高中英语北师大版选修八Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section 1教学案 ( Word版含答案)

　　
Ⅰ.根据首字母及英文释义写出单词
1．trap:_to prevent someone from escaping from a dangerous place
2．principle:_a moral rule or set of ideas which makes you behave in a particular way
3．boycott:_to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting
4．relevant:_connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered
5．condemn:_to say what sb.'s punishment is to be; to sentence sb. (esp. to death)
6．sacrifice:_to willingly stop having something you want or doing something you like in order to get something more important
7．recycle:_to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again
Ⅱ.根据词性及汉语意思写出单词
1．beyondprep. 　　超出
2．federaladj. 联邦的
3．coincidencen. 巧合
4．consensusn. 一致的意见
5．ecologyn. 生态
6．substituten. 代替品，代用品
7．reserven．保护区 v．保留，预约→reservationn．保留，存疑
8．advocatevt.主张，提倡→advocationn．拥护，提倡，主张
Ⅲ.补全短语
1．be harmful to ...　　对……有害
2．at risk 有危险，处于危险中
3．a number of 一些
4．beyond one's control 超出……的控制；不受……的控制
5．speed up加快速度
6．look ahead 展望未来
7．refer to指，意即；提及；参考
8．in turn 依次，轮流
9．lead to引起，导致
10．as a result of由于，因为
11．take action 采取行动
12．switch off关掉
13．add up把……加起来
14．ahead of在……的前面
1．The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by more than 30% in the last 250 years with half of this increase occurring since 1960.
在过去的250年里，大气中的二氧化碳含量已经增加了30%以上，而其中的一半是在1960年以后增加的。
[句式分析]　with复合结构。
[佳句赏析]　随着温度上升，海平面也在上升。
With the temperature rising, the sea level will also rise.
2．Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
考虑到这一数据，似乎人类活动与正在上升的全球温度之间的关联就不仅仅是一个巧合了。
[句式分析]　句中given this data为介词短语作状语。given为介词，表示“考虑到，倘若，如果有”。
[佳句赏析]　考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。
Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.
3. The water level has risen so high in several places that many homes are at risk from flooding.
有几个地方水位上涨得很高，许多家庭面临着被水淹没的危险。
[句式分析]　句中“so ... that ...”表示“如此……以至于……”，that引导结果状语从句。
[佳句赏析]　现在城市发展如此之快，你永远想象不到它明天会是什么样子。
Now cities are developing so fast that you can never imagine what it will be like tomorrow.
4．(长难句分析)A temperature increase of 1°F may not sound like a lot, but if we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other gases in such huge quantities, we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences.
气温升高1华氏度听起来无所谓，但是如果我们继续制造这么多的二氧化碳和其他气体，我们将毁灭地球上的生命，后果将非常严重。
From the following pictures, what will you think of? And can you say something to deal with the problems?
It's_about_global_warming.
I_think_it's_time_for_us_to_take_action_against_global_warming._The_earth_is_our_only_home_planet._If_it_continues_to_get_warm,_we'll_have_no_place_to_live_on_eventually._From_the_pictures_we_can_see_animals_are_crying,_our_earth_is_also_crying,_but_human_beings_seem_still_untouched._How_to_save_our_planet?_First_of_all,_we_should_make_more_public_service_announcements_to_attach_importance_to_protecting_our_homeland._Secondly,_take_action_to_encourage_people_to_save_energies_and_lower_release_of_carbon_dioxide._Last_but_not_least,_make_laws_to_keep_our_ecology_safe_and_balanced.
Remember_we_have_only_one_planet_and_we_must_cherish_and_shelter_our_environment.
Ⅰ.Fast-reading
Choose the best answers according to the text.
1．What does the passage mainly tell us?
A．Global warming is not so serious and it will get better.
B．The causes of global warming and the measures we should take to deal with it.
C．Global warming should not be ignored by human beings.
D．What will our planet possibly become in the future?
2.What can we learn from the passage?
A．The rapid development of our society mainly leads to global warming.
B．Most people are not aware of the importance of protecting our environment.
C．Every person has the responsibility to reduce the producing of carbon dioxide.
D．The activities of human beings causing global warming may be just a coincidence.
3．What would the earth be like if there were no greenhouse gases?
A．The earth will be very hot all day and night.
B．It will be impossible to live for people because of the cold planet.
C．Water will ran out and all animals will die out.
D．The earth will be the same as it is.
4．The following activities can lead to global warming EXCEPT ________.
A．the increase in transport and industry
B．the increase in the burning of fuels
C．the cutting down of forests
D．more and more natural disasters
5．According to the passage, which one is FALSE?
A．Over the past 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1°F.
