐着。
③with+宾语+现在分词
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．
我母亲病了，我将不能去度假。
④with+宾语+副词
With all lights on，he went out．灯都亮着他就出去了。
With nobody in，the house was broken into．屋里没人，有人闯了进去。
⑤with+宾语+不定式
With nothing to do，I went on shopping．没事可做，我就继续逛街。
⑥with+宾语+形容词
With the glass broken the boy cried．杯子碎了，那个男孩哭了起来。
the more...the more...
【原句回放】Special discount before the 22nd SO the sooner the better!(P13)22日前特价，所以越早越好!
【点拨】the more...the more...
此句型表示“越……就越……”，是一个复合句句型，其中前面的句子是状语从句，后面的句子是主句。the用在形容词或副词的比较级前，more代表形容词或副词的比较级。
The more she learns，the more she wants to learn．
她越学越想学。
The harder you work，the greater progress you will make．
你越努力，进步就越大。
The less he worried, the better he worked.
他越不烦恼,工作就干得越好。
巩固练习
单词拼写
1.No one can predict （预言） whether （污染）will ever be stopped.
2.With the development of （工业）and
（农业），more and more waste is produced to pollute things around us.
3.Swimming in this river is （禁止）.
4.How we can with （处理） this problem remains to be discussed.
5.Dolphins are always of great_______ (智商）so that children like to play with them.
6.At the meeting the secretary （呈现，提出） the project to the committee.
7. (2019 河北邯郸期末) He __________ (道歉)to the people who had been affected.
8. Magellan was a famous sixteenth-century _________ (探险家).
单项填空
1. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years.
A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which
2. The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
A. which B. whose C. when D. where
3.The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
4.Cairo said the work would be done by October， personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
5. This is the river was polluted.
A. what B. how C. that D. whether
6.These books， he read some，were written by Lu Xun.
A. which B. among which C. of which D. with which
7.A survey was carried out on the death rate of newly-born babies in that region， were surprising.
A .the results of it B. as results C. the results of which D. which results
8. He often wrote to the writers he thought would help him to become a writer，too.
A. whom B. who C. when D. because[
9. The knife he cut the bread is very sharp.
A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which
10. Pass me the book cover is red.
A. which B. whose C. what D. that
11. She told us such a story that we were to tears.
A. moving；moved B. moving；moving
C. moved；moved D. moved；moving
12. I was at the news.
A. exciting；exciting B. excited；excited
C. exciting；excited D. excited；exciting
13. Seeing the tiger，the little girl stood there with a look on her face.
A. frightening；frightening B. frightened；frightened
C. frightening；frightened D .frightened；frightening
14. —Your tie looks smart. It with your shirt perfectly.
—Thanks. I’m glad you like it.
A. matches B. meets C. agrees D. goes
15. (2019江苏盐城期末) I don’t think the word makes any sense in the sentence as it is a(n) _________ different situation.
A. altogether B. constantly C. otherwise D. gradually
16. (2019北京西城期末) The Yellow River is _________ the Pearl River.
A. twice long as B. twice as long as C. as twice longer as D. as long twice as
答案与解析：
单词拼写
1.pollution 2.industry，agriculture 3.banned 4.deal
5. intelligence 6.presented 7. apologized 8. explorer
单项选择
1.C。句意：她带领游客参观博物馆，其建造已耗时三年多。非限制性定语从句的关系词与先行词构成修饰关系，即the construction of the museum “博物馆的建造”。故选C项。
2.B。句意：这个学校商店，其主要顾客是学生，因为放假暂停营业。根据句子结构及句意可确定该题考查定语从句。which引导定语从句，充当从句的主语、宾语或表语；whose充当定语从句的定语，根据句意确定此选项符合要求；when和 where分别充当定语从句中的时间状语和地点状语，不符合句意和语法需要。
3.B。which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。
4.D。which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。
5.B。句意：这条河就是这样被污染的。how引导表语从句。
6.C。of which引导定语从句，修饰these books。
7.C。the results of which 引导定语从句，which指a survey。
8.B。who引导定语从句，修饰the writers，并在从句中作主语。
9.A解析：根据句意“他切面包的那把刀子很锋利”可知应用with which。
10.B解析：whose引导定语从句并在从句中作定语。
11.A解析：moving令人感动的；moved指自身感动的。
12.D解析：excited是自身激动的；exciting 是令人激动的。
13.C解析： the tiger 具有令人害怕的特征，小女孩感到害怕这种心理活动呈现在脸上。
14.D解析：句意:“你的领带看上去很时尚，它与你的衬衫匹配完美。”“谢谢，我非常高兴你喜欢。”go with=match“与……匹配”。
15. A。我认为这个词在这个句子中没有什么意义，因为情景完全不同。altogether 总共，完全地；constantly 始终，一直；otherwise 否则，别的方式；gradually 逐步地。根据句意，选A。
16. B。句意：黄河是珠江的两倍长。表示倍数的句型之一是“倍数+as +形容词 + as +...”，所以选B。