北师大版高中英语模块4 Unit 12 Culture shock语言点（一）

Unit 12 Culture shock语言点（一）
目标认知
重点词汇
owe，apology, absorb, brief, expectation, avoid, exchange, risk, majority, anyhow, admit, book, manners, indicate, curiously
重点短语
be busy (in) doing sth.，would rather, at all, even though, give sb. a lift, drop off, get used to...
“get+过去分词”结构
重点句型
只用that不用which的情况
wish后接宾语从句
现在分词短语作定语
知识讲解
重点词汇
owe
【原句回放】I certainly owe you an apology for not writing more often．没有经常给您写信我非常抱歉。
【点拨】owe v.
(1)欠债，应给予
I owe you ￡100＝I owe ￡100 to you．我欠你一百英镑。
(2)欠(情)
I owe a lot to my wife．我很感谢我妻子，我欠我妻子很多。
(3)归功于
We owe this discovery to Newton．我们把这一发明归功于牛顿。
【拓展】
owe sb...＝owe...to sb. 欠某人……
owe to归功于，应感谢
owing adj. 应付的，欠着的，未付的
owing to由于，因为(用作介词)
apology
【原句回放】I certainly owe you an apology for not writing more often．没有经常给您写信我非常抱歉。
【点拨】apology n. 道歉，谢罪
He made an apology for his rudeness．他因粗鲁而表示歉意。
【单词积累】
apologize v. 道歉，谢罪，辩解
【拓展】
make an apology to sb. for(doing) sth. 因(做了)某事向某人道歉
in apology for为……辩护
offer sb. an apology／offer an apology to sb．向某人道歉
absorb
【原句回放】I’ve just been so busy studying and trying to absorb all the new things around me—I think I’m still experiencing culture shock．我一直忙于学习，了解身边的新事物——我觉得自己还在经历文化冲击。
【点拨】absorb vt. 吸收；吸引某人的注意力；使专心
Cotton gloves absorb sweat．棉手套吸汗。
The old man was absorbed in the book．那位老人全神贯注地读书。
【拓展】
be absorbed in全神贯注于……，被……吸引
be absorbed by被……吞并；为……所吸引
absorb one’s attention吸引某人的注意力
absorb one’s time占用某人的时间
【单词积累】
absorbable adj. 可吸收的，易被吸收的 absorbability n. 吸收，可吸收性
absorber n. 吸收器，吸收体 absorbing adj. 引人入胜的，十分吸引人的
【链接】
“全神贯注于……”的表达方式：
be absorbed in be lost in be deep in be buried in
brief
【原句回放】I wish your visit wasn’t going to be so brief but there’s a lot we can do and see in a week．我真希望您的来访时间不会这么短，但是一周内我们也有许多事情可做，许多地方可参观。
【点拨】brief adj. & n.
(1)adj. 短暂的；简短的
I’ll make a brief visit to Paris我将去巴黎作短时间的访问。
(2)n. 摘要；简报
He drew up a brief for his speech．他起草了一份讲话的摘要。
【拓展】
in brief简而言之 to be brief简单地说，一句话
have a brief word说几句话 make brief of使简短
【辨析】in brief与in short
易混词组
辨析
例句
in brief
着重于重点突出，不拖泥带水
In brief，I have made up my mind to resign．简而言之，我已经决定辞职了。
in short
多用来在较长叙述之后长话短说，带有“综上所述”的意思
In short，this was a test and you passed it．总之，这是一个考验，你通过了。
【单词积累】
briefly adv. 简洁地，简短地 briefness n. 简单，(时问)短促
briefing n. 简报 briefcase n. 公文包
expectation
【原句回放】I don’t know what your expectations are of London，but knowing that you’ve never traveled outside of Asia，I thought I’d tell you a bit about what you can expect to find．我不知道您对伦敦有什么期望，但我知道您从来没有到亚洲以外的地方旅行过，所以我想告诉您一些这里的情况。
【点拨】expectation n. 期望，期待(后接of短语)
He did it in expectation of nothing．他这么做并不期望得到什么。
There’s no expectation of snow tonight．今晚预料无雪。
【拓展】
against all expectations出乎预料 beyond expectations料想不到
in expectation of期待；指望
come up to one’s expectations符合某人的期待
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做桌事 expect to do sth. 期望做某事
