北师大版高中英语模块5Unit 14 Careers 直接引语和间接引语

直接引语与间接引语
概念引入
完全按照原句或原段逐字引述,被引述的部分叫做直接引语。
间接引语是用引述人的语言把被引述的原话内容转述出来。引述时，原话中的人称代词、物主代词、动词时态以及指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等都要有相应的变化。我们在高一时已经学习了直接引语变间接引语的一些知识，本单元将进一步学习。
先看下面句子：
1. “I never thought about going on TV because my family didn’t even have one until I was in junior high school!” she explained.
2. I asked her how she had achieved success and she told me that being curious, working hard, and believing in what was true made her the success she is today.
3. “That is when I realized the importance of being a journalist.” said Junyan.
4. She said she chose to be a journalist because it is important that people grasp what is going on around them.
5. I asked her if there was any special moment that made her realize this and she replied that it was after she was asked to inspect an illegal business.
这些句子都带有直接引语或间接引语，句1和句3带有直接引语，句2、句4、句5带有间接引语。在这个单元中，我们会学习到更多的使用间接引语我们要注意的各种情况和可以代替say或ask，可以接间接引语的动词等等有关间接引语的知识。
下面的例句除了前面表示对比外，为了避免重复和累赘，直接引语或间接引语只翻译其中之一。
用法讲解
转述某人的话时的变化-----人称
转述某人的话，即把直接引语变成间接引语时，由于转述时有了时间和空间的变化，句子的细节也会发生一些变化，如人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等。
人称变化
口诀：一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新。
一随主：在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
She?said,?“My?brother?wants?to?go shopping?with?me.” 她说“我弟弟想与我一起去购物。”
→She?said?her?brother wanted?to?go shopping?with?her. 她说她弟弟想与她一起去购物。
二随宾：直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果找不到宾语，那就默认为宾语为“我”。
I?said?to?Jane,?“You are so selfish.” 我对简说：“你这么自私。”
→ I?said to?Jane?that she was so selfish. 我对简说她那么自私。
Mary said, “You should be blamed for the accident.” 玛丽说：“你应该因为事故受谴责。”
→Mary said that I should be blamed for the accident. 玛丽对我说我应该因为事故受谴责。
第三人称不更新：直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
Mr.?Smith?said, “Jack?is?a?good?boy.” 史密斯先生说：“杰克是个好孩子。”
→Mr.?Smith?said?that Jack?was?a?good?boy. 史密斯先生说杰克是个好孩子。
注意：如果引述人不同或具体情况不同，人称代词和物主代词的转变也随之不同。
例如：“I know,” said Crawley, “but I love to hear you say it.”
“我知道，”克劳利说：“但是我喜欢听你说这个。”
1. 听话人转述：
Crawley answered that he knew, but he loved to hear me say it.
2. 说话人转述：
I (Crawley) answered that I knew but I loved to hear him/ her say it.
3. 第三者转述：
1）第三者转告其他人
Crawley answered that he knew but he loved to hear him/ her say it.
2）第三者提醒听话者
Crawley answered that he knew but he loved to hear you say it.
3）第三者复述给说话者
You (Crawley) answered that you knew, but you loved to hear him/ her say it.
转述某人的话时的变化-----时态
1. 如主句的时态为一般现在时或一般将来时，则变成间接引语后从句中的动词仍保持原来 时态。
He will say, “I have watered the flowers.”
→He will say that he has watered the flowers. 他会说他已经浇花了。
2. 主句的时态是过去时，直接引语的谓语动词按照时态一致的原则，在变成间接引语时要改为相应的过去时态，而一般过去时要变成过去完成时，过去完成时不变。如：
1）一般现在时→ 一般过去时；现在进行时→过去进行时
“I am afraid that arguments don’t make a difference.” said he with a smile.
→ He said with a smile that he was afraid that arguments didn’t make a difference.
他微笑着说，他害怕争论也不会有所不同。
So he said to me, “You don’t know what you are talking about.”
→ So he said to me I didn’t know what I was talking about.
