北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 22 Environmental Pretection语言点（2）
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| 名称 | 北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 22 Environmental Pretection语言点（2） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2019-11-20 22:04:15 | ||
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文档简介
Unit 22 Environmental Protection 语言点（2）
学习目标
重点词汇
means, construct, slip, flee, potential, adopt, allocate, sharpen, valid
重点短语
wrap up, on sb’s behalf, for good, carry off, all in all, result in, in conflict,
earn one’s living, all the best, sum up, as a matter of fact, break away from
重点句型
to some degree及插入语
知识讲解
重点词汇
means
【原句回放】People in agricultural areas, without any means to earn their living, move to the cities, and ... 农业地区的人口因为没有办法谋生而流向城市……
【点拨】means n．方法，手段；工具
注意：means单复数相同，作主语时要根据语境判断谓语动词是单数还是复数。
常用搭配：
by means of 用某办法；借助于某事物 by this means 用这种方式
by all means 一定；务必 by no means 一点也不，决不
by any means 全然，无论如何 by some means 用某种方法
It is all a means to an end.
这只是达到目的的一种手段。
He climbed the tree by means of a ladder.
他用梯子爬上了树。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not very clear.
为防止空气污染，每种可能的方法都已用过了，但天空仍然不清澈。
Many means of transportation are to be used.
很多运输方式将被使用。
construct
【原句回放】... and then construct shabby homes from whatever materials they can find on poor clay soil. ……他们在贫瘠的土地上用可以找到的任何材料搭建起破烂的房屋。
【点拨】construct vt. 建造，构筑，编造，组成
This factory was constructed by our company.
这家工厂是由我们公司建设的。
The novel is constructed from a series of on-the-spot reports.
这部小说是根据一系列的现场报道而构思的。
【拓展】build, construct, found, establish, set up的区别
这些动词均有“建设、建立、建造”之意。
build 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
construct 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
found 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
establish 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
slip
【原句回放】These homes, seldom made of bricks, can easily fall down in earthquakes or slip and slide downhill in landslides, especially in mountainous areas. 这些房屋很少是由砖制成的，很容易在地震中倒塌或者在山体滑坡时滑下山坡，特别是在山区。
【点拨】slip vi. （意外而不自主地）滑动；滑跤；悄悄过去；跌落，降低
n. 滑倒；小过失
My foot slipped and I nearly fell.
我的脚一滑，差点跌到。
She slipped into the room when no one was looking.
她趁无人注意的时候溜进了房间。
His popularity has slipped recently.
他的声望最近有所下降。
That’s a slip of the pen.
那是一个笔误。
【拓展1】slippery adj. 滑溜的
【拓展2】slide vt. & vi. 在（使）平面上滑动；悄悄溜过
注意：过去式slid，过去分词 slid；现在分词 sliding
She fell over and slid across the shiny floor.
她跌倒了，滑过了发亮的地板。
The boys amused themselves by sliding down the banister.
男孩们从楼梯扶手滑下以取乐。
He slid into the driver’s seat.
他麻利地坐进驾驶员的座位。
flee
【原句回放】In May 2006, thousands of Indonesians living near Mt Merapi (which means mountain of fire) had to flee as they thought it was about to erupt. 2006年5月，成千上万的住在默拉皮火山（意思是火之山）附近的成千上万的印尼人不得不逃离家园，因为他们认为火山要爆发了。
【点拨】flee vi. 逃走，消失，逃避；(时间)飞逝 (过去式 fled；过去分词 fled)
vt. 逃离
常用搭配：
flee from 从……逃走
flee to 逃到
flee away/past (时间等)飞逝，消失
The driver had already fled the scene of the accident.
司机已经逃离了事故现场。
Many artists fled to America at the beginning of World War Ⅱ.
第二次世界大战初期，许多艺术家逃到了美国。
The frightened people fled from the fire.
人们惊恐万状地逃离了火灾现场。
【拓展】flee和escape的区别
1. 表示“逃走”时，escape主要指从被监禁或类似没有自由的状态中逃脱。flee着重遇到危险或威胁时逃的动作，强调逃走时的急促或仓促。
2. 表示“逃离”讲时，flee可用作及物或不及物动词，escape多用于不及物动词。
3. escape还指“逃避，规避”，及“避免、疏忽、遗漏、（液体等）泄漏”等意思。
4. flee另外还有“消失、消散”的意思。
You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher’s attention.
你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。
There is a strange smell in the air. The gas must have been escaping somewhere.
空气中有股奇怪的味道,一定是什么地方在漏煤气了。
potential
【原句回放】Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse. 大多数研究灾难的专家认为情况可能会变得更加严重。
【点拨】potential adj. 潜在的,可能的 （无比较级）
n. 潜力，潜能，可能性，潜在性
potential danger/resource/ customers 潜在的危险/ 资源/ 顾客
She was the first to realize the potential danger of their situation.
她是第一个意识到他们面对的形势的潜在危险。
He is a writer with great potential.
他是个有潜力的作家。
【拓展】potentially adv. 潜在地
potentiality n. 潜力，潜在的可能性
adopt
【原句回放】The Chinese government has adopted several noise control plans... 中国政府已经采用了几项控制噪音的计划……
【点拨】adopt vt. 采纳，采取，通过；收养，领养
常用搭配：
adopt measures / new methods / an idea 采取措施/采用新办法/采纳意见
adopt a resolution 通过一项议案
an adopted son 养子
adopted words 外来词
As they had no children of their own, they adopted an orphan.
因为他们没有自己的孩子，就领养了一个孤儿。
I adopted their method of making the machine.
我采用了他们的机器制造方法。
The board adopted the proposal after much debate.
进行了很多讨论后，理事会采纳了这个提议。
【拓展1】adoption n. 采用，领养
We are talking about the adoption of a new plan for the picnic.
我们正在谈论采用一个新的野餐计划。
【拓展2】形近词：adapt适应，改编
allocate
【原句回放】New schools, hospitals and housing areas will be allocated positions away from main roads, rail roads and industrial areas that create high levels of noise. 新学校、医院和住宅区将建在远离产生高强度噪音的主要公路、铁路和工业区。
【点拨】allocate v. 分配，拨出
常用搭配：allocate sb. sth. /allocate sth. to sb. 把某事(物)分配给某人
The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research.
福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
He allocated each person a particular seat.
=He allocated a particular seat to each person.
他分配给每一个人专门的座位。
That space has been allocated for a new hospital.
