北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 22 Environmental Pretection语言点（1）

Unit 22 Environmental Protection 语言点（1）
学习目标
重点词汇
trap, reserve, claim, relevant, coincidence, advocate, substitute, threaten
重点短语
a number of, look ahead, refer to, in turn, lead to, take action, ahead of,
apart from, answer for, call for, or else
重点句型
given + sth./ that从句
时间名词+saw/ will see/ have (has) seen + 宾语
知识讲解
重点词汇
trap
【原句回放】When the presence of these gases in the atmosphere increase, however, more heat is trapped and the Earth’s temperature rises. 然而，当大气层中的这些气体不断增加时，更多的热量将会被留在地球，造成地球气温上升。
【点拨】trap vt. 使困住；诱捕；诱骗；使陷入困境
n．陷阱
常用搭配：be trapped in 被困在
How many rabbits have you trapped with your special trap this week?
这个星期你用特制的捕兽器捉了多少只兔子？
She was trapped in the burning house at that moment.
那时她被困在燃烧着的房子里。
He fell into the trap of signing the contract without reading it first.
他陷入了圈套，没有先看合同，就在上面签了字。
【拓展】其他表示“受困于……”的短语：be locked in... /get caught in... /be stuck in...等。
reserve
【原句回放】I found out that they were building in a nature reserve and that they’d paid government officials to sign the papers illegally. 我发现他们正在一个自然保护区搞开发，他们付款给政府官员，非法签了文件。
【点拨】reserve vt. 保留，储备(强调为某一特殊目的)；订(座位)，预订
n. 保护区，储备
常用搭配：
with/without reserve 有/无保留的(地)
in reserve 留下的，备用的
reserve sth. for sb. 为某人预订某物
be reserved for 留作，(专)供……之用
I have reserved a room for you at the hotel.
我已在旅馆为你预订了一个房间。
I’ll reserve my opinion this time.
这次我保留我的看法。
【拓展1】reservation n. 保留的座位（住处）等；预订，保留意见；居留地
【拓展2】preserve vt. 保护；维持；保养；防止(食物)腐坏 (强调使不受破坏)。
You can preserve meat or fish in salt. 你可以用盐保存肉或鱼。
Policemen preserve order in the streets. 警察在街上维持秩序。
claim
【原句回放】They claim that in the last 50 years, gases pumped into the Earth’s atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been speeding up the process of global warming and affecting our climate. 他们断言在过去的50年里，工厂和车辆的废气注入到大气层中，加速了全球变暖的进程，影响了我们的气候。
【点拨】claim vt. & n. 要求；夺走；声称；索取
常用搭配：
claim sth. /to do sth. 声称某事(物)/要做某事
claim sth. back 要回某物；索回某物
claim for sth. 索赔某物
make/advance/put forward a claim 提出要求
accept a claim for compensation 接受赔偿要求
lay claim to sth. 声称对某事物有权利
If anybody owns this camera, will he or she please come forward and claim it?
这是谁的相机？请失主前来认领。
After the battle, both sides claimed victory.
战斗结束后，双方都声称胜利了。
Does she make/advance/put forward a claim for damages?
她提出赔偿损害的要求了吗？
She claimed that the ring was stolen, not lost.
她声称那只戒指是被偷了，而不是遗失了。
She claims to be a good pianist.
她声称自己是位优秀的钢琴家。
relevant
【原句回放】But what exactly is global warming, why is it seen as a danger, and how is it relevant to our lives? 但是，到底什么是全球变暖？为什么全球变暖被看作是一大威胁呢？它又是怎样与我们的生活息息相关的呢？
【点拨】relevant adj. 有关的
常用搭配：be relevant to和……有关
For further information see the relevant chapters in the users’ manual.
详情请查阅使用说明中的相关章节。
These issues are directly relevant to the needs of slow learners.
