北师大版高中英语模块6 Unit 16 Stories 过去完成时与过去完成进行时

过去完成时与过去完成进行时
概念引入
在高一我们已经学习了现在完成时与现在完成进行时，这两个时态是事件发生的时间基点为现在，而在本单元我们将重点学习过去完成时和过去完成进行时，这两个时态的事件发生的时间基点在过去。那么这两个时态的用法是什么？与现在完成时和现在完成进行时等其它时态有什么区别呢？答对考查这两种时态的试题的关键在哪里呢？这就是下面我们要讲的主要内容。
先看下面句子：
1. Around the end of the first century AD, a Roman writer called Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man.
2. However, more than 1,600 years later, some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes.
3. Before the eruption occurred, it had been a booming Roman city with temples, markets, restaurants and theatres.
4. This afternoon, I was in the town centre, where I had been doing some shopping.
5. One afternoon, hundreds of unlucky passengers who had been expecting to board a flight to New York were told it had been cancelled.
注意这些句子中斜体词部分：句1、句2、句3是过去完成时，句4是过去完成进行时，句5中前面的斜体部分是过去完成进行时，后面的斜体部分是过去完成时。感觉到两种时态之间的不同了吗？下面我们一起走进时态的分析。
由于篇幅关系，简单的例句将不提供汉语译文。
用法讲解
过去完成时1----理解与判断
Ⅰ. 构成：
had + 过去分词 (had done)
Ⅱ. 基本用法
1. 过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。
The film had begun before we got to the cinema.
我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了。（had begun发生在got to之前）
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（“雨停了”发生在“我醒”之前）
2. 过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和by或since, for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用。
The train had already been away for half an hour when Millie got to the station.
当米莉到火车站的时候, 火车已经离开半小时了。
We hadn’t seen each other since he left Nanjing.
自从他离开南京我们就一直没有见过面。

Ⅲ. 过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
1）by + 过去的时间点。
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
我到昨晚9点钟已经读完了这部小说。
2）by the end of + 过去的时间点。
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了2000多英语单词。
3）before + 过去的时间点。
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
上周三前我们已经种了600棵树。
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
1）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。常见于told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
He said that he had been abroad for three years. 他说他在国外待了三年了。
2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
Until he arrived, he had known nothing about it yet.
他到达前对此仍一无所知。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 关上门后，他离开了教室。
3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. 我们希望你会来，但是你没有。
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
我昨天在街上遇到了王涛，自从他去了北京我们还没有见过面。
过去完成时2 ----区别
Ⅰ. 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“have (has) + 过去分词”；
过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有与过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
—I’m sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。
（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
—John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
—Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？
（问约翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
Ⅱ. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. （到昨天十点为止已经……）
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. （昨晚十点时发生）
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. （先获奖，后她与家人高兴）
3. 当两个或以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，只用一般过去时；另外，在 before， after，as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。如：
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
他进了房间，打开灯，然后读起了晚报。
I (had) called her before I left the office. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。
4. 某些动词，如want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose等用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算；而这些词用一般过去时，只说明过去的事实。
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，但时间不允许。
过去完成时3----重点句型
1. hardly/scarcely/barely...when... 与no sooner...than...
1) 此二句型意为“刚刚……就……”。
2) when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时；
3) hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner位于句首，这些词所在句子的谓语部分倒装。
No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
We had hardly started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。
2. It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句
since从句中谓语用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时或过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们十年没这么高兴了。
3. That/It was the first/ second/...time＋that从句
that从句谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次考试及格。
过去完成进行时
Ⅰ. 构成：
had + been +现在分词（had been doing）
Ⅱ. 基本用法
1. 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作，即动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到另一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
2. 表示过去某时间内反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me when we were together last year.
