北师大版高中英语模块7 Unit 19 Language 复习同位语

复习同位语
概念引入
同位语，也许这个名词不像定语、状语、主语等那么眼熟，但是在英语语法中也是不可缺少的内容，尤其是同位语从句，更是名词性从句的重点和难点。在这个单元里，我们就来小结一下同位语，尤其是同位语从句的一些重要的用法。
先看下面句子：
1. The whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep.
2. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
3. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.
4. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
这些句子中斜体词部分都是同位语，其中句2和句4是同位语从句。那么同位语到底是什么样的句子成分？什么样的词语或从句能作同位语？应该注意什么呢？下面我们将就这些问题进行讨论。
用法讲解
同位语的定义与构成
同位语（Appositive）定义
对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。同位语常放在被说明的词之后, 说明它们的内容、性质和情况等，有时有逗号隔开。例如：
Mr. Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.
王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。
（Mr. Wang是句子的主语，而my child’s teacher说明主语的身份，是同位语。）
But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”
但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”
（句尾的直接引语说明the question的内容，是同位语）
同位语的构成
1. 名词(短语)或all, each, both等代词及短语(有时有逗号隔开)
We students all respect Mr. Johnson, our English teacher.
我们学生都很尊敬我们的英语老师，约翰逊先生。
They are both in favor of the plan. (放在助动词、系动词等后)
2. 数词
Are you three ready to start out? 你们三个都准备好出发了吗？
3. 动名词短语(有逗号隔开)
He enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter. 他喜欢冬泳这种锻炼。
4. 不定式短语(有时有逗号隔开)
There is one thing he’ll never do — tell lies. 有一事他从没有做过——说谎。
（因跟着do后，省略了to tell lies的to）
The question what to do next hasn’t been considered. 接着做什么的问题还没有考虑过。
5. 形容词及其短语(有逗号隔开)。这些形容词后省略与前面相同的名词。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
他读各种各样的书：古代的、现代的，中国的、外国的。
All the countries, big or small, are equal. 所有的国家，无论大小，都是平等的。
6. 名词性从句
You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your bike.
你仍然要回答我的问题：你能把自行车借给我吗？
7. 特殊形式：
由such as, that is (to say), or, namely (即), in other words (换句话说)等引出的短语
The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰时的温度。
Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn.
某些学科,例如数学和物理,是很难学的。
【复习名词性从句----同位语从句】
同位语从句
跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后，如news, idea, information, fact, hope, thought, belief, rumor (谣言), doubt (疑问)，作这些词的同样的成分，具体说明这些名词的内容。连接词通常用that。
We all know the truth that the earth goes round the sun.
我们都知道地球绕着太阳转这个真理。
I received a message that she would be late. 我收到一个信息说她要晚到一会。
There was little hope that they would survive. 他们几乎没有幸存的希望。
同位语从句的特殊用法
The rumor spread that a new school would be built here.
这里要建造一所新学校的传言传播开来。(谓语过短，放同位语从句和名词之间)
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还有疑问。
(如果同位语从句表达疑问，要用相应的特殊疑问词)
同位语从句和定语从句的差别
同位语从句：说明内容，that不是从句的一个成分。
定语从句：说明性质和特征，that是从句的一个成分。
（区别两种从句的窍门是：看从句是否缺成分）
1. He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed first.
他提出第二个问题先讨论这一建议。（that不作成分，是同位语从句）
2. The suggestion that he had put forward was turned down.
他提出的建议被拒绝了。（that作成分----宾语，是定语从句）
题例讲解：
1. Evidence has been found through years of study_____ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A. why?? B. how??? C. whether D. that
解析：选D。从句中不缺少成分，用that，说明evidence的内容，是同位语从句，因为从句过长，与其名词分隔。
2. News came from the school office ____Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
解析：选C。 that引导同位语从句，说明news的内容。
■
同位语从句用法小结
1. 能跟同位语从句的名词：
　同位语从句一般放在下列名词后，进一步的解释、说明这些名词的具体内容：
fact 事实 news/ word 消息 idea 主意 truth 事实
hope 希望 problem 问题 information 信息 belief 信念
thought 思想，想法 doubt 怀疑 promise 诺言 question 问题
suggestion 建议 rumor 谣言 possibility 可能性 warning 警告
statement 声明 opinion 观点 advice 建议 reply 答复
...
