北师大版高中英语模块3 Unit 8 Adventure语言点（二）

Unit 8 Adventure语言点（二）
目标认知
重点词汇
preparation，shock，goal，ambition，exhausted，condition，prove，within，fail，transport
observe，advantage，survival，shelter，identify，exchange，remain，attach，entertain
重点短语
on one’s way，break down，run out of，look for，carry on，in particular，be associated with
pass through
重点句型
地点状语放句首的倒装句
引导名词性从句的what
知识讲解
重点词汇
preparation
【原句回放】... both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year．(P28)……两队人都建立了食物基地，为他们下一年的旅程做准备。
【点拨】preparation n．准备，预备，配制品
常用结构
in preparation (for) 在（为……）准备中
make preparations for为……做准备
Plans for selling the new product are now in preparation．
出售新产品的计划正在准备中。
The firm is selling a new preparation for cleaning metal．
这家公司正在出售一种新的清洗金属的制剂。
Plans for the new school are now in preparation．
针对新学校的计划正在准备中。
归纳拓展
prepare vt. 准备，预备，筹备，配制，调制；vi. 准备
常用结构：be(well)prepared for／to do sth．对某事／做某事有(充分的)准备
prepare one’s lessons准备功课
prepare a meal做饭
prepare for an exam为考试做准备
prepare for an attack准备应对攻击
shock
【原句回放】They were shocked when they saw the Norwegian flag．(P28)当他们看到挪威国旗时，他们感到很震惊。
【点拨】shock
(1)vt. 震惊，惊骇
常用结构
shock sb. 使某人震惊
be shocked by／at被……震惊
It shocks sb. to do sth．做某事使某人震惊
The murder of such a young child deeply shocked the whole community．
这个年幼孩子的被害使整个社区极度震惊。
It shocked me to think how close we had come to being killed．
想到我们差一点丧命，我就非常害怕。
(2)vt. (通常用被动)使受电击
He got shocked when he touched the wire．他触到电线时遭到了电击。
(3)n. [C，U](重击、碰撞、爆炸等引起的)剧烈震动
The shock of the explosion was felt far away：the shock waves spread for miles．
爆炸引起的震动在很远的地方都可以感觉到，震波延及数英里之远。
4)n. [C，U]激动，震惊，惊愕，令人震惊的事
The news was a great shock to me．这则消息令我十分震惊。
归纳拓展
shocked adj．惊愕的，(感到)震惊的
shocking adj. 可怕的，令人震惊的，令人气愤的，非常糟糕的
goal
【原句回放】Scott wrote sadly in his diary：“Well，we have now lost the goal of our ambition and must face 800 miles of hard pushing and goodbye to most of our dreams．”(P28)斯科特在日记中痛苦地写道：“咳，我们现在已经失去了雄伟的目标，还得面对800英里的艰难跋涉——和我们的许多梦想说再见吧。”
【点拨】goal n.
①目标，目的
We have achieved our goal of building a shelter for the homeless．
我们实现了为无家可归的人建立庇护所的目标。
He decided to reach his goal at all risks．
他决心不顾一切地达到自己的目标。
②(足球等的)球门
He kicked the ball towards the other team’s goal．
他把球踢向了另一队的球门。
③进球得分
Liverpool won by three goals to two．利物浦队以三比二获胜。
常用结构
get／score a goal得分 short-term goal短期目标
long-term goal长期目标 keep a goal保持目标
achieve a goal实现目标
ambition
【原句回放】Scott wrote sadly in his diary：“Well，we have now lost the goal of our ambition and must face 800 miles of hard pushing and goodbye to most of our dreams．”(P28)斯科特在日记中痛苦地写道：“咳，我们现在已经失去了雄伟的目标，还得面对800英里的艰难跋涉——和我们的许多梦想说再见吧。
【点拨】ambition n. [U]抱负，雄心，野心 [C]夙愿，期望得到的东西
注意：ambition后常用的是接动词不定式。He was filled with ambition to become famous．他一心想成名。
You will achieve your ambition if you work hard.如果你努力,你的抱负是可以实现的。归纳拓展ambitious adj. 有抱负的，雄心勃勃的，有野心的
exhausted
【原句回放】The men were soon exhausted and were running out of food．(P28)这些人很快就精疲力竭了，而且食物也快吃完了。
【点拨】exhausted adj. 极其疲倦的
①在句中作表语