B．Some people are not active in protecting our earth.
C．The fishing industry will be badly affected because of global warming.
D．There seems to be no direct link between human activities and rising global temperatures.
答案：1～5　BCBDD
Ⅱ.Careful-reading
Read the text again and fill in the chart with the information in the text.
It is reported that Earth's climate is being changed and human will face global (1) warming in the 21st century.
What is global warming？
It refers to an average increase in the Earth's (2)temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change.
Why is global warming seen as a danger,
·The global average temperature has increased by 1°F over the last 100 years (3) because of human activities.
and how is it relevant to our lives？
·If the (4) situation continues, we are condemning life on Earth and should face terrible climate changes, serious diseases and bad (5) effects on some industries as well as the (6) rising sea levels.
How can westop these
disastersfrom happening？
·(7) Governments all over the world have a responsibility to (8) reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (9) produced by their countries.
·Everyone worldwide can play their part by making small (10) changes in the daily life.
考点1
trap vt.使困住n.陷阱，圈套；罗网，捕兽器
[教材原句]
Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth is warmed by gases trapped in the atmosphere.
由于温室效应，滞留在大气层的气体使地球变暖。
(1)trap ...in ...　　　　将……困在……
be trapped in ... 被困于……中，陷入……中
trap sb. into doing sth. 诱骗某人做某事
(2)set a trap for 给……设圈套
set a trap to do sth. 设圈套做某事
fall into a trap 落入陷阱，落入圈套
Sand and leaves trapped the water in the stream.
沙子和树叶堵住了小河的水流。
The car was_trapped (trap) in the deep snow.
汽车陷入了深雪中。
They trapped him into signing the contract.
他们诱骗他签了合同。
Mary set a trap for Peter and he really fell into the trap.
玛丽给彼得设了个圈套，而他真的中了圈套。
1．单句语法填空
①They had been_trapped (trap) in the cave for 20 days before rescued.
②The thief fell into the trap set by the police.
③They trapped her into telling (tell) where the gift was hidden.
2．完成句子
④The fox can't escape_from_the_trap (从陷阱中逃脱)．
⑤They found themselves trapped_in_the_burning_building (被困在着火的大楼里) as soon as they woke up.
考点2
a number of 一些；许多，大量
[教材原句]
... you're working in botanical gardens to save a number of endangered birds.
……为了拯救一些濒危鸟类你一直在植物园工作。
A large/great number of children were (be) playing in the park when the shooting incident happened.
当枪击事件发生时，许多孩子正在公园里玩耍。
the number of　　　　　……的数量/数目/数值/号码
in number 在数量方面
in large/small numbers 大量/小量
The number of pages in this book is (be) two hundred and ten.
这本书有210页。
The cars produced in the factory are in large numbers.
这个工厂生产的汽车数量很大。
[名师点津]
(1)“a number of＋n.”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of＋n.”作主语时，则用单数。
(2)比较下列非限定短语的用法
①many a/more than one＋可数名词单数
1．单句语法填空
①A number of students are (be) planting trees on the hill now.
②A great deal of money has (have) been spent till now.
2．完成句子
③We have plenty_of_time (充足的时间) to finish the job.
④Large_quantities_of_food (大量的食物) were sent to Chongqing to help the people trapped by the flood.
考点3
beyond prep.超出adv.在更远处，另外
[教材原句]
In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth's climate — something previously seen as beyond our control.
在过去的几十年里，科学家们一致认为，人们正在造成地球气候的变化——这是一种先前被认为是超出我们控制能力的现象。
They crossed the mountains and travelled to the valleys beyond.
他们穿过群山，朝那边的山谷去了。
beyond belief　　　　　　难以置信
beyond control ＝ out of control 不受约束，不受控制
beyond description 无法描述
beyond one's power 超出某人权限
beyond one's reach ＝ out of one's reach
使某人够不到
beyond words 无法用语言表达
Put the medicine beyond childen's reach.
把药放到孩子够不到的地方。
The town center had changed beyond all recognition.
镇中心已经变得完全认不出来了。
1．句型转换
①I think that the situation could not be controlled then.
→I think that the situation was_ beyond_ control then.
②We can't use any words to describe the beauty of the scenery.
→The beauty of the scenery is_ beyond_ description.
2．完成句子
③我们的成功远远超出了我们的估计范围。
Our success was far beyond_what_we_thought possible.
④这款新车太贵了，它超出了那些收入一般的人的购买能力。
This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond_the_reach of those with average incomes.
考点4
look ahead 展望未来；向前看
[教材原句]
Looking ahead, scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.
展望未来，科学家们认为全球变暖可能是21世纪面临的最严重的环境问题之一。
Look ahead and you will see a happy future.
