北师大版高中英语模块8 Unit 24 Society语言点（2）

Unit 24 Society 语言点（2）
学习目标
重点词汇
rot, cast, undertake, squeeze, thirst, fine, sentence, abolish, consequently, against
重点短语
knock into, keep an eye on, take...into account, on principle, let off, as a result of, lose faith in, do away with, date back (to)
重点句型
would rather
知识讲解
重点词汇
rot
【原句回放】I’ve seen grocers throwing rotting vegetables into the water. 我见过卖菜的人把腐烂的蔬菜扔进水里。
【点拨】rot v.（使）腐烂；（使）腐败；（使）堕落；（多用于进行时）胡说
n. 腐烂；腐败；胡说
That candy will rot your teeth. 老吃那些糖果，会使你的牙齿烂掉。
Fish begins to rot from the head. 烂鱼先烂头。（转喻：上梁不正下梁歪！）
He was only rotting. 他不过是开玩笑。
His speech was all rot. 他的发言全是胡说八道。
We shall stop it the minute the rot set in. 腐败一产生，我们就应立即制止住。
【拓展】rot away（使）烂掉
cast
【原句回放】...the conditions in Beijing’s hutongs went down as the political situation cast a dark cloud on China’s economy. ……随着政治局面给中国经济笼罩的乌云，北京胡同的条件慢慢下降，不比从前了。
【点拨】cast v 投，抛；投射（光、影、视线等）；计算
n. 投掷，抛；演员阵容
The news cast a gloom over the village.
这消息使整个村子笼罩上一层忧郁的情绪。
The princess cast the young soldier a welcoming smile.
公主朝那位年轻的战士笑了一笑,以示欢迎。
The news of her father’s illness cast a cloud over Mary’s honeymoon.
父亲生病的消息给玛丽的蜜月蒙上了一层忧伤的阴影。
【拓展】含cast的常见短语：
cast (a) light on 使明白 cast a shadow over 对……投下阴影
cast a look/glance at 看一眼 cast doubt on 怀疑
cast down 使沮丧 cast one’s mind back 回想
cast sb into prison 把……投进监狱
undertake
【原句回放】...the government undertook the preservation of many of the oldest hutongs. ……政府对许多胡同采取了保护措施。
【点拨】undertake v. 承担，保证；从事
注意：过去式：undertook 过去分词：undertaken 现在分词：undertaking
常用搭配：undertake to do sth. 答应做某事
John undertook to finish the job by Friday. 约翰答应星期五之前完成这项工作。
I can undertake that you will enjoy the play. 我能保证你将喜欢这出戏。
We could undertake the work for the time being. 我们可以暂时从事这项工作。
Who will undertake responsibility for this work? 谁将承担这项工作的责任?
【拓展】undertaking n. 事业，保证，企业
undertaker n. 承办者，承担者
squeeze
【原句回放】They can walk up Sanmiao Street, which dates back 900 years, wander down Rongxian — the longest hutong at 2 km or squeeze through Qianshi — the narrowest at only 40 cm wide! 他们可以在900年前修建的三庙街散步，或徜徉在最长达2千米的绒线胡同，或侧身挤过最窄处只有40厘米的钱市胡同！
【点拨】squeeze vt. 挤；勒索；紧握
n. 压榨；紧握；拥挤
常用搭配：
squeeze out 挤出；(通过劝说)榨取，获取
squeeze out of/ from 压出，挤出，榨取
squeeze into 挤入
squeeze through 挤过，勉强通过
He gave my hand a squeeze. 他紧紧握一握我的手。
Companies are now facing a squeeze. 公司现在面临困境。
Gently squeeze out the extra water. 轻轻地挤出多余的水。
The investigators complained about the difficulties of squeezing information out of residents.
