2020届高考英语语法系统复习：构词法（共29张ppt）

(共29张PPT)
2020年高考语法系统复习之构词法
1．复合名词的主要构成方式
名词＋名词 blood test 验血；half?moon 半月(形)；silkworm 蚕；classroom 教室；airport 飞机场
形容词＋名词 double?dealer两面派；shorthand速记；greenhouse温室
v.?ing＋名词 reading room阅览室；meeting room会议室；swimming pool游泳池
动词＋名词 breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手
名词＋v.?ing handwriting笔迹；sunbathing日光浴
动词＋副词 get?together联欢会；breakthrough突破
副词＋动词 downfall垮台；outbreak爆发
2.复合形容词的主要构成方式
形容词＋名词＋?ed cold?blooded冷血的；kind?hearted心肠好的
形容词＋名词 high?class高级的
形容词＋v.?ing good?looking好看的；easy?going随和的；fine?sounding动听的
形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的；readymade现成的
形容词＋形容词 dark?blue深蓝色的；light?green浅绿色
名词＋v.?ing life?saving救生的；ocean?going远洋的
名词＋过去分词 handmade手工制作的；ice?covered冰雪覆盖的
名词＋形容词 nationwide全国性的；ice?cold冰冷的
数词＋名词＋?ed one?eyed独眼的；two?faced双面的
数词＋名词＋形容词 five?year?old五周岁的；two?metre?tall两米高的
3.复合动词的主要构成方式
名词＋动词 sleepwalk梦游
副词＋动词 overcome克服；undergo经历；overthrow推翻；understand明白
形容词＋动词 white?wash粉刷；blacklist列入黑名单
4．复合代词的主要构成方式
代词宾格或物主代词＋self(selves) ourselves我们自己；herself她自己；themselves他们自己
某些不定代词some(any, no， every)＋body(one, thing) everyone; everybody; everything; anyone; anybody; anything; nothing; something
方法二、转化法
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。现就常见的转化法分类列举并归纳如下：
名词转化为动词 face脸—face面对
hand手—hand传递
nurse护士—nurse护理
形容词转化为动词 dirty脏的—dirty弄脏
narrow窄的—narrow变窄
clean干净的—clean打扫
动词转化为名词 find发现—find发现物
divide划分—divide分界处
waste浪费—waste废物
形容词转化为名词 daily每日的—daily日报
weekly每周的—weekly周刊
形容词转化为副词 deep深的—deep深深地
sure确信的—sure的确
方法三、派生法
派生法是英语主要的构词法。此方法是借助于前缀或后缀，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。
1．前缀构词法
前缀是加在一个词根前面的音节，它并不是独立的单词，但本身有一定的含义，它不改变词性，但改变原词义。
常见前缀：
前缀 例词
dis?(不，否定) dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实
un?(不) unable不能够；unlucky不幸的
un?(做相反动作) undress脱衣服；unload卸货
in?(不，非) inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的
im?(不，非) impolite没有礼貌的；impossible不可能的
ir?(不，非) irregular不规则的；irresponsible不负责任的
il?(不，非) illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的
前缀 例词
non?(不，非) non?existent不存在的； non?stop直达的
mis?(错误的；坏的) misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运
re?(重复，再) rewrite重写；remarry再婚
en?(使可能) enrich丰富；enable使能够
ex?(以前的，前任的) ex?president前任主席/总统；ex?wife前妻
super?(在……上面；超级) supermarket超市；supermodel超级名模
under?(在……之下) underestimate低估；underground地下的
前缀 例词
sub?(在……下；次于；低于) subway地(下)道；地铁；submarine潜水艇
inter?(相互之间) international国际的；interact相互作用
semi?(半) semi?final半决赛；semicircle半圆
multi?(多，多种) multi?national跨国的；multicoloured多种颜色的
kilo?(千) kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克
centi?(一百；百分之一) centimetre厘米；centigram厘克
milli?(毫；千分之一) millimetre毫米；milligram毫克
前缀 例词
tele?(远) telephone电话；television电视
a?(在……上/里；向……) aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外
auto?(自己的，独自的) automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传
over?(太，完全，过度，多……) overfull太满的，过多的；overstudy用功过度
extra?(额外，以外，特殊) extraordinary非凡的；extramarital婚外的
pre?(预先，在……之前) predict预告；preview预习
2.后缀构词法
后缀是加在一个单词后面的音节，它本身一般也有一定含义，能够改变单词的词性，有的也可以改变词义。
(1)名词后缀
后缀 例词
?age(状态；集合) shortage缺少；marriage婚姻
?an/ian(人，……家) American美国人；Italian意大利人；musician音乐家
?ence/?ency(构成抽象名词) dependence依靠；frequency频率
?ance(性质，状态) importance重要性；significance意义
后缀 例词
?ant/?ent(人) assistant助手；student学生
?cion/?sion/?tion/?ation(动作，状态) suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复；preparation准备
?ee(动作承受者或受影响者) employee受雇者；refugee难民
?er/?or(人或物) writer作家；actor演员；cooker炊具；tractor拖拉机
?ess(女性) actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人
?ism(主义，……教) communism共产主义；socialism社会主义；Buddhism佛教
后缀 例词
?ist(主义者，……家) communist共产主义者；dentist牙科专家；physicist物理学家
?ment(行为；结果；状态；性质) argument争论；government政府；development发展
?ship(关系，身份) friendship友谊；citizenship公民身份
?hood(身份；性质；时代) childhood童年；neighbourhood街区；knighthood骑士身份
