1.考纲要求
任务型阅读是江苏自2008年开始将阅读理解与语言表达有机地结合在一起的新题型。要求考生首先阅读一篇300～600词左右的文章，然后根据文章提供的信息，用恰当的词语完成与文章相关的图表，并限填一个最恰当的词。考查的形式有两种：表格式和树状式。
2.命题规律
任务型阅读就是对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括，然后准确、有序地完成表格的空缺(根据说明，一空只填一词)。主要要求考生对原文充分理解和归纳，对原文进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。今后任务型阅读还会继续考查考生单词拼写的能力、解剖文章的脉络和理解文章结构或框架的能力、科学表达信息的能力、灵活运用语言的能力及归纳总结的能力。
3.解题步骤
(1)考生应快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即Topic sentence 和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。
(2)扫读表格，分析表格结构，理清其显示的层次关系，准确定位其考查要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。
(3)深入理解文章内容，精读与空格中要填的信息相关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或者从文章中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当的词的恰当形式。
4.解题技巧
(1)文章中标题和小标题的作用：标题的作用是突出文章的主题或主线；小标题提示了段落主题，是文章的行文脉络。读懂各种标题有助于把握文章大意和表格结构。
(2)图文结合的作用：在前面已经提到了图表结构和文章脉络的关系，在做题时可以通过图表中给出的文章结构，定位各题在文中出现的大概段落，再根据所在句子中的关键词定位答案所在位置，这样可以保证做题的速度和准确度。
(3)联系所要求的答案与文中词汇的关系：最后所填的正确答案必须符合表格中所在句子的语法需要，一般在文章中知道答案或答案提示后，要核实表格中所填入单词的具体语法需要，如人称、主谓一致、时态与语态、词性、非谓语动词、固定搭配等，同时还可以对比表格中上下结构的对应关系、所给句子中的平行关系来确定最终的答案形式。
(4)掌握一些常见的概括性词汇的正确拼写，考试说明中词汇的词性变化和一些常见词组或者句型转换形式。
(5)多训练，平时训练要由浅入深，提高训练的针对性。因为高考的任务型阅读有较大的难度，所以平时要多做各市模拟题。做过之后，要多总结反思。同时，多做一些句意转换方面的题，提高自己的信息转换能力。
温馨提示
在解答转换词汇题和概括词汇题时要注意以下几点：
1.字母大小写。
2.名词的数和所有格。
3.动词的形式。
4.形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。
5.动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。
6.时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。
7.格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。
第一节 原文词汇类
(2019·江苏)
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences，all human beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals.It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200－1400 cm3.We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power，more must be better.Unfortunately，that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body.It’s not easy to carry around，especially when boxed inside a massive skull(颅骨).It’s even harder to provide energy.In modern man，the brain accounts for about 2－3% of total body weight，but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.By comparison，the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy.Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways.Firstly，they spent more time in search of food.Secondly，their muscles grew smaller and weaker.It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive.A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man，but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that they walk upright.Standing up，it’s easier to find food or enemies.In addition，their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or signaling.As a result，humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.The bone structure of their ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head.Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge，especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages.It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures.Thus humans who lived a million years ago，despite their big brains and sharp stone tools，lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
The Cost of Thinking
Introduction
·Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 71._____ of human beings.
The 72. of large human brains
·The larger brains may not be better because of the cost.
·The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.
·The animal brain requires less 73. when the body is at rest.
·Large human brains consume more food，and weaken muscles.
The 74. of walking upright
·Walking upright makes it easy to find food or 75. against enemies.
·Freed hands can serve some 76. purposes and perform complex tasks.
·Walking upright challenges the human bone structure，and 77. the size of brains.
·Walking upright results in 78. sufferings.
Conclusions
·With a large brain，human beings 79. other beings in terms of intelligence.
·Weak and marginal，human beings remained 80. of meat-eating animals.
考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题
文章标题是“The Cost of Thinking”， 主要叙述人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：超大的脑容量和直立行走。超大的脑容量使人类拥有更高的智商，但却要消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类更容易寻找食物和发现敌人，解放了的双手被用来做更复杂的事，但它却让人类遭受腰疼和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。试着先填概括性试题：72 disadvantages和74 impact(s)，从而为填好所有空打下基础。
第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。
1.原文词汇类
71.答案 characteristics
解析 根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。
73.答案 energy
解析 根据第三段中的“the brain accounts for...the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑休息时需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
76.答案 other
解析 根据第四段中的“are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
2.转换词汇类
75.答案 guard/defend
解析 根据第四段中的“it’s easier to find food or enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard/defend。
78.答案 physical
解析 根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79.答案 beat/defeat
解析 根据最后一段内容可知，脑容量大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat/defeat。
80.答案 fearful/afraid
解析 根据最后一段最后一句中的“lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。
3.概括词汇类
72.答案 disadvantages
解析 根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑容量大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
74.答案 impact(s)
解析 根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
77.答案 limits
解析 根据第五段中的“had a relatively small head...especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的大小有限制。
第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。
信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关单词；有时候试题和原文句型的句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应的单词，不需变化，直接填入。解题关键是信息的定位和筛选。这类题目要求考生快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：
A
Do the Right Thing
(2019·苏州、无锡、常州、镇江四市高三联考)
In life，people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.Here’s how to stay true to yours.
If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are most important from a list：honesty，structure，family and so on.Those qualities are influenced by your parents，your culture and society as a whole，but you have to take ownership of your own decisions.
Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear.To determine which principles are more than just desires，reflect on situations that resonate(共鸣) with yourself.
Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction，but a few strategies can help you follow through.Before you make a big decision，do something that will put you in high spirits：exercise，socialize with friends，volunteer.Researchers theorize that such activities improve our mood，which promotes dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain，improving our cognitive abilities and helping us weigh different options.
Trouble is，the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times.When you’re under force，ask a family member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.They can provide advice that’s not slightly influenced by the work deadline，or leaky roof gradually weakening your mental energy.
Of course，people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time.There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one another.It’s not so much that people don’ t know what they want；it’s that there are many things we desire，and we don’t always know how to compromise.
While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires，broader life choices don’ t need to be a definitive either/or question.One who likes traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore locations closer to home or commit to setting aside time for vacation with their family every summer，no matter what else comes up.
Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.A group can remind you，“Hey，we are doing this because we love it.”If you’re still struggling，even after seeking out community support，there’s no shame in revising your core values.If you’re determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead，it may be time to accept that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism.Better yet，find opportunities to continue the charity program with your friends.
You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with：living up to what your parents，co-workers or others expect.If your values agree with who you really are，no one will have to ask you to make those choices.
Title：Do the Right Thing
Passage outline
Detailed information
Problem
It’s most satisfying to make choices which 1. your values.But how can you stay true to yours？
Solutions to the problem
? Know your values
?Identify your values.It can help 2. your life according to your ideals.
?Many 3. as a whole influence life concepts，but you have to take ownership of your own decisions.
?Consider situations resonating with yourself when 4. which principles are more than just desires.
? Find the best time
?Do something putting you in a good 5. before making big decisions.
?6. other people at the inconvenient times.
? Balance all options
?Learn to make 7. among desires.
?Avoid limiting choices to a definitive either/or question.
? Stay the course
?Stay with people who encourage you to stay true without a slight 8. .
?It is not 9. to revise your core values sometimes，but better find opportunities to make some compensation.
Conclusion
?Your values may agree with the 10. of your parents，co-workers or others.
?If your values agree with who you really are，no one will have to ask you to make those choices.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。在生活中做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的事，但是怎么做到呢？文章介绍了几种方法。
1.答案 match
解析 转换词汇题。根据第一段的首句“In life，people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.”可知，做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的。故答案为match。
2.答案 shape
解析 原文词汇题。 根据第二段的第一句“If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.”可知，你的理想可以帮你塑造你的人生。被动改为主动，故答案为shape。
3.答案 factors
解析 概括词汇题。根据第二段可知，许多因素作为一个整体影响着生活理念，但你必须对自己的决定负责。故答案为factors。
4.答案 determining/deciding
解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，当你决定哪些原则不仅仅是欲望时，要考虑与自己产生共鸣的情况。注意when后跟动名词，故答案为determining/deciding。
5.答案 mood
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二句可知，在做重大决定之前，做一些让你心情愉快的事情。in high spirits与in a good mood同义，故答案为mood。
6.答案 Consult
解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的第二句“When you’re under force，ask a family member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.”可知，当麻烦来临却又在不方便的时候，咨询一下别人。故答案为Consult。
7.答案 compromises/choices
解析 原文词汇题。根据第六段的最后一句“...it’s that there are many things we desire，and we don’t always know how to compromise.”可知，我们渴望很多东西，但是不知道如何在它们之中做出让步或妥协。故答案为compromises/choices。
8.答案 hesitation
解析 转换词汇题。根据第八段的第一句“Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.”可知，要和那些鼓励你毫不犹豫地保持真实的人在一起。故答案为hesitation。
9.答案 shameful/disgraceful
解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段的第三句“If you’re still struggling，even after seeking out community support，there’s no shame in revising your core values.”可知，修改你的核心价值观并不可耻。故答案为shameful/disgraceful。
10.答案 expectation(s)
解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“You may learn that...what your parents，co-workers or others expect.”可知，你的价值观可能符合你父母、同事或其他人的期望。故答案为expectation(s)。
B
(2019·南京金陵中学、海安中学、外国语学校高三四模)
Waiting in line is a pest of modern society.According to David Andrews’s book，Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster？，it wasn’t common until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules，causing lines that run out of lunch hours and evenings.Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines，it’s no wonder that some people try to cut，and others bitterly resent them.Yet jumping the queue without inviting violence is possible.Below are some tips，courtesy of social science.
First，pick the right queue.It’s virtually impossible to cut in line for a once-in-a-lifetime event—the Cubs playing the World Series，say.But in a repeating situation like a security line，people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially permissible，researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting.But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.
An excuse for cutting helps，but it needn’t be bulletproof.In one much-cited study，experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations.A small，polite request without justification—“Excuse me，I have five pages.May I use the Xerox machine？”—enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time.Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time.And “May I use the Xerox machine，because I need to make copies？” was almost as effective，despite its lame offer.