调查员们抱怨从居民处获取信息的困难。
thirst
【原句回放】They can also stop under a stone arch and watch the hutong world go by while enjoying a plate of Beijing’s best “Peking Duck” or satisfying their thirst with a cold Tsingtao beer. 他们还可以在石拱门下停留，享受一盘最好的北京烤鸭或一杯解渴的冰镇青岛啤酒的同时，望着这胡同世界缓缓而过。
【点拨】thirst vi. 渴望,渴求；口渴
n. 口渴；渴望
常用搭配：thirst for sth. 渴望/渴求某物
satisfy/relieve one’s thirst 解渴，止渴
a thirst for knowledge 如饥似渴的求知欲
These young children thirst for knowledge.
这些孩子们都渴求知识。
Some animals died of thirst in the desert.
有些动物在沙漠中因干渴而死亡。
She has a strong thirst for knowledge.
她有强烈的求知欲。
His thirst for money made him a robber.
他对金钱的渴求使他成了抢劫犯。
【拓展】thirsty adj. 渴的
常用搭配：be thirsty for sth. 渴望/渴求某物
fine
【原句回放】My brother works as a police officer and he tells me that drug dealers and robbers can be out on the streets only a few weeks or months after committing their crimes, or even let off with fines. 我的弟弟是一名警官，他告诉我毒品交易商、抢劫犯可能会在犯罪后的仅仅几个星期或几个月后就出现在大街上，甚至交点罚款就被放了。
【点拨】fine n. 罚款，罚金
v. 罚款；澄清
adj. 好的，优良的；晴朗的；健康的；细小的，精美的
adv. 精巧地；很好地
常用搭配：fine sb. for 因……而罚款
She has already paid over 2,000 yuan in fines.
她已经付了2,000多元罚金。
There’s a heavy fine for driving drunk according to the new law.
根据新法律，酒后驾驶的罚款很重。
We’re going to a restaurant famous for its fine cuisine.
我们要去一家以精致的菜肴闻名的餐馆。
If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.
你要是想坐公共汽车去，那对我很方便。
sentence
【原句回放】I am totally against harder sentences on principle and really feel the death penalty should be abolished. 在原则上，我完全反对重刑处罚并且真正感觉到死刑应该被废除。
【点拨】sentence n. 句子；判决
vt. 宣判；判决
常用搭配：
pass/pronounce sentence on 对……宣布判决
serve a sentence 服刑
under the sentence of death 已被判死刑
sentence sb. to death/life imprisonment/three years in prison 宣判……死刑/终身监禁/三年徒刑
He received a heavy/light sentence. 他受到重/轻判。
The prisoner has served his sentence and will be released tomorrow.
犯人服刑期满，明天将获释。
It’s reported that the judge passed sentence on Lai Changxing on May 18, 2012.
据报道，法官于2012年5月18日宣布了对赖昌星的判决。
abolish
【原句回放】...the death penalty should be abolished. ……死刑应该被废除。
【点拨】abolish vt. 废除，废止
Do they suggest that we abolish the Olympic Games?
他们建议我们废除奥林匹克运动会吗？
The Americans abolished slavery in 1863.
美国于1863年废除了奴隶制度。
【拓展】abolish与cancel的区别
abolish强调彻底废除，常用于旧的法律、规章、风俗、习惯或社会制度等。
cancel指令其失去效力或取消已有的安排，常用于契约、合同、特许、约束、义务、个人债务、安排、计划、会议、假期、约会、证书等。
I’m afraid I’ll have to cancel our meeting tomorrow.
恐怕我得取消我们明天的会议。
This tax should be abolished.
这种税应该取消。
consequently
【原句回放】Consequently, in the USA, the death penalty is not as likely if the victim is black and the murderer white as the other way around. 因此，在美国，如果受害人是黑人而杀人犯是白人，死刑就不像其他地方一样。
【点拨】consequently adv. 所以，因此
We have not enough money; consequently we cannot afford a new car.
我们的钱不够，因此买不起新车。
He had been ill for a long time and consequently he was behind in his work.
