北师大版高中英语模块7 Unit 19 Language 复习名词性从句作主、宾、表

复习名词性从句作主、宾、表
概念引入
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，其功能相当于名词。综观近几年的高考英语试题，名词性从句是必考项之一。在本单元中，我们将对名词性从句的考点一一剖析。
先看下面句子：
1. That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
2. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
3. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.
4. The fact that they arrived a long time before Europeans is what matters.
这些句子中斜体词部分都是名词性从句，句1是why引导的表语从句；句2是that引导的后置的主语从句；句3是that引导的宾语从句，而句4是that引导的同位语从句，而is后是what引导的表语从句。本单元我们将复习名词性从句中的主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，而同位语从句的用法将在下一单元复习。
用法讲解
考点综述：语序
从近几年高考题来看，对名词性从句的考查最重要的两点是：
1. 语序
2. 连接词的选择。
名词性从句的语序：陈述句语序。
无论名词性从句的引导词是什么，成为从句前是一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句，其语序都是陈述句语序。注意连接词一般放在从句句首。如：
The problem is what he has done to the little boy. 问题是他对这个小男孩做了什么。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
这事对我们有好处还是有坏处还尚待分晓。
高考题例：
When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _________.
A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering
解析：答案为B。引导词应在从句句首，排除A、C；宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除D。
考点综述：连接词的选择1
这是名词性从句必考的内容，亦是一个难点。解题的关键是弄清连接词在从句中的句法功能及连接词之间的异同，而连接词的选择要依句子结构及上下文的语境来决定。
1. that
that在从句不作成分，没有实际意思，在宾语从句中有时可省略，而主语、表语、同位语三个从句中一般不省略。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
That they are good at English is known to us all. 他们擅长英语这一点我们都知道。

2. if, whether
在从句中不作成分，意思是“是否”，不可省略。注意whether... or ... 意为“是否......还......”。
I am not sure whether/ if he still works here. 我不确定他是否仍然在这里工作。
if与whether的区别：
whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但下列情况常用whether不用if：
① 位于句子开头时
② 引导表语从句和同位语从句时
③ 引导动词discuss和介词后的宾语从句时
④ 其后紧跟or not时
⑤ 后接动词不定式时
⑥ 用if引导会引起歧义时
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. ①
会议是否延期还没有决定呢。
The question is whether they have so much money. 问题是他们是否有那么多钱。②
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. ②
我们应该认真讨论我们是否做这件事。
It all depends on whether they will come back. 这取决于他们是否会回来。③
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否到了武汉。④
I have not decided whether to go or not. 我还没有决定是否去。⑤
考点综述：连接词的选择2
3. 疑问词：
这类连接词在从句中充当成分，引导的从句由问句变来，常用的有what, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, how many等。
　What made the school proud was that most of the students had been admitted to key universities.
　　让这所学校引以为自豪的是大多数的学生被重点大学录取。
　　（what引导主语从句且在从句中作主语。）
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
注意：
1）连接名词性从句的疑问词除了有疑问的含义外，有些词不含疑问含义：
① what 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语等，意义上相当于the thing(s) that，表示“......的东西”。
What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
我们得不到的东西好像比我们已有的好。
② where, when, why, how引导表语从句，分别表示地点、时间、原因和方式。
A reading room is where you can read books. 阅览室是能读书的地方。
This is why we put off the meeting. 这就是我们推迟会议的原因。
Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天就是最方便的时间。
2）what和that的区别
that在从句中不充当成分，只起引导作用；而what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
that没有任何意义，而what表示“什么”或“......的事情”，相当于the thing(s) that。
What I can’t understand is why he has changed his mind.
我不明白的事情是为什么他改了主意。
The question is what we can do to save her. 问题是我们能做什么去挽救她。
Father made a promise that if I passed the examination he would buy me a computer.
父亲许诺如果我考试及格了，就给我买台电脑。
3）名词性从句中感叹句引导词what和how
感叹句出现在名词性从句中时，其语序仍用陈述句语序，what和how的用法也与其在感叹句中相同。
You never thought what a wonderful time we had at the party.