I’m exhausted．我已精疲力竭。
She looks exhausted．她看上去非常疲惫。
②在句中作定语
The exhausted troops gave in．部队人困马乏，结果投降了。
③在句中作状语
At 4 o’clock he returned home，weary and exhausted．
他在4点钟回到了家，已是疲惫不堪。
易混辨析
exhausted与exhausting
exhausted和exhausting都是由动词exhaust派生出来的分词形容词，但意义完全不同。
①exhausted“感到疲倦的”，过去分词表示被动意义，说明人或物处于“被……所劳累”的状态。
②exhausting是现在分词形容词，表明某种行为有“令人疲倦”的特征，含有主动意义。
Searching for the lost children everywhere proved exhausting and the search party returned home at nightfall quite exhausted．
四处寻找那些丢失的孩子确实很累人，找寻人员晚上回家时都已精疲力竭了。
It was an exhausting journey．那是一次令人精疲力竭的旅程。
condition
【原句回放】The weather conditions were terrible．(P28)天气情况异常恶劣。
【点拨】condition n. 状况，条件，环境，形势；(pl.)情况，环境
Today our living condition has been improved．
今天我们的生活状况已有所改善。
Health is one of the conditions of success．
健康是成功的条件之一。
常用结构
under...condition在……条件下
in bad/ good/ poor condition状况不好/良好/差
out of condition健康不佳，情况不好
on no condition决不
on condition that(=only if)只要，假如，如果
The experiment must be carried out under ideal conditions．
这个实验必须在理想的条件下进行。
The plants grow best in cool, damp conditions.
这种植物在凉爽、潮湿的环境下长的好。
He is out of condition because he never takes any exercise．
身体不好，因为他从来不进行锻炼。
I shall give you the book on condition that you return it no later than tomorrow.
只要你决不迟于明天还还给我这本书，我就将这本书借给你。
The car is in very good condition. 这辆汽车情况良好。
prove
【原句回放】Later, these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past the Antarctic was covered by plants．(P28)后来，这些岩石证实，在远古时期，南极洲曾经被植被覆盖。
【点拨】prove vt. & vi. 证明，证实；linking v. 结果是，证明是
They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence．
他们希望这一新证据能证明她无罪。
Just give me a chance and I'll prove it to you．
只要给我个机会，我会证明给你看。
The opposition proved too strong for him．
结果这个反对势力强大得使他难以招架。
Shares in the industry proved a poor investment．
投资这个行业的股票证明是一个失败。
常用结构
prove sth．to sb．向某人证明某事
prove(to be)+n.／adj. 结果是……，证明是……
温馨提示
prove表示“结果是，证明是”之意时，是系动词，不用于被动语态。
The task proved(to be)much more difficult than we’d thought．
这项任务原来比我们预想的难得多。
within
【原句回放】Scott and two of his team members carried on and got within eleven miles of one of their food bases．(P28)斯科特和两名队友继续前进。到达距离其中一个食物基地不足11英里的地方。
【点拨】within prep．在……里面，在……内部，不超过……(时间或范围)
adv. 在内，在心中
n. 内部，里面
She returned within an hour．她不到一个小时就回来了。
There is a bell within the patient’s reach．在病人伸手可及的地方有个电铃。
(2019 北京高考) I truly believe that beauty comes from within.
我很相信美丽源自于内心！
【拓展】in与within区别：
1 当表示“在某个具体距离之内”时只能用within。
Please stay within hearing. 请不要跑到叫得应的距离以外去.
2 当表示时间时，within表示“在……以内”，而in可以表示“在.以内”和“.在.以后”。
Mrs Gray will return in a week's time．格雷太太将在一星期以后回来。
Mrs Gray will return within a week's time．格雷太太将在一星期之内回来。
fail
【原句回放】He had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the extraordinary courage shown by Captain Scott and his men made them into heroes．(P28)尽管他输掉了奔向极地的赛跑，但斯科特上校和他的伙伴们所表现的非凡勇气足以使他们成为英雄。
本句中的shown by Captain Scott and his men为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰courage。
【点拨】fail vi. ＆ vt. & n.
