北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 24 Society 用于“说服”的情态动词与虚拟语气

用于“说服”的情态动词与虚拟语气
概念引入
情态动词和虚拟语气我们都学过了，但是这些语法项目在表示“说服”方面各有什么用途，使用时要注意哪些呢？在口语中和书面上用于“说服”的表达法又有什么不同呢？平时你用的那些说法合适吗？在本单元我们就对这些疑问进行解答，先看下面句子：
1. Protest groups are insisting that some of our money be given to the third world.
2. Trade unions demand that the government shorten the working week.
3. If I were you, I would cover my bare arms. The sun is strong.
4. As a society, it’s high time that we took these issues more seriously.
5. On a personal level, we ought to visit the shops less and worry less about image.
这些句子中的斜体部分都是表示“说服”的表达法。句1、句2是表示“建议”和“坚持”的动词与谓语动词是不带to的不定式的从句连用；句3是虚拟条件句表示“建议”的用法，在口语中熟人间经常用这种表达方式；句4是一种语气强烈的批评或责备的表示法；而句5是告知人们应该做什么的正式用法之一。
用法讲解
表示说服----英语书面语中
在正式的英语书面语中，常用下列表达方式来强化“建议”：
1．should/ought to＋动词原形
Every resident should spare no effort to make contributions to the Youth Olympic Games.
每一位市民都应该不遗余力地为青年奥林匹克运动会做贡献。
You ought to keep indoors with that heavy cold.
你患了重感冒，应该留在屋里。
2．demand/ insist/ suggest + that从句
此结构的宾语从句的谓语形式可以有三种形式：
1）should+动词原形
2）动词原形（虚拟语气）
3）现在时态
He suggested that she (should) have a good rest. 他建议她应当好好休息。
I demanded that he (should) answer me as soon as possible. 我要求他尽快给我答复。
I insist that the money is transferred into my account immediately.
我坚持那笔钱立刻转入我的账户。
【拓展】
suggest如果作“暗示，表明”讲，insist作“坚持认为，坚持说”讲时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel and that he (should) not be punished for its getting lost. 那个阿拉伯人坚持说他从未见过那头骆驼，并且坚持自己不能因为骆驼的丢失而受到惩罚。
(and后的that从句用虚拟语气，因为此时insist表示“坚决要求”)
Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her father suggested that she (should) have a medical examination. 简苍白的脸色表明她生病了，她父亲建议她做一下体检。
(前面的suggest意为“表明”；后面的suggest意为“建议”，接虚拟语气)
3．It’s high time that从句（从句谓语用一般过去式）
注意：此句式是正式用法，通常为权威人士使用。
It’s high time that the council started to think about local business.
市政委会该考虑一下当地商业了。
It’s high time that we protected the old buildings.
到了我们保护古建筑物的时候了。
表示说服----英语口语中1
跟熟人交谈时用下列表达方式可以使“建议”听上去不生硬，具有试探性：
1. If I were you, I’d + 动词原形
此句式用虚拟语气表示委婉、客气的语气。
If I were you, I’d stop using so much make-up.
如果我是你，我就会不再用那么多化妆品。
If I were you, I would take this job.
如果我是你，我就接受这份工作。
注意：此句式可以省略If，把were提前。如上句可为：
Were I you, I would take this job.
Were I you, I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。
2．I think you should/ought to＋动词原形
此句式使“建议”听上去语气略强。
I think you should buy her a gift.
我想你应该给她买个礼物。
I think you ought to take more exercise.
我认为你应该多锻炼。
表示说服----英语口语中2
用下列方式可以表示对某人进行强硬地批评、责怪或提出建议，这种方式常具有权威性，如家长和孩子说话。
1. It’s about time + that从句（从句谓语用一般过去时）
注意：除非用于对密友和家人谈话，否则此句式显得生硬、粗鲁。
It’s about time that you made up your mind.
你该下定决心了。
It’s about time that you got a job and set up home.
你早该找份工作、安个家了。
It’s about time you got down to reading.
是你开始认真读书的时间了。
2. I’d (I would) rather ＋ that从句（从句谓语用一般过去时）
I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it now.
我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不做。
I’d rather you didn’t meet her at the airport tomorrow morning.
但愿你明天早上不去机场见她。
3. You’d (You had) better + 动词原形
此句式也可以用在和朋友交谈时，表示“鼓励”或“说服”。
You’d better start thinking about your exams.
你最好想想你的考试吧。
It’s cold today. You’d better wear warm clothes.