Bribing(贿赂) can also work，and it may not even cost you.In one study，queuers were offered cash by an undercover researcher if they’d let the researcher cut.A majority agreed，but oddly，most of them then refused the cash.They appreciated the offer not out of greed，but because it proved the intruder’s desperation.
Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures.One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many differences in queuing rules.An Irish respondent said indignantly，“They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter...I’m ready to explode.” A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper：“A woman walked right in front of me and put her things on the counter.She says ‘No [it’s] okay，we’re together，’pointing to the other woman who had just finished paying...It seems that in Spain that’s allowed.Incredible.”
Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending you’re not doing it.Like members of any community，queuers want their customs observed.We’d all escape line-waiting if we could，but that way chaos lies.So if you must cut，just ask—nicely.Doing so strengthens the social contract，and it works.
Brief introduction to waiting in line
*With the rise of the Industrial Revolution，cutting in line grew in 11. .
*It is 12. that Americans’ attitudes towards line-cutting vary from person to person in view of wasting a considerable amount of time a year in lines.
Tips on cutting in line politely
*Given that they are likely to be in your 13. some day，queuers probably allow you to jump the queue in repeating situations.
*According to game theory，the action of line-cutting cannot be 14. when people queue just once.
*When you assume an air of 15. ，you will have a greater possibility of being allowed to cut in line.
*Actually queuers allow you to cut in line not due to your bribing but your 16. .
17. distinctions in tolerance for line-cutting
*Line-cutting meets with a(n) 18. response from the Irish and the German，while the Spanish seem to react 19. .
*Americans strongly 20. to it when queue-jumpers pretend they are not doing it.
11.答案 popularity/currency
解析 概括词汇题。由第一段可知，直到工业革命统一了工人的工作时间，排队才变得常见。通过common，可以判断出填popularity/currency。
12.答案 understandable/acceptable
解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的第三句可知，鉴于美国人每年要浪费大量的时间在排队上，因此他们对待插队的态度因人而异，这也是可以理解/接受的。故可以判断出填understandable/acceptable。
13.答案 shoes/position/situation
解析 转换词汇题。由第二段中的“...people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.”可知，如果他们处在你的境地来思考，他们可能会让你插队。所以通过a similar favor可以判断出填shoes/position/situation，表示“处于某人的境地或处境来设想”。
14.答案 tolerated
解析 转换词汇题。由第二段中的“...researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting.”可知，根据博弈论，仅仅排队一次的人对插队是不能容忍的。根据tolerance可以判断出填tolerated。
15.答案 hurry/rush/emergency
解析 转换词汇题。由第二段的最后一句“But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.”可知，当你装出一副匆忙的样子时，你被允许插队的可能性会更大。通过“urgent need，minimal service time”可以判断出填 hurry/rush/emergency。
16.答案 desperation/despair
解析 原文词汇题。 由第四段的最后一句“They appreciated the offer not out of greed，but because it proved the intruder’s desperation.”可知，排队者允许你插队不是因为你的贿赂，而是因为你的绝望。本句属于desperation的再现。故填desperation/despair。
17.答案 Cultural
解析 转换词汇题。由第五段的首句“Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures.”可知，不同文化对插队的容忍度各不相同。通过culture可以判断出填cultural。此处首字母应大写，故填Cultural。
18.答案 angry
解析 转换词汇题。由第五段中的“An Irish respondent said indignantly...A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper...”可知，插队遭到了爱尔兰人和德国人的愤怒回应。通过indignantly，angrily可以判断出填angry。
19.答案 differently
解析 概括词汇题。由第五段的最后两句“It seems that in Spain that’s allowed.Incredible.”可知，在西班牙，似乎是允许插队的。对比爱尔兰人和德国人对于插队的反应，西班牙人的反应截然不同。故填differently。
20.答案 object
解析 概括词汇题。由最后一段的首句“Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending you’re not doing it.”可知，在美国，插队最大的过失就是假装你没有插队。通过“the worst sin”可以看出，美国人非常反对插队。object to反对，为固定短语。故填object。
课件49张PPT。专题四 任务型阅读1.考纲要求
任务型阅读是江苏自2008年开始将阅读理解与语言表达有机地结合在一起的新题型。要求考生首先阅读一篇300～600词左右的文章，然后根据文章提供的信息，用恰当的词语完成与文章相关的图表，并限填一个最恰当的词。考查的形式有两种：表格式和树状式。
2.命题规律
任务型阅读就是对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括，然后准确、有序地完成表格的空缺(根据说明，一空只填一词)。主要要求考生对原文充分理解和归纳，对原文进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。今后任务型阅读还会继续考查考生单词拼写的能力、解剖文章的脉络和理解文章结构或框架的能力、科学表达信息的能力、灵活运用语言的能力及归纳总结的能力。3.解题步骤
(1)考生应快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即Topic sentence 和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。
(2)扫读表格，分析表格结构，理清其显示的层次关系，准确定位其考查要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。
(3)深入理解文章内容，精读与空格中要填的信息相关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或者从文章中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当的词的恰当形式。4.解题技巧
(1)文章中标题和小标题的作用：标题的作用是突出文章的主题或主线；小标题提示了段落主题，是文章的行文脉络。读懂各种标题有助于把握文章大意和表格结构。
(2)图文结合的作用：在前面已经提到了图表结构和文章脉络的关系，在做题时可以通过图表中给出的文章结构，定位各题在文中出现的大概段落，再根据所在句子中的关键词定位答案所在位置，这样可以保证做题的速度和准确度。(3)联系所要求的答案与文中词汇的关系：最后所填的正确答案必须符合表格中所在句子的语法需要，一般在文章中知道答案或答案提示后，要核实表格中所填入单词的具体语法需要，如人称、主谓一致、时态与语态、词性、非谓语动词、固定搭配等，同时还可以对比表格中上下结构的对应关系、所给句子中的平行关系来确定最终的答案形式。
(4)掌握一些常见的概括性词汇的正确拼写，考试说明中词汇的词性变化和一些常见词组或者句型转换形式。
(5)多训练，平时训练要由浅入深，提高训练的针对性。因为高考的任务型阅读有较大的难度，所以平时要多做各市模拟题。做过之后，要多总结反思。同时，多做一些句意转换方面的题，提高自己的信息转换能力。温馨提示
在解答转换词汇题和概括词汇题时要注意以下几点：
1.字母大小写。
2.名词的数和所有格。
3.动词的形式。
4.形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。
5.动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。
6.时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。
7.格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。真题研析微技能突破随堂限时练第一节 原文词汇类PART
1真题研析(2019·江苏)
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences，all human beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals.It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200－1400 cm3.We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power，more must be better.Unfortunately，that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body.It’s not easy to carry around，especially when boxed inside a massive skull(颅骨).It’s even harder to provide energy.In modern man，the brain accounts for about 2－3% of total body weight，but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.By comparison，the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy.Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways.Firstly，they spent more time in search of food. Secondly，their muscles grew smaller and weaker.It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive.A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man，but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that they walk upright.Standing up，it’s easier to find food or enemies.In addition，their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or signaling.As a result，humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.The bone structure of their ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head.Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge，especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages.It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures.Thus humans who lived a million years ago，despite their big brains and sharp stone tools，lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题
文章标题是“The Cost of Thinking”， 主要叙述人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：超大的脑容量和直立行走。超大的脑容量使人类拥有更高的智商，但却要消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类更容易寻找食物和发现敌人，解放了的双手被用来做更复杂的事，但它却让人类遭受腰疼和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。试着先填概括性试题：72 disadvantages和74 impact(s)，从而为填好所有空打下基础。第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。
1.原文词汇类
71.答案 characteristics
解析 根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。73.答案 energy
解析 根据第三段中的“the brain accounts for...the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑休息时需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
76.答案 other
解析 根据第四段中的“are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
2.转换词汇类
75.答案 guard/defend
解析 根据第四段中的“it’s easier to find food or enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard/defend。78.答案 physical
解析 根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79.答案 beat/defeat
解析 根据最后一段内容可知，脑容量大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat/defeat。
80.答案 fearful/afraid
解析 根据最后一段最后一句中的“lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。3.概括词汇类
72.答案 disadvantages
解析 根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑容量大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
74.答案 impact(s)
解析 根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
77.答案 limits
解析 根据第五段中的“had a relatively small head...especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的大小有限制。第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。PART
2微技能突破信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关单词；有时候试题
和原文句型的句式不同，需进
行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相
应的单词，不需变化，直接填
入。解题关键是信息的定位和
筛选。这类题目要求考生快速
在文章中查找相关细节，锁定
信息来源，并用文章中的词来
填空。解题时可采用右列步骤：PART
3随堂限时练A
Do the Right Thing
(2019·苏州、无锡、常州、镇江四市高三联考)
In life，people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.Here’s how to stay true to yours.
If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are most important from a list：honesty，structure，family and so on. Those qualities are influenced by your parents，your culture and society as a whole，but you have to take ownership of your own decisions.Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear.To determine which principles are more than just desires，reflect on situations that resonate(共鸣) with yourself.
Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction，but a few strategies can help you follow through.Before you make a big decision，do something that will put you in high spirits：exercise，socialize with friends，volunteer.Researchers theorize that such activities improve our mood，which promotes dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain，improving our cognitive abilities and helping us weigh different options.Trouble is，the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times.When you’re under force，ask a family member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.They can provide advice that’s not slightly influenced by the work deadline，or leaky roof gradually weakening your mental energy.
Of course，people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time. There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one another.It’s not so much that people don’ t know what they want；it’s that there are many things we desire，and we don’t always know how to compromise.While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires，broader life choices don’ t need to be a definitive either/or question. One who likes traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore locations closer to home or commit to setting aside time for vacation with their family every summer，no matter what else comes up.Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.A group can remind you，“Hey，we are doing this because we love it.”If you’re still struggling，even after seeking out community support，there’s no shame in revising your core values.If you’re determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead，it may be time to accept that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism.Better yet，find opportunities to continue the charity program with your friends.
