北师大版高中英语模块7 Unit 20 New Frontiers 将来时（一般将来、将来完成、将来进行、过去将来）

将来时（一般将来、将来进行、将来完成、过去将来）
概念引入
谈论将来的动作和情况，要用将来时，而将来时包括：一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等。如果表示过去某时谈论将来要用过去将来时。本单元我们就来小结一下这几个时态的用法，并附加小结一下本单元另一语法：代词的用法。
先看下面句子：
1. Some like to read fantasy stories and imagine what the world will be like in 10, 50 or even 1,000 years’ time.
2. The seminar starts on Friday and the experts will be discussing the endless possibilities of the future.
3. By the year 2015, the clothing industry will have produced new types of material that will remain stainless no matter what you spill on them.
4. I don’t really believe that their conversation yesterday was to do with work.
这些句子中的斜体词部分就是要讲的内容的具体应用。句1的谓语是一般将来时；句2的谓语是将来进行时；句3的谓语是将来完成时；句4的谓语是过去将来时。
本单元的语法我们就讨论这四项与将来时有关的时态的常见用法。在附录中将小结本单元的另一项语法：代词。
用法讲解
一般将来时（1）
一般将来时的构成：will / shall + 动词原形
shall只限于第一人称，而第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均可用will。注意区分shall作为情态动词的用法。
一般将来时的用法：
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday. 他们可能去上海度假。
I shall be free this afternoon. 我今天下午有空。
注意：在口语中，常用will / shall + be doing结构来代替will / shall + 动词原形，以表示生动。
I’ll be seeing a friend off at the airport. 我要去机场给一个朋友送行。
2. 表示将要反复发生的动作。
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday. 我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。
3. 表示同意或答应做某事，还表示临时决定要做某事。
I won’t tell anyone what happened, I promise. 我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
I’ll go and shut the door. 我去关门。
4. 表示一种倾向或推测。
Flowers will die without water. 没有水花会枯死的。
一般将来时（2）
将来时间的其他表达法
1. be going to + 动词原形
此结构表示决定或打算要做某事或表示有迹象即将要发生什么事。
I’m going to buy a new coat this winter. 今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. 瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的区别：
1）be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。
She is going to get better. 她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better. 她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）
2）will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的；be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。
—George phoned while you were out. 你外出的时候乔治打电话来了。
—Ok. I’ll phone him back. 好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）
对比：Yes, I know. I’m going to phone him back.
是的，我知道了，我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）
3）表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或shall。
I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. 我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。
4）be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.
如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。
2. be + doing
表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容随意改变。
在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days. 他几天后要动身去新疆。
The old man is dying. 那位老人快要死了。
3. be + to do
1）表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
The highway is to be open to traffic in May. 这条公路将在五月份通车。
2) 用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
如果我们乘坐5点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。
3）表示命令或吩咐等，否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。
You are to be back before 10 p.m.. 你必须在10点前回来。
You are not to go out alone at night. 晚上你不能单独出去。
4. 一般现在时
1）表示由于日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变的或比较不易变更的将来时间发生的动作。
Tomorrow is Friday. 明天是星期五。
What time does the next train leave for Paris? 下一班开往巴黎的火车几点出发？
2）在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态。
I’ll give the book to you after I finish it. 我看完这本书就给你。
注意：如果表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等，will也可用于条件句。
If you will kindly wait a moment, I’ll ask him to go there with you.
你若耐心等一会的话，我将叫他和你一起去那儿。
5. be about＋to do
表示“最近或马上要发生的动作”。
The meeting is about to begin. 会议马上开始。
Summer harvest is about to start. 夏收即将开始。
将来进行时
将来进行时的构成：
shall/ will+ be doing
将来进行时的用法：
1. 讨论将来某个时间点或时间段正在进行的动作。
Don’t phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We’ll be having classes then.
8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening? 今晚你用自行车吗?
