北师大版高中英语模块3 Unit 8 Adventure 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
概念引入：
我们已经学过了引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的用法，那么定语从句都是用来修饰、限制前面的名词或代词的吗？对比下面句子：
1. He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。
2. I found him in the woods, where there was a well-known tree.
我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。
3. Our guide, who was a Frenchman, was an excellent cook.
我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人。
4. She was not on the train which arrived just now.
她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上。
观察四个句子可以发现，句2和句3中的定语从句有逗号与句子的其它部分隔开，句1和句4却没有，那么有逗号和没有逗号的定语从句有区别吗？有什么区别呢？这就是这个单元我们要学习的内容。
语法点拨
先行词和关系词的关系
什么是定语从句？
修饰作主语、宾语、表语的名词或代词的句子就叫定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有：
关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
关系副词：when, where, why
试一试
把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句：
1. This is the school. I think it beautiful.
→This is the school which/that I think is beautiful. 这就是我认为很美的那所学校。
2. This is the school. We study in our school.
→This is the school which/that we study in.
→This is the school in which we study. 这就是我们学习的那所学校。
→This is the school where we study.
3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber.
→Do you know the room which/that is made of amber? 你知道那座用琥珀造的屋子吗？
4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news.
→I have read the newspaper which/that carries the important news.
我已经读了刊有那条重要消息的报纸了。
5. The boy is in my class. His father is a policeman.
→The boy whose father is a policeman is in my class.
父亲是警察的那个男孩儿在我的班里。
6. April 1 is the day. On the day people make fun of others.
April 1 is the day on which/ when people make fun of others.
4月1日是人们愚弄他人的日子。
小结
从上述定语从句的组合练习我们可以看出：
先行词和关系词的关系：
1. 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词 whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。再如：
A plane is a machine that can fly.
the machine = that
The boy who broke the window is called Wang Kai.
the boy =who
The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather.
the boy’s =whose
2. 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；关系副词代替先行词在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。再如：
I want to explain the reason why I was late for school.
why=for the reason
【限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
限制性和非限制性定语从句
什么是限制性定语从句？
Anyone should be punished.
( Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 违反规则的人应该受罚。
第一个句子不合常理，而加上定语从句后就合理了，也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。
什么是非限制性定语从句？
就是不用于限制先行词，而起补充附带说明的作用的定语从句，译成汉语时，主句和从句可以分别翻译，互不影响，最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。
She is good at speaking French, which she learned at school.
他擅长说法语，他是在学校学的这门语言。
This book was written by Jack, who was here a moment ago.
这本书是杰克写的，他刚才还在这里。
I have some friends, some of whom are teachers.
我有几个朋友，他们中有的是老师。
运用非限制性定语从句的情况
1. 关系代词which指代整个主句内容
A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。
If he didn’t, his temperature would get very low, which could quickly kill him.
(2019 北京高考) 如果他不（那样做），他的体温会降低，这可能很快让他失去生命。
2. 先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词
(2019 湖南高考) But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?
但是像特里蒙特旅馆那样大型的，结实的建筑物怎么样呢？那家旅馆是六层的砖楼。
The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth.
月球绕着地球转，它离地球384,000千米远
3. 先行词指的是某人惟一的某位亲属等。
Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year.
她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(她只有一个姐姐)
对比：
Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year.
她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(她还有别的姐姐)
4. 当出现“名词/代词+of + which / whom”结构时
They talked about a movie, the name of which I’ve never forgotten.
他们谈论过一部电影，我从来没有忘记片名。
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
非限制性定语从句的连接词
1. 关系代词
关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语时，要用who, whom, which；在从句中作定语用whose。不用that，而且所有关系词不可省略。
She had eight children, three of whom became soldiers. 她有八个孩子，其中三个当了兵。
John Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
约翰﹒史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。
Their teacher is a Japanese, whose wife is a Chinese.
他们的老师是日本人，他的妻子是中国人。
That is his room，whose window faces south.
那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。
注意：在非限制性定语从句中，whom在从句中作宾语时不能用who代替。
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to marry.
这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。
2. 关系副词
关系词在非限制性定语从句中作时间、地点状语时，分别用when或where引导。why不能用于非限制性定语从句，要改用for which。
She is going to Shanghai, where she was born.
她打算去上海，她的出生地。
We will go home next week, when we won’t be so busy.
我们下周回家，那时我们不会这么忙。
3. as
As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常事。
（详细内容见“引导定语从句的as”栏）
引导定语从句的as
1. 限制性定语从句中
当先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，同时又被the same、so或者such等修饰时，常用as引导定语从句。
Such people as you talked about are not good. (as代替people在从句中作宾语)
你说的那种人不好。
Let’s discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us.