向前看，你会看到美好的未来。
look into　　　　调查，审查
look through 浏览
look up 抬头往上看；查阅
look forward to 盼望；期待
look up to sb. 尊敬某人
look down upon ... 轻视；瞧不起……
She looked through her notes before the exam.
她考试前匆匆看了一下笔记。
He is a good teacher. We always look up to him.
他是位好老师，我们一向尊重他。
1．用look的相关短语填空
①Colored people are looked_down_upon in some countries.
②The government has set up a working party to look_into the problem of drug abuse.
③He is looking_forward_to receiving her letter.
④I looked_up_to Mike for his courage then.
2．完成句子
⑤警方正在调查这场事故的起因。
The police are looking_into the cause of the accident.
⑥聪明人总是为将来打算。
A wise man always looks_ahead.
考点5
relevant adj.有关的，相关的，切题的
[教材原句]
But what exactly is global warming, why is it seen as a danger, and how is it relevant to our lives?
但是，到底什么是全球变暖？为什么全球变暖被看作是一大威胁呢？它又是怎样与我们的生活息息相关的呢？
(be) relevant to　　　　　　　　　与……有关的
They discussed some questions relevant to the situations then.
他们讨论了与当时形势相关的一些问题。
Extreme weather is most likely to be relevant to global warming.
极端天气很可能与全球变暖有关。
[联想发散]
表示“与……有关”的短语很多。你能写出下列几个吗？
①be related to
②be linked to/with
③be connected/associated with
④have sth. to do with
1．单句改错
①What we dream at night may be relevant with what we think about.with→to
2．完成句子
②她正在浏览相关的信息。
She is looking through the_relevant_information.
③许多人在大学里学的知识与他们的工作无关。
What many people learned at university is_not_relevant/related/linked_to their job.
考点6
refer to 指，意即；提到；参考，查阅
[教材原句]
Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change.
全球变暖指的是地球温度平均增长，继而导致气候发生的变化。
Complete the exercises without referring to a dictionary.
请在不查阅词典的情况下完成练习。
(1)refer to ... as ...　把……当作……
refer ... to ... 把……提交给……；让……查询……
(2)reference n. 参考；查阅
a reference book 参考书
In China, women who remain single in their late twenties are often referred to as “leftover women”．
在中国，快三十岁仍单身的女性常被称为“剩女”。
He referred his wealth to his hard work.
他将他的财富归功于自己的努力工作。
[辨析比较]
look up
look up的宾语是“要查找的具体内容”
refer to
refer to的宾语是“查阅使用的工具、资料等”
1．选词填空： refer to, look up
①You can refer_to a dictionary if necessary.
②You can look_up the word in your electronic dictionary.
2．完成句子
③This incident in his childhood is_never_again_referred_to (再也没有被提及)．
④Let me refer_to_my_notes (查一下我的笔记) for the exact figure.
考点7
in turn 依次，轮流；转而；反过来
[经典例句]
We answer the teacher's questions in turn.
我们依次回答老师的问题。
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论的基础是实践，反过来又服务于实践。
it is one's turn to do sth.　　　　轮到某人做某事
take turns to do/(in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
by turns 轮流地，依次地
They'll take turns to_be (be) monitor of the class.
他们将轮流当班长。
It's our turn to help the grandmother.
轮到我们帮助这位老奶奶了。
[名师点津]
(1)in turn中的turn用单数，而by turns和take turns中的turn用复数。
(2)in return表示“作为回报”。
1．选词填空： in turn, in return
①The farmers cut down too many trees and this in_turn destroyed their farmland.
②I'm sending him a present in_return for all his kindness to us.
2．一句多译
我们轮流开车。
③We_drove_the_car_in_turn.
④We_took_turns_(in)_driving_the_car.
⑤We_drove_the_car_by_turns.
考点8
lead to 引起，导致，通向
[经典例句]
The bank has offered a reward for any information leading to the arrest of the men.
银行悬赏情报，以便将这些人绳之以法。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大道通罗马。
lead sb. to a place　　　领某人去某地
lead sb. to sth. 使某人得出(结论，观点等)
lead sb. to do sth. 使得某人做某事
lead sb. in doing sth. 领导某人做某事
What leads you to the conclusion that he isn't fit for the job?
什么让你得出他不称职这一结论的？
He had led everyone to_believe (believe) that his family was very wealthy.
他使得大家都相信他家境富裕。
[名师点津]
lead to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
1．单句语法填空
①What was it that led you to_change (change) your mind?
②The Communist Party of China is leading us in building (build) a strong country.
③(山东高考)Look over there — there's a very long, winding path leading (lead) up to the house.