你想不到我们在晚会上玩得是多么开心。
You can’t imagine how excited I was then. 你无法想象我那时是多么激动。
4. -ever类：
这类连接词在从句中充当成分，常见的有whatever, whoever, whosever (无论是谁的), whenever, wherever等。
We’ll do whatever we can to save her. 我们会尽全力来挽救她。
Take whichever seat you like. 你喜欢哪个座位就坐哪个座位吧。
Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work.无论谁得到这个职位都会有很多工作。
注意：
1. whatever, whoever等是表示任何一个人或事物等，无范围可言，语气比who，what等强烈，相当于any+名词+that/ who。如whoever相当于anyone who。
2. “no matter + 疑问词”也有“无论什么（谁/...）”之意，但是不引导名词从句，只引导状语从句，而-ever类连接词既引导名词性从句，也引导状语从句。
考点综述：名词性从句与虚拟语气
1. suggest类及其派生词
1）这类词的动词、名词及过去分词形式所涉及到的名词性从句的谓语一般都用虚拟语气。
2）这类词有：suggest , insist, request, require, demand, order, command, advise, recommend等。
3）虚拟语气构成：should +动词原形（should可省）
He suggested that more teachers should be sent there to help them. (宾语从句)
他建议应该派更多的老师去那里帮助他们。
It’s suggested that the students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country. 有人建议这些学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。（主语从句）
My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of setting it aside.
我的建议是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不是把它放在一边。（表语从句）
2. It’s +形容词/名词+that...
此句型的形容词如果是important, necessary, appropriate, proper, right, essential, strange, natural等或名词a surprise, an idea等，that从句的谓语用虚拟语气，形式是：should +动词原形（should可省）。
It’s proper that an independent inquiry (should) take place. 进行独立调查很合适。
It’s strange that tourists (should) never visit this place.
奇怪的是游客竟然从不参观这个地方。
3. wish后的宾语从句中
I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个答案。
(与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时)
I wish I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。
(与过去事实相反---从句谓语用过去完成时)
You wished she would arrive the next day. 你希望她第二天会到。
(与将来事实相反---从句谓语用would+动词原形)
从句疑难：主语从句
1. 形式主语it
1）主语从句过长时经常后置，而用it作形式主语代替主语从句；
2）what从句一般放句首，不用it作形式主语；
3）在句中的连接词that偶尔省略，whether有时也用if代替。
It made us surprised that he suddenly fell ill. 他的突然生病让我们震惊。
It was not certain whether he passed the exam. 他是否通过了考试还不确定。
2. 重点句型
1) It + be+名词+ that从句
这些名词有：no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise等。
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 真遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
我们队赢得比赛没有什么可惊奇的。
2) It +be +形容词+ that从句
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 她考试会考得好这一点是确定的。
It is possible that the boy himself told her everything. 也许是男孩自己告诉她一切的。
3) It + be+ 过去分词+ that从句
这些过去分词有：said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged等。
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
=Mr. Green is said to have arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
=China is reported to have sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道，中国发射了另一颗人造卫星。
4) It +特殊动词+that从句
这些动词有：seem (似乎), appear (似乎), happen (碰巧), matter (要紧), turn out (结果是)等。
It seemed that Alice is not coming to the party at all. 似乎爱丽丝根本不会来聚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧那天我出去了。
3. 主语从句的主谓一致
1）从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数；
2）由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；
3）由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
4）what引导的从句根据表达的含义来确定谓语动词的单复数。
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. 会议什么时候开始还没有决定。
When and where we’ll go isn’t decided. 何时走去哪里还没有定下来。
What we need are books/ is water. 我们需要的是书/水。
从句疑难：表语从句
1. 表语从句的引导词that、whether一般不省略。if不引导表语从句。
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们输了比赛。
The point is whether we should lend him the money. 要点是我们是否应该借给他钱。

2. as, as if, as though, because有时也引导表语从句。
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总是像它们看起来的那个样子。
It is because I have ever heard of the story. 那是因为我已经听过这个故事了。
She looks as if she would cry. 她看起来好像要哭了。
3. 主语是reason时，表语从句用that引导。
The reason why he was late is that he had to help his mother with the chickens.