我们只讨论我们所有人都感兴趣的问题吧。(as代替questions在从句中作主语)
I have the same trouble as you have. 我和你有同样的麻烦。
I feel just the same as you do. 我感觉与你一样。
He is so good a teacher as I like very much. 他是我喜欢的那类好老师。
2. 非限制性定语从句中
as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语等，引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之前，之中或之后，位置灵活。
This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.
像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。
As we expected, he passed the exam. 正如我们预料的，他通过了考试。
Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
注意：引导非限制性定语从句时，as和which的区别
1）在非限定性定语从句中，as和which都可指代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首和句中，which只用于句中。
我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
Smoking is harmful to one’s health, which/as is known to all.
2）as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的从句不受此限制。
The spaceship has been launched successfully, as was expected.
飞船已经成功发射，这正是我们期待的。
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn’t expected.
实验结果非常好，这点出乎我们预料。
3）在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指代的是先行词，而不是主句时，用which。
The house, which they built two years ago, fell down in the earthquake.
那所房子在地震中倒塌了，那是他们两年前建的。
4）as引导非限制性定语从句时，常指代主句内容，表示依据、评论等，意为“正如、正像”，而which常译成“这”，所接内容更广泛。
He is a kind fisherman, as anybody can see.
他是一个善良的渔民，这大家都清楚。
My friend showed me round the town，which was very kind of him.
我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。
The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
3. as常用的一些固定结构
as we know/ as is known to all/ as we all can see 众所周知
as is often the case 情况常常是这样
as might be imagined 可以想象得到
as might be expected 正如所预料的那样
as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样
as has been said before/above 正如前文所述
as often happens 像往常一样
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 从形式上看
限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须用逗号隔开。
Mr. Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends.
昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句)
This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years.
这就是那位有30年教龄的老师。(限制性定语从句)

2. 从意义上讲
限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性，往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用，两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整。
The old man has a son, who is in the army.
那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（非限制性定语从句对son进行补充说明）
The old man has a son who is in the army.
那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。
(限制性定语从句对先行词son进行限定，暗示老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?
你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？（限制professor，是那个在会上发言的教授）
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。（补充说明他父母的其他信息）
3. 从翻译方法来看
一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词；非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列句。
This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house，which we bought last month，is very nice．
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
The teachers who are kind are popular with the students.
态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。（限制性）
Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.
王老师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。(非限制性)
This notebook was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。
4. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词、代词或词组；非限制性定语从句的关系代词which既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句作主语时，定语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.
这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是novel)
The novel，which I read last night，is very interesting.
这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为novel)
The novel is very interesting，which makes me very glad.
这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为主句“The novel is very interesting”)
She heard the terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (which指代noise)
她听见了可怕的声音，这使我的心跳到了嗓子眼。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。 (which指代主句“他似乎没领会我的意思”。)
定语从句解题思路
1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型。
2. 题干句如果是疑问句式，有时将其转化为陈述句式更容易判断。
3. 分析从句的句子结构，缺主语或宾语，用关系代词；缺状语，用关系副词，缺定语，表示“……的”，用whose。
4. 注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词and, but等。
试一试：
1. Is this museum _______ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
在句子2-7的空白处填入合适的关系代词或关系副词。
2. English is an important subject, ________ every student should study well.
3. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _______ was unexpected.
4. This is our headmaster, _______ I think has something to tell you.
5. Where is the book ________ I bought this morning?
6. Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, _______ he was buried in 1977.
7. Dad, this is Zheng Jie, _______ I knew in Paris．
8. Dad, this is Zheng Jie, and _______ I knew him in Paris．
分析：
1. 选D。把主句变成陈述句：This museum is _______ you visited a few days ago. 可以发现句子少表语，用the one作表语，而引导定语从句的、在从句中作visited的宾语的关系代词that或which省略了。
2. 填which。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作study的宾语。
3. 填which。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中代替主句作主语。
4. 填who。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作has的主语。
5. 填which或that，引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作bought的宾语。可以省略。
6. 填where。where引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，相当于in Switzerland。
7. 填whom。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语。
8. 因为有and，后面是并列句的分句，不缺少成分，不需要加关系词。
两组特殊的先行词
1. anyone, those, he/she/I / they作先行词时，用who引导定语从句，不用that。
任何犯法的人都要受到惩罚。
Anyone who breaks the law is punished.
Those who break the law are punished.
He who breaks the law is punished.