他病了很久，因此耽误了功课。
【拓展】consequence n. 结果，后果
consequent adj. 作为结果的；随之发生的；合乎逻辑的
常用搭配：
in consequence (＝as a consequence/result) 结果，因此
in consequence of (＝as a consequence/result of) 因为，由于
Many people believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
许多人认为贫困是人口过多直接造成的后果。
against
【原句回放】I am totally against harder sentences on principle. 我在原则上坚决反对较重的刑罚。
【点拨】against prep. 反对（反义词for），违背；逆着，顶着；倚靠着；以……为背景；预防；不利于
She had to defend herself against the guard dog.
她不得不防备看门狗咬她。
Armed with raincoat and flashlight, he joined in the fight against the flood.
他穿上雨衣,带上手电,加入了抗洪的战斗。
He was elected by a majority of 30 votes against 15.
他以30票对15票的多数当选。
Jane married Jack against her own will.
简与杰克结婚，违背了自己的意愿。
We sailed against the wind all the way across the lake.
湖上横渡时，我们一路逆风航行。
Walking along the road, he read a book and almost hit against a tree when I saw him.
他沿着马路边走边看书，我看见他时他差点撞到树上。
The pine trees were black against the morning sky.
在早晨天空的映照下, 那些松树是黑的。
重点短语
knock into
【原句回放】There is a car accident there at least once a week and today I nearly knocked into somebody crossing the road! 那里每周至少有一次车祸，我今天差点儿撞上一个正在过马路的人！
【点拨】knock into 撞上（某人）；偶然遇见；把(某种知识)灌输给
If you knock into someone, you should say “sorry” to him.
如果你撞在某人身上，你应当向他道歉。
I knocked into an old friend when I was having a trip in Beijing last week.
我上星期在北京旅游时碰见一位老朋友。
【拓展】含knock的常用短语
knock down 撞倒；拆毁 knock over 撞倒；打倒
knock at/on the door 敲门 knock ... out 使失去效能，破坏，使……失败
knock off 中断；收工；降价，减价
keep an eye on
【原句回放】They were then able to place guards at the entrances of the various hutongs, which made it easier to keep an eye on people’s movements. 然后他们就可以把守各个胡同的入口，这样就更容易密切注视人的动向。
【点拨】keep an eye on 照看;密切注视
Keep an eye on the stove in case the coffee boils.
照看着点炉子以防咖啡溢出来了。
Parents must, therefore, keep an eye on what their children watch.
因此，父母们应该留意孩子所看的电视节目。
【拓展】keep an eye (out) for留心或注意到某人或某事物；警惕；密切注意；当心
Keep an eye out for the bus.
你注意一点儿，别错过了公共汽车。
Could you keep an eye out for my ring when you clean the house?
我的戒指不见了——你打扫房子时能留点儿神吗?
take...into account
【原句回放】The wishes of victims’ family and friends possibly need to be taken into account. 可能需要考虑到受害者的家人及朋友的意愿。
【点拨】take...into account 把……考虑在内
You should take these facts into account. ＝These facts should be taken into account.
你应将这些事实加以考虑。
We should take the proposals of our parents into account and vice versa.
我们应该考虑父母的建议，反之亦然。
The company takes environmental issues into account wherever possible.
只要有可能，这家公司总是尽量把环境问题考虑在内。
【拓展】含account的常见短语：
on account of 由于 take account of 考虑到
on no account 决不，无论如何都不 account for 解释/说明
She can’t work on account of her too young children.
她因为孩子太小而不能工作。
On no account should the soldiers be blamed for what happened.
士兵们绝对不该为所发生的事情而受到责难。
on principle
【原句回放】I am totally against harder sentences on principle. 我在原则上坚决反对较重的刑罚。
【点拨】on principle原则上
He doesn’t invest in the arms industry on principle.
他原则上不投资军火业。
I refuse to go there, on principle. 我原则上拒绝到那儿去。
The decision must rest on principle. 做出决定要讲原则。
【拓展】in principle 理论上，按道理，一般而言，大体上
In principle everyone welcomes foreign investment.
一般而言，每个人都欢迎外国投资。
They agree to the plan in principle but still have to negotiate the terms.