2．句型转换
④The new evidence caused the thief to be arrested.
→The new evidence led_ to_ the_ thief_ being_ arrested.
3．完成句子
⑤接待员将带你去会议室。
The receptionist will lead_you_to_the_meeting_room.
⑥过量的工作和过少的休息经常会引起疾病。
Too much work and too little rest often lead_to_illness.
考点9
sacrifice vt.& vi.牺牲，献出 n．牺牲；牺牲品，祭品
[教材原句]
Many people believe that they are simply not prepared to sacrifice the amount of money they make from industry to save the Earth.
许多人认为他们只是不准备牺牲自己从工业中挣来的钱来拯救地球。
People often offered cattle or sheep as a sacrifice in ancient time.
古代人们常把牛或者羊当作祭品。
(1)sacrifice ... for ...　　为……牺牲……
sacrifice ... to do sth. 为做某事而牺牲掉……
(2)make a sacrifice/sacrifices (for)
(为……)做出牺牲
at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价
She was willing to sacrifice her for justice.
她愿意为正义而牺牲自己的生命。
She sacrificed her career to_take (take) care of the children.
为了照顾孩子她牺牲掉了自己的事业。
He sacrificed his life to save others.
他为了救别人而牺牲了自己的生命。
We had to make a sacrifice for the benefit of people.
为了人民的利益我们只好做出牺牲。
1．介词填空
①She sacrificed everything for her children.
②He became an excellent writer at the sacrifice of all his spare time.
2．完成句子
③She sacrificed_her_life_to_save (牺牲自己的生命来救) her child.
④You should never try to earn money at_the_sacrifice_of_your_health (以牺牲你的健康为代价).
考点10
take action 采取行动；开始起作用
[教材原句]
But why wait around for governments to take action?
但是为什么要等待政府来采取行动呢？
The medicine will take action in two hours.
这种药两个小时后就会起作用。
take action to do sth.　　　采取行动做某事
take action on sth. 对某事采取行动
put/bring sth. into action 使某事启动/运作
in action 在运转
out of action 失灵；失效；受伤
The new plan is being put into action.
正在实施新的方案。
The medicine you take has been out of date and out of action.
你服的这药已经过期失效。
[联想发散]
与take action意思相近的短语有：
①take_steps　　　采取步骤/措施
②take_measures采取措施
1．单句语法填空
①The government has promised to take swift action on its energy crisis.
②We'll bring our ideas into action as soon as possible.
③We must take action to_reduce (reduce) the Greenhouse Effect.
2．完成句子
④我想看看正在运行中的新系统。
I'd like to see the new system in_action.
⑤我们上周制订的计划还没有实行。
The plan we made last week hasn't_been_put_into_action yet.
考点11
advocate vt.主张，提倡 n．提倡者，拥护者
[教材原句]
Experts advocate that each person play their part.
专家提倡每个人都应发挥作用。
He advocates higher salaries for workers.
他主张提高工人的工资。
(1)advocate doing sth.
提倡/主张做某事
advocate that ... (should) do ...
主张……做……(从句用虚拟语气)
(2)an advocate of sth.
支持某事的人，……的倡导者/拥护者
We advocate solving the international dispute by peaceful means.
我们主张通过和平方式解决国际争端。
The report advocated all buildings (should)_be_fitted (fit) with smoke detectors.
这份报告主张所有建筑物都应安装烟雾探测器。
1．单句改错
①Our head teacher doesn't advocate students' study in the classroom all day.study→studying
②They advocated that everyone donated some money to the earthquake-stricken area.
donated→(should)donate
2．根据汉语提示完成小片段
③许多专家及家长主张削减孩子的家庭作业量，并提倡给予孩子更多的自由时间。
Lots of experts and their parents advocate_reducing children's homework and advocate_that children (should)__be_given more free time.
考点12
substitute n．代替品，代用品；替补队员vi.&vt.用……代替，顶替
[教材原句]
After all, there's no substitute for our Earth.
毕竟，我们的地球是不可替代的。
They are developing a substitute for the medicine.
他们正在研制一种该药的替代品。
(1)substitute for　　　　代替/取代
substitute ... for 用……代替/取代
substitute ... with/by 用……代替/取代
(2)as a substitute (for ...) 作为(……的)代替者/代用品
The manager was unable to attend but sent his secretary as a substitute.
经理不能出席，派了他的秘书代替他。
She often substitutes for absent teachers in their Spanish classes.
她经常代替缺勤的老师上西班牙语课。
[联想发散]
想一想，我们学过的表示“代替/替代”的短语还有哪些？请完成下列短语。
①replace ... with ...　　用……代替……
②take the place of 代替，替换
③in place of 代替(短语介词)
④instead of 代替(短语介词)
1．介词填空
①We replaced the flat tyre with a new one.