今天冷，你最好穿得暖和些。
4. I’d sooner you + 从句（谓语多用一般过去时）
注意：此句式相当正式，说话人带有明显的偏爱，现在已不多用，而改用“I’d rather”。后面多用于否定形式。
I’d sooner you didn’t deliver the sofa tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天不运送沙发过去。
I’d sooner they didn’t use the park for skateboarding.
但愿他们没有把公园用来滑滑板。
相关语法---should/ought to表示责备等
1. should/ought to 表示合理的推测
They should/ ought to be there by now. 现在他们应该到那里了。
2. should说话人的情感，如惊奇、愤怒、失望等，常译成“竟然”，多用于否定句和疑问句。
You can’t imagine that well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.
你不能想象那位举止优雅的先生竟然对一位女士那么粗鲁。
Why should he do such a thing? 他为什么竟然做这样的事？
3. “should have done”表示对已经做过的事的责备、自责、后悔或懊恼deng，常译成“本应该”。
Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.
汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就该做完的。
Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn’t have been so harsh on him.
看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。
4.“ought to have done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should have done”用法基本一样。
I ought to have gone home last Sunday.
我理应上星期日回家。
You ought not to have given him more help.
你不应该帮助他那么多。
相关语法---非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中，一是在if条件状语从句中；二是在含蓄虚拟条件句中，通过with, without, but for和动词不定式短语等表示虚拟的条件或句中含有or, or else, otherwise, but等词语，暗示句子的某一部分(前句或后句)需用虚拟语气。
非真实条件句中主从句谓语动词的变化：
条件状语从句
主句
与过去事实相反
had ＋ 过去分词
should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与现在事实相反
一般过去时 (be用were)
would/should/could/might＋动词原形
与将来事实相反
一般过去时
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形
would/should/could/might＋动词原形
If I saw him now, I would be very happy.
如果我现在见到他，我会很高兴的。
If it hadn’t been for your assistance, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
要不是你的帮助，我们就不会成功了。
But for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished earlier.
如果不是因为这些事干扰，会议可能早结束了。
If I asked him, I’m sure he’d help us.
如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。
错综时间虚拟条件句
当条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况对主从句的谓语动词作相应的调整。
If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.
要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.
假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。
相关语法---名词性从句中的虚拟语气
“(should+)动词原形”型
1. 表示要求、命令、建议、意图、决定、推荐等意义的动词，如insist, demand, desire, require, request, propose, suggest, command, order等后面的宾语从句中常用“(should+) 动词原形”结构。
The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be blown up.
司令命令把桥炸毁。
记忆小口诀：“一、二、四、四法”
一个坚持(insist)；
两个命令(order, command)；
三条建议(advise, suggest, propose, recommend)；
四项要求(demand, require, request, ask)。
2. 表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的词相对应的名词（如decision, suggestion, proposal, advice, demand, order, requirement等）作主语时，后面的系表结构中表语从句的谓语常用“(should+) 动词原形”结构。
Our decision is that the meeting (should) be put off.
我们的决定是推迟会议。
My suggestion is that we (should) walk home instead of taking a taxi.
我的建议是走着回家，不坐出租车。
3. 表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的名词如decision, suggestion, proposal, advice, demand, order, requirement等后的同位语从句的谓语常用“(should+)动词原形”结构。
They made a suggestion that they (should) hold an English speech contest.
他们提议举行一次英语演讲比赛。
Doctor gave us some advice that we (should) pay more attention to our health.
医生建议我们应该多注意自己的健康。
4. 表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的动词的过去分词作表语时，其主语从句谓语常用“(should+) 动词原形”结构。
It is advised that one (should) take plenty of boiled water.
有人建议每个人都应多喝开水。
5. 在下列主语从句句型中，主语从句谓语常用“(should+) 动词原形”结构。
1）It is/ was important (necessary, essential, impossible, natural, odd, vital, amazing, strange, surprising等）that…
It was natural that she (should) think so. 她会这样想很自然。
It is surprising that you (should) not understand me! 真令人惊讶，你竟然不理解我！
2）It is/ was a pity (a shame, an honor, a surprise, no wonder等) that...
It is a great pity that he (should) be so careless. 他这么粗心真遗憾。
wish后的宾语从句中
1. 表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去式。
I wish I knew his telephone number. 但愿我知道他的电话号码。
I wish I lived on the seashore. 要是我住在海滨就好了。
2. 表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用“had done”或“could have done”。
He wishes he hadn’t said anything unpleasant. 他悔不该说过令人不愉快的事。
She wishes that he could have called her yesterday. 她多么盼望他昨天能给她打个电话。
3. 表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句谓语用“would/ might/ could + 动词原形”。
We wish you would be quiet. 我们希望你安静一些。
I wish you could come to the party tomorrow. 我希望你明天能来参加聚会。
相关语法---其它从句中的虚拟语气
as if/ as though从句
as if, as though引导的表语从句和状语从句中的虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况。
1. 从句动作在主句动作之前，用过去完成时；
2. 从句动作与主句动作同时进行，用一般过去时；
3. 从句动作在主句动作之后，用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
Mary speaks Chinese as if she were Chinese.