2. 在口语中代替will/shall do。
I hope you will be coming on time. 我希望你按时来。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs. 部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
3. 表示稍后一点儿的安排。
The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week they’ll be studying Unit 4.
这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第4单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。
将来进行时的特殊用法
1. 表示原因、结果或猜测。
Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I’ll be having a meeting.
请你明天下午来吧，我明天上午有个会。(表原因)
Stop the child or he will be falling over.
拦住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)
You will be making a mistake. 你会出错的。(表推测)
2. 用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。
Will you be reading anything else? 你还要看点儿什么吗？
When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？
将来完成时
将来完成时的构成：
shall / will + have done
将来完成时的用法
1. 表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的或一直持续的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
We shall have learned twelve units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完十二个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
2. 表示推测，相当于“must have done”结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
过去将来时
过去将来时的构成
1. should/ would + do 2. was/were going to + do 3. was/ were to + do等
过去将来时的用法
1. 表示从过去的时间看待将来要发生的动作或状态。
He told us that he would become a doctor in seven years. 他告诉我们他七年后要成为医生。
Jim decided they were going to/would fly to Britain the next month.
吉姆决定下个月他们将飞往英国。
Scientists said nobody knew what would happen in one hundred years’ time.
科学家说没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。
对比：
一般将来时表示从现在的时间看将来将要发生的动作或状态,形式为will/shall do及be going to do等。
He will become a doctor in seven years. 七年后他会成为医生。
2. 过去将来时和表示过去将来时间状语连用，多见于从句，特别是宾语从句中。
He said he would return to the hometown the next day.
他说他第二天要返回家乡。
We never imagined he would be a doctor in the future.
我们从没有想到他将来会成为医生。
3. come, go, leave, arrive等表示位置移动的词，可用过去进行时表过去将来。
Mr. Smith telephoned home to tell his wife that John was coming for supper.
史密斯先生打电话回家告诉他妻子约翰要来吃晚饭。
He told me that he was leaving soon.
他告诉我他不久就要离开了。
4. 在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。
She told us if it rained, she wouldn’t go with us.
她告诉我们，如果下雨，她就不和我们一起去了。
附：代词（1）
代词是指用来代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、关系代词和不定代词等六种。
人称代词
人称代词指表示“你、我、他/她/它”的词，有人称、数、格的变化。
人称
格 数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
主格
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
them
1. 人称代词单独使用时，一般不用主格而用宾格。(如果带谓语，用主格)
—Who can drive a car? 谁会开车？
—Me. 我会。
2．人称代词的宾格可用于代替as, than等连词之后的主格。 (多用于口语中)
I’m not as careful as him. 我没有他细心。
但是有时会造成混淆时，则不能替换。
John likes Henry more than I (like Henry). 约翰比我更喜欢亨利。
John likes Henry more than (he likes) me. 约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。
不定代词
1．someone, something, nobody, nothing等是不定代词，在句中只起名词的作用，可作主语、宾语和表语。
There is something wrong with my clock. 我的表坏了。
Does anybody live on the island? 有人住在这个岛上吗？
注意：
1)形容词修饰不定代词时，放所修饰词后，作后置定语。
something interesting有趣的事情
2)常用于固定表达：nothing like完全不像；nothing but仅仅，只有；anything but决不。
2．几组不定代词的比较
1) none, no one, neither
none既可指人，也可指物，意为“没有一个”，常用于回答how many引导的问句。
None of the boys has passed the history examination.
男孩子中没有人历史考试及格。
There are many books on my shelf, but none of them are up to date．
书架上的书倒是不少，但都是过时的。
no one只指人，常用于回答who引导的问句。
Some say they will render service to relief work，but no one ever does．
有些人说，他们将对救济工作出点力，可没有一个人兑现。
none指三者或三者以上的全部否定；neither指“两者都不”。
None of them are students. 他们都不是学生。
Neither of you has met me before. 以前你们俩人都没见过我。
2) another, other, the other, others, the others
another指三者或三者以上中的“另一；再一；任何一个”，可作代词或形容词。
other泛指“另外的”，只作定语，修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数。前面有some, any, each, every等以及形容词性物主代词时，可与单数名词连用。
Would you please make it some other day (another day)? 能否改在另一天呢？
the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one... the other“一个……，另一个”。作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“其余所有的”，此时等同于the others。
There are two pens on the desk. One is red; the other is blue.
