(共51张PPT)
Reading & Writing (P 7)
What do you think is the center of the solar system, the sun or the earth?
Do you know about the geocentric theory (地心说) and the heliocentric theory (日心说)?
地心说
日心说
The geocentric theory is the belief that the earth is the center of the universe and that all other objects orbit around it. This outdated and disproved theory is often attributed to Ptolemy. The belief was very popular in China and ancient Greece and widely expounded on by the leading thinkers of the day: Aristotle and Ptolemy.
The heliocentric theory places the sun as the center of the universe, and the planets orbiting around it. The heliocentric theory replaced the geocentric theory.
The geocentric model was the prevailing theory in Ancient Greece, throughout Europe, and other parts of the world for centuries. It was not until the 16th century that the heliocentric theory began to gain popularity because technology progressed enough to gain more evidence in its favor.
Can you name the nine planets in the solar system?
Mercury
Mars
Venus
Earth
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Mercury 水星 Venus 金星
Earth 地球 Mars 火星
Jupiter 木星 Saturn 土星
Uranus 天王星 Neptune 海王星
Eight Planets in the Solar System
Nicolaus Copernicus
He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observation to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets went around it.
Nicolaus Copernicus’ tombstone
Skim the text and draw the two theories
of the universe with the following pictures.
sun
earth
Before Copernicus’ theory
Showing Copernicus’ theory
sun
earth
Before Copernicus’ theory Showing Copernicus’ theory
sun
earth
earth
sun
Showing Copernicus’ theory
A diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre
A diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre
Before
Copernicus’ theory
Read the text carefully, and then answer these questions.
Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.
2. What was his theory about? (Para 1)
All his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
1. Why could he not tell about his theory? (Para 1)
3. What had the astronomers noticed in the sky? (Para 2)
They had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.
4. When did Copernicus complete his theory? (Para 3)
Between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it,
gradually improving his theory until he
felt it was complete.
5. How did he explain changes in the movement of
the planets and in the brightness of the stars?
When did he publish his idea? (Para 4)
He published his idea as he lay dying in 1543.
He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round it and this explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.
6. Why do people think that there is a direct link between his ideas and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking?
Because his theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe, He showed this was obviously wrong.
lead to 通向，导致 (to是介词)
All roads lead to Rome.
The heavy rain led to a flood.
His actions could lead to him losing his job.
Language points
1. …, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: …
lead sb. to do sth. 带领谁去做某事
Dr. Wu leads his students to research how the environment pollution influences people’s daily lives.
lead sb. to do sth. 还有一种延伸的含义是“引导某人做某事(通常指好事)”
His hobby running leads him to become an athlete.
知识链接
“引导某人做某事(通常指坏事) ”的词组是lead sb. (in / into) doing ，这里是指“导致某人做某事”的意思
Her rude words and deeds lead her in / into a great trouble.
contribute to贡献 get down to着手做
give way to让位于 keep to 遵守
look forward to 盼望，期待
take to从事 turn to 求助于
stick to坚持 point to指向
see to 处理 be used to 习惯于
devote oneself to 献身于
be equal to 等于
be familiar to 为……熟悉
含介词to的动词短语还有：
知识链接
2. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
=
The movements of the other planets in the
sky make sense only if you put the sun there.
only if 可视为 if 的加强说法，即其中的 only 是修饰 if 从句的，其意为“只有在……条件下”。
1) Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.
2) Only if you study hard, will you achieve you dream.
only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时，其后的主句要用倒装语序。
only if 与 if only 的差别
only if 意为“只要”，可视为 if 的加强说法。而 if only 有两个意思，一是表示“只要”，此时通常与陈述语气连用，与 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿、要是……就好了”，此时多与虚拟语气连用。如：
I will come only if you promise not to invite Mary.
If only it clears up, we’ll go.
If only I hadn’t told him about it.
It’s a good plan, if only we could carry it out.
make sense 有意义，有道理，说得通
1) What you say makes no sense.
2) It would make sense to leave early.
3) Can you make sense of this poem?
你说的话没有道理。
还是早点走好。 （是明智的，合理的）
你看得懂这首诗吗？（理解或弄懂）
1) What he says _____________ (没道理) to her.
2) The poem is hard to understand. Can you _____________ (明白) this poem?
3) See, your computer has broken down again! It doesn’t ___________ (明智的) to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.
[小试身手]
makes no sense
make sense of
make sense
lose / recover one’s sense = be out of one’s sense 失去/恢复知觉；丧失/恢复理智
bring sb. to one’s sense 使某人苏醒过来
come to one’s sense 苏醒过来
make sense of 理解；明白
make no sense 没有道理；没有意义
in a / one sense 从某种意义来说
in all sense 从任何意义上说
in no sense 绝不是；绝非
There is no sense in doing sth.做某事没有道理。
知识链接
3. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.
would have表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测, 或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成,通常用来说明某一情况，但不象should或ought to 那样含有责备之意。
(1) I guess the poet would have been about 20 when she wrote her first poem.