这些问题与接受慢的学习者的需要有直接关系。
【拓展】同义短语
be involved in参与
be associated with与……有关
be connected with与……有关联
be related to与……有关
coincidence
【原句回放】Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合。
【点拨】coincidence n. 巧合(的事)；(事情、口味、故事等) 相合；
常用搭配：by coincidence 巧合地
It’s really an extraordinary coincidence. 这真是奇特的巧合。
What a coincidence! I wasn’t expecting to see you here.
真巧！我没想到会在这里见到你。
By coincidence, his wife is one of my classmates in college.
巧合的是，他的妻子是我的大学同学。
【拓展】by accident 碰巧，偶然 by chance 碰巧，偶然
advocate
【原句回放】Experts advocate that each person play their part. 专家主张每个人都发挥作用。
【点拨】advocate vt. 提倡，拥护；n. 提倡者，拥护者
常用搭配：
advocate sth. / doing sth. 提倡、支持某事/做某事
advocate that... 主张…… (从句谓语用虚拟语气：“should＋动词原形”，should可省)
an advocate of ... 支持……的人
They advocate higher salaries for teachers.
他们主张提高教师的薪水。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city centre?
你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗?
They advocated we should fit smoke detectors to all the buildings.
他们主张所有的建筑物都应安装烟雾检测器。
substitute
【原句回放】After all, there’s no substitute for our Earth. 毕竟，我们的地球没有替代品。
【点拨】substitute n. 代替品；代用者
vt. 用……代替……
vi. 替代；取代
常用搭配：substitute A for B (substitute B with A) 用A代替B（多指暂时代替或代理）
a substitute for ... ……的代用品/者
The course teaches you the theory but there’s no substitute for practical experience.
这门课教的是理论，但没有任何东西能代替实践经验。
Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.
做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。
Can you substitute for the singer who is ill?
你能代替那位生了病的歌手吗？
【拓展】replace vt. 取代，代替（多指以新换旧，以好代坏）
常用搭配：replace A with B 用B代替A
Can anything replace a mother’s love and care?
有什么东西能取代母亲的爱和关怀吗?
threaten
【原句回放】They threatened to close our credit lines if we don’t reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we produce. 他们威胁如果我们不减少排放二氧化碳，他们就要终止我们的信用额度。
【点拨】threaten vt. 恐吓；威胁；有……危险；危及
常用搭配：threaten sb. with威胁，以……相威胁
threaten to do sth.威胁要做某事
His father threatened to beat the boy if he stole again.
男孩的父亲威胁说如果他再偷东西的话，就要揍他。
While danger threatens we must all be on our guard.
危险正逼近，我们必须保持警惕。
重点短语
a number of
【原句回放】Jim, at the moment, you’re working in botanical gardens to save a number of endangered birds. 吉姆，你现在在植物园做拯救濒危鸟类的工作。
【点拨】a number of 许多的，若干的
注意：a number of + 可数名词，作主语时谓语用复数。
对比：the number of +可数名词，作主语时谓语用单数，意为“……的数量”
A number of problems have arisen. 已经出现了很多问题。
The number of colleges has increased in the past ten years.
在过去的十年里，大学的数量有所增加。
【拓展】表示“许多”的短语
a great/ good many
a large/ great/ good number of +可数名词
a good few/ quite a few
many a
much
a great/ good deal of
a great/ large amount of + 不可数名词
quite a little
a lot of/ lots of
a great/ large quantity of 可数或不可数名词
large quantities of
plenty of
look ahead
【原句回放】Looking ahead, scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century. 展望未来，科学家们认为全球变暖可能是21世纪所面临的最严重的环境问题之一。
【点拨】look ahead 向前看，考虑到将来（ahead表示“在前”，有“future”之感）
We must look ahead before we make a decision.
我们做决定前必须考虑到将来。
We should look ahead and spare a thought for future generations.
我们应该着眼于未来，考虑到我们的后代。
refer to
【原句回放】Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change. 全球变暖指的是地球温度平均增长，继而导致气候变化。
【点拨】refer to 提到，谈到，涉及；参考，查阅；认为
常用搭配：
refer oneself to 求助于，信赖
refer to sb. /sth. as... 称某人/某物为……
refer to sb. for information 向某人打听消息
We agreed never to refer to the matter again.