这块地皮已经拨出来建一座新医院。
sharpen
【原句回放】He said he needed to sharpen his pencil. 他说他需要削铅笔。
【点拨】sharpen vt. & vi. （使）锋利；（使）尖锐；（使）清晰；（使技术）更高、更有效
His speech served only to sharpen the differences between the two men.
他的讲话结果只是让两人之间的分歧更加严重。
The course will help students sharpen (up) their writing skills.
这门课程将有助于提高学生的写作能力。
【拓展1】sharp adj. 锐利的，锋利的，尖的；敏锐的；突然的；急剧的
adv. 准时地，整；突然地，急剧地
The famous writer is still sharp in thought though he has attained the age of ninety-two.
这位著名作家虽已九十二岁高龄,但仍然思维敏捷。
Recently there has been a sharp decline in interest in gardening throughout the town.
最近全镇对园艺的兴趣已急剧下降。
at seven o’clock sharp七点整
turn sharp to the left猛然向左转
【拓展2】词缀en-/ -en
词缀en-/ -en可以放形容词、名词等前或后，构成动词。如：
ripe 成熟的 → ripen 成熟，使熟
sure 确信的 → ensure 保证，使……安全
danger危险 → endanger 使……遭危险
courage勇气→ encourage 使……有勇气，鼓励
roll 名册→ enroll注册，记入名册
valid
【原句回放】But really, that’s not a valid excuse for wasting time. 但是，真的，那不是一个浪费时间的合理借口。
【点拨】valid adj. 有效的，有根据的；正当的
Your return ticket is valid for three months.
你的返程票有效期是三个月。
Oversleeping is not a valid excuse for being late for school.
睡过头并不是上学迟到的正当理由。
Please provide a valid screen name.
请输入有效的显示名。
重点短语
wrap up
【原句回放】To wrap up this lecture, I want to remind you that animals have no voice in our world. 在结束演讲之前，我想提醒大家，在这个世界上动物是不会说话的。
【点拨】wrap up 完成，结束；把……包起来；掩饰(真意等)
We just wrapped up the meeting lasting for two days.
我们刚刚结束了持续两天的会议。
He spent the whole afternoon wrapping up the Christmas presents.
他花了一下午时间把圣诞礼物包起来。
In cold weather you should wrap up warmly.
天气寒冷时，你应该穿得暖和些。
on sb.’s behalf
【原句回放】We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good. 在它们永远消失之前，我们需要代表它们公开站出来说出心声。
【点拨】on sb.’s behalf 代表；为了 （= on behalf of sb.）
I’m here on behalf of my family to give our regards to you.
我在这里代表我们全家向你问候。
I paid the money on your behalf.
我替你付了钱。
Don’t trouble to do it on my behalf.
不要为了我去麻烦了。
for good
【原句回放】We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good. 在它们永远消失之前，我们需要代表它们公开站出来说出心声。
【点拨】for good永远；永久地（=forever / for ever / forever and ever/ for good and all）
I expect that our love will last for good.
我期望我们的爱将持续到永远。
He promises that he will stay with her for good.
他发誓永远陪在她身边。
Any more remarks like that and you’re out for good!
你如果再说这种话，你将被赶出，永远不准再来。
【拓展】含for的短语
for free 免费 for certain 肯定地
carry off
【原句回放】Because the alligators live in holes that damage the farmland and sometimes carry off farm animals. 因为短吻鳄生活在地洞里，毁坏农田，有时还掠走农场的牲畜。
【点拨】carry off 掠去，夺走；搬走；获得；夺去……的生命；成功对付
The movie Titanic carried off all the prizes.
《泰坦尼克号》几乎囊括了所有电影大奖。
The fever, if not stopped, would carry off the young fellow.
高烧若不及时制止，年轻人会失去生命。
She was considering how she should carry off the situation.
她正想着怎样对付这种局面。
【拓展】含carry的短语
carry out 实行；履行 carry on (with / doing sth ) 继续做
carry away 运走；使……失去自制力 carry through 完成；渡过难关
carry sb. back (to sth.) 使某人回忆起
I have carried out my work.
我已经完成了工作。
We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
尽管条件极端困难，我们必须坚持下去，直到成功。
all in all
【原句回放】Well, all in all，if we help protect these animals and spread the news about conservation, we will be doing our bit... 总的来说，如果我们帮助保护这些动物，传播有关保护自然的信息，我们都会尽我们的微薄力量……
【点拨】all in all 总的说来，总而言之
All in all, it’s been a pretty bad year for John.
总的说来，对于约翰来说，这是相当糟糕的一年。
He has his faults, but, all in all, he is a good helper.
他虽有缺点，但总的说来，他是一个好帮手。
All in all，her condition is greatly improved.
总的来说，她的情况有很大好转。
【拓展】含all的短语
in all 总共 at all 根本，丝毫，到底，究竟
(not) at all 一点也(不) above all 首先，最重要的是
after all 毕竟，别忘了
Above all，make sure you keep in touch.
最要紧的是你们一定要保持联系。
Is it at all possible that he alone can drink ten bottles of beer?
难道他真的能独个儿喝十瓶啤酒吗？
result in
【原句回放】A number of nations have already been in armed conflict over water, and reduced rainfall in the west of the US has resulted in huge forest fires. 有些国家已经因为水的问题而发生武装冲突，而美国西部降水量的减少导致了森林大火。
【点拨】result in 造成……的结果,导致
It is their carelessness that resulted in the accident.
是他们的粗心导致了这场事故。
Failure to reach an agreement will result in a strike.
达不成协议将会导致罢工。
【拓展】result有关的短语
result from 由……导致，起因于 as a result (of) 由于，(作为……的)结果
with the result that ... 结果是……
Many illnesses result from lack of exercise. 许多疾病是由缺乏锻炼引起的。
He was late as a result of the heavy rain. 由于下大雨他迟到了。
The farm was flooded, with the result that most of the harvest was lost.
农场被淹，收成损失了一大半。
in conflict
【原句回放】A number of nations have already been in armed conflict over water, and reduced rainfall in the west of the US has resulted in huge forest fires. 有些国家已经因为水的问题而发生武装冲突，而美国西部降水量的减少导致了森林大火。
【点拨】in conflict（与某人）有冲突，有矛盾
Those children are often in conflict with their parents.
那些孩子常常与父母发生冲突。
The two parties have been in conflict since election.