②The manager was unable to attend but sent his deputy (副手) as a substitute.
③Can you substitute for me at the meeting?
④Fish can be substituted with/by meat in this recipe.
2．句型转换
⑤Professor Wang was ill, so she took the place of him.
→Professor Wang was ill, so she substituted_ for him.
⑥Can I substitute milk for cream?
→Can I substitute_ cream_ with/by_ milk?
1．The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by more than 30% in the last 250 years with_half_of_this_increase_occurring since 1960.
在过去的250年里，大气中的二氧化碳含量已经增加了30%以上，而其中的一半是在1960年以后增加的。
(1)with half of this increase occurring是“with＋名词＋现在分词”构成的with复合结构。
He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
全班同学都看着他，他感到更不自然了。
(2)with复合结构在句中常作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等，有时作定语。其常见形式如下：
①with＋名词＋形容词/副词/介宾短语。
In summer, she usually sleeps with the windows open.
夏天，她通常开着窗户睡觉。(伴随状语)
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms?
你认识那个抱小孩儿的女士吗？(定语)
②with＋名词＋现在分词。现在分词表示主动和正在进行的动作。
He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky.
他躺在草地上，仰望天空。(伴随状语)
③with＋名词＋过去分词。过去分词表示被动和已完成的动作。
With his hair cut, he looked much younger.
剪了头发，他看起来年轻多了。(原因状语)
④with＋名词＋不定式。不定式表示动作尚未发生。如：
With a lot of homework to do, I can't go skating with you.
因为有很多作业要做，所以我不能和你一起去滑冰。(原因状语)
1. 单句语法填空
①He was doing his homework with his MP4 turned (turn) on.
②With a boy leading (lead) the way, we had no trouble finding his house.
③We laid the little hero down with his face exposed (expose)．
2．完成句子
④问题解决了，我们都感到很高兴。
With the_problem_settled,_we all felt very happy.
⑤由于有那么多问题要考虑，他就是睡不着，在床上辗转反侧。
With_so_many_problems_to_think_about,_he wouldn't go to sleep, turning over on the bed.
2．Given_this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
考虑到这一数据，似乎人类活动与正在上升的全球温度之间的关联就不仅仅是一个巧合了。
句中的given表示“假如；考虑到，鉴于”，为介词而不是过去分词，后接名词；亦可作连词，后接状语从句，意为“假如；考虑到，既然”。
Given more time, I would do it better.
假如再有时间，我会做得更好。
Given her interest in literature, I'm sure writing is the right career for her.
＝ Given that she is interested in literature, I'm sure writing is the right career for her.
考虑到她对文学的兴趣，我可以肯定写作是最适合她的职业。
considering ＝ given prep. &conj.
　　　　　　　　　　　　考虑到，既然
seeing (that) ... 鉴于，考虑到
provided/providing (that) ... 如果，假设，在……条件下
suppose/supposing (that) ... 假定，假设，设想
Seeing that it is eight o'clock, we'll wait no longer.
由于已到八点，我们将不再等了。
Considering/Given the absence of the chairman, we decided to delay the meeting.
鉴于董事长不在，我们决定推迟这次会议。
Providing/Provided/Supposing/Suppose (that) you were failing in the coming exam, what should you do?
万一你在即将来临的考试中失败，你该怎么办？
1. 句型转换
①Given their inexperience, they've done a good job.
→Considering their inexperience, they've done a good job.
→Given/Seeing_that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.
2．完成句子
②倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部产品。
Provided/Providing/Supposing/Suppose_the_price_is_right,_we'll buy everything you produce.
③考虑到形势严峻，我认为他已经尽最大努力了。
Given_that_the_situation was severe, I think he had tried his best.
转述结构
[语法初识]
原句感知
自主探究
①They claim that in the last 50 years, gases pumped into the Earth's atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been speeding up ...
②Scientists found that the temperature of the Earth is controlled by greenhouse gases.
③Many experts insist that the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human activities.
④Experts advocate that each person play their part.
⑤The doctor asked me if/whether I was feeling better that day.
⑥She asked, “When will you get back from London, Mr Brown？”
→She asked Mr Brown when he would get back from London.
⑦“Follow your teacher's instructions，” Mother said to the son.
→Mother told the son to follow the teacher's instructions.