桌上有两支钢笔，一支是红色的，另一支是蓝色的。
Some students are from China; the other students (the others) are from America.
一些学生是中国人，其余的都是美国人。
附：代词（2）
所有格代词
所有格代词在句中充当名词，可作主语，表语和宾语。
数 人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
mine
yours
his
hers
its
复数
ours
yours
theirs
These new books are not ours, but theirs. Ours are over there.
这些新书不是我们的，是他们的。我们的在那边。
注意：my，your，his，her，its，our，their具有形容词特性，不能代替名词。
指示性代词
指示性代词有this (这个) 和these (这些) 表近指；that (那个)和those (那些)表远指。
1．this与these常指下文要提到的事物；that与those多指上文提到的事物。
What I want to say is this: he is right. 我想说的是：他对了。
He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come. 他病了，这就是他没来的原因。
2．that与those可作替代词，替代上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。
This novel is more interesting than that you read a few days ago.
这部小说比你前几天读的那一部更有趣。
反身代词
反身代词指动作反身到动作执行者本身或进行强调。
1. 反身代词可作宾语、同位语、表语、主语。但反身代词不能单独作主语，只能在并列主语中作第二或第三主语。
Tom’s mother and himself came together. 汤姆和他妈妈一块来的。(主语)
He isn’t quite himself. 他今天不舒服。(表语)
He himself finished the work. 他自己完成的这项工作。(同位语)
They enjoyed themselves in the party. 晚会上他们玩得很高兴。(宾语)
2．带有反身代词的习惯用语：
by oneself 独自； of oneself 自动地； enjoy oneself 过得愉快；
help oneself to 随便； teach oneself 自学； talk/say to oneself 自言自语
关系代词
关系代词用来引导定语从句，且在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。常见的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which。
He was one of the students who were praised in the meeting.
他是会上得到表扬的学生之一。
This is the pen that/which he bought yesterday.
这就是他昨天买的那支钢笔。
The girl whose father is a teacher has got the first place.
父亲是个老师的那个女孩得了第一名。
one与you
泛泛谈论人物时，用one和you，意为“任何人”。one用于正式语言中，而you用在非正式语言中。
One always thinks other people’s lives are more interesting.
人们总是认为别人的生活更加有趣。
One cannot succeed at this unless he tries hard.
除非你很努力，否则这事就成功不了。
Getting good results gives you confidence.
取得好的结果会给人以信心。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. By the time you arrive in London, we ______ (stay) in Europe for two weeks.
2. Mrs. Wang became a teacher when she was eighteen. She ______ (teach)for sixteen years by next summer.
3. The match will be put off if it ______ (not stop) raining by that time.
4. —Excuse me? Is Mr. White living here?
—Sorry. He ______ (move).
5. When you arrive there, I ______ (play) football. You can join us.
6. She studies hard, for she ______ (take) an English exam.
7. I ______ (watch) a film at this time tomorrow.
8. By the end of this month, we ______ (be) here for three years.
9. The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I ______ (not work) hard.
10. The farmers didn’t know whether they _______ (have) a good harvest that year.
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. —Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000, or ________ like that.
A．anything B．everything C．something D．nothing
2. Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but ________ of them wants to, because they have work to do.
A．either B．any C．neither D．none
3. Surprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made ______ almost an overcoat for her.
A．them B．her C．itself D．herself
4. —Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You ______ a different culture then.
A. will be experiencing B. have experienced
C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced
5. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you _______ fresh watermelon in the fall.
