北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 23 Conflict表示完成的动词形式

表示完成的动词形式
概念引入
我们已经学过了现在完成时，过去完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时等各种完成时，还学过不定式和动词-ing形式的完成式，这些都属于表示“完成”的动词形式，在本单元我们将对这些表示完成的动词形式做一小结，先看下面句子：
1. By the time you get back I will have read that book.
2. I’ve finished most of mine.
3. I expect you have been working hard for your exams!
4. I had been standing there for a minute or so when there was a noise.
5. I suppose they must have known me since I was a baby.
6. Having walked all the way to the top, we were tired and stopped for a breather.
这些句子中的斜体部分都是动词的完成形式，句1是将来完成时，句2是现在完成时，句3是现在完成进行时，句4是过去完成进行时，而句5是情态动词与完成式连用，也可称为不定式的完成式（因前有情态动词，省略to），最后句6是动词-ing形式的完成式。下面我们就复习这些完成形式的用法。
用法讲解
表示完成的动词形式----概念
完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻（现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持续到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有影响的一个活动。
完成时态的形式
基本结构：have done
1. 现在完成时（have/ has done, have/ has been done）
2. 过去完成时（had done, had been done）
3. 将来完成时（will have done, will have been done）
完成进行时态的形式
1. have been doing
2. had been doing
非谓语动词的完成式
1. –ing形式的完成式（having done, having been done）
2. 不定式的完成式（to have done）
情态动词+have done
1. must have done
2. can’t have done
3. can have done
4. may/ might/ could have done
5. might/ could have done
6. would have done
7. should/ ought to have done
8. need have done
完成时态1---现在完成时
构成：
主动语态：have/ has done 被动语态：have/ has been done
两种主要用法
1. 已完成用法(影响性用法)：表示一个过去完成的动作，对现在有影响或现在呈现的是结果，同时说话人强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。如：
Look what you have done. 看看你做的事。（强调对现在影响：做的事后果很严重）
Has she found her car key? 她找到她的车钥匙了吗?
(对现在的影响或结果：她能开她的车了吗?)
He has eaten nothing today. 他今天什么也没吃。(对现在的影响或结果：他现在一定很饿。)
2. 未完成用法(持续性用法)：表示一个过去开始的动作，一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去，也可能到此结束。
I enjoy Shakespeare’s works. Up to now I have read three of his plays.
我喜欢莎士比亚的作品。至今为止，我已经读了他的三部戏剧。
They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经10年了。
常见句型
1. 含“since＋过去时间（从句）”时，主句中多用现在完成时，而since从句多用一般过去时。
The old man has had the stamp since he was six/since 1944.
这个老人六岁/从1944时就有这张邮票了。
Where have you been since I last saw you?
从上一次我见到你后你一直在哪里？
注意句型：It’s/ has been +一段时间+since... （主句has been常用一般现在时代替）
It is three years since he gave up smoking. 他戒烟三年了。
2. 含有时间状语so far，in (for/during) the past (last) years (months...)，up to now，until now。
So far there has been no news. 至今还没有什么消息。
3. It/This/That is the first (second/third...) time＋that从句
This is the first time I have heard him say “thank you”.
这是我第一次听见他道谢。
4. It/This/That is the only...＋that从句
This is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life.
这是我这一辈子真正玩得好的唯一一次聚会。
5. It/This/That is the ＋最高级...＋that从句
It is one of the most interesting books I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有意思的书之一。
（上述句型3、4、5如果把is改成was，后面的定语从句的现在完成时应用过去完成时）
完成时态2---过去完成时
构成：
主动语态：had done 被动语态：had been done
用法
1. 过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或存在的状态。即“过去的过去”。
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. （had begun在got to之前）
我到电影院时，电影已经开演了。
By the end of last month, they had finished two thirds of the work. (在上月末之前)
到上个月末，他们已经完成了三分之二的工作。
2. 过去某一时刻之前开始的动作一直延续到过去另一时间。
I was deep in sorrow at his death; we had been good friends since our childhood.