去年我们在一起时，他多次向我提到过你的名字。
3. 过去完成进行时还常用于宾语从句等从句中。
I heard you’d been looking for me. 我听说你一直在找我。
That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 这正是我们一直想做的事。
I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道一直在发生什么事。
That was just the letter I had been expecting. 这正是我一直期待的信。
4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。
? I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She’d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断了她。
Ⅲ. 过去完成时与过去完成进行时的区别
过去完成时强调结果，而过去完成进行时强调某动作在过去某时间前一直在进行。
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。
He had painted the street door when I arrived. (门漆完了)
我到的时候他已经漆完了大门。
He had been painting the street door before I arrived. (强调过程，也许还没有漆完)
我到之前他一直在漆大门。
进行时态与非进行时态
1. 进行时态一般有一个时间作为基点，表示在那个基点的当时正在进行的动作或某一段时间一直进行的动作。如，现在进行时和现在完成进行时以现在为基点；过去进行时与过去完成进行时以过去为基点，一般有一个过去时间作为对比。
2. 非进行时态包括一般时态和完成时态等。

进行时态用于下面情况：
1. 动作还没有完成
1) The policeman was writing a note at her desk when I entered.（正在写，还没有完成）
我进去的时候，那个警察正在桌上写一张便条。
The policeman wrote a note and told me to go to the next room. (便条写好了)
那个警察写了一张便条，告诉我去隔壁房间。
2）They have been building a bridge.（还在建）
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.（已经建完）
他们造了一座桥。
试一试：
It was difficult to get a word in．Everyone _______ so excitedly about the play．
A．would talk B．was talking C．talked D．had talked
答案：B。“很难插进话”说明人们的交谈还在进行，所以选过去进行时。
Would you please keep silent? The weather report _____ and I want to listen.
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast
C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast
答案：B。现在想听，要求别人保持安静，一定是正在进行，选现在进行时。
Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
答案：A。slip和notice为同时发生的动作，排除B、C；slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
Over the past decades, sea ice _____ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
A. had decreased B. decreased C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing
答案：C。十年前开始，现在还没有结束，强调某动词一直进行的过程，用现在完成进行时。
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
答案：C。说话者强调Jane目前的状况，即动作的结果，所以用现在完成时。
2. 活动是暂时的而不是永久的。
1) Why? Your hands are trembling. （只一段时间内，可能病了或者很紧张。)
怎么了？你的手在颤抖。
Brave as he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes.
他尽管勇敢，见到蛇还是发抖。(是一般的特征。)
2) My mother was living with me then. (仅在过去某段时间内)
我妈妈那时与我一起住。
My mother lived in that city. (过去长久的行为)
我妈妈住在那个城市。
试一试：
The manager had fallen asleep where he ______, without undressing.
A. was laying B. was lying C. had laid D. had lied
答案：B。过去某一时暂时性行为。
---What’s wrong with your coat?
---Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ________ on it.
A. sat B. had sat C. had been sitting D. was sitting
答案：D。“我”下车时的临时性行为。
I ______ it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.
A. hated B. hate C. was hating D. have hated
答案：A。指过去长期的好恶，用一般过去时。
3. 较长时间内的反复进行的而不是一次发生的动作。
1. The man was looking at his watch while waiting for the bus. (持续地或反复地)
那个人等公交车时一直在看表。
The man looked at his watch and went to a shop. (一次)
那个人看了一下表，走进了一家商店。
2. She’s been diving into the pool. (多次)
她一直在水池潜水。
She dived into the pool. (一次)
她潜进了水池里。
试一试
—We’ve spent too much money recently．
—Well，it isn’t surprising．Our friends and relatives _____ around all the time.
A．are coming B．had come C．were coming D．have been coming
答案：D。最近花了很多钱，因为朋友亲戚一直来访。用现在完成进行时表示“多次”且“一直”。
Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ________ all day. Could you speak to her now?
A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned
答案：C。强调多次打电话来，所以用现在完成进行时。
We know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ______ there several years ago.
A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been
答案：C。几年前去过一次，用一般过去时。
不能用于进行时的动词
1. 表示状态的动词，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。
She seems always about to smile. 她似乎总是要笑。
2. 表示感官、感觉的动词，如see（看见）, hear（听见）, feel（感觉到）, taste（尝起来）, smell（闻起来）等。
The medicine tastes bitter. 这药尝起来很苦。
I saw a car passing by our house. 我看见一辆小汽车从我们房子旁驶过。
但是：feel（摸），taste（尝）等动词表示具体的动作时，可以用进行时。如：
He was tasting the soup when his son ran into him. 他正在尝汤，他儿子撞到他身上。
3. 表示“拥有”的动词，如have, own, possess（拥有）, belong to, contain（包含）, hold（容纳）等。
He owns a luxurious car. 他拥有一部豪车。
The book belongs to her. 这本书是她的。
4. 表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe, think (认为), know, understand, agree, approve (批准，赞成), consider, expect, forget, guess, hesitate, hope, imagine, mean, realize, remember, suppose, trust等。
I think that he is right. 我认为他是正确的。
I understand your feelings. 我理解你的感觉。
5. 表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire, appreciate, care, enjoy, like, love, hate, regret，prefer (宁愿)，mind (介意)，object (反对)，dislike (不喜欢)等。
I regret to say we cannot come. 我很遗憾我不能来了。
We much prefer Beijing opera to opera. 京剧和歌剧相比，我们更喜欢京剧。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
He told me he ________ (meet) her before.