(1)直接引语为直接引用说话者的原话，如句⑥、句⑦中的上句；间接引语为用自己的话转述别人的话，如句①、句②、句③、句④、句⑤及句⑥的下句、句⑦的下句。
(2)在这种结构中，被转述部分跟既可以为陈述句，如句①、句②、句③、句④；也可以为特殊疑问句，如句⑤、句⑥；或祈使句，如句⑦。
(3)若被转述部分为客观真理，如句②时，间接引语的动词时态不变。
[语法剖析]
直接引语是引用别人的原话，要放在引号内；间接引语是转述别人的话，不必用引号，而用宾语从句的形式来表达。把直接引语变为间接引语时，需根据情况对人称、时态、指示代词、动词、时间状语和地点状语等作出调整。下面谈几点转述时需注意的事项。
一、陈述句变为间接引语
陈述句变为间接引语时，应改成that引导的宾语从句，that可省略，从句中的时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语都要发生相应变化。其规律见下表：
1．时态的变化
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
2.指示代词的变化
直接引语
间接引语
this
that
these
those
3.地点状语和方向性动词的变化
直接引语
间接引语
here
there
come
go
bring
take
4.时间状语的变化
直接引语
间接引语
now
then
today
that day
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the next/following day
next week/month/year ...
the next/following week/ month/year ...
last week/month/year ...
the week/month/year before
three days/months/years ... ago
three days/months/ years ... before
He said, “I'm busy preparing for the final exam now.”
他说：“我正在忙着准备期末考试。”
→He said that he was busy preparing for the final exam then.
他说他正在忙着准备期末考试。
She said to me, “I have been to the Great Wall two years ago.”
她对我说：“我两年前去过长城。”
→She told me that she had been to the Great Wall two years before.
她对我说她两年前去过长城。
The student said to the teacher, “I'll bring my composition here tomorrow.”
学生对老师说：“我明天把作文带来。”
→The student told the teacher that he would take his composition there the next day.
学生对老师说他明天把作文带去。
[名师点津]
直接引语变为间接引语时，如在当地转述，则here不必改为there, come不必改为go；如在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不改变。
二、疑问句变为间接引语
疑问句变为间接引语，首先变为陈述语序，其次，一般疑问句用if或whether引导，特殊疑问句仍用原来的疑问词引导，切忌在疑问词前加多余的that。
“Do you want the green shirt or the blue one？” asked Mother.
“你想要绿衬衫还是蓝衬衫？”妈妈问。
→Mother asked me whether I wanted the green shirt or the blue one.
妈妈问我是想要绿衬衫还是蓝衬衫。
“Where did you spend your holiday this year, Jack？”she asked.
“杰克，你今年在哪儿度假的？”她问。
→She asked Jack where he had spent his holiday that year.
她问杰克那年在哪儿度假的。
三、祈使句变为间接引语
祈使句变为间接引语时，要选用ask, tell, order, require, demand等动词作谓语，然后将该祈使句变成动词不定式作宾补。如果祈使句是以let开头的，则根据意思使用不同的句型来转述。
The old man said, “Don't come here again next week.”
老人说：“下周别再来了。”
→The old man asked us not to go there again the next week.
老人叫我们下周别再去那儿了。
1．表示“建议”用“suggest＋动名词/that从句”。
The wife said, “Let's go out for lunch.”
妻子说：“我们出去吃午饭吧。”
→The wife suggested going out for lunch.
妻子建议出去吃午饭。
2．表示“劝告”用advise sb. to do sth.或“advise＋that从句”。
The leader of the team said, “Let's start work at once.”
队长说：“我们立刻开始工作吧。”
→The leader of the team advised that the workers (should) start work at once.
队长建议工人们立刻开始工作。
3．表示“命令”用“order＋that从句”。
The chairman said, “Let no one be late.”
主席说：“谁都不许迟到。”
→The chairman ordered that no one (should) be late.
主席命令谁都不许迟到。
4．表示“允许，同意”常用ask. sb to do sth.句型。
“Let Tom repair the TV set, Mother，” said Alice.
“妈妈，让汤姆修电视吧。”爱丽丝说。
→Alice asked her mother to let Tom repair the TV set.
爱丽丝请妈妈让汤姆修电视。
①He said, “She left 10 minutes ago.”
→He said that she had_ left__ 10 minutes before.
②“Do you usually come here to read newspapers？” she asked.
→She asked me whether/if_I__ usually went_ there to read newspapers.
③I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go out tonight？”
→I asked him whether_ he_ would__ stay at home or go out that_ night.
④He said to me, “I have taught Chinese since I came in 1998.”
→He told__ me that he_ had__ taught Chinese since he_ came in 1998.
四、在下列情况下，间接引语中的动词不用改变时态
1．主句动词是一般现在时。
“Where is he really from？” I wonder.
“他到底是哪儿的人呢？”我想知道。
→I wonder where he is really from.