【链接】
辨析：expect，hope与wish(记句型。找异同)
expect
to do sth．
sb．to do sth．
that+从句
hope
for sth．
to do sth．
that+从句
wish
to do sth．
sb．to do sth．
that+从句(用虚拟语气)
avoid
【原句回放】And a word of advice．To avoid getting confused about the British tipping system，you need to check your bill to see if a tip is included or not．还有一点建议。为了避免对英语小费制度的困惑，您要查看帐单上是不是包括小费。
【点拨】avoid vt. 避免，避开
You’d better avoid reading in bed．你最好避免卧床读书。
He left and avoided being punished．他离开了，避免了被惩罚。
【拓展】
avoid后需跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
【单词积累】
avoidable adj. 可避免的 avoidance n. 避免，回避
the avoidance of bad companions避免不良伙伴
【辨析】avoid与escape
易混词
辨析
一言辨异
avoid
意为“使……扑空”，指“在……之前有意避开”
People may avoid all known sources of contagion，yet，not easily escape infection．
escape
指“从……中逃脱／逃离，以免受影响”
人们可以避开所有已知的接触传染病源，却难以摆脱非接触传染。
exchange
【原句回放】Talking of money—it’s really easy to exchange traveller’s cheques at banks or hotels so I advise you to get some of those before you come．谈到钱，在银行或饭店兑换旅行支票非常容易，所以我建议您来之前准备一些支票。
【点拨】exchange vt. & n.
(1)vt. 交换，交流，兑换
May I exchange seats with you? 我和你调换一下座位可以吗?
(2)n. 交换，交流
An exchange of opinions is helpful．相互交换意见是有益的。
【拓展】
exchange...for...以……换取…… exchange...with sb. 和某人换……
in exchange for交换，调换 exchange rate汇率
exchange student交换生
risk
【原句回放】I have learnt which ones are tasty and safe to eat so we won’t risk getting sick!
我已学会了识别哪些蘑菇好吃又安全，所以我们不会冒生病的危险！
【点拨】risk vt. & n.
(1)vt. 冒……之险
They risked losing their jobs．他们冒着失去工作的风险。
(2)n. 危险；风险
He was ready for any risks．他准备冒一切风险。
【拓展】
at one’s own risk自担风险 at risk有危险
run／take risks＝run／take a risk冒风险 at the risk of冒……的危险
at all risks／at any risk无论冒什么风险，无论如何
majority
【原句回放】But even though some British people are quite strange，the majority of them are really friendly and I’ve made some good friends．尽管有些英国人非常奇怪，但是大多数人都很友好，我结交了一些好朋友。
【点拨】majority n. 大多数；大半；大多
The majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio．多数人似乎喜欢电视胜过广播。
【单词积累】
major adj. 较大的；主要的；n. 专业；v. 以……为专业
minor adj. 较小的；较少的 minority n. 少数
【拓展】
in a／the majority占大多数 by／with a majority of以……的多数
the majority of……的多数
【链接】
由“the majority of，none of，some of，plenty of，a lot of／lots of，most of，the rest of，all of，half of，part of或分数／百分数+of等+名词”构成的短语名词作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词在数上保持一致。
The majority of his books are kept upstairs．他的大部分书收藏在楼上。
A lot of babies are ill．许多婴儿病了。
Lots of time is needed．需要大量的时间。
60 percent of the students are boys in this class．这个班上60%的学生是男生。
The rest of the eggs have gone bad．其余的鸡蛋都坏了。
anyhow
【原句回放】Anyhow, I’d better get back to work. 不管怎样，我最好回来工作。
【点拨】anyhow adv.
(1)不管怎么说；无论如何
He told me not to buy it，but I bought it anyhow．
他告诉我不要买它，但不管怎样，我还是买了。
I must finish this report anyhow．我不管如何都要完成这篇报告。
(2)随随便便地，杂乱无章地
Her clothes were thrown down just anyhow．她的衣服随便乱扔。
admit
【原句回放】Exercise 6.