他们大体上同意这个计划，但仍须协商一些条款。
let off
【原句回放】My brother works as a police officer and he tells me that drug dealers and robbers can be out on the streets only a few weeks or months after committing their crimes, or even let off with fines. 我的弟弟是一名警官，他告诉我毒品交易商、抢劫犯可能会在犯罪后的仅仅几个星期或几个月后就出现在大街上，甚至交点罚款就被放了。
【点拨】let off 放出，允许（离去）；从轻发落，宽恕；放(炮、烟火等)，放掉(气)
The teacher let off punishment in view of his good behavior.
鉴于他的良好表现，老师免除了对他的处罚。
Since you are very tired, I’ll let you off your housework this time.
既然你很累了，这次就不要你做家务了。
【拓展】含let的常见短语：
let down 放下，使失望，不支持，放掉(车胎的)气
let in 让……进入，放进
let out 释放，放走，发出（声音），出租(房屋)
as a result of
【原句回放】As a result of this, many people are losing faith in the British system of justice. 由于这个，许多人对英国的司法制度失去了信心。
【点拨】as a result of 由于，作为……的结果
He became ill as a result of eating bad food. 由于吃了变质的食物，他病了。
Six people were killed as a result of the accident. 事故中有六人丧生。　
【拓展】as a result 结果，因此
result from 产生于，由……引起
result in 导致，结果是
I missed my train. As a result, I was late. 没能赶上火车，因此我迟到了。
His illness resulted from bad food. 他的病是由于吃了变质的食物所致。
Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. 紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。
lose faith in
【原句回放】As a result of this, many people are losing faith in the British system of justice. 由于这个，许多人对英国的司法制度失去了信心。
【点拨】lose faith in 对……失去信心
He still has great talent, but he has lost faith in himself.
他仍然很有天赋，但是他已经丧失了信心。
【拓展】faith n. 信任，相信，信心（不可数名词）；宗教信仰；(某一)宗教（可数名词）
常用搭配：have faith in 对……有信心/信任
You must have faith in yourself.
你必须对自己有信心。
Faith is stronger than reason.
信仰比理智更有力。
The children are learning to understand people of different faiths.
孩子们在学会理解不同宗教信仰的人。
do away with
【原句回放】We also need to do away with the social problems, like drugs and poverty that often lead to crime. 我们还需要摆脱一些社会问题，如毒品和贫困，这些问题往往导致犯罪。
【点拨】do away with 废除；去掉
The teachers want to do away with cheating in the school．
老师们想在学校里消灭作弊现象。
They have done away with the old laws．
他们废除了旧法律。
Can you do away with your bad habit？
你能改掉坏习惯吗？
【拓展】易混短语
get away with 侥幸成功，逃脱处罚 (to) do with 与……有关
do without 凑合，将就 do up 扣上，装修
date back (to)
【原句回放】They can walk up Sanmiao Street, which dates back 900 years, wander down Rongxian — the longest hutong at 2 km or squeeze through Qianshi — the narrowest at only 40 cm wide! 他们可以在900年前修建的三庙街散步，或徜徉在最长达2千米的绒线胡同，或侧身挤过最窄处只有40厘米的钱市胡同！
【点拨】date back (to) 追溯（到），始于
The castle located in the suburb dates back to the ancient Roman days.
这座位于郊区的城堡建于古罗马时期。
My family has an old vase, which is said to date back to the Ming Dynasty.
我家有一个古老的花瓶，据说可追溯到明朝。
【拓展】同义短语：date from 始于
A friendship between us dated from twenty years ago.
我们两个的友谊始于20年前。
重点句型
would rather
【原句回放】I would rather you... 我宁愿你……
【点拨】would rather 宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好（常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式）
1. would rather接从句时，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示当时或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示过去要做的事。
I’d rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning.
但愿你明天早上能在机场见到她。
I’d rather you hadn’t told him the news that day.
我真希望你那天没有把消息告诉他。
2. would rather do sth. (than…) 宁愿……(而不愿……)
I would rather fail than cheat in the examination.