(1)vi. 不成功
I failed in my attempt to persuade her．我未能说服她。
She failed to get into art college．她未能进入艺术学院。
(2)vi. 未做，未履行(某事)
She never fails to e-mail every week．每周她必发电子邮件。
(3)vt. 不及格，评定不及格
He failed his driving test．他驾照考试不及格。
(4)vi. (尤用于进行时)衰退
Her eyesight is failing．她的视力日渐衰退。
(5)vt. 使失望，有负于
When he lost his job，he felt he had failed his family．
他失去工作以后，感到辜负了他的家庭。
(6)vi. 缺乏，不足
The crops failed again last summer．去年夏季庄稼又歉收了。
(7)n. (考试)不及格
I got three passes and one fail．我考试三门及格，一门不及格。
归纳拓展
failure n. 失败，不成功
transport
【原句回放】Transport by sledges．(P30)用雪橇来运输。
【点拨】transport
(1)n. [U]运输工具，运送，交通运输系统
I usually travel by public transport．我通常乘坐公共交通工具旅行。
(2)n. [C](运送部队或补给品的)运输船，运输机，运输卡车
There are many transports over there．那里有许多运输船／车。
(3)vt. 运输，运送(货物、人等)
Transporting goods by rail reduces pollution．
通过铁路运输货物可以减少污染。
归纳拓展：transportation n. 运输，输送，运输工具
易混辨析
transport与traffic
transport作“交通”讲，实指运输工具；traffic作“交通”讲，指街上的行人、车辆，着重指数量的多少和流通情况。故“交通拥挤，交通中断”中的“交通”都用traffic。
[译]很多地方交通中断了。
[误]Transport is interrupted in many places．
[正]Traffic is interrupted in many places．
observe
【原句回放】Air-conditioned vehicles for observing animals．(P30)可供观察动物的空调车。
【点拨】observe
(1)vi.& vt. 注意到，察觉到，观察
常用搭配
observe sb do… 观察到某人做了……
（do前不加to，表示观察到全过程；被动语态时不省略to）
observe sb. doing… 观察到某人正在做……（表示观察到正在做）
observe sth./sb. done… 观察到某物被……，观察到某人/物遭遇……
The policeman observed the man open／opening the window．
那个警察看到那个人打开了／正在打开窗户。
They were observed to enter／entering the bank．
他们被注意到进了／正在进入银行。(被动语态中不能省略to)
She observed that the pond was drying up．她注意到池塘快干涸了。
The police have been observing his movements．警方一直在监视着他的一举一动。
(2019 重庆高考) He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years．
他注意到2000年后荷马仍然受人赞赏。
(2)遵守，奉行(法律、协议或习俗)
We should observe the traffic regulations．我们应该遵守交通规则。
(3)庆祝，欢度
Do they observe Christmas? 他们过圣诞节吗?
【拓展】observer n. 目击者，观测员
observation n. 观察，注意；评述，言论；观察力
observatory n. 天文台，气象台
advantage
【原句回放】Advantages of trip to Turkey…(P30)去土耳其旅游的好处……
【点拨】advantage n. 有利条件，优势，利益
注意：advantage作“优点，有利条件”讲时为可数名词，但作“利益，好处”讲时为不可数名词。
常用结构
be of advantage to对……有利
gain／have／win an advantage over优于……，胜过……
take advantage of利用……，占……的便宜
to advantage使优点突出，出色地
She had the advantage of a good education．她具有受过良好教育的有利条件。
For certain types of work，wood has advantages over plastic．
对于某些类型的制品来讲，木头要优于塑料。
Don’t lend them the car—they’re taking advantage of you．
不要把汽车借给他们——他们在利用你。
The picture may be seen to advantage against a white wall．
这幅画衬在白色的墙上就更加好看了。
归纳拓展：disadvantage n. 不利条件，劣势
survival
【原句回放】We’ll teach you survival skills and you’ll learn how to make a fire and build your own shelter．(P31)我们会教你生存的技能。而你会学到怎样生火、怎样构筑你自己的栖身之处。
【点拨】survival n．生存，幸存
常用结构
fight for survival为生存而奋斗
survival of the fittest适者生存
His doctor said that he had a 50％chance of survival．
他的医生说他有50％的生存机会。
Our disregard for the environment threatened the long-term survival of the earth．
我们对环境的漠视威胁着地球的长久存在。
归纳拓展：survive vt. (在……中)幸存；vi. (经历灾难等之后)生还
She was the only girl to survive the accident.