我们一致同意永远不再提这件事。
Complete the exercise without referring to a dictionary.
请在不查阅词典的情况下完成练习。
【拓展1】reference n. 提及，涉及，查阅；引文，参考书目；证明书
in/with reference to 关于 without reference to 不管，与……无关
【拓展2】refer to与look up
refer to后主要接工具书或资料，如词典、笔记、参考书等。
look up主要指通过工具书查找具体的内容，即look up sth. in...
If you want to look up his number, you can refer to the telephone book.
如果你要查他的号码，你可以查阅这本电话薄。
in turn
【原句回放】Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change. 全球变暖指的是地球温度平均增长，继而导致气候变化。
【点拨】in turn 依次，轮流；相应地，转而
The children called out their names in turn.
孩子们逐一自报姓名。
Language is the carrier of culture and in turn is influenced by culture.
语言是文化的载体，反过来文化影响着语言。
【拓展】含名词turn的相关短语
by turns轮流；轮班；交替地
take turns依次；轮流；轮班
It is sb.’s turn to do 轮到某人干某事
lead to
【原句回放】Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change. 全球变暖指的是地球温度平均增长，继而导致气候变化。
【点拨】lead to 导致，通向
Will the new road lead to the church?
新修的路会通向教堂吗?
Misunderstandings between friends may lead to quarrels.
朋友之间的误解可能会招致纷争。
Smoking can lead to lung cancer.
抽烟可能导致肺癌。
【拓展】lead sb. to sp. / to do sth. 领某人去某处/ 导致某人做某事
What led him to kill his wife? 什么事导致他杀了他的妻子？
The riverside path leads visitors to a small church. 河边小路把参观者引到了一座小教堂。
take action
【原句回放】But why wait around for governments to take action? 但是为什么要等政府采取行动呢？
【点拨】take action 采取行动
The government must take action now to stop the rise in violent crime.
政府现在必须采取行动阻止暴力犯罪的上升。
The police had to take firm action to deal with the riots.
警方不得不采取果断的行动来对付骚乱。
The United States threatened to take military action against Iraq.
美国威胁要对伊拉克采取军事行动。
【拓展】含action的短语
put into action 实行, 实施; 开动; 使开始工作
go into action 开始行动; 投入战斗
call/bring into action 使……参加战斗, 发动; 开动; 使生效
call/bring an action against sb. 对……提起诉讼, 控告
be in action 在活动; 在运转; 在战斗
out of action 失去作用; 损坏; 有故障
ahead of
【原句回放】Why don’t you drop in tonight ahead of your meeting? 为什么不今天晚上开会前就顺便拜访呢？
【点拨】ahead of (时间、空间) 在……前面，早于，领先
He will be ahead of others in English. 他在英语方面将超过别人。
Ahead of us lay ten days of intensive training. 我们面临的是10天的集中训练。
He always finishes several hours ahead of the deadline.
他总是在最后期限前几小时完成。
【拓展】ahead of time 提前
apart from
【原句回放】Apart from the few found in the zoos, pandas live only in the central bamboo forests of mainland China. 除了在动物园看到的少量的熊猫外，熊猫只生活在中国大陆中部的竹林中。
【点拨】apart from 除……之外；另外
apart from根据上下文的不同，既可以用作besides，in addition to；也可以用作except或except for。
I hardly know anyone in the village apart from William. (except)
除了威廉外，我几乎不认识村里的任何人。
Apart from a few faults，he is a perfect teacher．(except for)
除了少许缺点之外，他是个很好的老师。
Apart from being too large, the hat doesn’t suit me. (besides)
这帽子不但太大，而且我戴也不合适。
【拓展】相关短语：
1）in addition to除……之外，还……，与besides同义。
In addition to the twins, Jason has another child. 除了双胞胎外，詹森还有个孩子。
注意：in addition 意为“另外”，一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
2）besides 表示一种累加关系，指“除了什么之外，还有……”，在否定句中，与but, except 同义。
3）except/ but表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有……”
4）except for 除……之外，指所排除的部分是前面所述对象的细节，与所述部分不是一类事物。
answer for
【原句回放】Hunters in general have a lot to answer for in terms of endangered animals. 就濒危动物而言，猎人通常应付许多责任。
【点拨】answer for sth. 对某事负责；为某事受谴责
They shall answer for their behavior.