这两个政党从选举以来就一直冲突不断。
【拓展】conflict over 在……方面冲突，争执
He tried to solve the conflicts over wages.
他努力解决工资上的争执。
earn one’s living
【原句回放】People in agricultural areas, without any means to earn their living, move to the cities, and ... 农业地区的人口因为没有办法谋生而流向城市……
【点拨】earn one’s living 谋生；挣钱维持生计
He earns his living as a motorcar driver.
他当汽车司机维持生活。
His father sent him to Hainan to see if he could earn his living there.
他的父亲送他到海南，看他能否在那儿挣钱养活自己。
【拓展】make a living 谋生
all the best
【原句回放】Professor Wang, all the best with your anti-noise organization and thank you very much for taking the time from your busy schedule to join us here in the studio. 王教授，祝你的反噪音组织一切顺利，非常感谢你从你繁忙的日程中抽出时间来和我们一起播音。
【点拨】all the best（口语）（祝你）一切顺利，万事如意（多用于道别用语或书信结束语）
I wish you all the best in America. 祝你在美国一切顺利。
—All the best! 一切顺利！
—Thank you. The same to you. 谢谢，你也是。
We wish him all the very best with his new challenge.
我们祝愿他的新任务一切顺利。
【拓展】与best有关的短语
do/ try one’s best 尽某人最大努力
best of all 尤其，特别
make the best of 充分利用
sum up
【原句回放】To sum up the above measures, with new regulations and urban planning, noise pollution levels should drop even further. 综上所述，由于新的城市规划，噪音污染强度应该更进一步地下降。
【点拨】sum up 概括，总结，计算……的总数
常用搭配：to sum up总之，总而言之
Can you sum up what you’ve written into a paragraph or even a single sentence?
你是否可以把你所写的总结成一个段落甚至一句话？
To sum up the above arguments, I think a proper attitude towards it is very important.
综合上述论证，我认为恰当的态度是十分重要的。
These ten books sum up this year’s production.
今年总计出版这10种图书。
【拓展】summarize vt. 总结，概述
The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.
研究结果在本章末做了总结。
as a matter of fact
【原句回放】As a matter of fact, average urban noise pollution levels have decreased by 3 decibels since 1989. 实际上，从1989年以来，城市的平均噪声污染程度已经降低了3分贝。
【点拨】as a matter of fact 实际上
I knew him when we were in college — as a matter of fact we were on the same course.
我在大学时认识他了——事实上我们上同一个课程。
As a matter of fact, her little newspaper fame was nothing at all to him.
其实，她在报纸上的那点小名气在他看来根本就是微不足道的。
【拓展】in fact 事实上
She doesn’t like him much — in fact I think she hates him!
她不很喜欢他；事实上，我认为她恨他！
break away from
【原句回放】But we need to break away from that way of thinking. 但是我们需要抛弃那种思维方式。
【点拨】break away from 摆脱，脱离（团体、组织、某种思想体系）；打破(陈规)
The boy broke away from his father and rushed out into the street.
那个男孩挣脱父亲的手，冲出房子跑上了街道。
The young people must break away from these old-fashioned ideas.
年轻人必须摆脱这些陈旧的观念。
【拓展】break构成的短语
break down 出毛病；(身体)垮掉；失败； break in 闯入；打断
break into 闯入(后接宾语) break out(火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发
break through突破(障碍，包围等) break up分开；驱散；解散；结束，终止
break off断开；突然终止
重点句型
to some degree及插入语
【原句回放】An even greater number of people live at risk, to some degree, from earthquakes which have taken a toll of more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. 从某种程度上来说，有更多的人处在地震的危险之中，在过去百年间地震已经夺去了160多万人的生命。
【点拨】to some degree 在某种程度上
There’s truth in what she said to some degree. 在某种程度上她说的话有道理。
The speed of an aeroplane is, to some degree, associated with the shape of its body and wings.
在某种程度上，飞机的速度与机身及机翼的形状有关。
注意：to some degree在句子作插入语。
1. 插入语与句中其它部分无语法上的联系，如删掉，句子结构仍完整
2. 作用：
1）附加解释、说明或总结；
2）表达说话者的态度和看法；
3）有时起强调的作用或为了引起对方的注意；
4）转移话题或说明事由或承上启下
3. 常见插入语：
1）介词短语：in fact; in addition; in a word; on the other hand; in other words; in one’s opinion; in that case; by the way; of course; as a rule; to one’s surprise; for example; on the contrary (相反)；in a way (在某点上、在某种程度上); for one thing; for another (thing)等。
2）形容词短语、副词：sure enough (果然); strange; worse still (更糟糕的是); most important (最重要的是); honestly; obviously; however; otherwise; luckily; unfortunately; besides; first; second; especially; surprisingly等。
3）不定式：to tell the truth; to be short (简单地); to begin with (首先); to be sure (自然、当然、果然); to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of (值得一提的是)等。
4）现在分词短语：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from/by...; talking of... (谈到); considering... (考虑到)；putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。
巩固练习
一、单词填空
根据句意及所给汉语提示或首字母用本课单词的正确形式完成句子。
1. When the war broke out in Iraq, thousands of Iraqi f________ their hometown and wandered about.
2. Sarah s_______ into the room and carefully shut the door.
3. The cheque is not v_______ if it is not signed by the finance director.
4. He studied the German market to find the ___________ (潜力) there for profitable investment.
5. The government has _______ (拨出) funds for housing.
6. Knives can be _______ (磨快) by grinding (磨) them against a rough stone.
5. Having no children of their own they decided to _________ (收养) an orphan.
8. Unless we can get more __________ (资金), we’ll have to close the store.
9. Glasses are _________ (易碎的) and must be handled with great care.
10. We should be ____________ (考虑周到的) and helpful to the aged people.
二、用方框内所给的单词或短语的适当形式填空
as a matter of fact, carry off, wipe out,
on behalf of, all in all, after all, break away from,
result in, wrap up, recover from
1．____________ my colleagues and myself I thank you.
2．He has his faults, but, ______________, he is a good helper.
3．He ____________ that lawless group years ago.
4．He pretended not to know her. However, ___________, they were in league (together).
5. You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; _____________, he is over seventy.
6. The attack is to ____________ data, to delete files, or to format the hard disk.
7. She __________________ most of the prizes for swimming.
8. Bad living habits will ____________disease.
9. The country had not yet ____________ the effects of the war.
10. Now the trade agreement is _________, and all we have to do is wait for the first orders.
三、单项选择
1. The suggestion that we have a group of these records printed as soon as possible ________ by the committee.
A．was adopted B．adopted C．was taken D．took
2．Mr. Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize ________.