?ty(状态；性质) plenty大量；difficulty困难；anxiety焦虑
?ure(结果；行为；状态；实物) pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴
?al(动作过程；结果) arrival到达；approval同意
(2)形容词后缀
后缀 例词
?able/?ible/?ble unbelievable不可信的；tolerable可忍受的；responsible负责的
?al national国家的；continental大陆的
?ed learned有学识的； talented有才华的
?en golden金色的； woolen毛(织)的；wooden木制的
?ful beautiful美丽的；useful有用的；colourful多彩的
?ic/ical economic经济的；political政治的；electronic电子的
?ish childish幼稚的； selfish自私的
后缀 例词
?ive active积极的；productive有生产力的；creative有创造力的
?less useless无用的；careless粗心的；meaningless无意义的
?ly friendly友好的；deadly致命的；weekly每星期的
?ous/?ious dangerous危险的；glorious光荣的；famous著名的
?ward downward向下的；backward向后的
?y rainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的；snowy下雪的
(3)动词后缀
后缀 例词
?en(使变得，使成为……) lengthen延长；harden使变得坚固；deepen加深
?fy(使……化) satisfy使满意；beautify美化；simplify简化
?ize/?ise(使……变成……) realiz(s)e实现；industrializ(s)e使工业化
(4)副词后缀
后缀 例词
?ly carefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地
?ward(s) forward向前；backwards向后；downwards向下；upwards向上
自主巩固练习
用所给单词的适当形式填空
(1)Her preparation course is helping her to get used to ________ (academy) requirements of a Western university.
(2)A fireman ________ (accident) discovered the cause of the fire.
(3)It cost ________ (approximate) $ 300—I can't remember it exactly.
(4)________ (beg) can’t be choosers.
(5)Other disabled people find the website ________ (benefit) because they can read about people with similar difficulties to their own.
(6)She glanced ________ (casual) through a magazine as she waited.
(7)The two of them are in a ________ (compare) financial situation.
(8)He quit playing ____ (compete) football at the age of 24.
(9)Man's social being determines his ________ (conscious)．
(10)The caf? has a relaxed ______ (continent) feel about it.
(11)She has played a ________ (decide) role in the peace negotiation.
(12)The man standing there is a ________ (distinguish) novelist and philosopher.
(13)It is a ________ (drama) story about an invasion of the Earth by aliens from Mars.
(14)The teachers are very ________ (enthusiasm) and friendly and the classrooms are amazing.
(15)Building a new factory there would be ________ (environment) disastrous.
(16)Yesterday we held a ceremony to welcome the ________ (honour) soldiers who just came back from Wenchuan.
(17)To say you were ________ (ignore) of the rules is no excuse.
(18)Tourists shouldn't miss the 103 bus which offers one of the most ________ (impress) routes.
(19)His hesitation indicates ________ (will)．
(20)You should ________ (loose) up your muscles before playing any sport.
(21)This will help us achieve ________ (modern)．
(22)Some groups, ________ (name) students and pensioners (退休人员), will benefit from the new tax.
(23)Women increasingly went out to work, usually out of economic ________ (necessary)．
(24)He breathed ________ (noise) through his nose.
(25)He can be very ________ (persuade)．
(26)The day before yesterday Professor Li made a speech ________ (plenty) of humor.
(27)Our income has got smaller, so we must be ________ (reality) and sell our car.
(28)The young woman is a ________ (reception) in a five?star hotel of international standard.
(29)These resources can be ________.(access)
(30)My grandfather is ________ (energy) and never feels tired.
[答案]1.academic　2.accidentally　3.approximately
4．Beggars　5.beneficial　6.casually　
7.comparable　8.competitive 9．consciousness　
10.continental　11.decisive　12.distinguished
13．Dramatic 14.Enthusiastic
15.environmentally 16.honourable
17．ignorant　18.impressive　19.unwillingness　
20.Loosen 21．modernization　22.namely　23.necessity　
24.noisily　25.persuasive　26.plentiful　27.realistic　
28.receptionist　29.accessible　30.energetic
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