You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with：living up to what your parents，co-workers or others expect.If your values agree with who you really are，no one will have to ask you to make those choices.1.解析 转换词汇题。根据第一段的首句“In life，people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.”可知，做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的。故答案为match。matchshapefactorsdetermining/deciding2.解析 原文词汇题。 根据第二段的第一句“If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.”可知，你的理想可以帮你塑造你的人生。被动改为主动，故答案为shape。
3.解析 概括词汇题。根据第二段可知，许多因素作为一个整体影响着生活理念，但你必须对自己的决定负责。故答案为factors。
4.解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，当你决定哪些原则不仅仅是欲望时，要考虑与自己产生共鸣的情况。注意when后跟动名词，故答案为determining/deciding。5.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二句可知，在做重大决定之前，做一些让你心情愉快的事情。in high spirits与in a good mood同义，故答案为mood。
6.解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的第二句“When you’re under force，ask a family member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.”可知，当麻烦来临却又在不方便的时候，咨询一下别人。故答案为Consult。moodConsult7.解析 原文词汇题。根据第六段的最后一句“...it’s that there are many things we desire，and we don’t always know how to compromise.”可知，我们渴望很多东西，但是不知道如何在它们之中做出让步或妥协。故答案为compromises/choices。compromises/choices8.解析 转换词汇题。根据第八段的第一句“Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.”可知，要和那些鼓励你毫不犹豫地保持真实的人在一起。故答案为hesitation。
9.解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段的第三句“If you’re still struggling，even after seeking out community support，there’s no shame in revising your core values.”可知，修改你的核心价值观并不可耻。故答案为shameful/disgraceful。hesitationshameful/disgraceful10.解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“You may learn that...what your parents，co-workers or others expect.”可知，你的价值观可能符合你父母、同事或其他人的期望。故答案为expectation(s)。expectation(s)语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。在生活中做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的事，但是怎么做到呢？文章介绍了几种方法。B
(2019·南京金陵中学、海安中学、外国语学校高三四模)
Waiting in line is a pest of modern society.According to David Andrews’s book，Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster？，it wasn’t common until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules，causing lines that run out of lunch hours and evenings.Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines，it’s no wonder that some people try to cut，and others bitterly resent them.Yet jumping the queue without inviting violence is possible.Below are some tips，courtesy of social science.First，pick the right queue.It’s virtually impossible to cut in line for a once-in-a-lifetime event—the Cubs playing the World Series，say.But in a repeating situation like a security line，people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially permissible，researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting.But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.An excuse for cutting helps，but it needn’t be bulletproof.In one much-cited study，experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations.A small，polite request without justification—“Excuse me，I have five pages.May I use the Xerox machine？”—enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time.Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time.And “May I use the Xerox machine，because I need to make copies？” was almost as effective，despite its lame offer.
Bribing(贿赂) can also work，and it may not even cost you.In one study，queuers were offered cash by an undercover researcher if they’d let the researcher cut.A majority agreed，but oddly，most of them then refused the cash.They appreciated the offer not out of greed，but because it proved the intruder’s desperation.Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures.One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many differences in queuing rules.An Irish respondent said indignantly，“They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter...I’m ready to explode.” A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper：“A woman walked right in front of me and put her things on the counter.She says ‘No [it’s] okay，we’re together，’pointing to the other woman who had just finished paying...It seems that in Spain that’s allowed.Incredible.”Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending you’re not doing it.Like members of any community，queuers want their customs observed.We’d all escape line-waiting if we could，but that way chaos lies.So if you must cut，just ask—nicely.Doing so strengthens the social contract，and it works.11.解析 概括词汇题。由第一段可知，直到工业革命统一了工人的工作时间，排队才变得常见。通过common，可以判断出填popularity/currency。
12.解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的第三句可知，鉴于美国人每年要浪费大量的时间在排队上，因此他们对待插队的态度因人而异，这也是可以理解/接受的。故可以判断出填understandable/acceptable。popularity/currencyunderstandable/acceptableshoes/position/situationtoleratedhurry/rush/emergencydesperation/despair13.解析 转换词汇题。由第二段中的“...people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.”可知，如果他们处在你的境地来思考，他们可能会让你插队。所以通过a similar favor可以判断出填shoes/position/situation，表示“处于某人的境地或处境来设想”。
14.解析 转换词汇题。由第二段中的“...researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting.”可知，根据博弈论，仅仅排队一次的人对插队是不能容忍的。根据tolerance可以判断出填tolerated。15.解析 转换词汇题。由第二段的最后一句“But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.”可知，当你装出一副匆忙的样子时，你被允许插队的可能性会更大。通过“urgent need，minimal service time”可以判断出填 hurry/rush/ emergency。
16.解析 原文词汇题。 由第四段的最后一句“They appreciated the offer not out of greed，but because it proved the intruder’s desperation.”可知，排队者允许你插队不是因为你的贿赂，而是因为你的绝望。本句属于desperation的再现。故填desperation/despair。Culturalangrydifferentlyobject语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。作者就如何礼貌地插队，提出了一些可行的建议。17.解析 转换词汇题。由第五段的首句“Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures.”可知，不同文化对插队的容忍度各不相同。通过culture可以判断出填cultural。此处首字母应大写，故填Cultural。
18.解析 转换词汇题。由第五段中的“An Irish respondent said indignantly...A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper...”可知，插队遭到了爱尔兰人和德国人的愤怒回应。通过indignantly，angrily可以判断出填angry。
19.解析 概括词汇题。由第五段的最后两句“It seems that in Spain that’s allowed.Incredible.”可知，在西班牙，似乎是允许插队的。对比爱尔兰人和德国人对于插队的反应，西班牙人的反应截然不同。故填differently。20.解析 概括词汇题。由最后一段的首句“Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending you’re not doing it.”可知，在美国，插队最大的过失就是假装你没有插队。通过“the worst sin”可以看出，美国人非常反对插队。object to反对，为固定短语。故填object。本课结束 第三节 概括词汇类
(2017·江苏)
Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010－2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，知文章大意
通过略读树状图可知，本文话题是“人口下降”，并且分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。
第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读树状图高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。
1.原文词汇类
74.答案 economic
解析 文章第三、四、五段分别分析了中国、俄罗斯、印度存在的人口问题以及对本国经济发展的影响，结合第三、五段中出现的economic development以及第四段中出现的economic promise可判断填economic。
79.答案 immigration
解析 最后一段介绍了美国解决人口问题的办法，即通过移民入境增加外国劳动力。根据“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.”可判断填immigration。
2.转换词汇类
73.答案 immediate
解析 根据第二段中的“...which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发展中国家出生率的下降可能会导致几十年后灾难性的劳动力短缺，由within a few decades可知出生率下降带来的影响可能不会立即显现出来，故填immediate。
75.答案 old/older
解析 根据第三段的第一句“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.”可知，中国很有可能出现年轻劳动力减少的问题，也就是说中国的劳动力群体正在变老，此处既可以用old的原级，也可以用其比较级。
76.答案 earlier
解析 根据第四段中的“...people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.”可知，当前俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年时要短，live a shorter life可以同义替换为earlier death(早逝)。
3.概括词汇类
71.答案 lower
解析 根据第一段的最后一句“....declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世纪的特征，也就是说，21世纪的出生率可能会比20世纪的更低，故填lower。
72.答案 size/scale
解析 根据第二段中的“...almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.”可知，大部分发达国家正经历着人口负增长，也就是说发达国家难以保持人口的规模，“人口的规模”用the size/scale of population表达。
77.答案 living/life
解析 根据第四段中的“...but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.”可知，糟糕的饮食习惯尤其是长期酗酒与俄罗斯人寿命变短有很大的关系，所以需要改变人们的生活方式，“生活方式”可以用way of living/life表达。
78.答案 equality
解析 根据第五段中的“In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.”可知，在教育水平落后的农村地区出生率最高，而在教育水平发达的城市地区出生率最低。由此可以推断，暂时不考虑出生率问题，如果印度能够实现教育机会均等的话，它的经济可能会腾飞，故填equality。
80.答案 compensate
解析 根据最后一段可知，移民入境将会弥补美国年轻劳动力不足的问题，“弥补”可用compensate for表示。
第三步：复查并且将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认不需要修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡指定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。
典型的任务型阅读题目通常设置分为两栏，左边是文章提纲(passage outline)，右边是支持性细节或者论据(supporting details)。概括词汇类要求能够最大限度地覆盖右栏信息，同时具有简洁性。这就要求考生对全文或段落进行总体把握，通过观察表格的设置特点，从而归纳和概括出所考查的单词。
概括词汇类要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题，能够在概括的基础上进行推断、归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息，也就是要拥有在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。考查考生对信息的综合加工和处理能力，其信息既体现在短文阅读中，也体现在表格信息的比较与理解中。
此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
解题关键
(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域认真进行分析归纳。
解题关键
具体的解题步骤如下：
(1)一审表格结构。注意文章内容脉络、标题和所需的表达类型。
(2)二审短文意义。注意文章的段落和表格的匹配性。
(3)三审语法运用。注意涉及的构词法和语法项目。
A
(2019·江苏高三第二次百校联考)
Why We Struggle to Say “I Love You”
For many Asian-Americans，the phrase belongs to the wonderful world of white people we see in the movies and on television.
So many of our Asian parents have struggled，and suffered in ways that are completely beyond the imaginations of their children born or raised in North American comfort.This struggle and sacrifice was how Asian parents say “I love you” without having to say it.And so many of us children are not expected to say it either，but instead are expected to express love through gratitude，which means obeying our parents and following their wishes for how we should live our lives.
Our parents，for the most part，told us to get a good education，get a good job and not speak up，things they had to do to survive.They have encouraged，or forced，many of us to become doctors，lawyers and engineers，and to feel ashamed if we do not.What these parents did not do was tell us we could become artists，actors or storytellers，people engaged in seemingly trivial，unsafe and unstable professions.
I have met so few who have proudly told me that their children are English majors or have become writers or artists.But I became a writer despite，and perhaps because of，their resistance to the idea，my inarticulate(难以言喻的) desires pushing against their inarticulate sacrifice，all of it taking place before a backdrop of refugee(难民) life and racial reality.
I grew up in the relatively diverse city of San Jose，Calif.，in the 1980s.My neighbors were older white working-class people，Mexican immigrants and Vietnamese refugees.Then I went to a mostly white high school，with only a handful of students of Asian descent.We knew we were different，but we found our difference a little difficult to put into words.We called ourselves “the Asian invasion.”