他过世了我沉浸在深深的悲哀中，自从童年时我们就一直是好朋友。（延续到他去世）
He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. (“送医院”之前)
他被送进医院时就已经病了一周了。
常见句型
1. 刚……就……（从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时）
1）no sooner…than…
2）hardly…when…
3）scarcely…when…
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚打开门他就打了我。
No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates.
他刚到花园去，他儿子就去找同学玩去了。
Hardly had he heard the news when he cried. 他一听这个消息就哭了。
2. 某些表意图、打算、想法、愿望的过去完成时可表示未曾实现的意图和打算。这些动词常见的有：hope/ expect/ suppose/ mean / think / want /intend /wish /plan等
I had hoped to pass the driving test. 我原希望通过驾照考试的。
I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didn’t permit.
我本来打算在会上讲话的，但是时间不够了。
过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
1）(the end of/ the time)+过去的时间点。
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
到九点时，我已经读完了这部小说。
By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.
他回来时，我们已经修好了机器。
3）before +过去的时间点。
Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
我还没有来得及插上话，他就给我量好了尺寸。
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
上周三前，他们已经种了600棵树。
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
1）宾语从句中
She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她以前看过这个电影。
2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
When I got to the station, the train had already left. 我到车站时，火车已经离开了。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 他完成作业后就上床睡觉了。
注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主从句可以都用一般过去时。
Where did you study before you came here? 你来这里前在哪里学习？
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
我昨天在街上遇到了王涛，我们从他去北京时一直没有见过面。
完成时态3---将来完成时
构成
shall / will have done, shall/ will have been done
用法
1. 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
We will have been married a year on June 25th.
到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。
2. 经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time短语引导的现在时的从句连用。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
3. 与用一般现在时态表示将来一样,时间状语从句和条件状语从句也可以用现在完成时表将来完成。
I’ll go with you when I have finished my work.
等我完成工作以后我就同你去。
完成进行时态1---现在完成进行时
构成
have/has been doing...
用法
1. 表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在。
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小就一直期待着的事情。
2. 表示动作刚刚结束。
My clothes are all wet. I’ve been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He’s been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
3. 表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
4. 表达较重的感彩。
What have you been doing to my dictionary?
看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！
Time has been flying so quickly!
时间过得可真快啊!
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
1. 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗？
2. 现在完成进行时有时含有感彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
3. 现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating the oranges? 谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
完成进行时态2---过去完成进行时
构成：
had been doing...
用法：
1. 表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn’t been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
2. 表示过去反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
3. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。（强调结果）
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。（强调动作一直在进行）
非谓语动词的完成式
不定式的完成式
1. 构成：
主动语态：to have done
被动语态：to have been done
He is said to have studied English for three years.
据说他已经学了三年英语了。
The window glass is supposed to have been broken by Tom.
有人猜想玻璃是汤姆打破的。
2. 用法：
1）表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
He seems to have been hurt. 他似乎受伤了。
He pretended to have handed in his homework. 他假装已经交了作业。
2）不定式的完成式有时还可表示未曾实现的打算或想法。
They were to have been married last year. 他们本来去年要结婚的。
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我本来想打个电话，可是我忘了。
动词-ing的完成式
1. 构成：
主动语态：having done
被动语态：having been done
He forgot having promised to write things for us.
他忘了已经答应为我们写点东西。
Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody.
由于多次受骗，她现在对任何人都不信任。
2. 用法：强调v-ing形式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。
Having written his composition, he went to have a chat with his grandfather.
写完了作文，他去同他的祖父聊天。
I’m sorry for having kept you waiting.
对不起让你久等了。
情态动词+have done
“情态动词+have done”的两种含义：
1. 表示对过去事情的推测。
2. 用于虚拟语气，表示与过去事情相反。
must have done
用法：表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，只用于肯定句。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。
You must have been mad to speak to the servant.
你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。
can’t have done
用法：表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。
Mr. Smith can’t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。
Mary can’t have stolen your money. She has gone home.
玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。
can have done
用法：表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。
There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out?
屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？
There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone?
到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？
could have done
用法：是对过去事情的假设，表示“本来能够做某事而没有做”。
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。
may/ might have done
用法：表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句和否定句中。
—What has happened to George? 乔治发生了什么事？
—I don’t know. He may have got lost. 我不知道，他可能迷路了。
They may not have known it beforehand. 他们事先可能不知道这事儿。
could/ might have done
用法：多用于虚拟语气结构中。
He might have given you more help, even though he was busy.
他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。
She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.
如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。
would have done
用法：虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。
I would have told you all about the boy’s story, but you didn’t ask me.
我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。
Without your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。
should have done
用法：
1. 意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。”
2. 此结构的否定句表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。
3. 此结构含有指责对方或自责的含意。
Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.
汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。
Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn’t have been so harsh on him.
看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。
I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。
need have done
用法：
1. 表示本来需要做某事而没有做。
2. 此结构的否定句则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain．
你本不需要浇花，因为就要下雨了。
He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I can’t find my pen. Who ______ it? (take)
2. I didn’t meet him. He ______ when I got there. (leave)
3. I ______ my bike, so I have to walk to school. (lose)
4. He ______ down and began to read his newspaper. (sit)
5. He is not here. He ______ to the post office. (go)
6. He is very hungry. He ______ anything for three days. (not eat)
7. We ______ good friends since we met at school. (be)
8. The bike is nice. How much _____ it _____? (cost)
9. Pick me up at 8 o’clock. I ________ breakfast by then. (have)
10. Your eyes are red. ______ you ________? (cry)
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1．John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ___ with them to school.
A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take
2. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenging
3. It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking
4. Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn’t heard D. hadn’t heard
5. The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted
6. We are old friends. We _____ each other for ten years.
A. know B. have known C. recognized D. have recognized
7. I wonder why Jenny ____ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t written
8. —There is too much snow these days, isn’t there?
—Yes, it _______for a few days.
A. was snowing B. has been snowing C. had been snowing D. snowed
9. The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m.
A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told
10. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _______ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A. keeps B. keep C. have kept D. had kept
11. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it _______.
A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
12. It’s very kind________ the warm-hearted woman________ us out when we were in trouble.
A. of；to help B. of；to have helped C. for；to help D. for；to have helped
13. —You should have gone to the show with us yesterday. It was very good.
—I wish I ______ yesterday off. I’d have gone with you.
A. have had B. had C. have D. had had
14. I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers _______ before my eyes.
A. swim B .swum C. swam D. had swum
15. —We________ that you would fix the TV set this week.
—I’m sorry. I ________ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend D. expected; intend
16. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said__________ into dozens of languages in the last decade.
A. to have been translated B. to be translated C. to translate D. to have translated
17. —How are you today?
—Oh, I_________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
18. John and I ________ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party, but we________ each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen
19. By the time he leaves university, he _____ much work experience so long as he takes a part-time job.
A. will have gained B. has gained C. may have gained D. will gain
20. ________from heart trouble for years，Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes．
A．Suffered B．Suffering C．Having suffered D．Being suffered
Ⅲ.翻译句子。
1. 他病了，已经卧床三个星期了。
__________________________________________________
2. 这话你已经说了五年了。
__________________________________________________
3. 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
__________________________________________________
4. 来到这里是一个错误。
__________________________________________________
5. 已经要求我留下来了，我就不好离开了。
__________________________________________________
6. 你不应该帮助他那么多。
__________________________________________________
7. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。
__________________________________________________
8. 到下学期末我们将会学完3000词。
__________________________________________________
9. 刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。
__________________________________________________
10. 这是我公司产品第二次在这里展出。
__________________________________________________
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. has taken 2. had left 3. have lost 4. sat 5. has gone
6. hasn’t eaten 7. have been 8. did, cost 9. will have had 10. Have; been crying
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. B。the same suitcase 后省略了关系代词that，that在定语从句中做了had taken的宾语。句意：约翰得到了他父亲和祖父带着上学的同一个手提箱。
2. C。句意：虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。challenge是及物动词，在本句中应用被动语态；其动作延续到今天，要用现在完成时态。所以选C。选项A、D都是主动语态，不合题意。B项虽然是被动语态，但句意不对。
3. D。句意：看来，这条管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续，且有时间状语for some time。因此，空白处需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，所以选D。
4. D。句意：到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。
5. B。句意：会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来“it ends”时刻，by the time it ends是用一般现在时表示将来，因此要用将来完成时。所以答案是B。
6. B。C、D两项用的recognize属终止性（瞬间）动词，不能跟一段时间“for ten years”连用，排除。A项know为一般现在时，不符合句意。B项have known表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的现在完成时，所以B项正确。
7. A。recently（最近）表明从过去开始一直到说话时在内的一段时间，所以用现在完成时，说明约翰没有给我们写信对现在的影响。
8. B。根据句意，强调从过去开始，一直持续到现在的过程，应该用现在完成进行时，所以选B。
9. C。根据句意“经理从上午九点钟就给工人们讲……”，动作一直到现在，而且强调讲的过程，而不是结果（“已经讲过了”或“已经几个小时了”），此时应用现在完成进行时。所以选C。
10. A。句子主要说的是连锁超市Walmart的营业时间，是经常性的，所以用一般现在时。
11. D。放学后去阅览室读书，结果被告知“当时”正在被装修，所以应该选过去进行时；decorate（装饰）与it（阅览室）是被动关系，所以选D。
12. B。从when we were in trouble中可以看出，help发生的时间应是谓语动词it’s kind之前，故用完成式。第一个空应使用of，因为表示性格特征、行为表现的形容词后一般接of sb. to do sth.的用法。所以选B。
13. D。从“希望昨天放假了”可知，wish引导的宾语从句表示“同过去事实相反”，因此从句中的动词应用“过去完成时”。
14. C。从“had been working”可知，句中的情景是在过去，而“一直工作”过去开始，一直延续的过去某一点的动作，所以应用一般过去时，表示“had been working”是在swam之前发生。
15. A。句意：—我们本希望你本周能修理好这台电视机。—对不起，我曾打算本周修好它，但我太忙了。”两个空白处都用过去完成时表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图等。
16. A。句意：“据说《红楼梦》在过去10年中已经被翻译成数十种语言”。动词不定式to translate这一动作发生在谓语动作之前，而且该动作与主语是被动关系，所以要用完成时的被动式。
17. D。选择现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在产生结果和影响。注意此题涉及的情境是一种特定的情况：“好长一段时间以来，我没有像今天这样难受了”。说话人是运用as...as和现在完成时来强调自己今天感觉不好。
18. D。句意：我和约翰成为朋友已经八年了。我们是在一次圣诞的聚会上认识的，但在认识之前，我们互相之间已见过几次面。根据句意和时间状语for eight years，第一个空应该用have been，表示成为朋友这个动作一直持续到现在。又根据before that 可知，第二个空应填had seen，表示“看见”这一动作在“成为朋友”这一件事之前，即“过去的过去”，所以选D。
19. A。by the time引导的时间从句中leaves是一般现在时表示将来；by接将来时间，常与将来完成时连用。句意：只要他做一份兼职工作，到他大学毕业时，他会有许多工作经验了。
20. C。根据状语for years可判断用动词-ing形式的完成式。句意：经受了多年心脏病折磨的痛苦，怀特教授无论走到哪里都不得不随身带着药。
Ⅲ. 翻译句子。
1. He is ill. He’s been lying in bed for three weeks.
2. You’ve been saying that for five years.
3. Had they been expecting the news for some time?（知道此消息前）
4. It’s a mistake to have come here.
5. Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave.
6. You ought not to/shouldn’t have given him so much help.
7. I needn’t have bought so much wine—only five people came.
8. We will have learnt 3,000 words by the end of next term.
9. There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.
10. This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown here.