她是这次事故的惟一幸存者。
Few houses survived after the earthquake.
地震之后，几乎没有房子存留下来。

shelter
【原句回放】We’ll teach you survival skills and you’ll learn how to make a fire and build your own shelter．(P31)我们会教你生存的技能。而你会学到怎样生火、怎样构筑你自己的栖身之处。
【点拨】shelter
①n．栖身之地，住处，庇护处，收容所
All around me，people were running for shelter．
我周围的人都在急忙找地方躲避。
②vt. ＆ vi. 保护，掩蔽，躲避(风雨或危险)
We sheltered from the rain in a doorway．
我们在一处门廊里避雨。
常用结构
take shelter from躲避……
find／seek shelter from寻找地方躲避……
run for shelter急忙找躲避处
give sb. shelter庇护某人
shelter sb.／sth．from保护某人／某物以避免……
shelter from sth．躲避某物
identify
【原句回放】The Silk Road got its name in the 19th century when a German geographer identified it as the route through which the Romans got their silk from China．(P32)丝绸之路是在19世纪得名的，当时一位德国的地理学家认定它为罗马人从中国取得丝绸所经过的道路。
【点拨】identify vt. 识别，鉴定，辨认
常用结构
identify with sb．与某人在感情上认同，与某人有同感
be identified with与(政治派别等)关系密切
identify sth. with sth. 认为某物等同于另一事物
identify sb.／sth. as... 认出……是……，表明……是……
The aircrafts were identified as American．
那些飞机被认出是美国的。
His accent identified him as a Frenchman．
他的口音表明他是个法国人。
The police are still trying to identify those who were involved in the murder.
警方仍在努力确认参与谋杀案嫌疑人的身份。
【拓展】identification n. 识别，鉴定，认同
identification card （ID）身份证
exchange
【原句回放】It was also important for the exchange of ideas．(P32)它对思想交流也很重要。
【点拨】exchange n．[C，U]交换，互换
v. 交换，互换，交易
常用结构
(a)fair exchange 公平的交换，等价交换
in exchange 作为交换
in exchange for 用以交换……
exchange rate 汇率
exchange students 交换留学生
exchange A for B 用A交换B
Four pencils for your box is a fair exchange．
4支铅笔换你的盒子是很公平的。
They have offered to release the hostages，but what do they want in exchange?
他们提出可以释放人质，但他们想要什么作为交换?
Everyone in the group exchanged email addresses.
组里每个人都交换了电子邮件的地址。
If you go shopping in Canada, don't forget to first exchange your Renminbi for Canadian dollars.
如果你去加拿大购物,别忘了先把你的人民币换加元。
remain
【原句回放】Today，the Xinjiang Autonomous Region remains an international crossroad where traders from surrounding countries，and tourists from all over the world regularly meet．(P32)如今。新疆(维吾尔族)自治区仍然是一个国际上的交通要道，来自周边很多国家的商人以及来自世界各地的游客经常在这里相遇。
【点拨】 remain
1. linking v. 保持，仍然（处于某种状态），依旧是
常用结构
n．
remain + adj．
v. -ing/v. -ed
prep．
In spite of their quarrel，they remain the best friends．他们尽管吵架，却仍不失为最好的朋友。
His brother became a teacher while he remained a peasant．他的哥哥成了教师而他还是农民。
He remains silent．他保持着沉默。
She remains sitting there．她仍然坐在那里。
The natural beauty of the country remains unchanged．
乡村的自然美景仍然没变。
2. remain vi. 剩下，遗留，仍需去做(或说、处理)，逗留
It remains to be seen whether you are right．你是否正确，仍需观察。
Much remains to be done．要做的事还很多。
Only a few leaves remained on the tree. 树上只剩下几片叶子了。
They remained in Mexico until June. 他们留在墨西哥一直到六月。
【拓展】remains n. 遗物，遗址，剩余物（单复数相同）
remaining adj. 剩下的，余下的
The remains of the meal has been taken away. 剩饭菜都被拿走了。
She returned home with the remaining 10 dollars. 她带着剩下的十美元回到了家。
attach
【原句回放】My legs were attached to a single rubber band...(P33)我的腿被绑在一根胶带上……
【点拨】attach vt. ＆ vi. 附着，缚上，系上
常见结构：
attach to sb．与某人相关联，归于某人
attach sth．to sth．将……与……相联系，将……归于……
attach sb．to sb．／sth．使某人加入为会员，使某人隶属于……
be attached to附属于……，依恋于……，系在/贴在……上
He attached his horse to a tree. 他把马拴在了树上。
Please attach the sample to the letter．请随信附上样品。
No blame attaches to you for the accident．此次事故，你没有过错。
Do you attach importance to what he said? 你认为他说的话重要吗?