A．on his behalf B．on duty C．ahead of D．in need
3. Tom was a black slave and he had at last ________ the cotton farm to join the North Army.
A. left B. escaped C. ran away D. fled
4. ________，the party was a great success, and for everyone there was very happy.
A．All in all B．Not at all C．In all D．In totally
5. —Do you think I should get a good guidebook?
—Yes，of course.________，a good camera and a pair of comfortable shoes are important to you as well.
A．To some degree B．In other words C．On the way D．All in all
6. —May I have a word with you?
—________. I’m not busy, anyway.
A．By no means B．By all means C．By means of D．By any means
7. The plan was canceled after someone presented _____ objections to it at the meeting.
A. operative B. efficient C. valid D. secure
8. She sings quite well. But _____, she is an English teacher, not a music teacher.
A. as a result B. as a rule C. as a whole D. as a matter of fact
9. We should _________ the competitive edge of our goods and services for export by ensuring good quality.
A. sharpen B. assume C. distribute D. deserve
10. At the end of the class, the teacher _______ the main points of the lesson in three sentences.
A. summed up B. picked up C. brought up D. took up
11. Even though the Red Cross had ______ a large sum for the relief of the sufferers of the disaster, many people died.
A. designed B. allocated C. meant D. planned
12. He ________ from his family and settled down in America.
A．broke away B．broke out C．broke up D．broke in
13. Forced by poverty, most of the local natives have to ________ their living as migrant workers.
A．have B．produce C．earn D．escape
14. If you visited our school this month, you would be amazed to see a modern stadium is being________.
A．founded B．situated C．located D．constructed
15. He has the ________ to become a world-class musician.
A．possibility B．gift C．potential D．advantage
16. Women’s teams from Guangdong carried ________ the first four places at the National Swimming Championship.
A．away B．off C．on D．out
17. Although Lei Feng has been away from us for many years, we’ll remember him ________.
A．for short B．for sure C．for fun D．for good
18. The businessman had already ________ a couple of deals by lunch time.
A．cleaned up B．checked up C．wrapped up D．turned up
19. A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, ________an increase in production.
A．resulted in B．to result in C．result in D．resulting in
20. You fool! How can you let such a chance _______ through your fingers.
A. ski B. spread C. slip D. glide
答案与解析：
一、单词填空
1. fled 2. slipped 3. valid 4. potential 5. allocated
6. sharpened 7. adopt 8. finance 9. fragile 10. considerate
二、用方框内所给的单词或短语的适当形式填空
1. On behalf of 2. all in all 3. broke away from 4.as a matter of fact
5. after all 6. wipe out 7.carried off 8. result in
9. recovered from 10. wrapping up
三、单项选择
1. A。adopt the suggestion意为“采纳建议”。句意：我们应将这组记录尽快打印出来的建议被组委会采纳了。
2. A。on duty值日；ahead of在……前面；in need需要。on his behalf“代替他”，符合句意。
3. D。flee“逃离；逃走”，强调动作的完成，可直接接宾语。leave“离开”；escape表示“逃离”时多与from连用，侧重结果；run away侧重指“逃跑的行为”，不强调结果。
4. A。all in all总而言之；All the best一切顺利；at all 根本；in all 总计，合计。句意：总而言之，晚会是成功的，因为那儿的每个人都很高兴。
5. A。本题考查插入语的用法，to some degree 从某种意义上说。句意：——你认为我应该有一本好的导游书吗？——当然。从某种意义上说，一部好相机和一双舒服的鞋对你也很重要。in other words 换句话说；on the way 在路上；all in all 总而言之。
6. B。根据I’m not busy，anyway.推断“我”同意和你说话。by all means表示“一定”，符合句意。by any means 无论如何；by no means 决不；by means of 借助。
7. C。句意：有人在会上提出理由充分的反对意见后，计划就被取消了。valid意为“正当的，有充分依据的，符合逻辑的”，符合句意；operative运转着的，手术的；efficient 有能力的，有效率的；secure 可靠的，有把握的。
8. D。句意：她唱得相当好，但是事实上，她是个英语老师，而不是音乐老师。as a matter of fact 事实上；as a result 结果；as a rule 通常；as a whole 总体上。
9. A。句意：我们应该坚持以质取胜，提高出口商品和服务的竞争力。sharpen（使）提高，改善；assume 假装，承担；distribute 分配，分布；deserve 应得。
10. A。句意：下课前，老师用三个句子总结了这节课的重点。sum up 总结，归纳；pick up捡起，获得，随便地学到；bring up 养大；take up拿起，开始从事，占据。
11. B。句意：尽管红十字会拨出了很大一笔钱救济灾民，但是仍有很多人死去了。allocate 分配，分派；design 设计；mean 意味着，意欲；plan 计划。根据句意，应选B。
12. A。句意：他离开他的家庭在美国定居。 break away from... “脱离……”； break out “爆发”；break up “解散，结束”； break in “闯入；插嘴”。只有A项符合句意。
13. C。句意：为贫困所迫，当地大部分人不得不到外地打工为生。earn one’s living“谋生”。
14. D。句意：如果你这个月参观我们学校，你会惊奇地看到一座现代化的体育馆正在建设中。construct 表示“建造”；found 表示“创建”，一般指团体或组织的创建；situate表示“使位于”；locate表示“找出（位置），（在……）设置”。
15. C。句意：他有潜力成为世界级的音乐家。possibility“可能性”，后跟of doing sth., 不符合搭配；gift“天赋”，常用搭配为have the gift for (doing) sth.; advantage“有利条件，优势”，常用搭配为have the advantage of sth.；potential“潜力(能)”，符合句意和搭配。
16. B。句意：在全国游泳锦标赛中，广东女队夺得了前四名。carry off “获得；掠去，夺走”，符合题意。carry away“带走”；carry on “继续”；carry out “执行，实施”。
17. D。for short “简称”； for sure “确定地”； for fun “开玩笑地”； for good “永远”。
18. C。句意：那位商人在午饭前已做了几笔生意。wrap up “完成”，其他三个选项不符合题意。
19. D。根据题意可知，产量的增加是引进新机器的结果，故此处用v-ing形式作结果状语。
20. C。slip 溜走，滑过。ski 滑冰；spread 延伸，展开；glide 滑行，滑翔。
学习目标
重点词汇
means, construct, slip, flee, potential, adopt, allocate, sharpen, valid
重点短语
wrap up, on sb’s behalf, for good, carry off, all in all, result in, in conflict,
earn one’s living, all the best, sum up, as a matter of fact, break away from
重点句型
to some degree及插入语
知识讲解
重点词汇
means
【原句回放】People in agricultural areas, without any means to earn their living, move to the cities, and ... 农业地区的人口因为没有办法谋生而流向城市……
【点拨】means n．方法，手段；工具
注意：means单复数相同，作主语时要根据语境判断谓语动词是单数还是复数。
常用搭配：
by means of 用某办法；借助于某事物 by this means 用这种方式
by all means 一定；务必 by no means 一点也不，决不
by any means 全然，无论如何 by some means 用某种方法
It is all a means to an end.