我宁愿考试不及格,也不愿意考试作弊。
If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here.
如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。
3. would rather... than…句型也可以变成“would…rather than”。
The children would walk there rather than take a bus.
孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。
4. would rather…than… /would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。
Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up.
与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。
巩固练习
一、单词填空
根据句意及所给汉语提示或首字母用本课单词的正确形式完成句子。
1. The work was ____________(承担，接受) by members of the committee.
2. There’ll be enough room if we all ______________ (挤) up a bit.
3. I care more about the ______________ (精神的) life than the material life.
4. What he had done made him _________ (判决) to two years in prison.
5. I drank a cup of tea to relieve my ________ (口渴)．
6. The death penalty has been a________ in Britain, and now you get a life sentence for murder.
7. A severe flood struck the city and there was a c____________ shortage of food.
8. If the flowers were watered too much, the roots would r_______.
9. She has a prejudice a_______ modern music, saying it is too noisy.
10. The latest evidence c_______ serious doubt on his version of events.
二、选择填空
knock into, keep an eye on, take...into account, on principle
as a result of, lose faith in, do away with, date back (to)
1. Lost in thought, he almost _____________ an old man.
2. Many people are opposed to the sale of arms ______________.
3. Could you please ________________ my luggage while I buy the ticket?
4. In China, the needle treatment ___________ ancient times.
5. I believe he will _______ my request ________.
6. People thought that the use of robots would ______ boring low-paid factory jobs.
7. The public ________ the government over the past years.
8. He seemed absent-minded and _____________ his careless playing, we lost the game.
三、单项选择
1. Tom thought that he would be fined for breaking the traffic rules, but he was ______ with just a warning.
A. drawn off B. left off C. let off D. gone off
2. I agree with your statement ________ principle but I disagree on some details.
A．with B．for C．to D．on
3. ________ his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as our guide.
A．In spite of B．On account of C．Regardless of D．Instead of
4. The chemical industry _______ most responsibility for the local pollution accidents.
A. concerns B. tolerates C. undertakes D. ignores
5. Bernard Madoff was _______ to 150 years in prison for the fraud.
A. judged B. accused C. charged D. sentenced
6. We do not have enough money, ________ we cannot afford to buy the new car.
A. occasionally B. consequently C. continuously D. constantly
7. To _______ system of life tenure (任期) in office in that area is quite available.
A. delete B. erase C. abolish D. betray
8. The damp weather rotted ________ the wooden desk.
A．on B．away C．in D．of
9．The death of Mr Smith in a plane crash ________ a shadow on his company.
A．caused B．fell C．cast D．set
10. You will find the shop ________ between two big office buildings.
A．squeeze B．squeezing C．squeezed D．being squeezed
11. He was in such a hurry that he almost ________ the maths teacher.
A．knocked at B．knocked into C．knocked off D．knocked on
12. He helped the police to ________ an eye ________ that man who was looking around.
A．keep; on B．take; on C．keep; to D．take; to
13. His interest in stamp collecting ________ his school days.
A．is dated from B．dates back to C．is dated back to D．dates
14. Jenny nearly missed the flight __________ doing too much shopping.
A. as a result of B. on top of C. in front of D. in need of
15. Have faith ______ yourself, be faithful _______your work and make every effort you can and then you are not far away from success.
A. of; of B. in; in C. to; in D. in; to
16. We’ve just moved into a bigger house and there’s a lot to do. Let’s ______ it.
A. keep up with B. do away with C. get down to D. look forward to
17. Most female workers in Shanghai suffer from _____ connected to the global financial crisis according to a recent survey.
A．curiosity B．eagerness C．anxiety D．thirst
18. —The driver is considered ______ the traffic rules.
—Is that why the policeman is considering ______ him?