He attached himself to the group of climbers．他加入了登山队。
I am very attached to old customs．我非常留恋旧风俗。
This hospital is attached to a medical college．这家医院附属于一个医学院。
entertain
【原句回放】...we entertain ourselves by making the most of all the things on board... (P73) ……我们通过充分利用船上的一切来娱乐自己……
【点拨】entertain vt.& vi. 使……快乐，使……有兴趣；款待，怀有(感情等)
The magician entertained the children．
这位魔术师给孩子们带来了快乐。
She entertained them at／to dinner when she came back．她回来时请他们吃了饭。
He entertained a belief that his son would rise in the world．他相信他儿子会出人头地。
Children’s television not only entertains but also teaches.
儿童电视节目不仅有娱乐性而且还有教育意义。
归纳拓展
entertainer n. 款待者，表演者，供人娱乐者
entertainment n. 娱乐，文娱节目，表演会
重点短语
on one’s way
【原句回放】On his way，he received a message from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen...(P28)在途中，他收到一条来自挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森的信息……
【点拨】on one’s way在途中
常用搭配：on one’s way to… 在去……的路上；即将，就要（to是介词，接目的地)
on one’s way to do sth. 在去做某事的路上（to do sth.是目的状语）
on one’s way home/ here/ there/back 在某人回家/来这里/去那里/回来的路上
She did her shopping on her way home．她在回家的路上买了些东西。
I met her on my way to school．我在上学的路上遇到了她。
A hurricane is on its way．飓风就要来了。
He is well on his way to becoming a college student.
他就快成为大学生了。
She was on her way to do some shopping when she was knocked down by a car.
她在去购物的路上被车撞倒了。
归纳拓展
in a way从某种程度上 in the way挡道
all the way一路上 by the way顺便提一下
break down
【原句回放】First，his two sledges broke down，and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold．(P28)先是他的两个雪橇坏了，后来马匹开始应付不了大雪和严寒的天气。
【点拨】break down
(1)(因机械、电力等故障)停止运转，失灵，失效，坏了
Our car broke down on the motorway．我们的汽车在高速公路上抛锚了。
(2)失败，崩溃，瓦解，垮了
Negotiations between the two sides have broken down．
双方的谈判已经破裂。
If law and order break down，anarchy will result．
如果法律和秩序垮了，就会出现无政府状态。
(3)(指某人的健康状况)变得恶劣，垮掉
Her health broke down under the pressure of work．
工作的压力把她的身体搞垮了。
He has completely broken down(in health)．他的身体完全垮了。
(4)感情失去控制
He broke down and wept when he heard the news．
听到那个消息，他不禁失声痛哭起来。
(5)中止，停顿
She suddenly broke down in the middle of her speech．
她讲到一半突然停了下来。
(6)猛击某物使其毁坏
Firemen had to break the door down to reach the people trapped inside．
消防人员必须破门而入，才能抢救困在里面的人。
(7)使某物瓦解，镇压，克服，破坏某物
They broke down all opposition．他们把反对意见都压了下去。
(8)使分解(为)
Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach．
糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。
run out of
【原句回放】The men were soon exhausted and were running out of food．(P28)这些人很快就精疲力竭了，而且食物也快吃完了。
【点拨】run out of…用完，耗尽（=use up，主语多是人）；从(某处)流出(跑出)
注意：此短语不用于被动语态。
He ran out of gas a mile from home.