这只是达到目的的一种手段。
He climbed the tree by means of a ladder.
他用梯子爬上了树。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not very clear.
为防止空气污染，每种可能的方法都已用过了，但天空仍然不清澈。
Many means of transportation are to be used.
很多运输方式将被使用。
construct
【原句回放】... and then construct shabby homes from whatever materials they can find on poor clay soil. ……他们在贫瘠的土地上用可以找到的任何材料搭建起破烂的房屋。
【点拨】construct vt. 建造，构筑，编造，组成
This factory was constructed by our company.
这家工厂是由我们公司建设的。
The novel is constructed from a series of on-the-spot reports.
这部小说是根据一系列的现场报道而构思的。
【拓展】build, construct, found, establish, set up的区别
这些动词均有“建设、建立、建造”之意。
build 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
construct 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
found 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
establish 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
slip
【原句回放】These homes, seldom made of bricks, can easily fall down in earthquakes or slip and slide downhill in landslides, especially in mountainous areas. 这些房屋很少是由砖制成的，很容易在地震中倒塌或者在山体滑坡时滑下山坡，特别是在山区。
【点拨】slip vi. （意外而不自主地）滑动；滑跤；悄悄过去；跌落，降低
n. 滑倒；小过失
My foot slipped and I nearly fell.
我的脚一滑，差点跌到。
She slipped into the room when no one was looking.
她趁无人注意的时候溜进了房间。
His popularity has slipped recently.
他的声望最近有所下降。
That’s a slip of the pen.
那是一个笔误。
【拓展1】slippery adj. 滑溜的
【拓展2】slide vt. & vi. 在（使）平面上滑动；悄悄溜过
注意：过去式slid，过去分词 slid；现在分词 sliding
She fell over and slid across the shiny floor.
她跌倒了，滑过了发亮的地板。
The boys amused themselves by sliding down the banister.
男孩们从楼梯扶手滑下以取乐。
He slid into the driver’s seat.
他麻利地坐进驾驶员的座位。
flee
【原句回放】In May 2006, thousands of Indonesians living near Mt Merapi (which means mountain of fire) had to flee as they thought it was about to erupt. 2006年5月，成千上万的住在默拉皮火山（意思是火之山）附近的成千上万的印尼人不得不逃离家园，因为他们认为火山要爆发了。
【点拨】flee vi. 逃走，消失，逃避；(时间)飞逝 (过去式 fled；过去分词 fled)
vt. 逃离
常用搭配：
flee from 从……逃走
flee to 逃到
flee away/past (时间等)飞逝，消失
The driver had already fled the scene of the accident.
司机已经逃离了事故现场。
Many artists fled to America at the beginning of World War Ⅱ.
第二次世界大战初期，许多艺术家逃到了美国。
The frightened people fled from the fire.
人们惊恐万状地逃离了火灾现场。
【拓展】flee和escape的区别
1. 表示“逃走”时，escape主要指从被监禁或类似没有自由的状态中逃脱。flee着重遇到危险或威胁时逃的动作，强调逃走时的急促或仓促。
2. 表示“逃离”讲时，flee可用作及物或不及物动词，escape多用于不及物动词。
3. escape还指“逃避，规避”，及“避免、疏忽、遗漏、（液体等）泄漏”等意思。
4. flee另外还有“消失、消散”的意思。
You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher’s attention.
你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。
There is a strange smell in the air. The gas must have been escaping somewhere.
空气中有股奇怪的味道,一定是什么地方在漏煤气了。
potential
【原句回放】Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse. 大多数研究灾难的专家认为情况可能会变得更加严重。
【点拨】potential adj. 潜在的,可能的 （无比较级）
n. 潜力，潜能，可能性，潜在性
potential danger/resource/ customers 潜在的危险/ 资源/ 顾客
She was the first to realize the potential danger of their situation.
她是第一个意识到他们面对的形势的潜在危险。
He is a writer with great potential.
他是个有潜力的作家。
【拓展】potentially adv. 潜在地
potentiality n. 潜力，潜在的可能性
adopt
【原句回放】The Chinese government has adopted several noise control plans... 中国政府已经采用了几项控制噪音的计划……
【点拨】adopt vt. 采纳，采取，通过；收养，领养
常用搭配：
adopt measures / new methods / an idea 采取措施/采用新办法/采纳意见
adopt a resolution 通过一项议案
an adopted son 养子
adopted words 外来词
As they had no children of their own, they adopted an orphan.
因为他们没有自己的孩子，就领养了一个孤儿。
I adopted their method of making the machine.
我采用了他们的机器制造方法。
The board adopted the proposal after much debate.
进行了很多讨论后，理事会采纳了这个提议。
【拓展1】adoption n. 采用，领养
We are talking about the adoption of a new plan for the picnic.
我们正在谈论采用一个新的野餐计划。
【拓展2】形近词：adapt适应，改编
allocate
【原句回放】New schools, hospitals and housing areas will be allocated positions away from main roads, rail roads and industrial areas that create high levels of noise. 新学校、医院和住宅区将建在远离产生高强度噪音的主要公路、铁路和工业区。
【点拨】allocate v. 分配，拨出
常用搭配：allocate sb. sth. /allocate sth. to sb. 把某事(物)分配给某人
The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research.
福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
He allocated each person a particular seat.
=He allocated a particular seat to each person.
他分配给每一个人专门的座位。
That space has been allocated for a new hospital.