【点拨】admit vt. 承认，供认；允许……进入 I admit breaking the glass．我承认打破了杯子。
No one but ticket—holders is admitted．只有持票者方可入内。
【助记】图解admit的一词多义：，准许……加入
【搭配】
admit
sth.／doing sth. 承认某事／做过某事
sb. to be + n.／adj. 承认某人为……
sb. to／into + n. (地点／组织)允许某人进入……，吸收某人为……的成员
book
【原句回放】If you decide to stay in a hotel, you must book a hotel room in advance.
如果你决定住旅馆，最好提前预定。
【点拨】book n. & v.
(1)n．书；唱词，脚本；账簿，账目
His eighth book came out earlier this year and was an instant best-seller．
他的第8本书在今年早些时候面世，迅速成为了畅销书。
She wrote the music and he wrote the book．她作曲子，他写歌词。
For the most part he left the books to his managers and accountants．
他通常都把账册交给经理和会计们处理。
(2)v. 预订，预购，预约
Mary has booked a flight from New York to London．
玛丽已预订了从纽约到伦敦的飞机票。
(3)v. 将(罪犯)的姓名和个人情况记录在案
He was booked on a charge of speeding．他因超速开车而被记录在案。
(4)v. 签约
Her agent had booked her for several concerts in Tokyo．
她的经纪人已经帮她签约了东京的好几场音乐会。
【拓展】
book in预订旅馆房间；办理登记手续
book up预订(车、船、飞机票、旅馆房间等)
take a leaf out of someone’s book学某人的样子
by the book严格遵守规则
【单词积累】
booked adj．预订的 bookish adj．书呆子气的 booking n. 预订；预约
bookmark n. 书签 booklet n. 小册子 bookcase n. 书架，书橱
bookshelf n. 书架 bookworm n. 书呆子；蛀书虫
【辨析】book与order
易混词
辨析
例句
book
表示“预订票、座、房间”等
You’ll have to book early if you want to see that fashion show．你要想看那场时装表演的话，就得早点儿订座位。
order
表示“预订货物、菜、衣物”等
He ordered three now suits for himself．
他给自己定购了三套新西装。
manners
【原句回放】Mind Your Manners 注意你的举止
manners n. 举止；礼貌
It is my belief that good manners are very important to everybody．
我相信有礼貌对大家是很重要的。
It is bad manners to interrupt．打断别人说话是不礼貌的。
I have adapted myself to new manners and customs．我使自己适应新的风俗习惯。
【链接】
manner n.
(1)方式
I thought I noticed a certain coldness in his manner．我想我觉察到他的态度有些冷淡。
(2)举止；习惯；风格
He is easy in conversation and graceful in manner．他谈吐从容，举止优雅。
This fresco is typical of the painter’s early manner．这幅壁画是那位画家早期风格的典型。
【拓展】
good／bad manners有／没有礼貌 have no manners没有礼貌
have no manner of right毫无权利 in a…manner以……方式／方法
all manner of各种各样的；形形色色的
indicate
【原句回放】
【点拨】indicate vt. 指出，指示；标志；表明（症状）；暗示；微微承认；简要陈述
This is used to indicate the temperature of the enclosure．这个用来指示壳体的温度。
His hesitation indicates unwillingness．他的犹豫表明不愿意。
These facts would seem to indicate that the family was wealthy．
从这些事实看来这个家庭好像很富有。
The president indicated his willingness to use force against the rebels．
总统简要陈述了他使用武力平叛叛乱者的意愿。
Dreams Can help indicate your true feelings．梦可以反映你的真实感情。
【单词积累】
indication n. 指示；表示；迹象
indicator n. 指示器；指示牌
indicative adj. 指示的；暗示的；陈述的
indicatory adj. 指示的；表示的
curiously
【原句回放】He looked curiously at the people．他好奇地看着那些人。
【点拨】curiously adv. 好奇地；奇异地，奇怪地；说来古怪
Curiously enough he had never seen the little girl．说也奇怪，他竟从未见过那个小女孩。
【链接】
curious adj. 好奇的；好求知的；表示好奇的；奇特的；离奇古怪的
A student should always be curious to learn．学生应该始终具有强烈的求知欲。
The cat felt curious when she saw her own reflection in the mirror．
那只猫看到自己在镜子中的倒影，感到很好奇。
She looks rather curious with green hair．她头发是绿的，样子有点古怪。
【单词积累】
curiosity n. 好奇心
【搭配】
be curious about...对……好奇 be curious to do...急于做……
out of curiosity出于好奇 in／with curiosity好奇地
重点短语
be busy (in) doing sth.