他在离家还有一英里的地方把汽油用完了。
The water ran out of the cracked pipes.
水从有裂缝的水管中流出。
【拓展1】同义短语：run out (某物)被用完，耗尽（不用于被动语态）
Food supplies had run out towards the end of the trip.
旅行结束时，食物供应已经耗尽。
His patience has run out. =He’s run out of his patience. 他已经失去耐心。
【拓展2】常用短语
run after追求，追逐，追赶 run for 竞选，赶快去请
run into sb．偶然遇见某人 run into sth．撞上某物
look for
【原句回放】However，on their way back they found time to look for rocks．(P28)尽管如此,在返程途中。他们还抽时间采集岩石。
【点拨】look for
(1)寻找或寻求(某人／某物)
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere．
你到哪里去了?我们一直在到处找你。
Negotiators are looking for a peaceful settlement to the dispute．
谈判双方正在寻求和平解决争端的办法。
(2)盼望或期待(某事物)
We are looking for an improvement in your work this term．
我们期待你这个学期功课进步。
归纳拓展
look sb．up and down上上下下地打量某人
look after sb．／sth．照顾某人／负责某事物
look down on sb．／sth．看不起某人／某物
look forward to sth．／doing sth．欣然期待某事物／做某事
look on旁观
look out(for sb．／sth．)当心，小心(某人／某物)
look into sth．调查或观察某事物
look through仔细查看，浏览
look up向上看，查找
look around环顾
look up to sb．赞赏或尊敬某人
carry on
【原句回放】Scott and two of his team members carried on and got within eleven miles of one of their food bases．(P28)斯科特和两名队友继续前进。到达距离其中一个食物基地不足11英里的地方。
【点拨】carry on
①继续(做某事)
They decided to carry on in spite of the bad weather．
尽管天气不好，他们决定坚持下去。
②参加，进行或举行
He has learned enough German to carry on a conversation．
他已学了足够的德语来进行会话。
归纳拓展
carry away拿走，使失去自制力，使入迷
carry sb．back to sth．使某人回忆起某事
carry sth．off 赢得某物，夺走、抢走某物
carry out 实行，执行，进行，开展
The audience was carried away by his inspiring speech．
他鼓舞人心的发言使观众听人了迷。
She carried off most of the prizes for swimming．
她获得了游泳项目的大多数奖项。
I expect her to carry out her promise．我希望她履行她的诺言。
in particular
【原句回放】．．．today one area in particular is associated most closely with the name of the Silk Road．(P32)……但是在今天，有一个特别的地区与丝绸之路这个名字联系尤为密切。
【点拨】in particular 特别地；尤其是
The whole meal was good and the wine in particular was excellent．
整顿饭都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
I am interested in stories in general，and in detective stories in particular．
我总的来说对小说感兴趣，尤其是对侦探小说感兴趣。
【拓展】particular 特别的，独有的，挑剔的
If you don't have any particular reason, you should come tomorrow.