我想知道他到底是哪儿的人。
2．从句表示客观事实或真理。
The teacher said to us, “The Earth is round.”
老师对我们说：“地球是圆的。”
→The teacher told us that the Earth is round.
老师告诉我们地球是圆的。
3．从句中含有具体的时间状语。
He introduced to us, “The singer was born in 1950.”
他对我们介绍说：“这个歌手生于1950年”。
→He introduced to us that the singer was born in 1950.
他对我们介绍说这个歌手生于1950年。
4．对进行转述那一刻而言，所说内容仍属于将要发生的事。
“By 2050, there will be one person aged 65 or above in every five people.”He predicted.
“到2050年，每五个人中将会有一个人年龄在65岁以上。”他预言。
→He predicted that by 2050, there will be one person aged 65 or above in every five people.
他预言到2050年，每五个人中将会有一个人年龄在65岁以上。
5．当直接引语中有以when, while, since等引导的时间状语从句时，变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句时态不变。
“I have worked in the hospital since I came here，” the nurse said to me.
“从我来这儿起我就在医院工作了。”护士对我说。
→The nurse told me that she had worked in the hospital since she went there.
护士告诉我她从到那儿起就在医院工作了。
2－1.单句语法填空
①The teacher said that light travels (travel) much faster than sound.
②The spokesperson announced that the documents will_be_published (publish) in 2020.
③I don't know when he will_come (come) at all.
④He told me that you had_stolen (steal) his money.
2－2.单句改错
①They complained that the price of houses wasn't decreased.
wasn't_decreased→hadn't_been_decreased
②He doubted that you were really in favour of him.that→if/whether
③She said that she had been born in 1995.had_been_born→was_born
④I did wonder that if you could help me.去掉that
[应用实战]
一、链接高考
单句语法填空
1．(广东高考)．.. I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation ...
2．(北京高考)Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.
3．(福建高考)We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
4．(北京高考)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
5．(山东高考)We've offered her the job, but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
6．(上海高考)Bill suggested holding (hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
7．(四川高考)He told us whether to_have (have) a picnic was still under discussion.
二、针对演练
Ⅰ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1．He said, “The story took place in the 1930s.”
→He said that the_story_took_place_in_the_1930s.
2．He said, “She must be a teacher.”
→He said that she_must_be_a_teacher.
3．“My dad doesn't listen to me when I try talking to him.”
→He complains his_dad_doesn't_listen_to_him_when_he_tries_talking_to_him.
4．“Where there is a will, there is a way.”
→He believed that where_there_is_a_will,_there_is_a_way.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．他说他爷爷于1990年去世。
He said that his_grandfather_died in 1990.
2．我们老师说只有中国有大熊猫。
Our teacher said that pandas only live in China.
3．我朋友说他每天晚上都是11点钟睡觉。
My friend said that he goes_to_bed at about 11 every night.
4．他说她进来的时候，他正在看电视。
He said that he was_watching TV when she came_in.
[对应学生课下能力提升(一)]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What you said was not relevant (relate) to the matter.
2．She was looking forward to putting her ideas into action.
3．We insist that the tour guide (should)_inform (inform) us immediately of any change of the plan.
4．The students answered the teacher's questions in turn.
5．Who did you refer to when you said someone was selfish?
6．I'm sure your suggestion will contribute to solving (solve) the problem.
7．Tom is ahead of his class in Chinese.
8．He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing (lose) the good opportunity.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．考虑她喜欢看书，你可以买一本书给她作为生日礼物。
Given_her_interest in reading, you had better buy her a book as the birthday present.
2．没有空气和水人类就不能生存。
Man couldn't_live without air or water.
3．他把杯子弄掉了，杯子摔得粉碎。
He dropped the glass, breaking_it_into_pieces.
4．开着窗户你就会呼吸到新鲜空气。
Leave_the_window_open and you'll breathe in fresh air.
5．这个问题看起来太难了我们解决不了。
It_seems_that the problem is too difficult for us to work out.
Ⅲ.课文缩写语法填空
Scientists have reached consensus1.that human beings are causing globalwarming. They claim that it 2.is_seen (see) as a danger and is relevant 3.to_ our lives.
4．Global (globe) warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature that, in return, leads 5.to climate change. Over the last 100 years, plenty of carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere every year and the temperature has increased 6.by 1°F. And this will cause 7.terrible (terribly) climate changes. Governments all over the world have a 8.responsibility (responsible) to take action to prevent this 9.from going on. And a lot of things can be recycled 10.to_save (save) natural resources.