【原句回放】I’ve just been so busy studying and trying to absorb all the new things around me—I think I’m still experiencing culture shock．我一直忙于学习，了解身边的新事物——我觉得自己还在经历文件冲击。
【点拨】be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
I am busy (in) writing a novel．我正忙于写一部小说。
【拓展】
be busy with／at／over／about sth. 忙于某事 as busy as a bee极忙碌
get busy开始工作、干起来
【链接】
have difficulty(in) doing sth．做某事有困难
spend time (in) doing sth．花费时间做某事
He had difficulty in breathing．他呼吸困难。
He spent three months touring China．他花了三个月周游中国。
would rather
【原句回放】Er，I’d rather not，thanks．我宁可不，谢谢。
【点拨】would rather 宁愿
(1)would rather后跟动词原形，多用于would rather do...than do...结构，表示“宁愿做……而不愿做……”。
Mary would rather travel by train than by plane．玛丽宁可乘火车而不愿乘飞机旅行。
(2)would rather之后跟从句，要用虚拟语气。从句用一般过去时表示对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去情况的虚拟。
I would rather that you drank milk．我宁愿你喝牛奶。
I would rather that I hadn’t finished the task．我宁愿没完成这项任务。
(3)would rather have done sth．也表示虚拟语气，表示“宁愿当时做了某事，而实际上未做”，其否定式为would rather not have done sth.，表示相反的含义，两者都含有“后悔”之意。
I would rather have gone to the lecture last Sunday．我宁愿上星期天去听了讲座。
【链接】
would rather do宁愿做……，宁可做……
rather than倒不如说。是……而不是……
rather...than otherwise不是别的而是……
at all
【原句回放】One last thing，I didn’t understand British humour at all when I first got here．最后，我刚到这儿时一点儿都不懂英式幽默。
【点拨】at all
(1)用于否定句中，构成not(...)at all，意为“一点儿也不”。
I don’t like the book at all．我一点儿都不喜欢这本书。
(2)用于疑问句中，意为“到底，究竟”。
Are you at all worded about him? 你到底担心他吗?
(3)用于if条件句，意为“既然，即使”。
If I go at all，I want to start early．既然要去的话，我想早点儿动身。
【辨析】at all，after all，above all与in all
易混词组
辨析
一言辨异
at all
“根本”，常用于否定句、疑问句中
You shouldn’t have scolded the boy at a11．He is a child after all；above all，he made only two mistakes in all．你根本不该责备那个男孩，他毕竟还是个孩子；最重要的是，他总共才出了两处错误。
after all
“毕竟，终究”，用于提醒对方
above all
首先，最重要的是
in all
总共
even though
【原句回放】But even though some British people are quite strange，the majority of them are really friendly and I’ve made some good friends．尽管有些英国人非常奇怪，但是大多数人都很友好，我结交了一些好朋友。
【点拨】even though 意为“尽管，即使”，用来引导让步状语从句，其中even用来加强语气，even though可用even if替换。
He will come on time even though it rains．即使下雨，他还是会准时来的。
give sb. a lift
【原句回放】Would you mind giving me and my schoolmate a lift to school? 让我和我的同学搭你的车去学校，你介意吗？
【点拨】give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车
I’ll give you a lift if you like．如果你愿意，可以搭我的车。
Here’s my car．Let me give you a lift．这是我的车，让我载你一程。
Will you please give me a lift to the railway station? 你能让我搭便车到火车站去吗?