The irony was that we had not invaded America.America had invaded us，or at the very least had occupied or fought in our countries of origin or heritage.We were here because America was there.
Looking back，what I only belatedly realized was that I needed—we all needed—more stories featuring us.More voices belonging to us.More advocates telling our stories in our way with our faces，our inflections，our concerns，our intuitions.We just needed to be at the center of a story，which would include all the aspects of human subjectivity，not just the good but the bad，the three-dimensional fullness that white people took for granted with the privilege of being individuals.
When it came to mass media’s representations of us—film and television，morning radio disc jockey jokes—we got only the bad.We were the servants，the enemies，the houseboys，the invaders.
As a result，so many of us who watched these distorted(扭曲的) images and heard the stupid jokes learned to be ashamed of ourselves.We learned to be ashamed of our parents.And the shame compounded the inability to say “I love you”，a phrase that belonged to the wonderful world of white people we saw in the movies and television.
We had to learn better，but the truth is that Asian parents have to learn better，too.You cannot be proud of your artist and storyteller children only when they win Golden Globes.We honor your sacrifice for us，but you have to encourage your children to speak up as well，to claim their voices，to risk failure，to tell their stories and your stories.At the very least，you cannot stand in their way.
We are still the Asian invasion in the eyes of many.We cannot accept this as our price of entry into American society.If we must assert ourselves and speak out against racism when it is directed against us，we must also do so when it benefits us.And we do that by challenging and changing the American story.We do it by taking the stage and by telling our own stories，which is really，in the end，our way of saying “I love you” to our parents，our families，our communities and our country.
Outline
Detailed information
Facts about Asian-Americans’ family
?Children cannot 1. their parents’ sufferings.
?The 2. resulting from the distorted images makes Asians too ashamed to express love.
Asian parents’ 3._______
Their children should obey them and do something for 4. .
?Get a good education，get a good job
?Keep silent
?Become doctors，lawyers and engineers rather than artists，actors and storytellers
My experience
?I take up writing because my parents are 5. to my choice and my desires 6. with their sacrifice.
?Our nationality 7. us from others and labels ourselves as “the Asian invasion.”
My suggestions
?We need to get across our inner voice to others with more stories featuring us.
?We should be regarded as an individual，not 8. but with the three-dimensional fullness.
?Asian parents should encourage their children to pursue their interests even when they 9. .
Conclusion
It is our way of saying “I love you” to our parents to try to have a 10. in the American story.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。“我爱你”对于许多亚裔美国人来说，这个短语属于我们在电影和电视上看到的白人的美好世界。为什么我们要挣扎着说“我爱你”？作者对此进行了论述。
1.答案 imagine/understand
解析 转换词汇题。根据第二段的第一句可知，孩子们无法理解或想象父母的痛苦。故答案为imagine/understand。
2.答案 prejudice
解析 概括词汇题。根据倒数第三段的第一句“As a result，so many of us who watched these distorted(扭曲的) images and heard the stupid jokes learned to be ashamed of ourselves.”及第三句“And the shame compounded the inability to say ‘I love you’...”可知，扭曲的形象造成的偏见让亚裔美国人羞于表达自己的爱。故答案为prejudice。
3.答案 expectations/wishes
解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段首句“Our parents，for the most part，told us to get a good education，get a good job and not speak up，things they had to do to survive.”可知，这里在说亚洲父母的期盼和希望。故答案为expectations/wishes。
4.答案 survival
解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“...things they had to do to survive.”可知，他们的孩子应该为生存做些什么。故答案为survival。
5.答案 resistant/opposed
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句可知，我的父母反对我从事写作，但是他们越是反对，我越是坚持。故答案为resistant/opposed。
6.答案 conflict
解析 概括词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句可知，我从事写作是因为我的父母反对我的选择，我的愿望与他们的牺牲相冲突。故答案为conflict。
7.答案 distinguishes/tells
解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的最后两句“We knew we were different，but we found our difference a little difficult to put into words.We called ourselves ‘the Asian invasion.’”可知，我们的国籍让我们区别于其他人，并给自己贴上了“亚洲入侵”的标签。故答案为distinguishes/tells。
8.答案 perfect
解析 概括词汇题。根据第七段的最后一句可知，我们应该被视为一个个体，这个个体不是完美的，而是立体、丰满。故答案为perfect。
9.答案 fail
解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段的倒数第二句可知，亚洲父母应该鼓励他们的孩子追求他们的兴趣，即使他们失败了。故答案为fail。
10.答案 place/voice
解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知，在美国历史中占有一席之地，是我们对父母、家人、社会和国家说“我爱你”的方式。故答案为place/voice。
B
(2019·南通、泰州七市高三联考)
Life can be overwhelming(令人不知所措的).We want to do as much as we can，see the world，learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much.Sometimes we reach a point where we feel that we can no longer be interested in everything.We have to shut some of life out，and we don’t like that.We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study，so we might as well forget it.
But something inside us rebels.We still want to learn new things and make new things.They don’t have to be big things.Coping with too big a challenge can be daunting (令人却步的).The secret is to be a “micromaster” by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.
A micromastery is a self-contained unit of doing，complete in itself，but connected to a greater field.You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things.A micromastery is the way we learn as kids.You never absorb all the fundamentals straight away—you learn one cool thing，then another.Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about “flow”—a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we’re doing is so great.A micromastery，because it is repeatable without being repetitious，has all the elements that allow us to enter a flow state，which produces great contentment.
As we get older our default setting(默认设置) becomes “off” not “on”.We stop getting interested in new things because we haven’t got enough time or energy.This is an excuse but who can blame us when we hear we need 10,000 hours to “master” something.Micromastery slices through all the excuses.You start with something so small and easy that it doesn’t impact on your life except positively.
We envy the person who has a perfect French accent，who can roll a kayak，or compose a poem that isn’t laughable，who can lay a brick wall that doesn’t fall down.These are regarded as hard things to learn which mean a greater mastery of the field concerned.But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then——do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.
Seeing the world in terms of micromasteries makes anything seem possible.Fancy bookbinding？Yoga？Tap dancing or tank driving？All have their micromasteries.It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job.You will start，in a small way，to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.
An annoying situation
?We are too 11. to accomplish everything we are interested in and sometimes we have to make a trade-off.
?We take it for granted that anything worthwhile doesn’t have an 12.______ payoff，so we might as well forget it.
A practical approach
? Instead of accomplishing big things，the secret is to be a micromaster by starting 13. things.
Facts about a micromastery
?It is connected to a greater field.We can 14. upon small successes to achieve greatness.
?It enables us to have a good command of important things in a 15. way.
?It can help enter a flow state when we are 16. in what we are doing.
?For the adults who lack time and energy to try new things，it can have a 17.________ impact on their lives.
?Instead of envying the achievers，we can 18. the unknown world by starting with the test piece.
Conclusion
?A micromastery can help us to liberate our minds and 19. our boundaries.
?For a satisfied life，be a 20. of small things.
11.答案 ambitious/greedy
解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的前两句“Life can be overwhelming (令人不知所措的).We want to do as much as we can，see the world，learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much.”可知，我们过于雄心勃勃，无法完成我们感兴趣的每一件事，有时我们不得不做出取舍。所以填ambitious/greedy。
12.答案 immediate/instant
解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，我们想当然地认为任何有价值的事情都不会有立竿见影的效果，所以我们不妨把它忘掉。所以填immediate/instant。
13.答案 small/humble
解析 原文词汇题。 根据第二段的最后一句“The secret is to be a ‘micromaster’ by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.”可知，与其畏惧大事，还不如从完善许多小事做起来获得大回报。所以填small/humble。
14.答案 build/depend/rely/count/rest/base
解析 概括词汇题。 根据第三段的第一、二句可知，我们可以在小成功的基础上取得伟大的成就。所以填build/depend/rely/count/rest/base。
15.答案 gradual/steady/slow
解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段的“...you learn one cool thing，then another.”可知，它使我们能够以一种渐进的方式掌握重要的事情。所以填gradual/steady/slow。
16.答案 involved/absorbed/buried/occupied/engaged
解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的倒数第二句可知，心理学家米哈里·契克森米哈提出过“涌流”一词，指一种当我们沉浸于所做的太好的事情时，时间就好像是停止了的状态。involvement可同义替换为involved/absorbed/buried/occupied/engaged。
17.答案 positive
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段可知对于缺乏时间和精力去尝试新事物的成年人，它可以对他们的生活产生积极的影响。所以填positive。
18.答案 explore
解析 概括词汇题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then—do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.”可知，与其羡慕成功者，不如从小事情开始去探索未知的世界，所以填explore。
19.答案 extend/stretch/cross/break/push
解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句“It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job.”可知，这里意思是它可以帮助我们解放思想，扩展我们生活的边界。所以填extend/stretch/cross/break/push。
20.答案 master/god/controller/commander
解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的最后一句“You will start，in a small way，to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.”可知，要得到满意的生活，须做小事情的主人。所以填master/god/controller/commander。
课件44张PPT。专题四 任务型阅读真题研析微技能突破随堂限时练第三节 概括词汇类PART
1真题研析(2017·江苏)
Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010－2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，知文章大意
通过略读树状图可知，本文话题是“人口下降”，并且分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。
第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读树状图高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1.原文词汇类
74.答案 economic
解析 文章第三、四、五段分别分析了中国、俄罗斯、印度存在的人口问题以及对本国经济发展的影响，结合第三、五段中出现的economic development以及第四段中出现的economic promise可判断填economic。
79.答案 immigration
解析 最后一段介绍了美国解决人口问题的办法，即通过移民入境增加外国劳动力。根据“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.”可判断填immigration。2.转换词汇类
73.答案 immediate
解析 根据第二段中的“...which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发展中国家出生率的下降可能会导致几十年后灾难性的劳动力短缺，由within a few decades可知出生率下降带来的影响可能不会立即显现出来，故填immediate。
75.答案 old/older
解析 根据第三段的第一句“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.”可知，中国很有可能出现年轻劳动力减少的问题，也就是说中国的劳动力群体正在变老，此处既可以用old的原级，也可以用其比较级。76.答案 earlier
解析 根据第四段中的“...people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.”可知，当前俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年时要短，live a shorter life可以同义替换为earlier death(早逝)。
3.概括词汇类
71.答案 lower
解析 根据第一段的最后一句“....declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世纪的特征，也就是说，21世纪的出生率可能会比20世纪的更低，故填lower。72.答案 size/scale
解析 根据第二段中的“...almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.”可知，大部分发达国家正经历着人口负增长，也就是说发达国家难以保持人口的规模，“人口的规模”用the size/scale of population表达。
77.答案 living/life
解析 根据第四段中的“...but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.”可知，糟糕的饮食习惯尤其是长期酗酒与俄罗斯人寿命变短有很大的关系，所以需要改变人们的生活方式，“生活方式”可以用way of living/life表达。78.答案 equality
解析 根据第五段中的“In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.”可知，在教育水平落后的农村地区出生率最高，而在教育水平发达的城市地区出生率最低。由此可以推断，暂时不考虑出生率问题，如果印度能够实现教育机会均等的话，它的经济可能会腾飞，故填equality。
80.答案 compensate
解析 根据最后一段可知，移民入境将会弥补美国年轻劳动力不足的问题，“弥补”可用compensate for表示。第三步：复查并且将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认不需要修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡指定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。PART
2微技能突破典型的任务型阅读题目通常设置分为两栏，左边是文章提纲(passage outline)，右边是支持性细节或者论据(supporting details)。概括词汇类要求能够最大限度地覆盖右栏信息，同时具有简洁性。这就要求考生对全文或段落进行总体把握，通过观察表格的设置特点，从而归纳和概括出所考查的单词。
概括词汇类要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题，能够在概括的基础上进行推断、归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息，也就是要拥有在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。考查考生对信息的综合加工和处理能力，其信息既体现在短文阅读中，也体现在表格信息的比较与理解中。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
解题关键
(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域认真进行分析归纳。
解题关键①寻找文章或段落的主旨句
②根据问题查找定位信息，找寻共性的东西①概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)
②针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)
③醒目性(简洁)具体的解题步骤如下：
(1)一审表格结构。注意文章内容脉络、标题和所需的表达类型。
(2)二审短文意义。注意文章的段落和表格的匹配性。
(3)三审语法运用。注意涉及的构词法和语法项目。PART
3随堂限时练A
(2019·江苏高三第二次百校联考)
Why We Struggle to Say “I Love You”
For many Asian-Americans，the phrase belongs to the wonderful world of white people we see in the movies and on television.