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
2. 引导词：
1）that 2）whether 3）how, when, where, who等
注意：
1）that不在从句中作成分，不能省略。
2）if一般不引导同位语从句。
3）同位语从句要用陈述句语序。
The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. 他还有恢复的希望。
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.
我们是否应该继续做实验的问题还没有解决。
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
3. 同位语从句中的虚拟语气
表示“建议，要求，命令”的名词，如advice, suggestion, proposal (建议), demand, request, requirement (要求), decision(决定), order (命令), recommendation(劝告，推荐)等后的同位语从句的谓语常用虚拟语气，结构是“should+ 动词原形”，其中should可省略。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.
老师就我们如何使用计算机提出一些建议。
She made a request that the doctor (should)be sent for at once.
她请求立即请医生来。
4. “名词+when/ where等+从句”结构
如果when，where代替前面的名词在从句中作时间或地点状语，是定语从句；而当when，where在从句中表示疑问，是同位语从句。
Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.
之后他提出了问题：他们会在哪里找到这些机器的需求呢？
（where表示疑问，是同位语从句）
Do you know the place where he was born? 你知道他出生的地方吗？
(where相当于in the place，在从句中说明was born的地点，是定语从句)
I’ll never forget the day when we met for the first time. (定语从句)
我永远也忘不了我们第一次会面的那一天。
I have no idea when we met for the first time. （同位语从句）
我不知道我们第一次会面是什么时候。
5. doubt（怀疑）后的同位语从句
1）名词doubt后的同位语从句后的多用whether引导；?
2） no doubt （不怀疑）之后的同位语从句用that引导。
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成任务。
There is no doubt that he will keep his promise.
他将遵守诺言，这一点是毫无疑问的。
连接词选择的答题技巧
从历届高考题分析可知，连接词的选择是高考重点考查的。下面我们通过一些习题来归纳一下名词性从句的答题技巧。
Ⅰ. 从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，用连接代词。
1. 缺的成分指“人”，在who, whom, whoever, whomever中选择；
2. 指一定范围中的哪一个（既可指人，也可指物），则用which或whichever；
3. 如果不符合上述两种情况中的任意一种，在what或whatever中选择。
4. 表示“谁的”，用whose；指“什么的”则用what或whatever。
5. who, whom等只作从句的句子成分，而whoever, whomever, “一身兼两职”，既是主句的句子成分又做从句的句子成分，通常可将其分解成any person who/ whom。如：
1）______ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom
解析：由选项和题干的特点可判断此题考查主语从句，分析从句句子成分可知从句中offer缺少宾语，由语境可知选项处缺少的意思不是“哪一个”或 “谁”，是“什么东西” 而可知答案为B。
2）To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions _____ had used the products.
A. whoever B. who C. whichever D. which
解析：考查的首先是一个短语“ask sb. for sth”，所要填的连接词既是ask的宾语，又是had used的主语，当连接词“一身兼两职”时应用whoever。
注意：名词性从句缺宾语时，若表示“来自于何处？”要用“where”。如：
I don’t know where he comes from.
3）It is uncertain_____ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
A. that B. what C. how D. whether
解析：该题表达的是“什么样的”，所以答案为B。
Ⅱ. 如果名词性从句中不缺少上述成分，则根据句意有无疑问选择连接词。
1. 从句语义是确定无疑的，则用that。
2. 两者选其一，在宾语从句中可在whether和if 中选一个，其它名词性从句只能用whether；
3. 在事物的某一方面有疑问则在连接副词when, where, why, how等连词中进行选择。
1）We haven’t discussed yet _______ we are going to place our new furniture.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
解析：从句不缺主语、宾语、表语和定语，所以B和C都是不对的，自然谈到“讨论”就意味着事情并没有定下了，是不确定的，因此A不对，所以答案自然是D。
2）Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_____ she was so angry.
A. where B. whether C. that D. why
解析：“没人知道”表示事情不确定，排除C；从第一句可知，她生气了，排除B；从意思上可知选D。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。
1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet.
The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.
2. The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China.
We heard the news last night.
3. Teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time on line.
Many Chinese parents hold the view.
4. Time travel is possible.
We have no scientific proof for the idea.
5. Students should be given more free time.
The suggestion is welcomed by many people.
6. Does he agree to it or not?
He must answer the question.
7. How did she get through the forest?
I have no idea.
8. How shall I get in touch with him?
My question has not been answered.