It was raining heavily so he gave her a lift in his car．天在下大雨，因此他让她搭他的车。
【链接】
ask for a lift要求搭便车 take the lift乘电梯 lift up拿起，举起
drop off
【原句回放】Do you think you could drop me off at the mailbox?你认为你能让我在邮箱附近下车吗？
【点拨】drop off 让某人下车；打盹儿，小睡；减少，逐渐消失
Please drop me off at the bank．请让我在银行下车。
She dropped off during the English class．她在上英语课时睡着了。
The business of the company was dropping off．这家公司的生意日益惨淡。
【链接】
drop across偶然遇见 drop behind 落后
drop in／by／round 顺便拜访 drop in on sb / at sp. 拜访某人／某地
drop back退后 drop into落入，偶然进入
drop on训斥，惩罚 drop out不参与，放弃
drop around串门 drop through崩溃，失败
drop to下降到 drop up不期而到
get used to...
【原句回放】You’re going to have to get used to bacon and eggs with a few slices of toast for breakfast over here，Aunt Mei!梅姨，您得适应这里腌肉、鸡蛋加几片烤面包的早餐！
【点拨】get used to... 习惯于……(to为介词)
She is used to hard work．她习惯于艰苦工作。
I get used to looking after myself．我习惯于照顾自己。
【链接】
be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事(现在已不再这样了)
【一言辨异】
Mr. Brown used to live in China，so he is used to eating Chinese dishes．
布朗先生过去常住在中国，所以习惯吃中国菜。
“get+过去分词”结构
【原句回放】
【点拨】get confused 弄糊涂，此处是“get+过去分词”结构。
The old lady easily gets confused．这位老太太容易糊涂。
【链接】
get burnt被烧伤／烫着 get robbed遭抢劫 get punished受惩罚
get lost 迷路 get hurt受伤 get drunk喝醉了
get killed丧命 get excited激动 get married结婚
confuse vt. 使混乱，使迷惑；混淆；混同
I often confuse you and your brother．我常把你和你哥哥弄混。
We shouldn’t confuse facts with lies．我们不应该把事实与谎言混为一谈。
【单词积累】
(派)confused adj. 困惑的，烦恼的 confusion n. 混乱，混淆
重点句型
只用that不用which的情况
【原句回放】There is so much here that is different from home．这儿的很多事情与国内不一样。
【点拨】只用that不用which的情况 关系代词that可以引导限定性定语从句，修饰代表人或事物的先行词，但不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、宾语、表语。在先行词是事物的限定性定语从句中，that和which一般可互换，但在下列情况下不可以互换，只能用that，不能用which：
(1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词修饰时
Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 你有什么东西要在城里买吗?
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级，me only，the very，the last等修饰时
The first English novel that I read was Cities．我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen．
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now．这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all．
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
(4)关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时
He is no longer the star that he was．他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be．我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
(5)句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句
Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车?
wish后接宾语从句
【原句回放】I wish your visit wasn’t going to be so brief but there’s a lot we can do and see in a week．我真希望您的来访时间不会这么短，但是一周内我们也有许多事情可做，许多地方可参观。
【点拨】wish后接宾语从句，常表示不能或难以实现的愿望。根据从句中动作发生的时间我们可以将其分为以下几种情况：
(1)表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句谓语用过去式。
I wish it were spring all the year round．我希望全年都是春天。
(2)表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句谓语用“could／would+动词原形”。
I wish you could go with us tomorrow．我希望明天你能跟我们一起去。
(3)表示过去没能实现的愿望，从句谓语用had done。
I wish I hadn’t wasted my time when I was young．
我希望我年轻时没浪费那么多的时光。
现在分词短语作定语
【原句回放】There are people from all over the world living here and as a result，there are many international restaurants．这里的人来自世界各地，因此（这里）有许多各个国家的餐馆。
【点拨】living here是现在分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句who are living here。现在分词(短语)作定语，单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前；现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进着火的房子。
Who is the girl standing there? 站在那里的女孩是谁?
巩固练习
单词拼写（根据首字母或中文意思。共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）1. He ______ ______ ______ （习惯于）getting up early.2. His mother offered her ______ （道歉）to the Jones family.3. Black cloth ______ （吸收）light.4. Have you ever e______ real hunger?5. At last , we could ______ （支付得起）a house.6. He ______ （交换）the red car for a black one.7. He ______ （冒险）his life when he saved the child from the fire.8. He was elected by a large ______ （大多数）.9. We have ______ （预定）tickets through to Qingdao.10. Our landlord keeps threatening to ______ the rent ______ （提高）.短语翻译（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）1. 向某人道歉 2. 全神贯注于 3. 在……方面有经验 4. 习惯于…… 5. 一点也不 6. ……的大多数 7. at risk 8. put up with 9. in exchange for 10. owe...to sb./owe sb....