She thanked me for what I _______ (do) for her son.
I ________ (learn) 300 words by the end of last month.
She’d only _______ (review) her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
She _________ (visit) the city three times before she died in 1997.
They knew she ___________ (borrow) a lot of money for her brother.
Great changes __________ (take) place in my hometown since 1996.
He __________ (live) in Beijing since he was born.
He told me he ________ (live) in Beijing since he was born.
I _________ (look) for it for days before I found it.
We ____________ (paint) the house before we _________ (move) in.
I waited until he ________________ (finish) his homework.
They ____________ (study) the map of the country before they _______ (leave)．
She _________ (suffer) from a bad cold when she took the exam.
15. They _________ (expect) the news for some time before their son returned.
Ⅱ. 翻译句子。
1. 我问他们那些天一直呆在哪儿的。
_______________________________________________________________________
2. 上周日前我们从没有在公园里看到什么有趣的东西。
_______________________________________________________________________
3. 他们说这些年来他们一直在为他们的权利而斗争。
_______________________________________________________________________
4. 他很累。他干了一整天活。
_______________________________________________________________________
5. 他们到达的时候，所有的票都卖完了。
_______________________________________________________________________
6. 我最近频频见到史密斯夫人。
_______________________________________________________________________
7. 从此以后，他再也没有从那家图书馆借过书了。
_______________________________________________________________________
8. 这房子已漆了一个月。
_______________________________________________________________________
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1．The teacher told us that light ________faster than sound.
A．traveled B．had traveled C．is traveling D．travels
2．—What were you doing when Lucy ________in yesterday?
—I had just finished my homework and ________to take a shower.
A．dropping；start B．had dropped；started
C．dropped；have started D．dropped；was starting
3．I ________to go for a walk，but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
A．was planning B．planned C．had planned D．would plan
4．—Thank God！It’s a fine day. The rain ________！
—But I don’t know how long it will stay fine.
A．is stopping B．has stopped C．stopped D．will stop
5．—Mom，where is my lunch pack?
—Just where it ________.
A．has been B．had been C．was D．be
6．—Will you be able to see Jennifer’s parents when the first class is over?
—I’m afraid not. I ________a lecture on British literature in the hall.
A．will attend B．am attending C．will be attending D．am going to attend
7．We ________for cheap houses but haven’t found ________we like yet.
A．are looking；one B．have looked；it
C．have been looking；one D．looked；them
8．—When did you move to Qionghai?
—In 2009. But I ________in Haikou for many years.
A．have worked B．would work C．have been working D．worked
9．The places of interest in Xi’an attract my family all the time，and I hope we ________ourselves this time next year.
A．are enjoying B．are to enjoy C．will enjoy D．will be enjoying
10. —What’s the situation of the forest fire?
—The firefighters are trying to put it out. It ________ over the mountain for two days.
A．was spreading B．has spread
C．has been spread D．has been spreading
11. We haven’t moved into the new office building—it _______ right now.
A．is decorating B．has been decorated
C．is being decorated D．has been decorating
12．—How long have you been here?
—________the end of last month.
A．In B．By C．At D．Since
13. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ______ yet.
A．are not decided B．have not been decided
C．is not being decided D．has not been decided
14. The new suspension bridge ________ by the end of last month.
A．has been designed B．had been designed
C．was designed D．would be designed
15. He left the company last month，where he ________ for exactly three years.
A．worked B．was working C．has worked D．had worked
16. The famous actress objected to the reports in the newspaper that she ________on weight recently.
A．had put B．would put C．has put D．put
17. She ought to stop work；she____________ all day long and didn’t have a rest before 7 o’clock.
A．had read B．reads C．had been reading D．read
18. It was the third time that I ________ of the changes of the timetable.
A．had informed B．had been informed
C．has informed D．has been informed
19. The fire ________before the fire fighters arrived.
A．has been put out B．had been put out C．was put out D．had put out
20. —What is the price of petrol these days?
—Oh，it _______ sharply since last year.