2. 1) time 作“次数”讲时用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；
2) time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during which引导定语从句。
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
这是总统第二次访问这个国家。
That was at a time when/ during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
那是一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时期。
巩固练习
一．将下列两个简单句合并成一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。
1. I am reading Harry Porter. It is an interesting book. →
____________________________________________
2. He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry. →
____________________________________________
3. He has two sons. Both of them are doctors. →
____________________________________________
4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase.
The price of it was very reasonable. →
____________________________________________
5. Last week, two persons came to see the house.
Neither of them wanted to buy it.→
____________________________________________
6. I have lost the pen.
My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday. →
____________________________________________
7. Do you see the house? The windows of it face south.→
____________________________________________
8. He must be from Africa. It can be seen from his skin.→
____________________________________________
9. The book is worth reading. He paid 6 yuan for it. →
____________________________________________
10. She is a teacher of much knowledge.
Much can be learned from her. →
____________________________________________
二．单项选择
1. Attention! Our bus is approaching Cambridge，________ we’ll be stopping to eat.
A. when B. which C. as D. where
2. People who seldom do sports or _______diet is high in fat will put off Weight quickly.
A. who B. whose C. which D. what
3. The novel was completed in 1978, _______ the economic system has seen great changes
A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when
4. Could it be in the restaurant in _________ you had dinner with me yesterday ________ you left behind your keys and wallet?
A. which；which B. which；that C. that；where D. where；where
5. Part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, _______ effects the people are still suffering from.
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
6. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things，________ is often the case in other countries.
A. what B. as C. so D. that
7. Soon children in the camp had many new friends, ______ they shared food, stories and projects.
A. for which B. with whom C. of which D. to whom
8. The Great Wall is the place ______ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing.
A. why B. which C. when D. where
9. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument.
A. which to be based on B. on which to base
C. which to be based D. which to base
10. About 1.62 million Chinese students went abroad to study between 1978 and 2009, ______ only 497,400 have come back.
A. who B. among whom C. among which D. in whom
11. I prefer a company ________ people have to work as a team, instead of fighting against each other.
A. where B. that C. as D. when
12. —Is this the house_______ you often talk about?
—Yes, just the one _______ you know I used to live for more than 15 years.
A. that; where B. which; that C. where; which D. where; that
13. As a result of our serious staff shortages, the situation has risen _______ we have to hire graduating collage students for help.
A. that B. when C. where D. as
14. Do you have enough money _______ to buy that fashionable dress?
A. for which ? B. which uses C. with which ? D. which?
15. I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.
A. as B. which C. when D. though
16. Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _____ we’re going to visit.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
17. Could it be in the restaurant in _________ you had dinner with me yesterday ________ you left behind your keys and wallet?
A. which；which B. which；that C. that；where D. where；where
18. The old lady, all of ______ children had been killed in the earthquake, was given help by the local government.
A. her B. whom C. whose D. which
19. Let me think of a proper situation _______ this sentence can be used.
A. where B. that C. of whom D. which
20. There are three libraries in our school, _______ were built five years ago.
A. all of them B. either of them C. all of which D. both of that
21. They’ve won their last three matches，________I find a bit surprising actually.
A. that B. when C. what D. which
22. China’s new food law provides for a food recall system ________ producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
23. (2019 北京朝阳期末) Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs.
A. where B. while C. then D. there
24. (2019 重庆高考) He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of ____ were published in the 1990s.
A. whom B. which C. them D. that
25. (2019 四川高考) The books on the desk, _______ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
A．which B. what C. whose D. that
三．翻译句子
1. 他经常迟到，这让他的老师很生气。
2. 书架上总共有11本书，其中5本书是我的。
3. 约翰说他一直在办公室工作，这是真的。
4. 众所周知，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
5. 他的拐杖昨天丢了，没有了拐杖他就不能走路。
6. 自然而然地，他娶了Jenny。
7. 我们在实验中用的这些记号是希腊字母。
8. 我递给他一杯威士忌，他立即喝了。
四．定语从句改错
1. Jim passed the driving test, it surprised everybody in the office.
2. Which is known to all, he is the best student.
3. It is such a big stone that nobody can lift.
4. Our teacher is very strict with us, that does much good to us.
5. He will come to see me next July, which he won’t be so busy.
答案与解析：
一、将下列两个简单句合并成一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。
1. I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.
2. He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry.
3. He has two sons, both of whom are teachers.
4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which was very reasonable.