所以他对我说，我不知道我正在说什么。
2）一般过去时→过去完成时；过去完成时→不变
“I did not suppose that you had done it on purpose.” she said.
→She said that she had not supposed that he had done it on purpose.
她说她没有料到他是故意做这事的。
3）现在完成时→过去完成时
“I have won the match already.” claimed my friend.
→My friend claimed that he had won the match already.
我的朋友声称他已经赢得了比赛。
2. 主句谓语动词虽然是过去时，但在下面情况中间接引语的谓语动词时态不变。
1）间接引语陈述的事实不受时间限制，或者表示的是习惯行为，转述时仍是这样。
The students recited, “The Mississipi is the longest river in US.”
→The students recited the Mississipi is the longest river in US.
那个学生背到：密西西比河是美国最长的河流。
Mrs. Smith said to the students, “I read for half an hour before I go to bed every night.”
→Mrs. Smith told the students that she reads for half an hour before she goes to bed every night.
史密斯夫人告诉学生们她每天晚上上床前会读半小时书。
2）直接引语的谓语动词是一般过去时态，如果带有表示确切的过去时间状语或从句，变成间接引语时，谓语动词可用一般过去时态。
The article wrote, “In 1801, Napoleon’s troops in Egypt gave in to the British command.”
→The article wrote in 1801, Napoleon’s troops in Egypt gave in to the British command.
文章写到，1801年，拿破仑的军队在埃及向英国军队投降了。
转述某人的话时的变化-----其它
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this/ these
that/ those
时间状语
now
then/ at that moment
today
that day
ago
before
at the moment
at that moment
yesterday
the day before/ the previous day
the day before yesterday
two days before
the day after tomorrow
in two days’ time
two days after
tomorrow
the next day/ the following day
last week/ month
the week/ month before
yesterday morning
the morning before
next week
the next/ following week
地点状语
here
there
方向性动词
come
bring
go
take
例如：
He said, “I want this one.”→
He said he wanted that one. 他说他想要那一个。
She said, “She can’t settle anything now.” →
She said that she couldn’t settle anything then. 她说那时她不能解决任何事。
Bob said, “Some students invited me to tea a few days ago.” →
Bob said that some students had invited him to tea a few days before.
鲍勃说几天前一些学生邀请他喝茶。
“I will marry you tomorrow.” she promised. →
She promised that she would marry me the next day.
她许诺说第二天她会嫁给我。
“I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday.” he shouted at me. →
He shouted at me that he had told me the day before and two days before.
他对我喊道：他前一天和两天前已经告诉我了。
但是：
如果转述时，时间和地点都没有发生变化，时间、地点状语可以不变化。
不同句式的转述----陈述句
直接引语是陈述句，转述时用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的say/said/says, 也可用told来代替。
注意：可以说said that..., said to sb. that..., told sb. that...
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” →
He said that he had been to the Great Wall.
他说他去过长城。
He said, “I’ll give him an examination next Monday.” →
He told us that he would give him an examination the next Monday.
他告诉我他下周一会给他做个检查。
The boy said, “I went to the US in 2002, when I was ten.” →
The boy said that he went to the US in 2002 when he was ten.
男孩儿说他2002年10岁时去过美国。
不同句式的转述----疑问句
转述疑问句时要注意两点：
1）said要改为asked (me/him/us) 等。
2）间接引语的语序要用陈述句的语序。
一般疑问句
当直接引语是一般疑问句时，转述时用if或whether来引导。
She asked, “Is your father the man who is in black?” →
She asked whether my father was the man who was in black.
她问我的父亲是不是穿黑衣服的那个人。
Tom asked, “Will they help me if I turn to them?” →
Tom asked whether they would help him if he turned to them.
汤姆问如果他向他们救助，他们是不是会帮助他。
特殊疑问句
当直接引语是特殊疑问句时，用原特殊疑问词来引导。
Mary asked me, “When will you start your party tonight?” →
Mary asked me when I would start my party that night.