他迟到的原因是他必须帮他妈妈照顾鸡。
从句疑难：宾语从句
【复习名词性从句----宾语从句】
Ⅰ. 接宾语从句的词：
1. 及物动词
Do you think my clothes fit well? 你认为我的衣服合身吗？
I don’t know who did all the cleaning. 我不知道是谁做的卫生。
Have you decided whom you will take to Australia? 你决定带谁去澳大利亚呢？
She still wondered when she would leave school. 她仍然想知道她什么时候会离开学校。
I am wondering whether/if the dress is too short. 我正在想这件衣服是不是太短了。
He advised me which books I should read. 他建议过我该读哪本书。
2. 介词
Are you sorry for what you’ve done? 你为做过的事遗憾吗？
The singer still worries about where to live. 那个歌手仍然担心要住在哪里。
（about后接的是“疑问词+to do”，是宾语从句where he/she lives省略的表达）
The price depends on how many you will buy. 价格取决于你要买多少。
His father was not satisfied with what he had. 他父亲不满意他拥有的东西。
3. 形容词
I am sure you looked beautiful that evening. 我肯定你那天晚上非常漂亮。
I am not sure whether he still works here.
注意：
常引导宾语从句形容词有sure，certain，afraid，confident（确信），happy等。
练一练：
1. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know ____ it takes to start a business here.
A. how B. what C. when D. which
2. This book will show you ________ can be used in other contexts.
A. how you have observed B. how what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
3. My parents used ________ they had to get a new car for me.
A. which B. that C. what D. all what
4. He said that he was fond of ________.
A. what beautiful is B. what is beautiful
C. beautiful is what D. what it is beautiful
解析：
1. B。know后接宾语从句，其句意：他在这里创业需要什么。缺的成分是takes的宾语，名词性从句中表示事情时用what。
2. B。show后接双宾语，从句谓语can be used表明缺少一个事物作主语，所以选B，what引导的从句作宾语从句的主语，而要展示的是“你已经观察到的东西”怎样在其它的语境中应用。
3. C。一个词表示事物，且在从句中作成分的用what（had的宾语），to get...是目的状语。
4. B。of后接宾语从句，用陈述句语序，排除C；选项D中what与it重复，排除；选项B中what与is是主谓关系，所以is不需要置后，排除A。
Ⅱ. 用法提示
1. 形式宾语it
1）宾语从句如果有宾语补足语时，从句经常后置，而用it作形式宾语。
We thought it strange that Mike did not come yesterday.
我们感觉麦克昨天没有来很奇怪。
（宾语补足语很短，that从句后置，前用it作形式宾语，以保持句子的平衡）
I thought it very impossible that she would come. 我认为她来是不可能的。
They took it for granted that the singer was coming. 他们想当然地认为这个歌星要来。■
2）表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后常接it，再接宾语从句。如：hate, enjoy, dislike, love, appreciate, see to, owe等。
See to it that children don’t catch cold. 注意孩子们不要感冒了。
I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。
3）that从句作介词宾语时，常用it替代，将that从句后置。
You may depend on it that I shall always help you. 请你相信我，我总会帮助你的。
2. 省略
引导宾语从句的that常可省略，但是多个并列从句中，只有第一个可以省略，其他的不省略。
She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.
她说她会来这儿，让我等到星期一。
3. 否定前移：
当主句的主语是I/ We，时态是一般现在时，动词think, consider, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, guess等后的宾语从句中的否定词常前移至主句。
I don’t think this skirt fits you well. 我认为这条裙子不适合你。
4. 宾语从句的时态
1) 主句用过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态，如从句表示客观真理,可用现在时。
Did you see that the boys were playing football on the playground at that time?
那时你见到男孩儿们正在操场踢足球吗？
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
2) 主句为现在时,从句可根据需要选用各种时态。
I think that the Greens have left for Hawaii. 我想格林一家已经动身去夏威夷了。
I want to know if/whether he will go surfing this afternoon.
我想知道他今天下午是否会去冲浪。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用名词性从句的连接词填空。
1. _______ made me happy is that he has changed his mind.
2. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
—Is that _________ you had a few days off ?
3. _______ leaves the room last should remember to turn off the lights.
4. I’m too busy to buy you a present, so you can use the money I give you to buy ______ you like.
5. —What is that building?
—That’s _______ the garden equipment is stored.
6. He made it clear ______ he will not give in.
7. It never occurred to me_____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
8. The reason why he didn’t come was ______ he was ill.
9. It looks ______ he was sleeping, but he is listening carefully with his eyes closed.
10. ______ team will win the match is still unknown, but I think our team will win.
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. _______________ (最使我吃惊的) was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.
2. The problem is ______________ (我们没有) enough money.
3. ________________________（会议是否延期）has not been decided yet.
4. _____________________ (无论谁吃过这些食物) must go to the hospital at once.
5. We were worried about Jane because no one was aware of _____________(她去了哪里).
6. He asked me ___________________(我哪里不舒服).
7. _____________ (很遗憾) you didn’t go to see the film.
8. He asked _______________ (我花了多少钱) for a violin.
9. All _______________ (我想说的) has nothing to do with it.
10. The reason?___________ (我必须留在家里) is___________ (我妈妈病了) in bed．
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. The painting is so valuable that it is difficult to calculate ________its price would be.
A．that B．which C．what D．/
2. Parents are taught to understand _____ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that 　　　　B. how 　　　　　C. such　　　　　 D. what
3. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _____ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as 　　　B. which 　　　　C. what 　　　　D. that
4. What the doctors really doubt is _____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when 　　　　　B. if 　　　　　C. whether　　　　　 D. that
5. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.
A. It is said 　　　　B. They are said 　　　　C. It said　　　　 D. It says
6. That little town has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _____ it used to be.
A. how　　　　 B. what 　　　　C. that　　　　 D. which
7. The naughty boy was reluctant to tell his father ____ he had done the day before.
　　A．that　　　　 B. how　　　 C．what 　　　D. where
8. The mother smiled when she saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.
　　A. had her daughter grown 　　　　　　B. would her daughter grow
　　C. her daughter would grow　　　　　　D. her daughter had grown
9. Have you seen May lately? Our friend Henry wants to know _______.
　　A. how she is getting along　　　　　　B. how is she getting along
　　C. what she is getting along 　　　　　D. what is she getting along
10. These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.
A. whatever 　　　　B. which　　　　 C. that 　　　D. whichever
11. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who 　　　　B. Anyone 　　　　C. Whoever　　　　 D. The person
12. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.
A. any; who 　　　　　　　 B. every; whoever　　　
C. whichever; whoever 　 　D. either; whoever
13. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why 　　　B. That; why 　　　C. What; because 　　　D. Why; that
14. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.
A. What; that　　　B. That; that 　　　C. What; what　　 D. That; what
15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.
A. should send 　　　　B. must be sent　　　 C. should be sent 　　　D. must go
16. Go and get your coat．It’s ____ you left it．
A. where 　　　　B. there　　　　 C. here where 　　　D. where there
17. I hope to become a friend of ______ shares my interests.
A. anyone 　　　　B. whomever　　　　 C. whoever　　　　 D. no matter who
18. Never take ______ for granted that I will help you. Better depend on yourself.
A. that B. it C. which D. this
19. It looks _______ he is unhappy today.
A. what B. if C. as if D. whether
20. Sorry I’m so late，but you cannot imagine ________great trouble I took to find your house.
A．what B．how C．which D．why
21. The media today can draw public attention to ________help is actually needed.
A．that B．which C．where D．whose
22. —He is eager to try something he has never tried before.
—Oh，I see. That’s ________he’s different from others.