So many of our Asian parents have struggled，and suffered in ways that are completely beyond the imaginations of their children born or raised in North American comfort.This struggle and sacrifice was how Asian parents say “I love you” without having to say it.And so many of us children are not expected to say it either，but instead are expected to express love through gratitude，which means obeying our parents and following their wishes for how we should live our lives.Our parents，for the most part，told us to get a good education，get a good job and not speak up，things they had to do to survive.They have encouraged，or forced，many of us to become doctors，lawyers and engineers，and to feel ashamed if we do not.What these parents did not do was tell us we could become artists，actors or storytellers，people engaged in seemingly trivial，unsafe and unstable professions.
I have met so few who have proudly told me that their children are English majors or have become writers or artists.But I became a writer despite，and perhaps because of，their resistance to the idea，my inarticulate(难以言喻的) desires pushing against their inarticulate sacrifice，all of it taking place before a backdrop of refugee(难民) life and racial reality.I grew up in the relatively diverse city of San Jose，Calif.，in the 1980s. My neighbors were older white working-class people，Mexican immigrants and Vietnamese refugees.Then I went to a mostly white high school，with only a handful of students of Asian descent.We knew we were different，but we found our difference a little difficult to put into words.We called ourselves “the Asian invasion.”
The irony was that we had not invaded America.America had invaded us，or at the very least had occupied or fought in our countries of origin or heritage.We were here because America was there.Looking back，what I only belatedly realized was that I needed—we all needed—more stories featuring us.More voices belonging to us.More advocates telling our stories in our way with our faces，our inflections，our concerns，our intuitions.We just needed to be at the center of a story，which would include all the aspects of human subjectivity，not just the good but the bad，the three-dimensional fullness that white people took for granted with the privilege of being individuals.
When it came to mass media’s representations of us—film and television，morning radio disc jockey jokes—we got only the bad.We were the servants，the enemies，the houseboys，the invaders.As a result，so many of us who watched these distorted(扭曲的) images and heard the stupid jokes learned to be ashamed of ourselves.We learned to be ashamed of our parents.And the shame compounded the inability to say “I love you”，a phrase that belonged to the wonderful world of white people we saw in the movies and television.
We had to learn better，but the truth is that Asian parents have to learn better，too.You cannot be proud of your artist and storyteller children only when they win Golden Globes.We honor your sacrifice for us，but you have to encourage your children to speak up as well，to claim their voices，to risk failure，to tell their stories and your stories.At the very least，you cannot stand in their way.We are still the Asian invasion in the eyes of many.We cannot accept this as our price of entry into American society.If we must assert ourselves and speak out against racism when it is directed against us，we must also do so when it benefits us.And we do that by challenging and changing the American story.We do it by taking the stage and by telling our own stories，which is really，in the end，our way of saying “I love you” to our parents，our families，our communities and our country.1.解析 转换词汇题。根据第二段的第一句可知，孩子们无法理解或想象父母的痛苦。故答案为imagine/understand。
2.解析 概括词汇题。根据倒数第三段的第一句“As a result，so many of us who watched these distorted(扭曲的) images and heard the stupid jokes learned to be ashamed of ourselves.”及第三句“And the shame compounded the inability to say ‘I love you’...”可知，扭曲的形象造成的偏见让亚裔美国人羞于表达自己的爱。故答案为prejudice。imagine/understandprejudice3.解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段首句“Our parents，for the most part，told us to get a good education，get a good job and not speak up，things they had to do to survive.”可知，这里在说亚洲父母的期盼和希望。故答案为expectations/wishes。
4.解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“...things they had to do to survive.”可知，他们的孩子应该为生存做些什么。故答案为survival。expectations/survivalwishesresistant/opposedconflictdistinguishes/tells5.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句可知，我的父母反对我从事写作，但是他们越是反对，我越是坚持。故答案为resistant/opposed。
6.解析 概括词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句可知，我从事写作是因为我的父母反对我的选择，我的愿望与他们的牺牲相冲突。故答案为conflict。
7.解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的最后两句“We knew we were different，but we found our difference a little difficult to put into words.We called ourselves ‘the Asian invasion.’”可知，我们的国籍让我们区别于其他人，并给自己贴上了“亚洲入侵”的标签。故答案为distinguishes/tells。8.解析 概括词汇题。根据第七段的最后一句可知，我们应该被视为一个个体，这个个体不是完美的，而是立体、丰满。故答案为perfect。
9.解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段的倒数第二句可知，亚洲父母应该鼓励他们的孩子追求他们的兴趣，即使他们失败了。故答案为fail。perfectfail10.解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知，在美国历史中占有一席之地，是我们对父母、家人、社会和国家说“我爱你”的方式。故答案为place/voice。place/voice语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。“我爱你”对于许多亚裔美国人来说，这个短语属于我们在电影和电视上看到的白人的美好世界。为什么我们要挣扎着说“我爱你”？作者对此进行了论述。B
(2019·南通、泰州七市高三联考)
Life can be overwhelming(令人不知所措的).We want to do as much as we can，see the world，learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much. Sometimes we reach a point where we feel that we can no longer be interested in everything.We have to shut some of life out，and we don’t like that.We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study，so we might as well forget it.
But something inside us rebels.We still want to learn new things and make new things.They don’t have to be big things.Coping with too big a challenge can be daunting (令人却步的).The secret is to be a “micromaster” by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.A micromastery is a self-contained unit of doing，complete in itself，but connected to a greater field.You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things.A micromastery is the way we learn as kids.You never absorb all the fundamentals straight away—you learn one cool thing，then another. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about “flow”—a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we’re doing is so great.A micromastery，because it is repeatable without being repetitious，has all the elements that allow us to enter a flow state，which produces great contentment.As we get older our default setting(默认设置) becomes “off” not “on”. We stop getting interested in new things because we haven’t got enough time or energy.This is an excuse but who can blame us when we hear we need 10,000 hours to “master” something.Micromastery slices through all the excuses. You start with something so small and easy that it doesn’t impact on your life except positively.
We envy the person who has a perfect French accent，who can roll a kayak，or compose a poem that isn’t laughable，who can lay a brick wall that doesn’t fall down.These are regarded as hard things to learn which mean a greater mastery of the field concerned.But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then——do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.Seeing the world in terms of micromasteries makes anything seem possible. Fancy bookbinding？Yoga？Tap dancing or tank driving？All have their micromasteries.It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job.You will start，in a small way，to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.11.解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的前两句“Life can be overwhelming (令人不知所措的).We want to do as much as we can，see the world，learn new things—and it can all get a bit too much.”可知，我们过于雄心勃勃，无法完成我们感兴趣的每一件事，有时我们不得不做出取舍。所以填ambitious/greedy。
12.解析 概括词汇题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，我们想当然地认为任何有价值的事情都不会有立竿见影的效果，所以我们不妨把它忘掉。所以填immediate/instant。immediate/instantambitious/greedy13.解析 原文词汇题。 根据第二段的最后一句“The secret is to be a ‘micromaster’ by perfecting lots and lots of small things—for a big payoff.”可知，与其畏惧大事，还不如从完善许多小事做起来获得大回报。所以填small/humble。small/humblebuild/depend/rely/gradual/steady/slowinvolved/absorbed/count/rest/baseburied/occupied/engaged14.解析 概括词汇题。 根据第三段的第一、二句可知，我们可以在小成功的基础上取得伟大的成就。所以填build/depend/rely/count/rest/base。
15.解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段的“...you learn one cool thing，then another.”可知，它使我们能够以一种渐进的方式掌握重要的事情。所以填gradual/steady/slow。
16.解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的倒数第二句可知，心理学家米哈里·契克森米哈提出过“涌流”一词，指一种当我们沉浸于所做的太好的事情时，时间就好像是停止了的状态。involvement可同义替换为involved/absorbed/ buried/occupied/engaged。17.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段可知对于缺乏时间和精力去尝试新事物的成年人，它可以对他们的生活产生积极的影响。所以填positive。
18.解析 概括词汇题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then—and only then—do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world.”可知，与其羡慕成功者，不如从小事情开始去探索未知的世界，所以填explore。positiveexplore19.解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句“It’s very liberating—you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job.”可知，这里意思是它可以帮助我们解放思想，扩展我们生活的边界。所以填extend/stretch/cross/break/push。
20.解析 概括词汇题。根据最后一段的最后一句“You will start，in a small way，to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives.”可知，要得到满意的生活，须做小事情的主人。所以填master/god/controller/commander。extend/stretch/cross/break/pushmaster/god/controller/commander本课结束 第二节 转换词汇类
(2018·江苏)
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts，they imagine the end product，the beautiful painting，a wonderful piece of music，or an award-winning performance in the theater.But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists，technical experts，managers，musicians，or writers to create an appealing piece of art.These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief.Painters，digital media experts，photographers，booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition，arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community.In 2005，when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town，the location was considered a poor area of town.After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building，we began producing a full season of theater performances，jazz concerts，and year-round arts education programs in 2008.Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.Today，there are galleries，studios，restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences，where there is renewed life and energy.In this way，arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.Further，Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities.In Philadelphia，a metro area smaller than Dallas，the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44,000 jobs，80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry，including accountants，marketers，construction workers，hotel managers，printers，and other kinds of art workers.