他们应对自己的行为负责。
You will have to answer for your crimes one day.
你总有一天要因为你的罪行而得到报应的。
I will answer for it that he will accomplish the task.
我愿意担保他能完成这个任务。
【拓展】含answer的短语
in answer (to sth.)＝as a reply 作为回应
answer (sb.) back 反驳；回嘴；顶嘴
answer to sb. (for sth.) 向某人(为某事)负责；对某人承担(某事的)责任
call for
【原句回放】To save these beautiful animals, we need to call for an end to illegal hunting and improve our conservation programmes or else face a future without tigers. 要挽救这些美丽的动物，我们要结束非法捕猎，并且改善保护计划，否则我们将面临着一个没有老虎的未来。
【点拨】call for 要求，呼吁，提倡；接(人)；喊着要……
常用搭配：call for an end to sth. 要求结束……
Your plan will call for a lot of manpower and money.
你的计划需要花大量的人力和财力。
Our experiment will call for a lot of money.
我们的实验将需要许多钱。
The baby is calling for his mother.
孩子正哭着找妈妈。
The UN called for an end to the attacks of the ordinary citizens in that country.
联合国要求那个国家结束对普通平民的袭击。
【拓展】含call的短语
call after 依……名字而命名 call at 拜访
call back收回；取消，撤销；回忆；回电话 call by 顺路访问
call forth 唤起，引起，招致 call in 邀请
call off 取消；叫走；使转移 call on 拜访；要求，招致
call out 大声喊叫；召集 call up 提醒；使忆起；打电话
or else
【原句回放】To save these beautiful animals, we need to call for an end to illegal hunting and improve our conservation programmes or else face a future without tigers. 要挽救这些美丽的动物，我们要结束非法捕猎，并且改善保护计划，否则我们将面临着一个没有老虎的未来。
【点拨】or else 否则，不然
注意：or else相当于if not；otherwise；威胁别人时(特别是小孩之间)常在句尾。
He must be joking, or else he is mad.
他一定是在开玩笑，要不然就是他发疯了。
Go quick, (or) else you’ll miss the train.
快点，否则你要赶不上火车了。
You’d better stop hitting my little bother, or else! 你小子别再打我弟弟了，要不然……
重点句型
given + sth./ that从句
【原句回放】Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合。
【点拨】given + sth./ that从句
注意：此句型中given为介词，意为“鉴于……”(表示原因)。另外，given还可以表示假设，意为“倘若；假定”。
Given the present conditions，I think she’s done rather well.
考虑到目前的条件，我认为她已做得相当出色。
Given the chance, I’ll do it again.
如果有机会，我会再做一次。
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
Usually, I am sensible with money, as I have to be, given that I don’t earn that much.
对于钱，我经常是很切合实际的，因为鉴于我挣得不多，我不得不这样。
【拓展】类似用法
regarding 关于，有关 considering 鉴于，考虑到 concerning 关于，涉及
provided/providing 假定
时间名词+saw/ will see/ have (has) seen + 宾语
【原句回放】The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come. 过去的几年经历了大规模的自然灾害，专家预测以后将会更糟。
【点拨】时间/地点名词+saw/ will see/ have (has) seen + 宾语
注意：此句型中see表示“见证，经历，目睹”。
The 19th century saw many changes.
许多变革发生于19世纪。
This stadium has seen many thrilling football games.
这个体育场见证了许多重要的足球比赛。
This old house has seen better days.