5. Last week, two persons came to see the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it.
6. I have lost the pen, which my father bought for my sixteenth birthday.
7. Do you see the house, the windows of which face south?
8. He must be from Africa, which can be seen from his skin.
9. The book, for which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.
10. She is a teacher of much knowledge, from whom much can be learned.
二．单项选择
1. D 本句中的先行词是Cambridge，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应该用关系副词where。
2. B 语意：很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的人体重会增加很快。whose diet is high in fat是定语从句，修饰先行词People，且whose在从句中作定语。
3. D 由句子题干中主句谓语的动词时态为现在完成时可知关系词代替先行词，1978在定语从句中与Since连用，作状语。
4. B 考查复合句。restaurant后面是定语从句，介词in后面应该使用which引导定语从句，不能使用that；从句子意义和结构上可以判断第二空属于强调结构，选用that。
5. B effects与先行词floods之间是所属关系，所以用whose引导定语从句。
6. B as引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面一句话，句意为：这在其他国家是常有的事。
7. B 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。分析句子成分可知此处先行词为 friends，从句中有短语 share sth. with sb.，故此处用 “with＋whom” 引导非限制性定语从句。
8. B 分析句子结构可知，“____ almost all tourists would like to visit” 为定语从句，修饰先行词 the place，关系代词在从句中充当 visit 的宾语，因此选B。
9. B 短语base…on…使用时要分清各自的宾语，本句中base的宾语是his argument，on的宾语是sufficient grounds，所以选择on which(代指先行词sufficient grounds)to base。
10. B 考查定语从句。句意：在1978年到2009年期间，大约有162万中国学生出国学习，期中回国的只有497400人。后面部分为非限制定语从句，修饰先行词students，由句意可知应该选用介词among。
11. A where是关系副词，在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词company，并且在从句中作状语。
12. A 考查定语从句。第一空后面about缺少宾语, 故用that或which引导定语从句；第二空不缺成分, you know为插入语, 故用where引导定语从句修饰the one。
13. C 把从句补充完整为：we have to hire graduating collage students for help in the situation. 关系词在从句中作状语，选择关系副词where。
14. C 本题属于“介词+关系代词which+不定式”作后置定语的用法,用钱买,当然用with,故C。相当于一个定语从句,Do you have enough money with which you can buy that fashionable dress?
15. A 此题容易误选B项，误以为只有which能引导定语从句代表前面整个句子。但是which不能翻译为“正如”， C、D项均不符合语境。
16. C 考生容易误选A项，原因是忽视了先行词前面的最高级。当先行词被形容词最高级修饰的时候，定语从句用that引导。
17. B 考查复合句。restaurant后面是定语从句，介词in后面应该使用which引导定语从句，不能使用that；从句子意义和结构上可知第二空是属于强调结构，因此使用that。
18. C 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意：那位所有的孩子都在地震中丧生的老太太得到了当地政府的帮助。本句中的 “all of ______ children had been killed in the earthquake” 是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 The old lady, whose 在从句中作定语。
19. A 先行词是situation, case, scene...时，一般用where，最佳选择则是in which。
20.C 根据题干中的“three libraries”，排除B，D项；又因为本题的题干是非限制性定语从句，不能使用them代替先行词，排除A项。
21. D 句意：他们已经赢得了最后三场比赛，我发现这确实有点令人惊讶。先行词是前面整个句子，which引导非限制性定语从句，并在定语从句中作find的宾语。
22. A句意：中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度，即如果食品达不到标准，生产者就必须停止生产。先行词为a food recall system，定语从句为producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards (in the food recall system)，故选A。
23. A。根据句子的结构判断，要填的词引导的从句跟在名词后面，解释此名词，并代替名词在从句中作地点状语表示地点，为非限制性定语从句，所以选A。句意：一些学龄前儿童上日托中心，在那里学习简单的游戏和歌曲。
24. B。句意：他写了很多儿童书籍，几乎一半的书是在上个世纪90年代出版的。代替先行词books在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，且介词提前，所以B项正确。
25. C。句意：放在桌子上的那些封面闪闪放光的书是给我们的奖品。定语从句的先行词是the books，the books’ covers说明连接词在定语从句中作定语，所以选C。
三．翻译句子
1. He was often late for school, which makes his teacher very angry.
2. There are eleven books in all on the shelf, five of which are mine.
3. John said he had been working in the office, which was true.
4. As is known to us all, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
5. His walking stick was lost yesterday, without which he can’t walk.
6. As was natural, he married Jenny.
7. Such signs as we use in the experiment are Greek letters.
8. I passed him a large glass of whisky, which he drank immediately.
四．定语从句改错
1. it改为which 2. which改为 as 3. that 改为as
4. that 改为which 5. which改为when