玛丽讲汉语就像中国人一样。
She walks as if she were drunk.
她走起路来就像喝醉了似的。
They talked as if they had met before.
他们谈得好像以前见过面。
I felt as if I had done something wrong.
我感到自己似乎做错了什么。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something．
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：as if/ as though也可引导表示事实或有很大可能性是事实的从句，常用在系动词look, seem, taste, smell, sound等后。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
仿佛要下雨。（事实上马上就要下雨）
It seems as if the boy has lost his way.
这个男孩好像迷了路。（事实上男孩可能真迷路了）
If only从句
在if only引导的从句中经常用虚拟语气表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词的形式与I wish后的宾语从句的虚拟语气形式相同。
If only I were better-looking. 要是我长得漂亮些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. The doctor suggested that he __________ (take) a short leave of absence.
2. It is time we __________ (go) to the library.
3. I’d rather you __________ (post) the letter right away.
4. I insisted that you _________ (give) me money back.
5. If I __________ (be) you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
6. All the settlers nearby demanded that the nightclub ________ (move) away as soon as possible.
7. You’d better __________ (spend) your time on some worthwhile reading.
8. I’d rather you ___________ (tell ) my parents about this earlier.
9. The black people demanded that they ___________ (treat) as equally as white people.
10. It is suggested that another hospital __________ (build) in the centre of the city.
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. —It has become a nationwide requirement that every student ________ have daily exercise for one hour.
—Yeah. It is high time that we ________ special attention to physical exercise.
A．must; should pay B．should; paid C．will; shall pay D．need; pay
2. If only he ________ himself and explained who he was, then, of course I should have given him proper service.
A．had introduced B．introduced C．has introduced D．have introduced
3. —What can he do?
—I ________ that he follow my advice.
A．suggest B．hope C．wish D．believe
4．—I’m going to see the victim’s brother.
—I’d rather you________.
A．didn’t B．do not C．don’t D．do
5．I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ________ for her.
A．had to write it out B．must have written it out
C．should have written it out D．ought to write it out
6. Teachers recommend parents ________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A．not allow B．do not allow C．mustn’t allow D．couldn’t allow
7. The old man insisted that the boy ________ a thief and suggested he ________ free.
A．was not；be set B. should not be；be set
C．was not；was to be set D. was not；set
8. It’s time for supper. I ________ to go home.
A．ought B．should C．will be D．have gone
9. It’s already six o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s time ____？
A．we are going home B．we go home C．we went home D．we can go home
10. He ________ the exams，but he hadn’t worked hard.
A．must have got through B. ought to have got through
C．would get through D. could get through
11. The workers demanded that their wages ________ by 10 percent.
A．be raised B．raised C．to raise D．raising
12. If we ___ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken
13. I ________ John had walked away from the discussion.
A．had better B．wonder C．might say D．would rather
14. Recently quite a lot of experts ______ that another law on wildlife protection ______ as soon as possible.
A. suggested；must be passed B. have suggested；be passed
C. were suggesting；was passed D. suggested；being passed
15. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he ________ more on its culture.
A．focus B．focused C．would focus D．had focused
16. It’s high time we ________ cutting down the rainforests.
A．stopped B．would stop C．shall stop D．stop
17. He insisted that he ________ right, and his plan ________ carried out at once.
A．was; be B．be; would be C．was; was D．be; should be
18. If I ________ you, I ________ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A．was; shall pay B．am; will pay C．would be; would pay D．were; would pay
19. The teacher demanded that the exam ________ before eleven.
A．must finish B．would be finished C．be finished D．must be finished
20. I ________ pay Tracy a visit, but I’m not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.
A．should B．might C．would D．could
21. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ________it — you’ve got some big bills coming.
A．forget B．forgot C．forgetting D．to forget
22. —Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they ______ always late.