A.eat B. would eat C. have eaten D. will be eating
6. The train _______ in a second so you’d better not leave here.
A. will be leaving B. left C. leaving D. have left
7. —Peter _____ for California this morning
—Oh, I thought he _____ until next week.
A. left; wasn’t going B. has left; isn’t going
C. left; won’t be going D. has left; hadn’t been going
8. I am sure he _________ the difficulties before you arrive there.
A. will have settled B. settled C. had settled D. settle
9. You cannot miss him. He _______ a dark green suit and a yellow tie waiting for you.
A. is wearing B. will wear C. wears D. will be wearing
10. The police _____ for the thief everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
A. searched B. have searched C. were searching D. are searching
11. When you arrive at the airport, a guide _________for you.
A. will be waiting B. will wait C. is waiting D. is going to waiting
12. I have been studying here for four years and by next summer I _________.
A. shall graduate B. shall be graduated C. shall be graduating D. shall have graduated
13. By the year 2020, scientists probably _________ a cure for cancer.
A. will be discovering B. are discovering C. will have discovered D. have discovered
14. Daniel’s family _________ their holiday in Huangshan at this time next week.
A. are enjoying B .are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
15. I _________ my father-in-law at three this afternoon.
A. shall be seeing B. shall be seen C. shall have been seeing D. shall have seen
16. I hope her health _________ greatly by the time we come back next year.
A. improves B. improved C. will be improved D. will have improved
17. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____.
A. would survive B. will survive C. are surviving D. are to survive
18. On my desk is a photo that my father took of_________ when I was a baby.
A. him B. his C. me D. mine
19. I got this bicycle for _________. My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
20. Why don’t you bring _________ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on?
A. that B. it C. this D. him
21. There is _________ in his words. We should have a try.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
22. The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities, thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase _________.
A. them B. those C. it D. that
23. —Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of _________ over there?
A. the one B. this C. it D. that
24. We have various summer camps for your holidays, so you can choose _________ based on your own interests.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
25. —Would you like tea or coffee?
—_________,thank you. I’ve just had some water.
A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither
26. Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer _________ of them.
A. other B. any C. none D. some
27. Helping others is a habit,_________ you can learn even at an early age.
A. it B. that C. what D. one
28. _________in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.
A. Anything B. Nothing C. Everything D. Something
29. If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on _________.
A. themselves B. them C. us D. ourselves
30. You are a team star! Working with_________ is really your cup of tea.
A. both B. either C. others D. the other
Ⅲ.完成句子。
1．我想做的所有的事就是去好好睡一觉。
_______________ is (to) have a good sleep.
2．我将买这两条领带以便有时可换一换。
I’ll buy ______________ so as to have a change sometimes.
3．在我的所有朋友中，没有一个和Tom一样聪明。
Of all my friends, _________ is so clever as Tom.
4．我今早在商店里发现了一件漂亮的外套，我今天下午将去买来。
I’ve found a beautiful coat in the shop this morning and ___________ this afternoon.
5．他被判入狱了，这使我们很吃惊。
He was sent to prison, ____________________.
6．他父母都是农民，没有多少文化。
___________ his parents are peasants and __________ knows much knowledge.
7．钱对他来说不算什么，他注重的是质量。
Money is __________. He cares about quality more.