这座老房子曾经有过风光的日子。(但现在已破败不堪)
【拓展】类似动词有find，witness等
Dusk found her crying in the street. 黄昏里她在街头哭泣。
巩固练习
一、单词填空
根据句意及所给汉语提示或首字母用本课单词的正确形式完成句子。
1. By a strange ______________ (巧合) we happened to be travelling on the same train.
2. It’s the company’s policy to ___________ (牺牲) short-term profits for the sake of long-term growth.
3. The hijackers ________ (威胁) to kill all the passengers if their demands were not met.
4. Concerned about global warming, she is collecting ____________ (相关的) information.
5. There are two nature _______ (保护区) in our province, where you can find pandas.
6. All of us ________ (主张) leading a low-carbon life.
7. It is my _________ (原则) to help others as possible as I can.
8. _________ (农业) is one of the oldest and most essential of human pursuits.
9. They were _________ (被迫) to spend two weeks of idleness at that lonely island.
10. The manager was unable to attend but sent his deputy as a _________ (替换).
二、选择填空
apart from look ahead refer to answer for or else
a number of in turn beyond the control of call for take action
1. Have you _________________ to what you’ll be doing in five years’ time?
2. The word can also ____________ a conflict or disagreement, often involving violence.
3. The students clean the classroom every day _____________.
4. You will have to _____________ your crimes one day.
5. _______ the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
6. The forest fire was so fierce that it was ________________ the fire fighters.
7. Stop smoking now, _____________ your health will be ruined.
8. It is time ______________ to let our customers understand this.
9. ________ children whose parents had died in the quake were sent to live with families in other cities.
10. The governor concluded not to ________ aid from other countries.
三、单项选择
1. —So Helen, are we going for that Chinese meal you promised me?
—Well, I kind of forgot to ________, so we’ll have to do French.
A．consult B．order C．reserve D．confirm
2. A government official was murdered last Friday and the police are collecting information that is ________ to the case.
A. similar B. devoted C. relevant D. addicted
3. It is a foolish act to ________ notes during a test as you will be severely punished.
A. stick to B. refer to C. keep to D. point to
4. Though plastic bags really brought convenience to us, they also ________ many problems for the environment.
A. led to B. referred to C. contributed to D. appealed to
5. Our school doesn’t ________ students’ staying in the classroom too long.We think they should have time for sports.
A．advocate B．admit C．assess D．approach
6. The robber tried to escape and ________ me with a knife.
A．threatened B．was threatened C．pointed D．shocked
7. It is wise of you to ________ well-trained workers ________ untrained ones in the assembly line.
A. substitute; for B. substitute; with C. replace; by D. replace; with
8. ________that you are right，we won’t be able to do anything about it.
A．Giving B．Considered C．Given D．Seen
9. In our school library there ________ a number of books on science and the number of them ________ growing larger and larger.
A. is; are B. are; is C. have; is D. has; are
10. Soon after the earthquake, the army was called in to help rescue people ________ in the fallen buildings.
A. trapped B. seized C. controlled D. wrapped
11. It can’t be a(n) ________ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.
A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance
12. —Why not go on a picnic this weekend?
—Good idea. I will ________ you at seven on Saturday morning.
A．answer for B．account for C．look for D．call for
13. He ________ that he could finish the work without any help.
A．claimed B．required C．demanded D．condemn
14. —Recent years have ________rapid change of my hometown.
—Yes, I could hardly recognize it when I arrived yesterday.
A．watched B．contributed C．witnessed D．made
15. You may get away with this kind of thing now，but you will have to ________it some day. A．answer back B．answer to C．answer for D．answer up
16. People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars and this _____ creates further problems.
A. in turn B. in all C. in case D. in time
17. The construction workers completed the bridge three months _____ time and were praised by the local people.
A. in accordance with B. in front of C. ahead of D. prior to
18. These soft drinks contain nothing necessary for growth ________ sugar and water.
A．rather than B．as far as C．apart from D．in relation to
19. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, which________ increase the risk of heart disease.