玛丽问我那天晚上什么时候聚会开始。
They wondered, “Who will be in charge of the company if the manager quits office?” →
They wondered who would be in charge of the company if the manager quitted office.
他们想知道如果经理辞职谁会管理公司。
不同句式的转述----祈使句
转述祈使句时，一般变成句型：
asked /told/ ordered + (not) to do （表示请求时用动词ask；表示命令时用动词order/tell）
　　“Follow your teacher’s instructions,” Mother said to me. →
Mother told me to follow my teacher’s instructions.
妈妈告诉我要按老师的指导做。
She said to us, “Don’t drink this water.” →
She ordered us not to drink that water.
她命令我们不要喝那水。
若未出现受命的人，间接引语要交代出受命的人。
He said, “Tom, get everything ready in two hours.” →
He asked Tom to get everything ready in two hours.
他请汤姆两小时内准备好一切。
常用来引导间接引语的动词与句式
引述别人的话时，常用下面的动词和句式来代替say或ask。
动词+从句
动词：add (又说), admit (承认), agree (同意), announce (宣布), believe (相信), boast (自夸), claim (声称), complain (抱怨), declare (宣布), deny (否认), explain (解释), insist (坚持), remind (提醒), suggest (建议), warm (警告), reply/ answer (回答), repeat (重复)
They complained that the price of books had increased.
他们抱怨说书的价格提高了。
The captain announced that the plane was going to land.
机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。
He reminded me that I ought to do it at once.
他提醒我应该现在就去做这件事。
动词+if/ whether
动词：inquire (询问), wonder (想知道)
I inquired whether the train was on time. 我问火车是否准时。
Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday.
特德不知道为什么警方要他去,但昨天他去了警察局。
动词+ sb. to do sth.
动词：advise (劝说), beg (乞求), forbid (禁止), order (命令), promise (许诺), warn (警告)
The teacher ordered the class to check for errors.
老师命令班里学生检查一下错误。
The boy advised the girl not to drink that liquid.
那个男孩儿劝那个女孩儿不要喝那种饮料。
动词+ to do sth.
动词：agree（同意），offer（提议），promise（许诺），refuse（拒绝），threaten（威胁）
I refuse to answer that question. 我不愿回答那个问题。
His father threatened to beat the boy if he stole again.
男孩的父亲威胁说如果他再偷东西的话，就要揍他。
动词+ doing sth.
动词：admit, deny, suggest
He admits being ignorant of it. 他承认忽视了这件事。
He suggested going out for a walk. 他建议出去走走。
非人称间接引语结构
1. 报道一般人们确信或常说的话时，用句式：
It is / was + 过去分词（said/ believed/ reported/ known/ supposed/ ...）+ that ...
It is said that Alice has been to Europe. 据说爱丽丝去过欧洲。
It was supposed that the prisoner had already escaped.
大家猜想那个犯人已经逃跑了。
2. 上面这个句型可以变成：
主语+ is / was + 过去分词（said/ believed/ reported/ known/ supposed/ ...）+ to do sth.
（此句型中的主语是信息所涉及的人或物）
It is known that bears like honey.
= Bears are known to like honey. 据说熊喜欢蜂蜜。
It is believed that health is above wealth.
= Health is believed to be above wealth.
一般人都相信健康重于财富。
注意：
如果所报道的事件在报道之前发生，to do sth.要用完成式。
It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.
= Another earth satellite is reported to have been put into orbit.
据报道，另一颗地球卫星已经被送入了轨道。
It is announced that the hostages have been released.
The hostages are announced to have been released.
已经宣布人质被释放了。

巩固练习
Ⅰ. 将下列句子改为间接引语。
　　1. The boss said to his workers, “You must make full use of the time.”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　2. The teacher said to the students, “Please write your report as neatly as possible.”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　3. He said, “I didn’t notice her when she came into my room yesterday.”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　4. May said, “He will come and help me with my English tomorrow.”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　5. She said, “We have learnt English for nine years.”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　6. Mary wrote in her letter, “Mr. Liu, when will you come to America?”