如果你没有什么特殊的原因，你明天应当来。
She's very particular about her clothes. 她很讲究她的衣服。
be associated with
【原句回放】．．．today one area in particular is associated most closely with the name of the Silk Road．(P32)……但是在今天，有一个特别的地区与丝绸之路这个名字联系尤为密切。
【点拨】be associated with与……有关，与……有瓜葛
Mother warned the boy not to be associated with that project．
妈妈告诫这个男孩不要与那个计划有瓜葛。
These are the problems associated with cancer treatment．
这些是与癌症治疗有关的问题。
易混辨析
associate，join，connect与combine
associate“与……联系起来”，指通过联想而“联系”，与with连用。
join“连接，联合”，指把原来分开的东西结合起来成为一个整体。
connect“连接，联系”，指通过媒介把两种分开的东西连接起来，但彼此之间仍保持原有的特性。
combine“联合，化合”，指把两种或多种相同或不同的东西混合在一起。
pass through
【原句回放】Goods were traded from market to market passing through many hands before they reached their final destinations．(P32)货物被从一个市场贩卖到另一个市场，经过多次转手才最终到达目的地。
【点拨】pass through
(1)经过，穿过，通过
The document had passed through several hands before it reached hers．
这个文件经过多次转手才到了她的手里。
(2)经历(一段时间)
It has passed through several stages in its development．
它已经经历了几个发展阶段。
归纳拓展
pass away去世，消失，消磨(时间)
pass by走过，经过，(时间)过去，(机会)错过，忽视
pass down(将某物)从一代传到下一代
pass on传递，去世，通过
重点句型
地点状语放句首的倒装句
【原句回放】Then came the total darkness of the polar winter．(P28)接着，漆黑的极地冬天开始了。
【点拨】地点状语放句首的倒装句----完全倒装
分析：原句是倒装句，主语是the total darkness of the polar winter，谓语动词为came。倒装的原因是句子的主语太长，为了保持句子平衡而把谓语动词came直接置于主语之前，这种倒装称为完全倒装。
用完全倒装的倒装句的几种情况：
(1)为了平衡句子的结构，常常将地点状语放在句首，以引起一个倒装句。
Under that tree sits a beautiful girl．
那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。
(2)在以here，there，then，now，out，in，up，down，away，ahead等副词开头的句子中，常使用完全倒装。但是如果句子的主语是代词，则句子不倒装。
There goes the monitor．班长去那儿了。
Here comes the bus．公交车来了。
Now comes your turn．现在该你了。
Out he rushed．他冲了出去。
(3)there be句型也属于完全倒装句。
There are many beautiful parks in our city．
我们的城市有许多漂亮的公园。
【拓展】最常用的部分倒装
当否定副词(如never，hardly等)放在句首时，句子要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词、be动词等放在主语前。
Never before have I seen such a moving film．
＝I have never seen such a moving film before．
我以前从未看过如此感人的一部电影。
引导名词性从句的what
【原句回放】...we are very cheerful。but what each man feels in his heart I can only guess．(P28)……我们看上去都很愉快，但我能猜出大家心里的想法。
【点拨】引导名词性从句的what
1. 连接代词what可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
2. 在名词性从句中，what可以充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
What really matters is that she wore a pair of white shoes．
真正麻烦的是她穿了一双白鞋。
(what引导主语从句，what在从句中作matters的主语。)
People were perhaps more honest a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today．
很久以前的生活与现在的生活非常不同，那时的人们或许更诚实。
(what引导宾语从句，what在从句中作is的表语。)
Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just what worries the public．
是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是令民众担心的事。
(what引导表语从句，what在从句中作worries的主语。)
They have no idea at all what he is working on．
他们一点儿都不知道他正在做什么。(what引导同位语从句，what在从句中作宾语。)
3. 引导名词性从句时，what的意思是“什么，所……的，……的东西”。
I don't know what I should do with the problems. 我不知道该如何处理这些问题。（什么）
The teacher told us he wanted to take back what he had said.
老师告诉我们他想收回他说过的话。（……的话）
She is no longer what she used to be. 她不是过去的她了。(……的人）
巩固练习
单词拼写
1.The teacher gave us two French (听写) today.
2. Have you made full p for your trip?
3.He was (疲惫不堪的) from studying all night.
4.We were (震惊的) at their terrible working conditions.
5.One of his (雄心) is to become a mayor.
6. Construction will require the (运输) of over 500 tons of dirt.
7. Researchers are eager to (观测) how the change takes place.
8. He had the a over other boys of being born into a rich family.
9. It’s raining heavily. We have to find a s from the rain.
10. It is a (残存物) from ancient times.
翻译句子
1.（2019 北京西城期末）在回来的路上，我们的车坏了，这让我们很无助。（break down）
2. 他们每天接受严格的训练，为即将到来的比赛做准备。（in preparation for）
3. 尽管又累又饿，他们一直坚持到达营地。（though, carry on）
4.我们已经耗尽了时间，所以我们必须结束会议。（run out of）
5. 这个士兵经历了许多危险。(pass through)
单项填空
1. It’s improper of you to take advantage such a small boy.
A. of B. for C. with D. at
2. He was lucky. He was the only one that the earthquake.
A. escaping B. survived C. escapes D. got away
3. The manager suggested an earlier date the meeting.
A. on B. for C. about D. with
4. it is to jump into a river in summer!
A. What fun B. What a fun C. How fun D. How funny
5. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, ?