The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported，the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit.But in order to stay in business，arts groups must produce returns.If you are a student studying the arts，chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.
Arts as an economic driver
Our communities 71. from arts in terms of economy.
72._____________ of arts’ promoting our economy
Arts activity demands a(n) 73. effort.It involves creation，performance，and 74. .
★Artists make a living through their creative work.
★Others get paid by marketing the event.
Arts have a gradually spreading 75. .They could help promote other industries whether they lie inside or outside arts.
★Besides tickets，some jazz lovers will pay their 76. to and from the events.
★Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience and renew their energy.
Investment in arts could produce potential 77. economic results.
★TeCo used a $35,000 art investment to attract an overall support of $400,000.
★In Dallas，one dollar invested in arts could harvest an extraordinary return of nearly $300.
★In Philadelphia the arts have created about 35,000 job opportunities for workers 78. arts industry.
Art students making a good living
With these 79. in mind，art students need not worry about their career and have a(n) 80. plan.
考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题
本文是一篇说明文，以 “How Arts Promote Our Economy”为题，重点分析了艺术促进经济的途径。考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。其中第71，74和80题是转换词汇类题，填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致，同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。
第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。
1.原文词汇类
75.答案 effect
解析 根据第四段首句“A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community.”和第五段首句“No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.”可知，艺术对经济发展有扩散效应。根据a ripple effect可得出答案。
78.答案 outside/beyond
解析 根据第六段末句“...80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry，including accountants，marketers，construction workers，hotel managers...”可知，艺术为不从事这个行业的人也提供了就业机会。故填outside/beyond。
2.转换词汇类
71.答案 benefit
解析 根据第二段首句“The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.”可知艺术创造就业岗位，推动经济发展，也就是说从经济角度而言，社会能从艺术发展中受益(benefit)。
74.答案 promotion/marketing
解析 根据第三段的第三句“Painters，digital media experts，photographers，booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.”可知，艺术活动涵盖了创作、表演和营销。promoters，promote可词形转换为promotion。故填promotion/marketing。
80.答案 alternative
解析 根据文章最后的“...you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.”可知，学艺术的学生就业前景光明，选择的范围很广，不必做另外的计划。由关键词a wide range of career possibilities可知填alternative。
3.概括词汇类
72.答案 Ways/Aspects
解析 纵观语篇内容可知，文章重点介绍艺术在哪些方面能推动经济发展，故填ways或aspects，意为“方面”，注意首字母大写。
73.答案 joint/collective
解析 根据第三段首句“Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.”可知，艺术活动需要很多人来运作，group of folks可同义替换为joint/collective effort。
76.答案 fares
解析 根据第四段末句“Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.”可知很多爵士乐爱好者来看演出要花交通费，故填fares。
77.答案 positive
解析 根据第六段首句“TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.”可知，在音乐方面的投资能产生潜在的积极的经济回报。public and private sector support(国营部门和私营企业的支持)可转化为positive。
79.答案 statistics/data/analyses
解析 根据上文提供的数据或分析，我们就会得出学艺术的学生不必担心就业问题的结论。故填statistics/data/analyses。
第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。
转换词汇类是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。要求考生对已锁定的关键句进行知识重组，运用多种表达方式，考查考生是否具有遣词造句的能力。常见的转换词汇题可分为：词形转换、同义(反义)表达、句型转换等。
1.词形转换
词形转换题即用不同的方式表达文中的意义，由于表达的方法不同，被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同。有时所采用的词性会有所变化。如，动词与名词的转换、动词与动名词的转换、形容词与副词的转换、名词与形容词的转换等，有时还涉及短语搭配的考查。
(1)Social isolation is an objective condition in which people have little communication with others.
＝Social isolation means that people hardly communicate with others or stay alone.
(2)It’s also important for every student to set high academic goals so as to be able to build a good career.
＝Students who want to build a good career should attach importance to setting high academic goals.
2.同义(反义)表达
同义(反义)表达是指用不同的词组表达同一个意思或是相反的意思。这主要考查考生灵活运用英语的能力。此项考查要求我们对同义/反义词(组)互换，单个动词与动词短语的互换，单个副词与短语的互换等。
(1)The use of these resources cannot go on indefinitely—we would run out.
＝The vast majority of resources can’t be replaced and they would be used up.
(2)But they say it’s far from clear that social isolation，not loneliness，is always the real cause of increased death rate.
＝It was still unclear/vague/ambiguous that social isolation rather than loneliness is the real cause of higher death rate.
(3)You are expected to know that every step counts and that setting up goals is easy，but following them on a consistent basis is difficult.
＝You should be aware/conscious that it’s difficult to follow your goals consistently.
3.句型转换
句型转换题指的是用不同的句式表达同一意思。有时是主动语态与被动语态的互换，有时是采用另外一种句式表达。答题时要抓住核心词汇，对这些词汇表达进行句式转换，一般为高中阶段常用句式。
(1)When something is thrown away，we lose the natural resources，the energy and the time which have been used to make the product.
＝The natural resources，the energy and the time used to make the product become lost when something is thrown away.
(2)Researchers have found that older people with fewer human contacts are more likely to die.
＝Social isolation may increase/raise older people’s risk of death.
(3)Setting goals for completing the daily schedule helps an employee to finish the assigned tasks and targets in a timely manner.
＝By setting goals，an employee can increase output and performance instead of delaying completing his or her tasks.
这类题型解题时可采用以下三个步骤：
A
(2019·镇江高三期中)
Pretending You’re Someone Else Can Make You Creative
One great irony(讽刺) about our collective fascination with creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways.That is to say，most of us marry creativity to our concept of self：We are either “creative” people or we aren’t，without much of a middle ground.
Pillay，a tech businessman and Harvard professor has spent a good part of his career destroying these ideas.Pillay believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to dismiss the conventional advice that urges you to “believe in yourself”.In fact，you should do the exact opposite：believe you are someone else.
In a recent column for Harvard Business Review，Pillay pointed to a 2016 study showing the impact of stereotypes(刻板印象) on one’s behavior.The authors，education psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar，divided their college-student subjects into three categories，instructing the members of one group to think of themselves as “eccentric(古怪的) poets” and the members of another to imagine they were “rigid librarians”(people in the third category，the control group，were left alone for this part).The researchers then presented participants with 10 ordinary objects，including a fork，a carrot，and a pair of pants，and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one.Those who were asked to imagine themselves as “eccentric poets” came up with the widest range of ideas for the objects，while those in the “rigid librarian” group had the fewest.Meanwhile，the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors—in fact，the physics majors inhabiting(寄生) the personas(伪装的外表) of “eccentric poets” came up with more ideas than the art majors did.
These results，write Dumas and Dunbar，suggest that creativity is not an individual quality，but a “malleable(可塑的) product of context and perspective.” Everyone can be creative，as long as they feel like creative people.
Pillay’s work takes this a step further：He argues that identifying yourself with creativity is less powerful than the creative act of imagining you’re somebody else.This exercise，which he calls “psychological halloweenism”， refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona—an inner costuming of the self.It works because it is an act of “conscious unfocus”， a way of positively stimulating the default mode(默认模式) network，a collection of brain regions that spring into action when you’re not focused on a specific task or thought.
Most of us spend too much time worrying about two things：How successful/unsuccessful we are，and how little we’re focusing on the task at hand.The former feeds the latter—an unfocused person is an unsuccessful one，we believe.Thus，we force ourselves into quiet areas，buy noise-canceling headphones，and hate ourselves for taking breaks.
What makes Pillay’s argument stand out is the healthy，forgiving realism：According to him，most people spend nearly half of their days in a state of “unfocus”.This doesn’t make us lazy—it makes us human.The idea behind psychological halloweenism is：What if we stopped judging ourselves for our mental down time，and instead started using it？Putting this new idea on daydreaming means addressing two problems at once：You’re making yourself more creative，and you’re giving yourself permission to do something you’d otherwise feel guilty about.Imagining yourself in a new situation，or an entirely new identity，never felt so productive.
Title：Pretending You’re Someone Else Can Make You Creative
Some misleading ideas about creativity
?Most of us are 1. with the idea that we are either creative or we are not：there doesn’t exist a middle ground in between.
?2. to popular belief，Pillay’s suggestion is that you should believe you are someone else.
Dumas and Dunbar’s study
?One group were asked to think of themselves as “eccentric poets”，another “rigid librarians” and a third 3. as the control group.
?The former two groups were required to come up with as many different uses as possible for each 4. object.
?The level of students’ 5. is not always in direct proportion to the type of academic majors.
?Therefore，creativity is probably a product of context and perspective rather than something 6. .
Pillay’s further study
?The exercise of “psychological halloweenism” refers to the conscious action of being others by 7. stimulating the default mode network.