　　　 __________________________________________________________
　　7. “Did you join them in the game this morning?” she asked me.
　　　 __________________________________________________________
8. “I’d do maths, Joe, if I were you.” Ms Jennings advised.
　 __________________________________________________________
9. “Take a photo of the bank.” The journalist ordered the photographer.
__________________________________________________________
10. He claimed, “I admit Edison is one of the greatest inventors in the world.”
__________________________________________________________
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. 汤姆问莎莉能否接管这件事情。
Tom asked Sally_____________.
2. 我们要确定王东是否编造了这个故事。
We had to make sure __________________.
3. 会议组织者说由于时间关系就不再详细解释这件事情了。
The organizer of the meeting said ________________.
4. 小李决定尽一切努力赶上班里的其他同学。
Xiao Li determined _______________.
5. 老板说：“我们必须准备第二套方案，以防第一套方案失败。”
Our boss said ________________.
6. 我们不得不承认,在这方面有尚待改进的地方。
We have to _________________.
7. 据说那种植物常用来治疗癌症。
1) ___________ the plant is often used to treat cancer.
2) The plant ______________ to treat cancer.
8. 大家都相信他的那本小说已经被翻译成许多种语言。
The novel of his _________________ into many languages.
9. 他们禁止任何船舶进入这片水域。
They __________________ the water.
10. 老师命令学生们不经允许不要动实验室的任何东西。
The teacher __________________ anything in the lab without permission.
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. He asked ________ for the violin.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _________.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
3. Can you tell me ________?
A. how good is his spoken English B. how well his spoken English is
C. how well he speaks English D. how good he can speak English
4. He said that he had bought the jacket ________.
A. before three days B. three days before C. three days ago D. last week
5. Did you say_________?
A. that what he said was true B. that it was true that he said
C. what did he say was true D. what he said it was true
6. Please tell me ________ from.
A. where do you come B. where you come C. where you will come D. there you come
7. Ask her ________ come with us.
A. if she will B. if or not she will C. that if she will D. whether will she
8. The driver said that he ________ pick _______ a passenger at West Street.
A. will, up B. would, up C. will, out D. would, out
9. He said he _______ in 1993, but I thought he appeared much older.
A. has born B. had been born C. had born D. was born
10. John _______ me he was going to help me with my English.
A. explained B. spoke C. told D. said
11. —Mother，the boy is very naughty.
—What did the girl say just now?
—She ________very naughty.
A．said her mother that the boy was B．said to her mother that the boy is
C．told her mother that the boy was D．spoke to her mother that the boy was
12. —Fred, you’ve already got well，haven’t you?
(No answer.)
—Fred, Mrs. White asked ________.
A．if you have already got well, hadn’t you B．whether you had already got well
C．have I already got well D．had I already got well
13. Looking at me up and down, he asked me________.
A．am I a music teacher or a singer B．was I a music teacher or a singer
C．whether I was a music teacher or a singer D．whether was I a music teacher or a singer
14. The young man asked me ________ with me.
A．what the matter is B．what the matter was
C．what’s the matter D．what was the matter
15. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle’s farm with him.
A．how would I like 　　　　　B．if or not would I like
C．whether I would like 　　　D．which I would like
16. She said what a lovely day it _________.
A. is 　　　B. was　　　 C. has been 　　　D. will be
17. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
18. —What did she ask you?
—________ she could get to the zoo.