8．你们俩中有一人得被派去那儿工作两年。
______________ will be sent there to work for two years.
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. will have stayed 2. will have been teaching/will have taught
3. hasn’t stopped 4. has moved
5. will be playing 6. will be taking/will take
7. will/shall be watching 8. shall/will have been
9. didn’t work 10. would have
疑难解析：
3. 条件状语从句中，现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. C。句意：“你算出这次旅行花多少钱了吗？”“4000美元，或者大约这个数”。something like that是固定搭配，意为“约略如此”。
2. C。后半句句意：他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。对两者的全部否定用neither。
3. C。句意：令人惊奇的是，苏珊漂亮的头发垂到了膝盖以下，几乎成为了她的外套。此处itself 指的是“头发本身”。
4. A。根据上文内容可知,今年夏天去英国度假是将来要发生的事情,因此体验一种不同的文化也是将来的事情,所以要用将来进行时。
5. D。根据句意“如果你在春天种下西瓜种子,你会在秋天吃到新鲜的西瓜。”可以判断这是真实的条件从句,将会发生的事情,所以选用will be eating表将来。
6. A。in a second表示“一会儿”,根据时间状语看出要用将来进行时态表示谓语动作将要发生。
7. A。I thought是“我本以为”，后面用过去将来时，表示从过去看将要发生的情况。
8. A。before you arrive there是明确表示将来的时间状语,主句表示在这个时间以前完成的动作,故用将来完成时。
9. D。该题表示“见到他时他正穿着的衣服”,强调将来某一时刻进行的动作。
10. C。用过去进行时表示“他突然出现时（过去时）”正在发生的动作。
11. A。该题表示在将来某一时刻进行的动作——一个导游正在等你。
12. D。 by next summer是明确表示将来的时间状语,主句表示在这个将来时间以前完成的动作,应用将来完成时。
13. C。by the year 2020是明确表示将来的时间状语,主句表示在这个将来时间以前完成的动作,故用将来完成时。
14. D。时间状语为at this time next week,强调将来的一个时间点丹尼尔一家将在做的事,用将来进行时态。句意为:“下周的这个时候丹尼尔一家将在黄山度假。”
15. A。根据“今天下午三点”可以判断这是表示将来某时刻的时间点,我们可以判断出这里用shall be seeing表示将来正在进行的动作或将来持续一段时间的动作。
16. D。by the time 引出时间状语从句,句中come back用一般现在时,表示将来的动作,主句谓语动词表示在将来某一时刻以前必定完成的行为,应该用将来完成时,排除A项和B项。improve 意为“好转,变得更好”,为不及物动词,用被动语态是错误的,排除C项。
17. D。be动词加不定式可以表示将来发生的动作可用于条件句。
18. C。take a photo of sb.意为“给某人照相”,此处应用人称代词的宾格。正确答案为C项。
19. D。根据“My friend gave it to me”可知,我白白得到了这辆自行车,因此用nothing, get sth. for nothing表示“白白得到某物”。句意:我白白得到了这辆自行车:当我的朋友买了一辆新自行车的时候,她把这辆送给了我。
20. B。句意:为什么不让他注意到你病得太厉害以至于无法再继续工作呢?题中it作bring的形式宾语,后面的that从句为真正的宾语。
21. A。句意:他话中有话,我们应试一试。something “某事,值得注意的事”。
22. C。it代指上文中出现的the employment rate。
23. D。句意:你觉得在那里的行李是不是呢?the luggage为不可数名词,且为特指,故用that来指代。one只指代可数名词。
24. C。one代指上文出现的camps中的一个。
25. D。根据下文中的“I’ve just had some water”可知两个都不要,因此选用neither。
26. B。由but可知所填词与not构成全部否定,四个选项中只有any与not可以构成not any,相当于none,表全部否定,故选B项。
27. D。句意:帮助别人是一种习惯,一个你在很小时就能学会的习惯。空格处与前句中的habit构成同位关系,所以选择D项。句中you can learn even at an early age是省略了关系代词that 的定语从句,that在定语从句中作learn的宾语使用。
28. B。句意:我一生中什么都没有我第一次参观故宫给我的印象更深刻。
29. D。主语为we,因此应为ourselves。depend on oneself“自力更生”。根据句意,选D项。
30. C。句意:你是个善于合作的人,与他人共事,对你来说没有一点儿问题。both“两个都”;either“二者之一”;the other表示两个中的另一个;others其他人。习语“one’s cup of tea”意为“the type of thing or person that you like”。
Ⅲ.完成句子。
1. All/What I want to do 2. both of the ties 3. none
4. I’ll go to buy it 5. which (and it) surprised all of us 6. Both of; neither of them
7. nothing to him 8. Either of you