Ⅱ. 用名词性从句翻译句子,并说明从句的作用。
我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。__________________________________________________________
约翰肯定会考好。__________________________________________________________
他们来不来无关紧要。__________________________________________________________
现在是我们最需要他的时候。__________________________________________________________
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。__________________________________________________________
他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。__________________________________________________________
许多国家还持有（hold）地球是平的这种信念（belief）
__________________________________________________________
8. 我无法想象什么事使他像那样地举止。
__________________________________________________________
9. 无论谁违犯了学校纪律，必须受到惩罚。
__________________________________________________________
10. 我发现我们做作业这个事很有必要。
__________________________________________________________
Ⅲ. 用适当的连接词填空。
1. Do you know _______ of them will be our new headmaster?
2. China is no longer _______ it used to be.
3. I am very interested in _______ he improved his English in such a short time.
4. _______ we need is more money.
5. The truth _______ the earth turns around the sun is known to us.
6. Have you got the idea _______ this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？
7. There is no doubt ______ Mr. Smith will sign the contract with us.
8. I have no idea _______ we can do with these waste materials.
9. _______do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child ________he or she wants.
Ⅳ. 单项选择。
1. Information has been put forward ______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while 　　B. that 　　C. when 　　D. as
2. It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，and this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what　　　B. that 　　　C. when 　　　D. as
3. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.　　
A. which 　　　B. that 　　C. what　　　D. whether
4. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ____a cure for AIDS will be found.　　
A. which　　　B. that　　　C. what　　　D. whether
5. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that　　　 B. which　　 C. until　　　D. if
6. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases _______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A. which　　　B. as　　　C. why　　　　D. where
7. His movie won several awards at the film festival，______ was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which　　　B. at　　　C. where　　 　D. it
8. The news ________ is spreading around the airport is ________ a heavy storm is coming.
A．what；不填 B．that；that C．不填；that D．that；which
9. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way.　　
A. it 　　B. that　　C. this　　D. which 　
10. Dandy left word with my secretary ______he would call again in the afternoon.　　　
A．who　　　 B. that　　　　 C. as　　　 D. which
11. Do you have any idea ________ is actually going on in the classroom?
A．that　　　B．what　　　C．as　　　D．which
12. One of them held the view _______ the book said was right.
A. what that B. that what C. that D. whether
13. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
14. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ______ road conditions need _______.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving D. when; improving
15. Modern science has given clear evidence ________ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A．what B．which C．that D．where
16. When the news came __________the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.
A．since B．which C．that D．because
17. ______ is no possibility _______ Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, which
18. We made the suggestion that he _______ his work .
A. continues B. continue C. continued D. had continued
19. Many newspapers printed the governor’s statement _____ would support a tax cut.
A. and he B. was that he C. which he D. that he
20._____ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun.
A. Which B. How C. What D. That
21. The reason why it has been such a success _______ he never gives up.
A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what
22. I don’t think the question _______ they are old or young is important.
A. which B. whether C. how D. why
23. Difficulty lies _______ we have no money.
A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that
24. It makes no difference _______ you will go today or tomorrow.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what
25. Dad is used to smoking and drinking. There’s no chance ________ I’m able to talk him into ________.
A．whether；giving it up B．of whether；giving them up
C．that；getting rid of them D．which；stopping it
26. Do you have any idea ________ electricity plays such an important part in our daily life?
A．why is it that B．how it is that C．why was it D．when it was that
27. I can’t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
28．Many of the creatures in Rowling’s world are not real，and much of ________ happens is strange.
A．which B．that C．what D．it
29．Some language experts think we learn languages in the same way ________ we learn other things，and ________ we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt.
A．不填；that what B．which；what
C．that；what that D．in which；that
30．It was in time of danger ________ he made the final decision ________ they should send more doctors there.
A．where；that B．when；which C．where；what D．that；that

答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。
1. The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.
2. We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a four-day visit in china.
3. Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time online.