A．when B．where C．how D．what
23. Sometimes advertisements make__________ possible for companies to sell the customers ________money cannot buy.
A．/；that B．it；what C．that；which D．it；whose
24. The hospital nearby has just got a, ________ you’d call, er...a scanner.
A．that B．which C．what D．how
25. Can you make sure _______ the gold ring?
A．where she had put B．where had she put
C．where she has put D．where has she put
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用所给的连接词填空。
1. What 2. why 3. Whoever 4. whatever 5. where
6. that 7. that 8. that 9. as if 10. which
Ⅱ. 根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. What surprised me most
2. that we don’t have
3. Whether the meeting will be put off
4. Whoever has eaten the food
5. where she had gone（注意时态一致）
6. what was wrong/ the matter with me（what是主语，was不放the matter后）
7. It is a pity that（注意that引导主语从句，不能缺少；it代替that引导的主语从句，作形式主语）
8. how much I paid (注意后面的介词for)
9. (that) I want to say（所填部分是定语从句，修饰先行词all，all that可以用what替换。）
10. why I have to stay at home (why引导的定语从句); that my mother is ill
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. C。考查名词性从句。这里用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。句意：这画太名贵了，很难估量会是什么价格。
2. B。how 修饰形容词important，引导的感叹句在句中作 understand的宾语，从句句意：教育对孩子的未来是多么的重要！从句中主语是education。
3. C。what 引导的从句作介词at 的宾语，且在从句中作主语，相当于the speed that。I thought是插入成分。
4. C。whether 引导表语从句，句意：真正让医生们怀疑的是我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。 if 不能引导表语从句。也不能用that, 因为“怀疑（doubt）” 的应是问题，不能是事实。对比：I doubt whether she will come tonight. 我怀疑今晚她是否来。
　　　I don’t doubt that she will come tonight. 她今天晚上会来的，这一点我不怀疑。
5. A。it可代替后面的that从句作形式主语。It is said that... 据说......
6. B。what 引导宾语从句，作介词like的宾语，并在从句中作表语，表示“......的样子”。
7. C。what 引导宾语从句，表示“......的事情”。
8. D。宾语从句中用陈述句语序；此宾语从句的主句she saw是一般过去时，从下文“during the past few years”可知，“长大（grow up）”在“saw”之前已经完成，所以用过去完成时。
9. A。“进展怎样”how提问；宾语从句用陈述句语序，所以选A。
10. A。what引导宾语从句，“what I can do”表示“我能做的事情”。
11. C。值得表扬的应该是人，选代词whoever表示“无论是谁”，既引导主语从句，又在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who；who引导名词性从句表示疑问“谁”，不符题意；选项B、D后缺少定语从句的引导词that或who。
12. C。whichever=any one that 无论哪个；whoever=anyone that 无论是谁。who表示疑问。
13. A。what表示“......的事”，引导主语从句，还在从句中作主语。句意：她不明白的事情是为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。
14. A。what he said 他所说的，what引导主语从句，表示“......的（话）”；It was ... that...是强调句，所以第二空填that。原句为：What he said disappointed me.
15. C。句型It was ordered that...从句中的谓语用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），soldiers与动词“派往”是被动关系，所以动词用被动语态，选C。
16. A。where 引导表语从句，在从句中作地点状语，where you left it 你落下它的地方。
17. C。whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。
18. B。因为that引导的宾语从句有宾语补足语for granted，所以后置，前面用it作形式宾语。
19. C。as if引导表语从句，句意：今天他看好像不高兴。
20. A。take great trouble to do something表示“不辞辛劳地做某事”。在此，what引导的宾语从句同时是一个感叹句，what修饰名词trouble。而how在感叹句中修饰形容词、副词或动词。
21. C。本题考查宾语从句的引导词，结合题干，where引导宾语从句并且在宾语从句中作地点状语。
22. B。所填词引导的从句作表语，在从句中作地点状语，用where，选B。
23. B。句意为：有时广告让公司把用钱买不到的东西卖给顾客变得可能。it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语。what 引导宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作宾语。
24. C。考查名词性从句。该句比较口语化。句意是“附近的医院刚搞来一个……你们叫它什么……对，扫描器”。what相当于(a) machine that，既作got的宾语，也引导下面从句，并在从句中作call的宾语，a scanner是宾语补足语。
25. C。宾语从句要用陈述句语序，排除B、D；从主句Can you make sure可知，从句表示过去的动作对现在的影响，因此从句时态为现在完成时，所以选C。