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he
6. I toured Zhang Jiajie, I was deeply impressed with its beautiful scenery.
A. For the first time B. At first[
C. It was the first time D. The first time
7. —Why can she keep such a good figure?
—She great importance to regular exercise.
A. attains B. attracts C. attaches D. applies
8. Over-heating development might have a bad on the national economy.
A. cause B. influence C. result D. factor
9. —How about the book you are reading?
—Good indeed. It many problems we have come across in our study.
A. talks B. covers C. refers D. means
10. While driving, you should the speed limit.
A. celebrate B. ignore C. deny D. observe
11. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real .
A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
12. The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
13. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
14.—Can those at the back of the classroom hear me?
—No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
15. There are plenty of jobs in the western part of the country.
A. present B. available C. precious D. convenient
16. The meal over, the managers went back to the [meeting room to their discussion.
A. put away B. take down C. look over D. carry on
17.Good friends as we are, I still find her difficult to understand .
A. at times B. at a time C. at one time D. at the time
18.Shall we our discussion and have some tea or coffee, please?
A. break off B. break down C. break into D. break out
19. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had home in the snowstorm.
A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking
20.It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot easy reach.
A. near B. upon C. within D. around
21.(2019 安徽合肥庐江期末) ______ is obviously right is to give each child equal opportunities to develop their potentials.
A. which B. what C. That D. As
22. (2019 重庆一中期末) Keep your car in good _______ and it will drive well for a long time.
A. section B. position C. condition D. situation
答案与解析
单词拼写
1.dictations 2. preparations 3. exhausted 4. shocked 5. ambitions
6. transport 7. observe 8. Advantage 9. shelter 10. survival
翻译句子
1. On the way back, our car broke down, which made us helpless.
2. They receive strict training every day in preparation for the coming match.
3. Though (they were) tired and hungry, they carried on until they reached the campsite.
4. We have run out of time, so we must put an end to the meeting.
5. This soldier passed through many dangers.
单项填空
1. A take advantage of 利用。
2. B 分析句子成分可知，that the earthquake为定语从句，而定语从句中缺谓语,A、C项时态不对，可排除,并且escape为不及物动词，此处survive 为及物动词,意为“在……之后还活着”。
3. B for 在此表示“对于，至于，关于”。
4. A 考查感叹句的用法。fun为不可数名词。
5. A 由于此句是含宾语从句的主从复合句，在变反意疑问句时，一般根据主句来变；且主句的主语是Bill’s aim，所以排除C、D两项；再由主句是肯定句知选A。
6. D 此句中the first time为连词词组，引导时间状语从句。
7. C attach great importance to非常重视。
8. B have a bad influence on...对……有坏的影响。
9. B cover 涉及，包括。
10. D observe遵守。
11.B bargain用作名词时，意为“廉价货，便宜货”。a real bargain意为“真便宜”。
12.A which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词the Science Museum,同时又在从句中作visited的宾语；what不能引导定语从句；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；where为关系副词，不能作宾语。
13.A coal, gas 与oil均为“燃料（fuels)”。
14.C at the back of the classroom为分词短语作定语。sit为不及物动词，可用sitting...作定语；seat为及物动词，常与反身代词连用或用be seated形式。这里seat与those构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其过去分词作定语。
15.B available意为“可得到的，可利用的”。句意为“在这个国家的西部地区，有很多工作可做”。
16.D put away 收好，放好；take down写下，记下；look over从……上面看，察看，检查；carry on继续。句意：吃完饭，经理们回到会议室继续讨论。
17.A at times 有时；at a time每次；at one time 曾经，一度。句意为“尽管我们是好朋友，我仍然发现有时候很难理解她”。
18.A break off 的意思为“打断，断绝，结束,停止”。
19.D 此处考查have difficulty (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”。
20.C 句意：在厨房里把你常用的东西放在随手可及的地方会节省时间。within easy reach随手可及，在附近。
21. B。句意；很明显正确的事情是给每一个孩子平等的机会去发展他们的潜力。
22. C。如果你保持汽车状态良好，它就能用很长时间。in good condition 状态良好。section 部分，部件；position 位置，职位；situation 情况，形势，处境。condition 状态，条件。