4. We have no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.
5. The suggestion that students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people.
6. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
7. I have no idea how she got through the forest.
8. My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.
提示：1. 注意连接词； 2. 注意同位语的位置； 3. 注意同位语从句用陈述句语序。
Ⅱ. 用名词性从句翻译句子,并说明从句的作用。
1. We don’t think you two have met before. (宾语从句)
2. It is certain that John will do well in his exam. (主语从句)
3. Whether they are coming or not doesn’t matter too much. (主语从句)
4. Now is when we need him most. (表语从句)
5. The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. (同位语从句)
6. The fact that they won the prize made us happy. (同位语从句)
7. The belief that the earth is flat is still held in some countries.（同位语从句）
8. I can’t imagine what made him act like that. (宾语从句)
9. Whoever breaks the school rules must be punished. （主语从句）
10. I find it necessary that we should do our homework. （宾语从句）
解析：因为find后有宾语补足语，所以把that从句后置。it后加is，把find后作为宾语从句，that从句就成了宾语从句的主语了，但是这种用法符合语法，日常应用时it后多不加is）
Ⅲ. 用适当的连接词填空。
1. which 2. what 3. how 4. What 5. that
6. that/ which或省略 7. that 8. what 9. Who 10. whatever
Ⅳ. 单项选择。
1. B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是information的内容，且information不在从句中作成分，是同位语从句，填that。
2. B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，是定语从句，表示“提交的信息”。
3. B。that引导的从句是promise的内容，且promise在从句中不作成分，所以是同位语从句。
4. B。that引导同位语从句，对no doubt作进一步的补充说明。
5. A。chance 表示“可能性，机会”, 相当于possibility，that引导同位语从句补充说明其内容。
6. D。where 引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词cases, 表示“在这些案例中”。
7. A。which引导的非限制性定语从句，指代前面的整句话。
8. B。第一空：是定语从句，从句缺主语，可用that或which，作主语的关系代词不可省，可排除A、C。第二空：是表语从句，从句不缺成分，填that，故选B。
9. D。考查定语从句。which代替先行词map在从句中作without的宾语，因为介词提前，不能用that。
10. B。that引导同位语从句，补充说明word的内容。
11. B。what引导同位语从句, 且在从句中作主语，表示“什么事情”。
12. B。what the book said是主语从句，表示“书上说的东西”，what在此从句中作said的宾语；同时从句what the book said was right又是the view（观点）的内容，即同位语从句，因不缺少成分，用that引导，不能省略。所以选B。
13. D。that引导的同位语从句说明thought的具体内容。
14. A。第一空that引导同位语从句，说明problem的内容，中间插入了谓语部分；第二空need doing/ to be done，意为“需要被做”。
15. C。that引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence（证据）。
16. C。句意：当战争爆发的消息传来的时候，他决定去参军。the war broke out是news的具体内容。为news的同位语从句，且从句中不缺少句子成分，所以用连接词that，不能省略。
17. A。There is no possibility that ... 没有......的可能性。that引导同位语从句解释说明possibility。
18. B。that引导从句作表示“建议、要求等”名词之一suggestion的同位语，其中从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，should可省略。
19. D。he would support a tax cut是statement（声明）的内容，且不缺少任何成分，用that引导statement的同位语从句。句意：许多报纸刊印了地方长官的声明——他支持削减税务。
20. C。句意：太空旅行时人类一定恐惧的东西是来自于太阳的辐射。表示“......的东西”，引导主语从句且在从句中作主语的连接代词用what。
21. C。分析可知，why引导定语从句修饰The reason，he never gives up是表语从句，且不缺少成分，所以用that引导，一般不省略，所以选C。
22. B。whether they are old or young是the question的同位语从句，whether ... or 是......还是.....。句意：我认为他们年老还是年轻不重要。
23. D。lie in 固定短语，表示“在于”，排除A；介词后多不直接加that引导的宾语从句，一般在that前加形式宾语it，排除B；同位语从句的引导词that一般不省略，排除C。
24. B。whether引导主语从句，表示“是否”。句意：你明天是否去没有区别。
25. C。由smoking and drinking可知，A、D中的代词错误。B项of多余。that引导的是chance的同位语从句。talk sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事。
26. B。因为是同位语从句，应用陈述句语序，排除A、C；D项时态有误，排除。此同位语从句是个一般疑问句形式的强调句。句意：你知道电是如何在我们的日常生活中起如此大的作用的吗？
27. D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以是同位语从句，用that。
28. C。of后的________ happens是一个宾语从句，从句缺主语，表示“发生的事”，故选what。
29. A。第一空：这是定语从句，先行词是way，从句中缺状语，可用关系词that/in which或省略。第二空：由that引导宾语从句，从句中_______we are born with是从句的主语从句，同时充当with的宾语，表示“我们随出生带来的东西”，用what引导。故选A。
30. D。第一空是强调句型用that引出其它非强调部分，第二空that引导同位语从句，说明decision的内容。句意：是在危险时刻他才做出了最后的决定：派更多的医生去那里。