?根据汉语意思完成句子（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）1. 大多数重点高中的学生能够上大学。 The ______ of students who are in key senior schools can go to university.
2. 他忙于做家庭作业 。 He ______ ______ _______ his homework.?
3. 录像完全吸引了孩子们的注意力。 The video totally ______ the children’s attention.
4. 他是一位有经验的军官，有着很多奇特的经历。? He is an officer with ______, who has many odd ______.5. 宇航员们很快就习惯了失重状态。
The astronauts soon ______ ______ ______ the condition of weightlessness.用所给单词的适当形式填空（共5小题；每小题2分， 满分10分）1. Does she have much ______ (experience) of teaching?2. He is ______ (experience) in looking after children.3. Buffers（缓冲器）______ (absorb) most of the shock.4. Let’s have an ______ (exchange) of views on the matter.5. Smoking can increase the ______（risk）of developing heart disease. 单项填空（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）1. When talking about China, people often ______ it with the Yellow River.
A. associate B. admire C. reveal D. worship
2. The?captain ______ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by the bad weather.
A. made B. said C. put D. passed
3. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ______ home in the snowstorm.A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking
4. There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating
5. At the age of 29,Dave was a worker, ______ in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future.A. living; wondering B. lived; wonderingC. lived; wondered D. living; wondered
6. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ______ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn[
7. It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them.
A. in preference to B. in place of
C. in agreement with D. in exchange for
8. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in
a ______.
A. minority B. shortage C. majority D. minor
9. A notice was ______ in order to remind the students of the changed lecture time.A. sent up B. given up C. set up D. put up
10. — There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
— My goodness！I can’t imagine ______ that [old.A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
答案与解析：单词拼写
1. is/gets used to 2.apologies 3. absorbs 4. experienced 5. afford
6. exchanged 7. risked 8. majority 9. booked 10. put up短语翻译
1. offer sb. an apology 2. be?absorbed in 3. be experienced in 4. be/get used to…
? 5. not at all 6. the majority of… 7. 冒……的风险 8. 忍受 9. 作为交换
10. 欠某人……；把……归功于某人
?根据汉语意思完成句子
1. majority 2. is busy doing 3. absorbed 4. experience; experiences 5. got used to
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. experience 2.experienced 3. absorbs 4. exchange 5. risk
单项填空
1. A 句意：当谈到中国时，人们经常把中国与黄河联系在一起。associate…with… “把……与……联系起来”。Admire“钦佩”；reveal“透漏；泄露”；worship“崇拜”。
2. A make an apology to sb. for (doing) sth.“因（做了）某事向某人道歉”，为固定搭配。
3. D 句意：你很难想象我们在暴风雪中走回家有多困难。本题考查的是固定短语“have difficulty (in) doing sth.”。
4. B 此处为现在分词短语在句中作后置定语，修饰evidence，二者之间为主谓关系。
5. A 句意：29岁时，戴夫是一名工人，居住在波士顿附近的一座小公寓里，对于他的未来还一片茫然。根据句意及句式结构，live 和wonder的逻辑主语都是Dave，所以要使用现在分词短语形式作状语。
6. B run over 是及物动词短语，意为“辗过；（车）压在某物上面跑过”，get run over 表示被动，指主语被车压。
7. D 句意：公职人员向人们索要礼品或金钱作为给人们带来恩惠的交换是非法的。in preference to“优先于”；in place of“代替”；in agreement with“同意；赞同；与……一致”；in exchange for“作为交换”。由题干和四个介词短语的含义可知，D项正确。
8. A 从语境中的逻辑关系可知“在医学专业高层中女士占少数”。 in a minority“占少数”，符合语境。
9. D 句意：为了提醒学生演讲时间的变动，一张通知被张贴了起来。send up “发射”；give up“放弃”； set up“建立；创立”； put up“张贴”。
10. C imagine后接动名词作宾语，答案应在C、D两项之间选择。而D项用了完成时不妥，故可排除