?Pillay 8. firmly to the idea of imaging you’re someone else and advises us not to worry about how successful/unsuccessful we are.
The 9.______ significance of the exercise
?We should start using it instead of stopping judging ourselves for our mental down time.
?We have every right to 10. ourselves for being unfocused because it is not only human but also makes us more creative and productive.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。创造性是促进社会进步的重要品质，哈佛大学教授帕利认为我们要摒弃传统观念，学会把自己想象成别人。以此促进人们的创造力发展。
1.答案 fascinated/impressed
解析 转换词汇题。根据第一段的第一句可知关于创造性的具有讽刺性的是，我们会用没有创造性的方法来限制创造性。句中使用名词fascination，而表格里需要使用形容词，构成短语be fascinated with“着迷于……”。所以要填fascinated/impressed。
2.答案 Contrary
解析 概括词汇题。根据第二段后两句可知帕利的观点与传统观点相反，所以要填Contrary。
3.答案 worked/acted/served/functioned
解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段的第二句“The authors，...and the members of another to imagine they were ‘rigid librarians’(people in the third category，the control group，were left alone for this part).”可知，第三小组是对照组，故用固定搭配work as(担任)/act as(担当)/serve as(担任)/fun_ction as(起……作用)，所以填worked/acted/served/functioned。
4.答案 given
解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“The researchers then presented participants with 10 ordinary objects，... ”可知，应用given与presented同义替换，所以要填given。
5.答案 creativity
解析 原文词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句“Meanwhile，the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors...”可知，学生的创造性与他们的专业不成比例。所以填creativity。
6.答案 individual/personal
解析 原文词汇题。根据第四段的第一句可知创造性并不是个体的品质。所以填individual/personal。
7.答案 positively
解析 原文词汇题。根据第五段的最后一句“It works because...a way of positively stimulating the default mode network...” 中的positively可知，要积极地刺激。所以填positively。
8.答案 subscribes
解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的第一句可知帕利非常赞成把自己想象成别人的观点。subscribe to同意，赞成，固定搭配。所以填subscribes。
9.答案 realistic/practical
解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“What makes Pillay’s argument stand out is the healthy，forgiving realism.”可知，本段主要讲的是这个实验的现实意义。所以填realistic/practical。
10.答案 forgive
解析 概括词汇题。根据文章倒数第二句可知，依据新观点，我们每天一半的时间都处于白日梦的状态会让我们更有创造力、并能允许自己做一些会让自己内疚的事情，这会让我们有理由原谅自己。所以填forgive。
B
(2019·如皋高三一模)
In an ideal world，we usually get eight hours of sleep every night，and wake up with enough energy before work.But when we’re struggling to balance the responsibilities of everyday life，cutting back on sleep seems to be the only solution.Many of us rely on coffee or energy drinks to get us through the day，instead of making sleep a priority.Sadly，as delicious as it can be，caffeine is not the solution.Being tired not only brings down our energy levels，but also makes us less productive and less motivated.There are concrete steps you can take right now to renew your energy.
Awareness comes first because you have to understand what’s going on before you can do anything to change it.Most of us are too busy to notice how fatigue(疲劳) really affects our bodies and minds.What signs of trouble do you regularly display？The patterns of your signs of trouble can give you clues about the negative effects of your fatigue.In addition，it’s wise to start thinking about whoever can feel the effects of your fatigue.
Reflecting on the choices you’ve made can provide clarity，which will help you figure out what needs to be changed.During this reflection，you will be able to understand more about yourself and why you do the things you do.You may decide to forgive yourself for the mistakes you’ve made.Thinking about the positive aspects of your life will make you feel refreshed and ready to move forward.
Conversing with others not only provides support，but also leads to new perspectives and feedback that can help with treatment and what you need to heal.To start with，have an open mind and an open heart.Limit complaining.Complaints may need to be aired in order to relieve pressure，but if they dominate(占上风)，anger will win.Tell the truth.You do not need to tell people everything，but you do need to be honest.Listen carefully because it shows respect.
The fourth step is about renewal—getting rid of what is bringing you down and making a fresh start.It’s helpful to break the process down.It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones.On occasion，the small steps alone can remove fatigue.For instance，you may not need to change your career but change emphasis.If you feel hopelessly dragged down by fatigue，self-care may be the best prescription.
Title：Four Steps to Fight Fatigue
Phenomenon
Many people rely on coffee or energy drinks to overcome fatigue.
Steps to
renew your
energy
11.
? Identify the signs of 12. you display regularly，which can give you information about the bad effects of your fatigue.
? Think about the people who can sense your fatigue.
Reflection
? Find out the things that need 13. by thinking carefully about the choices you’ve made.
? Think 14. ，and you will feel refreshed and be ready to move forward.
15.
? Be open to others but don’t 16. too much.
? There is no need to tell others everything but you do need to show 17. by telling the truth.
? Show respect for others by 18. carefully.
Plan-and-act
?19. yourself of what brings you down and start afresh.
? Make small 20. or adopt a self-care attitude.
11.答案 Awareness
解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段首句“Awareness comes first because you have to understand what’s going on before you can do anything to change it.”可知，这一部分主要讲了意识，所以填Awareness。
12.答案 trouble
解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段的第三句“What signs of trouble do you regularly display？”可知，这里填trouble。
13.答案 changing
解析 转换词汇题。 根据第三段的首句“Reflecting on the choices you’ve made can provide clarity，which will help you figure out what needs to be changed.”可知，要找出需要改变的地方。need doing sth.需要做某事，主动形式表示被动意义，所以填changing。
14.答案 positively
解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，思考生活中积极的方面会让你感到精神焕发，并做好准备继续前进。该空修饰动词Think，用副词形式，所以填positively。
15.答案 Conversation
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段可知这一部分主要讲了谈话，并结合表格中内容的形式可知填Conversation。
16.答案 complain
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二、三句可知，这里意思是向他人敞开心扉，但不要抱怨太多。助动词don’t后接动词原形，所以填complain。
17.答案 honesty
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的倒数第二、三句可知，这里意思是没有必要把一切都告诉别人，但是你需要通过讲真话来表现出诚实。作动词show的宾语，用名词，所以填honesty。
18.答案 listening
解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句“Listen carefully because it shows respect.”可知，这里意思是认真倾听，尊重他人。介词by之后接v.-ing形式，所以填listening。
19.答案 Rid
解析 原文词汇题。 根据最后一段的第一句可知，这里意思是摆脱让你沮丧的事情，重新开始。祈使句中用动词原形，所以填Rid。
20.答案 adjustments/changes
解析 原文词汇题。根据最后一段的第三句“It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones.”可知填adjustments/changes。
课件50张PPT。专题四 任务型阅读真题研析微技能突破随堂限时练第二节 转换词汇类PART
1真题研析(2018·江苏)
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts，they imagine the end product，the beautiful painting，a wonderful piece of music，or an award-winning performance in the theater.But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists，technical experts，managers，musicians，or writers to create an appealing piece of art.These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief.Painters，digital media experts，photographers，booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition，arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community.In 2005，when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town，the location was considered a poor area of town.After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building，we began producing a full season of theater performances，jazz concerts，and year-round arts education programs in 2008.Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.Today，there are galleries，studios，restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences，where there is renewed life and energy.In this way，arts and culture also serve as a public good.TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.Further，Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities.In Philadelphia，a metro area smaller than Dallas，the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44,000 jobs，80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry，including accountants，marketers，construction workers，hotel managers，printers，and other kinds of art workers.The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported，the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit.But in order to stay in business，arts groups must produce returns.If you are a student studying the arts，chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.考场思维模式
第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题
本文是一篇说明文，以 “How Arts Promote Our Economy”为题，重点分析了艺术促进经济的途径。考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。其中第71，74和80题是转换词汇类题，填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致，同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。
第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形
任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1.原文词汇类
75.答案 effect
解析 根据第四段首句“A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community.”和第五段首句“No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.”可知，艺术对经济发展有扩散效应。根据a ripple effect可得出答案。
78.答案 outside/beyond
解析 根据第六段末句“...80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry，including accountants，marketers，construction workers，hotel managers...”可知，艺术为不从事这个行业的人也提供了就业机会。故填outside/beyond。2.转换词汇类
71.答案 benefit
解析 根据第二段首句“The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.”可知艺术创造就业岗位，推动经济发展，也就是说从经济角度而言，社会能从艺术发展中受益(benefit)。
74.答案 promotion/marketing
解析 根据第三段的第三句“Painters，digital media experts，photographers，booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.”可知，艺术活动涵盖了创作、表演和营销。promoters，promote可词形转换为promotion。故填promotion/marketing。80.答案 alternative
解析 根据文章最后的“...you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.”可知，学艺术的学生就业前景光明，选择的范围很广，不必做另外的计划。由关键词a wide range of career possibilities可知填alternative。
3.概括词汇类
72.答案 Ways/Aspects
解析 纵观语篇内容可知，文章重点介绍艺术在哪些方面能推动经济发展，故填ways或aspects，意为“方面”，注意首字母大写。73.答案 joint/collective
解析 根据第三段首句“Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.”可知，艺术活动需要很多人来运作，group of folks可同义替换为joint/collective effort。
76.答案 fares
解析 根据第四段末句“Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.”可知很多爵士乐爱好者来看演出要花交通费，故填fares。77.答案 positive
解析 根据第六段首句“TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.”可知，在音乐方面的投资能产生潜在的积极的经济回报。public and private sector support(国营部门和私营企业的支持)可转化为positive。
79.答案 statistics/data/analyses
解析 根据上文提供的数据或分析，我们就会得出学艺术的学生不必担心就业问题的结论。故填statistics/data/analyses。第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上
复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。PART
2微技能突破转换词汇类是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。要求考生对已锁定的关键句进行知识重组，运用多种表达方式，考查考生是否具有遣词造句的能力。常见的转换词汇题可分为：词形转换、同义(反义)表达、句型转换等。
1.词形转换
词形转换题即用不同的方式表达文中的意义，由于表达的方法不同，被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同。有时所采用的词性会有所变化。如，动词与名词的转换、动词与动名词的转换、形容词与副词的转换、名词与形容词的转换等，有时还涉及短语搭配的考查。(1)Social isolation is an objective condition in which people have little communication with others.