A. to have disobeyed; to fine B. to have disobeyed; fining
C. having disobeyed ;to fine D. having disobeyed ;fining
19. Although ________ my opinion, the old professor didn’t come up with his own.
A. against B. on C. for D. in
20. I ________ it myself ________ your homework.?
A. prefer do; rather than copy B. prefer doing; than copy
C. would do; than copy D. would rather do; than copy
答案与解析：
一、单词填空
1. undertaken 2. squeeze 3. spiritual 4. sentenced 5. thirst
6. abolished 7.consequent 8. rot 9. against 10. casts
二、选择填空
1. knocked into 2.on principle 3. keep an eye on 4. dates back to
5. take; into account 6. do away with 7. has lost faith in 8. as a result of
三、单项选择
1. C。汤姆原以为他会因为违犯了交通规则被罚款，但是他只是被警告了一句就被放走了。根据句意应选let off（免惩，宽恕）。draw off 取回，脱去；leave off 停止，中断；go off 爆炸，消失，响起。
2. D。句意：我原则上同意你的叙述，但是在一些细节上我不同意。on principle表示“原则上”。
3. B。on account of“由于，因为”；regardless of “不顾”；in spite of“尽管”； instead of“而不是”。根据句意可知前后两部分为因果关系，因此选B。
4. C。考查动词辨析。句意：化学工业对当地的污染事件负大部分责任。undertake“承担”; concern关注; tolerate容忍; ignore忽略。根据句意, C项正确。
5. D。句意：伯纳德·麦道夫因诈骗案被判150年徒刑。be sentenced to 150 years in prison意为“被判150年徒刑”，为固定搭配。
6. B。occasionally“偶尔”; consequently“所以, 因此”; continuously “不断地”; constantly“经常地”。句意：我们的钱不够, 因此, 买不起这辆新车。
7. C。delete删除; erase擦除; abolish废止; betray背叛。句意：在那个地区废除干部终身制是可行的。
8. B。句意：潮湿的天气使得木质桌子腐烂了。rot away“使……烂掉”，是固定搭配。
9. C。句意：史密斯先生在一次飞机失事中丧生，这给他的公司蒙上了一层阴影。cast a shadow on ...“给……蒙上一层阴影”。cause“导致”；fall“落下”；set“放置”。
10. C。句意：你会找到挤在两座办公大楼之间的那家商店。squeeze意为“(使)挤入，(使)塞入”，此处用过去分词作定语。
11. B。knock into sb.“撞到某人身上”。knock on/at 意为“轻轻敲击”；knock off 意为“敲落”。
12. A。句意：他帮助警察密切注意那个东张西望的男子。keep an eye on “密切注意，照看”，符合句意。
13. B。句意：他对集邮的兴趣可以追溯到他求学时期。date back to (date from)无被动形式，而date作动词表示“写上日期”，与句意不符，故选B。
14. A。as a result of 由于；on top of 在……顶部；in need of 处于需要中。句意：詹妮因为购物太多差一点没有赶上飞机。
15. D。根据faith的固定用法have faith in（对……有信心），排除A、C；根据be faithful to (忠实于)，排除B，所以选D。
16. C。句意：我们刚刚搬进一个大一点的房子，因此有很多事情要做，让我们开始做吧。keep up wit 跟上，和……保持联系；do away with 废除、去掉；get down to 开始认真（做某事）；look forward to 渴望，盼望。根据句意选C。
17. C。从下文“与全球经济危机有关”可知，女工们一定是很不安，所以选anxiety。curiosity 好奇心；eagerness 渴望；thirst 口渴，渴望。
18. B。第一句的consider意为“认为”，常用consider sb. to have done sth.，表示“认为某人已经做了某事”；第二句的consider意为“考虑”，因为司机违犯了交通规则，警察正在考虑罚他款，所以用consider doing sth.（考虑做某事）。fine 罚款。
19. A。句意：虽然这位老教授反对我的观点，但并没有提出他自己的观点。against意为“反对”，for意为“支持，拥护”。in one’s opinion 按某人的意见, 据某人看来。
20. D。句意：我宁愿自己做作业也不会抄你的。would rather do than do 宁愿做……，也不愿做……；选项C少rather，排除；根据prefer to do rather than do（与……相比更喜欢），选项A中prefer后应接带to的不定式。因此选D。