这块地皮已经拨出来建一座新医院。
sharpen
【原句回放】He said he needed to sharpen his pencil. 他说他需要削铅笔。
【点拨】sharpen vt. & vi. （使）锋利；（使）尖锐；（使）清晰；（使技术）更高、更有效
His speech served only to sharpen the differences between the two men.
他的讲话结果只是让两人之间的分歧更加严重。
The course will help students sharpen (up) their writing skills.
这门课程将有助于提高学生的写作能力。
【拓展1】sharp adj. 锐利的，锋利的，尖的；敏锐的；突然的；急剧的
adv. 准时地，整；突然地，急剧地
The famous writer is still sharp in thought though he has attained the age of ninety-two.
这位著名作家虽已九十二岁高龄,但仍然思维敏捷。
Recently there has been a sharp decline in interest in gardening throughout the town.
最近全镇对园艺的兴趣已急剧下降。
at seven o’clock sharp七点整
turn sharp to the left猛然向左转
【拓展2】词缀en-/ -en
词缀en-/ -en可以放形容词、名词等前或后，构成动词。如：
ripe 成熟的 → ripen 成熟，使熟
sure 确信的 → ensure 保证，使……安全
danger危险 → endanger 使……遭危险
courage勇气→ encourage 使……有勇气，鼓励
roll 名册→ enroll注册，记入名册
valid
【原句回放】But really, that’s not a valid excuse for wasting time. 但是，真的，那不是一个浪费时间的合理借口。
【点拨】valid adj. 有效的，有根据的；正当的
Your return ticket is valid for three months.
你的返程票有效期是三个月。
Oversleeping is not a valid excuse for being late for school.
睡过头并不是上学迟到的正当理由。
Please provide a valid screen name.
请输入有效的显示名。
重点短语
wrap up
【原句回放】To wrap up this lecture, I want to remind you that animals have no voice in our world. 在结束演讲之前，我想提醒大家，在这个世界上动物是不会说话的。
【点拨】wrap up 完成，结束；把……包起来；掩饰(真意等)
We just wrapped up the meeting lasting for two days.
我们刚刚结束了持续两天的会议。
He spent the whole afternoon wrapping up the Christmas presents.
他花了一下午时间把圣诞礼物包起来。
In cold weather you should wrap up warmly.
天气寒冷时，你应该穿得暖和些。
on sb.’s behalf
【原句回放】We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good. 在它们永远消失之前，我们需要代表它们公开站出来说出心声。
【点拨】on sb.’s behalf 代表；为了 （= on behalf of sb.）
I’m here on behalf of my family to give our regards to you.
我在这里代表我们全家向你问候。
I paid the money on your behalf.
我替你付了钱。
Don’t trouble to do it on my behalf.
不要为了我去麻烦了。
for good
【原句回放】We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good. 在它们永远消失之前，我们需要代表它们公开站出来说出心声。
【点拨】for good永远；永久地（=forever / for ever / forever and ever/ for good and all）
I expect that our love will last for good.
我期望我们的爱将持续到永远。
He promises that he will stay with her for good.
他发誓永远陪在她身边。
Any more remarks like that and you’re out for good!
你如果再说这种话，你将被赶出，永远不准再来。
【拓展】含for的短语
for free 免费 for certain 肯定地
carry off
【原句回放】Because the alligators live in holes that damage the farmland and sometimes carry off farm animals. 因为短吻鳄生活在地洞里，毁坏农田，有时还掠走农场的牲畜。
【点拨】carry off 掠去，夺走；搬走；获得；夺去……的生命；成功对付
The movie Titanic carried off all the prizes.
《泰坦尼克号》几乎囊括了所有电影大奖。
The fever, if not stopped, would carry off the young fellow.
高烧若不及时制止，年轻人会失去生命。
She was considering how she should carry off the situation.
她正想着怎样对付这种局面。
【拓展】含carry的短语
carry out 实行；履行 carry on (with / doing sth ) 继续做
carry away 运走；使……失去自制力 carry through 完成；渡过难关
carry sb. back (to sth.) 使某人回忆起
I have carried out my work.
我已经完成了工作。
We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
尽管条件极端困难，我们必须坚持下去，直到成功。
all in all
【原句回放】Well, all in all，if we help protect these animals and spread the news about conservation, we will be doing our bit... 总的来说，如果我们帮助保护这些动物，传播有关保护自然的信息，我们都会尽我们的微薄力量……
【点拨】all in all 总的说来，总而言之
All in all, it’s been a pretty bad year for John.
总的说来，对于约翰来说，这是相当糟糕的一年。
He has his faults, but, all in all, he is a good helper.
他虽有缺点，但总的说来，他是一个好帮手。
All in all，her condition is greatly improved.
总的来说，她的情况有很大好转。
【拓展】含all的短语
in all 总共 at all 根本，丝毫，到底，究竟
(not) at all 一点也(不) above all 首先，最重要的是
after all 毕竟，别忘了
Above all，make sure you keep in touch.
最要紧的是你们一定要保持联系。
Is it at all possible that he alone can drink ten bottles of beer?
难道他真的能独个儿喝十瓶啤酒吗？
result in
【原句回放】A number of nations have already been in armed conflict over water, and reduced rainfall in the west of the US has resulted in huge forest fires. 有些国家已经因为水的问题而发生武装冲突，而美国西部降水量的减少导致了森林大火。
【点拨】result in 造成……的结果,导致
It is their carelessness that resulted in the accident.
是他们的粗心导致了这场事故。
Failure to reach an agreement will result in a strike.
达不成协议将会导致罢工。
【拓展】result有关的短语
result from 由……导致，起因于 as a result (of) 由于，(作为……的)结果
with the result that ... 结果是……
Many illnesses result from lack of exercise. 许多疾病是由缺乏锻炼引起的。
He was late as a result of the heavy rain. 由于下大雨他迟到了。
The farm was flooded, with the result that most of the harvest was lost.
农场被淹，收成损失了一大半。
in conflict
【原句回放】A number of nations have already been in armed conflict over water, and reduced rainfall in the west of the US has resulted in huge forest fires. 有些国家已经因为水的问题而发生武装冲突，而美国西部降水量的减少导致了森林大火。
【点拨】in conflict（与某人）有冲突，有矛盾
Those children are often in conflict with their parents.
那些孩子常常与父母发生冲突。
The two parties have been in conflict since election.
这两个政党从选举以来就一直冲突不断。
【拓展】conflict over 在……方面冲突，争执
He tried to solve the conflicts over wages.