(2) Another worker wouldn’t have acted like that.
needn’t have + p.p.表示做了不必做的事，相当于，译为“其实没必要… …”
should have + p.p.表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该… … ”
should not have + p.p.表示本不应 该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该…… ”
知识链接
4. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on
it, gradually improving until he felt it was
complete.
work on 从事
She is working on a new novel.
= She is writing a new novel.
The scientists are still working on inventing new methods of reaching outer space.
work on还可意为“对……发生影响，对……起作用” (= work upon)
The doctor told him that this kind of medicine may work on him.
complete adj. 完整的，完成的；彻底的
We’ll certainly set up a complete modern industrial system.
When will the work be complete?
We can’t go out until our homework is complete.
complete还可作动词，意思是“完成，使完美；使完整”
Can you complete your task on time?
A second child would complete their family.
Complete the sentences in the exercise by filling in the blanks.
5. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ...
此句中的 with the planets going round it 是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合结构，其中宾语补可以是v.-ing / v.-ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phrases，此结构在句中常用作状语，表示方式，原因或条件等。
With the old man leading the way, we started towards the forest.
在这位老人的带领下，我们开始向森林进发。
She ran and ran with beads of sweat running down her face.
她不停地奔跑，汗珠顺着脸颊流下来。
1) 老师微笑着走进教室，身后跟着一群小朋友。
With a group of children following, the teacher came into the classroom with smile.
2) 随着考试的结束，我们的假期开始了。
With the test finished, we began our holiday.
[小试身手]
6. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.
enthusiastic adj. 热心的，满腔热情的
He is enthusiastic about helping others.
He doesn’ t know much about this subject, but he’s very enthusiastic.
The audience were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.
They are enthusiastic admirers of that movie star.
My parents are enthusiastic skiers.
enthusiasm n. 热心，热情，热忱
He has no enthusiasm for this matter at all.
The proposal was greeted with great enthusiasm.
His refusal iced our enthusiasm.
enthusiast n. 对……热衷的人；热心者
He is an enthusiast about politics.
a film or movie enthusiast
a hockey enthusiast
[知识拓展]
cautious adj. 十分小心的，谨慎的
My nephew is a cautious investor.
The old lady is very cautious with money.
He is cautious in his choice of words.
The boss is cautious about making promises.
caution n. 小心，谨慎
careful, cautious含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
careful: 侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意
一些细节地方。
cautious: 着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留
意，防止出差错。
知识链接
reject vt. 拒绝，驳回，丢弃
He rejected their offer of a job.
He asked her to go to the movies three times, and each time she rejected him.
All apples with soft spots were rejected.
7. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying ...
refuse, decline, reject这些动词均含“拒绝”之意。
refuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的
拒绝。常用结构是refuse to do。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
常用结构是decline doing / decline sb. to do。
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能
让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。后接
名词或代词，不能接动词不定式。
知识链接
If you were Nicolaus Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? Why or why not?
As a scientist, one should be brave. But
Copernicus was afraid of being
attacked by the Christian Church. So
he had hidden his theory for so many
years. What do you think of this?
Agree
1. He was cautious. If he had published his
ideas, he would have been killed just as
Bruno who was burned to death because his
theory was against the Christian Church.
2. Every time when a new idea appears, there
are always rejections. It’s normal. Scientists
should have patience to spread their truth.
3. It made no sense for him to publish his
theory in a hurry. He was just cautious not
coward. He should protect himself first.
Disagree
1. Copernicus was very coward. He should speak
out his discovery and let the world know the
truth earlier.
2. Science can never advance unless people
have the courage of their beliefs.
3. As a scientist, you must have the courage to
publish your findings. No matter how people
oppose them, time will show if your ideas are
right or wrong.
Write a short letter asking Copernicus to publish his ideas so everyone can read them.
Persuasive writing
Please refer to P 8 Learning Tip.
Now write a short letter asking Copernicus to publish his ideas so everyone can read them.
First you need to collect your ideas.
He believes his new theory is true.
There are problems with the present theory.
He has done many years of observations to
prove his new theory is true.
Science can’t develop unless people publish
their ideas.
Time will show if his theory is true or not.
Here is a plan.
Beginning: Tell Copernicus who you are and
why you want him to publish his ideas.
Paragraph 1: Reason 1 and evidence.
Paragraph 2: Reason 2 and evidence.
Summing up: Ask him to think again about
publishing his ideas.
One possible version
Dear Nicolaus Copernicus,
I am a student studying astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons.
I understand the problems with the present theory. The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory.
I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. No matter how people oppose it, time will show if your ideas are right or wrong.
So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Hua