A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been
23. Maybe if I _____ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying
24. I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.
A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come
25. I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams.
A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
Ⅲ.翻译句子。
根据已给的汉语或英语提示，完成句子。
1. 他们建议在这个地区建一所新学校。
____________________________________
2. 我认为你应该把你的旧课本捐出去。
____________________________________
3. 到你着手做你的作业的时候了。
____________________________________
4. 你最好快点，否则就晚了。
____________________________________
5. 我坚持做这件事的学生应该受罚。
____________________________________
6. 我们要求他们把那家工厂搬到一个更安全的地方。
____________________________________
7. 如果我是你，我就和他一起去。
____________________________________
8. 我宁愿你暂时（for the time being）不要做有关它的任何事。
____________________________________
答案与解析：
Ⅰ. 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. (should) take 2. went 3. posted 4. (should) give
5. were 6. (should )be moved 7. spend 8. told
9. (should )be treated 10. (should) be built
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. B。考查虚拟语气和情态动词。主句中有requirement，其名词性从句的谓语部分应用 “(should＋) 动词原形”,故第一空填 should;第二空所在句式为：It is (about/high) time＋从句,从句应用虚拟语气，即一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”。
2. A。考查虚拟语气。if only后的从句用虚拟语气,从后面主句用should have given可知，句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，故从句用过去完成时。
3. A。由空后that宾语从句的谓语follow判断前面省略了should，所以应用suggest后接虚拟语气的宾语从句，虽然wish后面的宾语从句也用虚拟语气，但谓语应用过去时态。
4. A。would rather后面接从句时，从句谓语应用过去时，表示虚拟。
5. C。should have done的意思是“本该做某事,而实际上未做到”，表明说话人后悔、懊恼之情。题干中的told说明已告诉过萨莉，但现在想来有点后悔，因为光口头上告诉一下还不行，萨莉有可能忘了，而应该把它写下来。
6. A。考查虚拟语气。recommend后跟宾语从句应用虚拟语气，其结构为“(should)＋动词原形”，这里省略了should，故A正确。
7. A。考查insist，suggest的用法。句意：老人坚持说那男孩不是贼，建议放了他。故第一空不用虚拟语气，suggested后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should do”，should 可省略。
8. A。考查ought to do的用法，句意：到了吃晚饭的时候了，我应该回家了。只有ought后加to do构成ought to do表示“应该做……”。
9. C。考查It’s time (that)...的用法。句意为：现在已六点了。你不认为到了该回家的时候了？It’s time (that)从句中谓语用过去式。
10. B。考查ought to have done sth.的用法。句意：他真应该通过考试，可是他学习不努力。从but he hadn’t worked hard可知谈论的是过去的事情，所以过去应该做而实际未做，用ought to have done表示过去应该做而实际未做。
11. A。考查动词demand 的用法。句意为：工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。demand的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词“should＋动词原形”should可省略。
12. B。所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语, 根据主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反，因此所填部分用“had+过去分词”，选B。
13. D。考查I’d rather (that)...句型。句意为：我真希望约翰没有参加讨论，一走了之啊！这是对过去事实的虚拟，表示但愿某事已经发生。
14. B。考查动词suggest的用法。句意：近来，许多专家建议应尽快通过关于野生动物保护的又一项法律。suggest表示“建议”时，宾语从句用“should ＋动词原形”，should可省略。
15. B。would rather后的从句中谓语动词用过去式表示对现在或将来事实的虚拟。
16. A。此题考查“It is high time ...”句型，从句要用虚拟语气，从句谓语用一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”，should一般不省略。
17. A。前一个insist表示“坚决认为”，第一个从句用陈述语气；后一个insist表示“坚持要求”，第二个从句谓语动词“(should＋) 动词原形”。
18. D。题干为虚拟条件句，且表示与现在事实相反的假设，故从句谓语用were，主句谓语用would do。
19. C。demand后面跟从句，从句谓语用should do形式，should可以省略。
20. A。考查情态动词的用法。should意为“应该”；might 意为“可能”；would意为“会，要”；could意为“能够，可以”。根据句意应选A项，表示“我该去看望Tracy”。
21. A。better相当于had better，属于情态动词，后接动词原形。(had) better do sth.“最好做某事”。
22. A。wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现always，而且从上文可以看出是指说话时的情况，所以从句的虚拟语气用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的愿望。选A。
23. C。句意：或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科，现在就能给你更多的帮助。then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此使用过去完成时。选C。
24. D。句意：我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。but I didn’t know表示了过去时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用“should / would / could / might + have done”表达，选D。
25. A。句意：我本来不应该看那部电影的——它会使我做噩梦的。表示“本来不应该做而做了某事”用shouldn’t have done, 所以A项正确。
Ⅲ. 翻译句子。
1. They suggested that a new school should be built in this area.
2. I think you ought to give away your old school books.
3. It’s about time you got down to your homework.
4. You’d better hurry up or you’ll be late.
5. I insist that the student who did this should be punished.
6. We demanded that they move the factory to a safer area.
7. If I were you, I would go together with him.
8. I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.