他努力解决工资上的争执。
earn one’s living
【原句回放】People in agricultural areas, without any means to earn their living, move to the cities, and ... 农业地区的人口因为没有办法谋生而流向城市……
【点拨】earn one’s living 谋生；挣钱维持生计
He earns his living as a motorcar driver.
他当汽车司机维持生活。
His father sent him to Hainan to see if he could earn his living there.
他的父亲送他到海南，看他能否在那儿挣钱养活自己。
【拓展】make a living 谋生
all the best
【原句回放】Professor Wang, all the best with your anti-noise organization and thank you very much for taking the time from your busy schedule to join us here in the studio. 王教授，祝你的反噪音组织一切顺利，非常感谢你从你繁忙的日程中抽出时间来和我们一起播音。
【点拨】all the best（口语）（祝你）一切顺利，万事如意（多用于道别用语或书信结束语）
I wish you all the best in America. 祝你在美国一切顺利。
—All the best! 一切顺利！
—Thank you. The same to you. 谢谢，你也是。
We wish him all the very best with his new challenge.
我们祝愿他的新任务一切顺利。
【拓展】与best有关的短语
do/ try one’s best 尽某人最大努力
best of all 尤其，特别
make the best of 充分利用
sum up
【原句回放】To sum up the above measures, with new regulations and urban planning, noise pollution levels should drop even further. 综上所述，由于新的城市规划，噪音污染强度应该更进一步地下降。
【点拨】sum up 概括，总结，计算……的总数
常用搭配：to sum up总之，总而言之
Can you sum up what you’ve written into a paragraph or even a single sentence?
你是否可以把你所写的总结成一个段落甚至一句话？
To sum up the above arguments, I think a proper attitude towards it is very important.
综合上述论证，我认为恰当的态度是十分重要的。
These ten books sum up this year’s production.
今年总计出版这10种图书。
【拓展】summarize vt. 总结，概述
The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.
研究结果在本章末做了总结。
as a matter of fact
【原句回放】As a matter of fact, average urban noise pollution levels have decreased by 3 decibels since 1989. 实际上，从1989年以来，城市的平均噪声污染程度已经降低了3分贝。
【点拨】as a matter of fact 实际上
I knew him when we were in college — as a matter of fact we were on the same course.
我在大学时认识他了——事实上我们上同一个课程。
As a matter of fact, her little newspaper fame was nothing at all to him.
其实，她在报纸上的那点小名气在他看来根本就是微不足道的。
【拓展】in fact 事实上
She doesn’t like him much — in fact I think she hates him!
她不很喜欢他；事实上，我认为她恨他！
break away from
【原句回放】But we need to break away from that way of thinking. 但是我们需要抛弃那种思维方式。
【点拨】break away from 摆脱，脱离（团体、组织、某种思想体系）；打破(陈规)
The boy broke away from his father and rushed out into the street.
那个男孩挣脱父亲的手，冲出房子跑上了街道。
The young people must break away from these old-fashioned ideas.
年轻人必须摆脱这些陈旧的观念。
【拓展】break构成的短语
break down 出毛病；(身体)垮掉；失败； break in 闯入；打断
break into 闯入(后接宾语) break out(火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发
break through突破(障碍，包围等) break up分开；驱散；解散；结束，终止
break off断开；突然终止
重点句型
to some degree及插入语
【原句回放】An even greater number of people live at risk, to some degree, from earthquakes which have taken a toll of more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. 从某种程度上来说，有更多的人处在地震的危险之中，在过去百年间地震已经夺去了160多万人的生命。
【点拨】to some degree 在某种程度上
There’s truth in what she said to some degree. 在某种程度上她说的话有道理。
The speed of an aeroplane is, to some degree, associated with the shape of its body and wings.
在某种程度上，飞机的速度与机身及机翼的形状有关。
注意：to some degree在句子作插入语。
1. 插入语与句中其它部分无语法上的联系，如删掉，句子结构仍完整
2. 作用：
1）附加解释、说明或总结；
2）表达说话者的态度和看法；
3）有时起强调的作用或为了引起对方的注意；
4）转移话题或说明事由或承上启下
3. 常见插入语：
1）介词短语：in fact; in addition; in a word; on the other hand; in other words; in one’s opinion; in that case; by the way; of course; as a rule; to one’s surprise; for example; on the contrary (相反)；in a way (在某点上、在某种程度上); for one thing; for another (thing)等。
2）形容词短语、副词：sure enough (果然); strange; worse still (更糟糕的是); most important (最重要的是); honestly; obviously; however; otherwise; luckily; unfortunately; besides; first; second; especially; surprisingly等。
3）不定式：to tell the truth; to be short (简单地); to begin with (首先); to be sure (自然、当然、果然); to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of (值得一提的是)等。
4）现在分词短语：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from/by...; talking of... (谈到); considering... (考虑到)；putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。
巩固练习
一、单词填空
根据句意及所给汉语提示或首字母用本课单词的正确形式完成句子。
1. When the war broke out in Iraq, thousands of Iraqi f________ their hometown and wandered about.
2. Sarah s_______ into the room and carefully shut the door.
3. The cheque is not v_______ if it is not signed by the finance director.
4. He studied the German market to find the ___________ (潜力) there for profitable investment.
5. The government has _______ (拨出) funds for housing.
6. Knives can be _______ (磨快) by grinding (磨) them against a rough stone.
5. Having no children of their own they decided to _________ (收养) an orphan.
8. Unless we can get more __________ (资金), we’ll have to close the store.
9. Glasses are _________ (易碎的) and must be handled with great care.
10. We should be ____________ (考虑周到的) and helpful to the aged people.
二、用方框内所给的单词或短语的适当形式填空
as a matter of fact, carry off, wipe out,
on behalf of, all in all, after all, break away from,
result in, wrap up, recover from
1．____________ my colleagues and myself I thank you.
2．He has his faults, but, ______________, he is a good helper.
3．He ____________ that lawless group years ago.
4．He pretended not to know her. However, ___________, they were in league (together).
5. You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; _____________, he is over seventy.
6. The attack is to ____________ data, to delete files, or to format the hard disk.
7. She __________________ most of the prizes for swimming.
8. Bad living habits will ____________disease.
9. The country had not yet ____________ the effects of the war.
10. Now the trade agreement is _________, and all we have to do is wait for the first orders.
三、单项选择
1. The suggestion that we have a group of these records printed as soon as possible ________ by the committee.
A．was adopted B．adopted C．was taken D．took
2．Mr. Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize ________.