A．in turn B．in return C．by chance D．by turns
20. I think I was at school, ________ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.
A．even so B．and then C．so that D．or else
答案与解析：
一、单词填空
1. coincidence 2. sacrifice 3. threatened 4. relevant 5. reserves
6. advocate 7. principle 8. Agriculture 9. condemned 10. substitute
疑难解析：
3. hijacker 抢劫者，劫持者
8. pursuits 追求
9. condemn是及物动词，在此句中意为“迫使（某人）陷于不幸的境地”，另外condemn还有“谴责，责备”之意。
10. deputy 副手
二、选择填空
1. looked ahead 2.refer to 3. in turn 4. answer for 5. Apart from
6. beyond the control of 7.or else 8. to take action 9. A number of 10. call for
三、单项选择
1. C。考查动词辨义。reserve 预订座位，房间；consult 请教；查阅；order 订购；confirm 确定，证实。句意：我忘了(预订中餐)，我们去吃法国餐吧。C项符合语境。
2. C。句意：一个政府官员上周五被谋杀了，警方正在收集与案件有关的信息。relevant意为“有关的”，符合句意。similar 类似的，同样的；devoted 专心的，献身的；addicted 上瘾的。
3. B。stick to坚持；refer to参考，参照，查阅；keep to遵守，信守；point to指向。句意：考试中查阅笔记是愚蠢的行为，因为你会受到严厉处罚。可知B项符合句意。
4. A。led to导致；referred to提到，涉及；contribute to有助于；appeal to吸引……。根据句意“塑料袋也导致了许多环境问题”，选A。
5. A。advocate提倡；admit承认；assess评估；approach接近。句意：我们学校不提倡学生在教室呆的时间过长，我们觉得他们应有时间来从事体育活动。
6. A。threaten sb. with威胁，以……相威胁。point 指；shock 使……震惊。
7. A。substitute...for...用前者代替后者，其余三项均为用后者代替前者。
8. C。句意：倘若你正确的话，我们就不能做任何事了。given在此意为“倘若”，后面可跟名词、代词和that从句。
9. B。第一个空为there be ...结构，a number of books作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of sth.作主语时谓语动词用单数。
10. A。句意：地震发生后不久，部队被召来营救被困在倒塌的大楼下的人。trap“困住”； seize“抓住”；control“控制”；wrap“包，裹”。由句意可知选A。
11. A。句意：四家珠宝店在一夜之间被盗，这不可能是巧合。coincidence“巧合”；accident “事故”；incident“事件”；chance“机会”。根据句意可知此处是指“巧合”。
12. D。两人约好周末去野餐，所以答话人说“我周六上午七点去接你”，call for意为“去接（人），要求”等，符合句意。answer for 对……负责；account for 说明，占；look for 寻找。
13. A。句意：他宣称他不需要任何帮助就能够完成工作。claim表示“声称，宣称”；require表示“要求，需要”；demand表示“要求，请求”；condemn表示“责备，谴责”。
14. C。句意：“最近几年我的家乡见证了巨大的变化。”“是的，我昨天回来的时候都几乎认不出了。”witness 见证，目击；contribute 捐献，贡献出，其促进作用。
15. C。句意：现在你可以逃过此事，但日后你将必须对此承担责任。answer for（负责），符合句意。
16. A。句意：人们为了避免乘坐公共交通工具耽误时间使用私家车，而这又产生了更多的问题。in turn意为“轮流，转而”，符合题意。in all 总共；in case 万一；in time 及时，按时，终于。
17. C。句意：建筑工人们提前三个月建完了那座桥，得到了当地人的称赞。ahead of time 提前。in accordance with 与……一致；in front of (位置) 在……前面；prior to 优先于。
18. C。句意：这些软饮料除了含有糖和水外，没有其他成长必需的东西。apart from相当于except，表示“除了”。
19. A。in turn(插入语)“转而，依次，而又”；in return“作为报答”；by chance (＝by accident)“偶然地；无意中”；by turns “轮流地，依次”。句意：紧张的环境会导致诸如不良的饮食习惯等不健康行为，从而又会增加患心脏病的几率。
20. D。or else用作连词，意为“否则，不然”，其余各项与语境相悖。