＝Social isolation means that people hardly communicate with others or stay alone.
(2)It’s also important for every student to set high academic goals so as to be able to build a good career.
＝Students who want to build a good career should attach importance to setting high academic goals.2.同义(反义)表达
同义(反义)表达是指用不同的词组表达同一个意思或是相反的意思。这主要考查考生灵活运用英语的能力。此项考查要求我们对同义/反义词(组)互换，单个动词与动词短语的互换，单个副词与短语的互换等。
(1)The use of these resources cannot go on indefinitely—we would run out.
＝The vast majority of resources can’t be replaced and they would be used up.
(2)But they say it’s far from clear that social isolation，not loneliness，is always the real cause of increased death rate.
＝It was still unclear/vague/ambiguous that social isolation rather than loneliness is the real cause of higher death rate.(3)You are expected to know that every step counts and that setting up goals is easy，but following them on a consistent basis is difficult.
＝You should be aware/conscious that it’s difficult to follow your goals consistently.3.句型转换
句型转换题指的是用不同的句式表达同一意思。有时是主动语态与被动语态的互换，有时是采用另外一种句式表达。答题时要抓住核心词汇，对这些词汇表达进行句式转换，一般为高中阶段常用句式。
(1)When something is thrown away，we lose the natural resources，the energy and the time which have been used to make the product.
＝The natural resources，the energy and the time used to make the product become lost when something is thrown away.
(2)Researchers have found that older people with fewer human contacts are more likely to die.
＝Social isolation may increase/raise older people’s risk of death.(3)Setting goals for completing the daily schedule helps an employee to finish the assigned tasks and targets in a timely manner.
＝By setting goals，an employee can increase output and performance instead of delaying completing his or her tasks.这类题型解题时可采用以下三个步骤：PART
3随堂限时练A
(2019·镇江高三期中)
Pretending You’re Someone Else Can Make You Creative
One great irony(讽刺) about our collective fascination with creativity is that we tend to frame it in uncreative ways.That is to say，most of us marry creativity to our concept of self：We are either “creative” people or we aren’t，without much of a middle ground.
Pillay，a tech businessman and Harvard professor has spent a good part of his career destroying these ideas.Pillay believes that the key to unlocking your creative potential is to dismiss the conventional advice that urges you to “believe in yourself”.In fact，you should do the exact opposite：believe you are someone else.In a recent column for Harvard Business Review，Pillay pointed to a 2016 study showing the impact of stereotypes(刻板印象) on one’s behavior.The authors，education psychologists Denis Dumas and Kevin Dunbar，divided their college-student subjects into three categories，instructing the members of one group to think of themselves as “eccentric(古怪的) poets” and the members of another to imagine they were “rigid librarians”(people in the third category，the control group，were left alone for this part).The researchers then presented participants with 10 ordinary objects，including a fork，a carrot，and a pair of pants，and asked them to come up with as many different uses as possible for each one.Those who were asked to imagine themselves as “eccentric poets” came up with the widest range of ideas for the objects，while those in the “rigid librarian” group had the fewest. Meanwhile，the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors—in fact，the physics majors inhabiting(寄生) the personas(伪装的外表) of “eccentric poets” came up with more ideas than the art majors did.
These results，write Dumas and Dunbar，suggest that creativity is not an individual quality，but a “malleable(可塑的) product of context and perspective.” Everyone can be creative，as long as they feel like creative people.Pillay’s work takes this a step further：He argues that identifying yourself with creativity is less powerful than the creative act of imagining you’re somebody else.This exercise，which he calls “psychological halloweenism”， refers to the conscious action of inhabiting another persona—an inner costuming of the self.It works because it is an act of “conscious unfocus”， a way of positively stimulating the default mode(默认模式) network，a collection of brain regions that spring into action when you’re not focused on a specific task or thought.Most of us spend too much time worrying about two things：How successful/unsuccessful we are，and how little we’re focusing on the task at hand.The former feeds the latter—an unfocused person is an unsuccessful one，we believe.Thus，we force ourselves into quiet areas，buy noise-canceling headphones，and hate ourselves for taking breaks.What makes Pillay’s argument stand out is the healthy，forgiving realism：According to him，most people spend nearly half of their days in a state of “unfocus”.This doesn’t make us lazy—it makes us human.The idea behind psychological halloweenism is：What if we stopped judging ourselves for our mental down time，and instead started using it？Putting this new idea on daydreaming means addressing two problems at once：You’re making yourself more creative，and you’re giving yourself permission to do something you’d otherwise feel guilty about.Imagining yourself in a new situation，or an entirely new identity，never felt so productive.Title：Pretending You’re Someone Else Can Make You Creativefascinated/impressedContrary1.解析 转换词汇题。根据第一段的第一句可知关于创造性的具有讽刺性的是，我们会用没有创造性的方法来限制创造性。句中使用名词fascination，而表格里需要使用形容词，构成短语be fascinated with“着迷于……”。所以要填fascinated/impressed。
2.解析 概括词汇题。根据第二段后两句可知帕利的观点与传统观点相反，所以要填Contrary。worked/acted/givencreativityindividual/personalserved/functioned3.解析 概括词汇题。根据第三段的第二句“The authors，...and the members of another to imagine they were ‘rigid librarians’(people in the third category，the control group，were left alone for this part).”可知，第三小组是对照组，故用固定搭配work as(担任)/act as(担当)/serve as(担任)/fun_ction as(起……作用)，所以填worked/acted/served/functioned。
4.解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“The researchers then presented participants with 10 ordinary objects，... ”可知，应用given与presented同义替换，所以要填given。
5.解析 原文词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句“Meanwhile，the researchers found only small differences in students’ creativity levels across academic majors...”可知，学生的创造性与他们的专业不成比例。所以填creativity。6.解析 原文词汇题。根据第四段的第一句可知创造性并不是个体的品质。所以填individual/personal。7.解析 原文词汇题。根据第五段的最后一句“It works because...a way of positively stimulating the default mode network...” 中的positively可知，要积极地刺激。所以填positively。
8.解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段的第一句可知帕利非常赞成把自己想象成别人的观点。subscribe to同意，赞成，固定搭配。所以填subscribes。positivelysubscribes9.解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“What makes Pillay’s argument stand out is the healthy，forgiving realism.”可知，本段主要讲的是这个实验的现实意义。所以填realistic/practical。
10.解析 概括词汇题。根据文章倒数第二句可知，依据新观点，我们每天一半的时间都处于白日梦的状态会让我们更有创造力、并能允许自己做一些会让自己内疚的事情，这会让我们有理由原谅自己。所以填forgive。realistic/forgivepractical语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。创造性是促进社会进步的重要品质，哈佛大学教授帕利认为我们要摒弃传统观念，学会把自己想象成别人。以此促进人们的创造力发展。B
(2019·如皋高三一模)
In an ideal world，we usually get eight hours of sleep every night，and wake up with enough energy before work.But when we’re struggling to balance the responsibilities of everyday life，cutting back on sleep seems to be the only solution.Many of us rely on coffee or energy drinks to get us through the day，instead of making sleep a priority.Sadly，as delicious as it can be，caffeine is not the solution.Being tired not only brings down our energy levels，but also makes us less productive and less motivated.There are concrete steps you can take right now to renew your energy.Awareness comes first because you have to understand what’s going on before you can do anything to change it.Most of us are too busy to notice how fatigue(疲劳) really affects our bodies and minds.What signs of trouble do you regularly display？The patterns of your signs of trouble can give you clues about the negative effects of your fatigue.In addition，it’s wise to start thinking about whoever can feel the effects of your fatigue.
Reflecting on the choices you’ve made can provide clarity，which will help you figure out what needs to be changed.During this reflection，you will be able to understand more about yourself and why you do the things you do.You may decide to forgive yourself for the mistakes you’ve made.Thinking about the positive aspects of your life will make you feel refreshed and ready to move forward.Conversing with others not only provides support，but also leads to new perspectives and feedback that can help with treatment and what you need to heal.To start with，have an open mind and an open heart.Limit complaining. Complaints may need to be aired in order to relieve pressure，but if they dominate (占上风)，anger will win.Tell the truth.You do not need to tell people everything，but you do need to be honest.Listen carefully because it shows respect.
The fourth step is about renewal—getting rid of what is bringing you down and making a fresh start.It’s helpful to break the process down.It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones.On occasion，the small steps alone can remove fatigue.For instance，you may not need to change your career but change emphasis.If you feel hopelessly dragged down by fatigue，self-care may be the best prescription.11.解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段首句“Awareness comes first because you have to understand what’s going on before you can do anything to change it.”可知，这一部分主要讲了意识，所以填Awareness。
12.解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段的第三句“What signs of trouble do you regularly display？”可知，这里填trouble。Awarenesstrouble13.解析 转换词汇题。 根据第三段的首句“Reflecting on the choices you’ve made can provide clarity，which will help you figure out what needs to be changed.”可知，要找出需要改变的地方。need doing sth. 需要做某事，主动形式表示被动意义，所以填changing。
14.解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，思考生活中积极的方面会让你感到精神焕发，并做好准备继续前进。该空修饰动词Think，用副词形式，所以填positively。changingpositivelyConversationcomplainhonestylistening15.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段可知这一部分主要讲了谈话，并结合表格中内容的形式可知填Conversation。
16.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二、三句可知，这里意思是向他人敞开心扉，但不要抱怨太多。助动词don’t后接动词原形，所以填complain。
17.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的倒数第二、三句可知，这里意思是没有必要把一切都告诉别人，但是你需要通过讲真话来表现出诚实。作动词show的宾语，用名词，所以填honesty。
18.解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段的最后一句“Listen carefully because it shows respect.”可知，这里意思是认真倾听，尊重他人。介词by之后接v.-ing形式，所以填listening。19.解析 原文词汇题。 根据最后一段的第一句可知，这里意思是摆脱让你沮丧的事情，重新开始。祈使句中用动词原形，所以填Rid。
20.解析 原文词汇题。根据最后一段的第三句“It is easier to make small adjustments than big ones.”可知填adjustments/changes。Ridadjustments/changes语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。作者对于如何恢复精力给出了一些建议和方法。本课结束