A．on his behalf B．on duty C．ahead of D．in need
3. Tom was a black slave and he had at last ________ the cotton farm to join the North Army.
A. left B. escaped C. ran away D. fled
4. ________，the party was a great success, and for everyone there was very happy.
A．All in all B．Not at all C．In all D．In totally
5. —Do you think I should get a good guidebook?
—Yes，of course.________，a good camera and a pair of comfortable shoes are important to you as well.
A．To some degree B．In other words C．On the way D．All in all
6. —May I have a word with you?
—________. I’m not busy, anyway.
A．By no means B．By all means C．By means of D．By any means
7. The plan was canceled after someone presented _____ objections to it at the meeting.
A. operative B. efficient C. valid D. secure
8. She sings quite well. But _____, she is an English teacher, not a music teacher.
A. as a result B. as a rule C. as a whole D. as a matter of fact
9. We should _________ the competitive edge of our goods and services for export by ensuring good quality.
A. sharpen B. assume C. distribute D. deserve
10. At the end of the class, the teacher _______ the main points of the lesson in three sentences.
A. summed up B. picked up C. brought up D. took up
11. Even though the Red Cross had ______ a large sum for the relief of the sufferers of the disaster, many people died.
A. designed B. allocated C. meant D. planned
12. He ________ from his family and settled down in America.
A．broke away B．broke out C．broke up D．broke in
13. Forced by poverty, most of the local natives have to ________ their living as migrant workers.
A．have B．produce C．earn D．escape
14. If you visited our school this month, you would be amazed to see a modern stadium is being________.
A．founded B．situated C．located D．constructed
15. He has the ________ to become a world-class musician.
A．possibility B．gift C．potential D．advantage
16. Women’s teams from Guangdong carried ________ the first four places at the National Swimming Championship.
A．away B．off C．on D．out
17. Although Lei Feng has been away from us for many years, we’ll remember him ________.
A．for short B．for sure C．for fun D．for good
18. The businessman had already ________ a couple of deals by lunch time.
A．cleaned up B．checked up C．wrapped up D．turned up
19. A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, ________an increase in production.
A．resulted in B．to result in C．result in D．resulting in
20. You fool! How can you let such a chance _______ through your fingers.
A. ski B. spread C. slip D. glide
答案与解析：
一、单词填空
1. fled 2. slipped 3. valid 4. potential 5. allocated
6. sharpened 7. adopt 8. finance 9. fragile 10. considerate
二、用方框内所给的单词或短语的适当形式填空
1. On behalf of 2. all in all 3. broke away from 4.as a matter of fact
5. after all 6. wipe out 7.carried off 8. result in
9. recovered from 10. wrapping up
三、单项选择
1. A。adopt the suggestion意为“采纳建议”。句意：我们应将这组记录尽快打印出来的建议被组委会采纳了。
2. A。on duty值日；ahead of在……前面；in need需要。on his behalf“代替他”，符合句意。
3. D。flee“逃离；逃走”，强调动作的完成，可直接接宾语。leave“离开”；escape表示“逃离”时多与from连用，侧重结果；run away侧重指“逃跑的行为”，不强调结果。
4. A。all in all总而言之；All the best一切顺利；at all 根本；in all 总计，合计。句意：总而言之，晚会是成功的，因为那儿的每个人都很高兴。
5. A。本题考查插入语的用法，to some degree 从某种意义上说。句意：——你认为我应该有一本好的导游书吗？——当然。从某种意义上说，一部好相机和一双舒服的鞋对你也很重要。in other words 换句话说；on the way 在路上；all in all 总而言之。
6. B。根据I’m not busy，anyway.推断“我”同意和你说话。by all means表示“一定”，符合句意。by any means 无论如何；by no means 决不；by means of 借助。
7. C。句意：有人在会上提出理由充分的反对意见后，计划就被取消了。valid意为“正当的，有充分依据的，符合逻辑的”，符合句意；operative运转着的，手术的；efficient 有能力的，有效率的；secure 可靠的，有把握的。
8. D。句意：她唱得相当好，但是事实上，她是个英语老师，而不是音乐老师。as a matter of fact 事实上；as a result 结果；as a rule 通常；as a whole 总体上。
9. A。句意：我们应该坚持以质取胜，提高出口商品和服务的竞争力。sharpen（使）提高，改善；assume 假装，承担；distribute 分配，分布；deserve 应得。
10. A。句意：下课前，老师用三个句子总结了这节课的重点。sum up 总结，归纳；pick up捡起，获得，随便地学到；bring up 养大；take up拿起，开始从事，占据。
11. B。句意：尽管红十字会拨出了很大一笔钱救济灾民，但是仍有很多人死去了。allocate 分配，分派；design 设计；mean 意味着，意欲；plan 计划。根据句意，应选B。
12. A。句意：他离开他的家庭在美国定居。 break away from... “脱离……”； break out “爆发”；break up “解散，结束”； break in “闯入；插嘴”。只有A项符合句意。
13. C。句意：为贫困所迫，当地大部分人不得不到外地打工为生。earn one’s living“谋生”。
14. D。句意：如果你这个月参观我们学校，你会惊奇地看到一座现代化的体育馆正在建设中。construct 表示“建造”；found 表示“创建”，一般指团体或组织的创建；situate表示“使位于”；locate表示“找出（位置），（在……）设置”。
15. C。句意：他有潜力成为世界级的音乐家。possibility“可能性”，后跟of doing sth., 不符合搭配；gift“天赋”，常用搭配为have the gift for (doing) sth.; advantage“有利条件，优势”，常用搭配为have the advantage of sth.；potential“潜力(能)”，符合句意和搭配。
16. B。句意：在全国游泳锦标赛中，广东女队夺得了前四名。carry off “获得；掠去，夺走”，符合题意。carry away“带走”；carry on “继续”；carry out “执行，实施”。
17. D。for short “简称”； for sure “确定地”； for fun “开玩笑地”； for good “永远”。
18. C。句意：那位商人在午饭前已做了几笔生意。wrap up “完成”，其他三个选项不符合题意。
19. D。根据题意可知，产量的增加是引进新机器的结果，故此处用v-ing形式作结果状语。
20. C。slip 溜走，滑过。ski 滑冰；spread 延伸，展开；glide 滑行，滑翔。