A．rose B．rises C．is rising D．has been rising
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. had met 2. had done 3. had learnt 4. been reviewing
5. had visited 6. had borrowed 7. have taken 8. has lived
9. had lived 10. had been looking 11. had painted; moved 12. had finished
13. had studied; left 14. had been suffering 15. had been expecting
Ⅱ. 翻译句子。
1. I asked where they had been staying all those days.
2. We hadn’t seen anything interesting in the park before last Sunday.
3. They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years.
4. He was very tired. He had been working all day.
5. All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.
6. I have been seeing Mrs. Smith recently/ lately.
7. He has not borrowed any book from that library since then.
8. The house has been painted for a month. (现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，可用现在完成时 的被动语态代替)
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. D。句意：老师告诉我们：光比声音速度快。从句中陈述的是客观真理，所以用一般现在时。
2. D。句意：—昨天Lucy来访的时候你在干什么？—我(那时)刚写完作业正要开始洗澡。第一空后面有yesterday所以用一般过去时；第二空强调那时正要做某事。
3. C。句意：我本打算去散步，但是有人打电话，所以我没能去。plan是在called和couldn’t之前发生的动作，所以用过去完成时。
4. B。句意：—感谢上帝！天气很好，雨停了！—但我不知道好天气能持续多久。从It’s a fine day.可知，现在天气很好，因此用现在完成时，表示对现在的影响。
5. C。句意：——妈妈，我的午饭盒在哪里？——在老地方。A项的现在完成时表述的是现在的情况，而B项表述的是“过去的过去”，这两项都与题意不符；用一般过去时表述：原来的地方。
6. C。句意：——第一节课后你能去见Jennifer的父母吗？——恐怕不行。我那时将正在大厅听一场英国文学的讲座。will be doing是将来进行时，表示将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作或所处的状态。
7. C。句意：我们一直在找便宜房子但是(到现在)仍未找到我们喜欢的(一所房子)。根据语境可知，找房子这一动作一直在进行，所以用现在完成进行时指过去开始的动作一直持续到现在；第二空：one指代a＋前面提到的名词，a house。
8. D。句意：—你什么时候搬到琼海的？—在2009年。但是我在海口工作了很多年。根据句意可知说话者说的是过去的事情，故用过去时，排除A、C两项；B项表示过去将来，也应排除。D项表示过去的动作，符合句意。
9. D。句意：西安的名胜古迹一直吸引着我们一家人，我希望明年的这个时候我们正在游玩。时间状语this time next year提示该句为将来某一时间正在进行的动作，故使用将来进行时。
10. D。spread表示“蔓延”时为不及物动词，不能用被动语态，而且根据句意可以知道这一动作一直在持续，到目前还没有完成，所以用现在完成进行时。
11. C。考查动词时态、语态。根据题干中前面一句话的时态及后一句话中的时间状语right now可知,应用现在进行时；又依据语意可知，房子正在(被)装修，因此选C。
12. D。since引导的介词短语和现在完成时连用。since表示“自从”，根据句意“自从上个月末到现在”选since，表示一段时间，回答how long。
13. D。根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时，可排除A、C；不定式,动名词及从句作主语,谓语动词用单数,when and where to do sth.为一个问题,要用has not been decided。
14. B。在含有by引导的表示过去意义的时间状语的句子中，谓语动词要用过去完成时。句意：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计。
15. D。主句是过去时态，定语从句中谓语的动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前，并且和表示一段时间的状语连用，所以用过去完成时态最合适。
16. A。第一个动词objected表明主句为一般过去时，再结合同位语从句中的副词recently可知从句应用过去完成时。
17. C。表示在过去某个时间一直持续的动作，要用过去完成进行时。
18. B。在“It is the＋序数词＋time that...” 句型中，从句常用现在完成时；而在“It was the＋序数词＋time that...”句型中，从句常用过去完成时，所以先排除C项和D项；inform sb. of sth.为固定句型，表示“通知某人某事”，若inform和介词of连在一起，一般是被动语态，所以B项正确。
19. B。考查时态和语态。put out这个动作发生在arrived之前，故应用过去完成时态，表示“过去的过去”。同时主语the fire和put out存在被动关系，故用被动语态。
20. D。考查动词的时态。语意：——这些日子汽油的价格如何？——哦，自去年以来，一直在急剧上涨。由语意可知，动作从过去到现在一直在持续且有可能继续下去，故用现在完成进行时。