A. Why B. That C. Where D. How
19. I wonder ________ he is crying now.
A. that B. why C. how D. when
20. The teacher said that doubt ________ the key to knowledge.
A. is B. was C. has D. have
Ⅳ. 书面表达。
假如你是个高二学生，下面是你们学校的校规，你需要根据这则校规，向高一的新同学介绍他们在学校的注意事项。
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 将下列句子改为间接引语。
1. The boss asked his workers to make full use of the time.
　 2. The teacher asked his students to write the report as neatly as possible.
　 3. He said that he didn’t notice her when she came into his room the day before.
　 4. May said that he would go to help her with her English the next day.
　 5. She said they had learnt English for nine years.
　 6. Mary asked in her letter when Mr. Liu would go to America.
　 7. She asked me whether I had joined them in the game that morning.
　 8. Ms Jennings advised that she’d do maths if she were Joe.
9. The journalist ordered the photographer to take a photo of the bank.
10. He claimed that he admitted Edison is one of the greatest inventors in the world.
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. if / whether she could take over that case
2. if/whether Wang Dong had made up the story
3. he wouldn’t explain the matter again because of the time
4. that he would try his best to catch up with his classmates
5. that they had to prepare for a second plan in case the first one failed
6. admit that there is still room for improvement
7. It is said that; is said to be often used
8. is believed to have been translated
9. forbid any ships to enter
10. ordered the students not to touch
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. D。间接引语（宾语从句）要用陈述句语序，而且用疑问词引导，所以选D。
2. D。宾语从句要用陈述句语序，排除A、C；表示外面与某事有关系的，不知男女的人一般用it，所以选D。
3. C。宾语从句应用陈述语序，排除A；well作形容词时表示“身体好的”，“他的英语口语好”应该用good，排除B；修饰动词speak，要用副词well，排除D，所以选C。
4. B。间接引语表示“一段时间之前”用before，而不用ago，所以选B。选项A是错误表达；last week 意思是“上周”，在间接引语中用the week before，意思为“前一周”。
5. A。what he said是主语从句，是was true的主语，而that引出陈述句变成的间接引语。所以选A。
6. B。根据句意，宾语从句是特殊疑问句变来的，应该用where引导；宾语从句用陈述语序，而表示某人来自于某处这种经常性的状态，多用一般现在时，所以选B。
7. A。从ask可知宾语从句时一般疑问句变来的，用if引导；whether or not中的whether不能用if替换；排除B；宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除D。
8. B。主句谓语是一般过去时said，从句多用相应的过去时，所以从句谓语用would...；pick up表示“开车去接（某人）”，因此根据句意选B。pick out 挑选出。
9. D。虽然主句谓语是said，从句谓语多用过去完成时代替一般过去时，但是如果有具体的过去时间，还用一般过去时表示。所以选D。
10. C。say，explain和speak接“某人”时，一般要加to，所以选told，因为told可以接双宾语，即tell sb. to do sth.
11. C。注意say，tell和speak的区别：say是及物动词，但只能用说出的话作其宾语，即say to sb.sth.；speak是不及物动词，即speak to sb. about sth.；tell是及物动词，可接双宾语，即tell sb.sth.。另外，还要注意时态对应。
12. B。反意疑问句变为间接引语时，要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句。
13. C。此句所问的话应该是选择疑问句，变为间接引语时，要变成whether... or not。另外，还要注意时态对应和陈述句语序。
14. D。注意该题时态的一致。what’s the matter/wrong with句型中，what作主语，the matter/wrong作表语，因此作为宾语从句时还是这样的顺序，而非选项B。
15. C。宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除A；whether or not中的whether不能用if替换；排除B；which引导宾语从句意为“哪一个”，不符合题意。
16. B。主句谓语是said，用相应的过去时，要把直接引语中的一般现在时改为一般过去时。
17. A。第一空，表示“发生了什么”，用what引导间接引语；第二空：that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all，所以只能选用that引导。
18. D。从上下文可以推测答语是省略了She said的间接引语，从句意可知，缺少引导词how。因为是问句，不用that（引导直接引语是陈述句变来的间接引语）。
19. B。从wonder可知，间接引语是疑问句变来的，排除A；从句意可知，选疑问词why引导间接引语。how和when与句意不符。
20. A。间接引语是真理，所以时态不变。根据句意“怀疑是通往知识的钥匙”可知选A。
Ⅳ. 书面表达。
Our school advises us to go to school on time and greet teachers. Meanwhile, our school also tells us to be honest. The school orders us not to smoke as well. And the school tells us to persist in doing physical exercise and finish homework in time. At this very beginning of the new semester, I, as a senior schoolmate, advise all of us to be hard-working students and achieve something in future.