Ⅳ.完形填空
Barbara was driving her six-year-old son, Benjamin, to his piano lesson on the highway. They were late and Barbara was __1__ tired. She had worked extra shifts as a night __2__ nurse. The sleet (雨夹雪) storm and icy roads__3__ her tension. She was thinking of turning around at once.
Suddenly a car ahead of them lost control on a patch of ice and crashed __4__ into a telephone pole. The impact was horrible.
Barbara pulled onto the road's shoulder. Thank God she was a nurse — her skill might make a __5__ in the fate of these __6__ passengers! But what about Ben? Little boys __7__ see scenes like this. But was it__8__ to leave him alone? What if their car was __9__ from behind, or a stranger__10__ him? For a brief moment, Barbara decided to go on her way. “Ben, honey, __11__ me you'll stay in the car！” she cried over her shoulder.
“I will, Mommy，” she heard him say __12__ she ran, slipping and sliding, toward the crash site.
It was __13__ than she had feared. Two high-school-aged girls had been in the car. One, the blonde on the passenger side was dead. The driver, however, was unconscious. Barbara quickly __14__ pressure to the wound in the teenager's head while her practiced eyes ran over the other__15__. A broken leg, maybe two, along with probable internal damage. But if help came, this girl would live. The ambulance arrived. “Good job，” one rescue worker said, __16__ he examined the driver. “You probably saved her life, Ma'am.”
As Barbara walked back to her car a feeling of__17__ overwhelmed her, especially for the family of the passenger who had died. But what should she tell Ben?
“Mom，” he __18__，“did you see it？”
“See what, honey？” she asked.
“The angel, Mom! He came down from the sky. And he opened the door, and he took that girl out.” Barbara's eye, were filling with tears, “Which door, Ben？” “The __19__ side.”
Later Barbara was able to meet the families of the victims. They expressed their __20__ for the help she had provided. Barbara was able to give them something more: Ben's vision.
语篇解读：本文主要讲了一位母亲开车载着儿子去上钢琴课的路上发生的事情。
1．A.uncommonly　　B．commonly
C．unusually D．usually
解析：选C　第三句说她上额外的夜班，因此是“不同寻常地”累。
2．A.class B．work
C．school D．duty
解析：选D　night duty“夜班”。
3．A.added to B．made up
C．added D．brought up
解析：选A　add to“增加，增添”；make up“构成，组成，弥补，化妆”；add“加”；bring up“提出，养大”。
4．A.front B．forward
C．backward D．sideways
解析：选D　电话亭应在路边，故用sideways。
5．A.help B．devotion
C．contribution D．difference
解析：选D　make a difference“产生不同，起作用”。
6．A.fortunate B．unfortunate
C．strange D．familiar
解析：选B　unfortunate“不幸的”，符合语境。
7．A.shouldn't B．can't
C．wouldn't D．couldn't
解析：选A　根据上下文选shouldn't“不应该”。
8．A.safe B．necessary
C．fit D．sure
解析：选A　把他一个人留在车里应是“是否安全”。
9．A.stolen B．beat
C．hit D．broken
解析：选C　被车撞，用hit。
10．A.approached B．stolen
C．struck D．robbed
解析：选A　approach“接近”。
11．A.tell B．reply
C．answer D．promise
解析：选D　由“I will, Mommy”可知此处意为“答应我待在车里”。
12．A.before B．as
C．after D．on
解析：选B　as“随着”。
13．A.lucky B．more dangerous
C．worse D．better
解析：选C　由下文一个女孩已死亡可知情况比Barbara担心的还要糟。
14．A.pulled B．put
C．set D．applied
解析：选D　apply pressure“施加压力”。
15．A.scars B．injuries
C．death D．harms
解析：选B　交通事故造成的伤害用injury。
16．A.before B．after
C．since D．as
解析：选D　as表示两个动作同时进行，“一边……一边……”。
17．A.harm B．achievement
C．sadness D．tiredness
解析：选C　由下文“especially for the family ...”可知用sadness。
18．A.whispered B．shouted
C．yelled D．repeated
解析：选A　whisper“低声说”，用于此处最恰当。
19．A.driver B．stranger
C．passenger D．passer-by
解析：选C　由第五段第三句可知。
20．A.gratitude B．admiration
C．help D．benefits
解析：选A　对于帮助应该表示感谢，即gratitude。
Ⅴ.阅读理解
United Nations Climate Change Conference
The U．N. Climate Change Conference opened in Copenhagen, Denmark on Dec. 7th with some 15,000 delegates and observers from nearly 200 countries attending what is called the last best chance for an agreement to combat (与……战斗) global warming.
Their aim is to find common ground, including on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, promotion and transfer of new more eco-friendly technology and the necessary funding to make this possible, especially for the less developed and poorer nations. It also means coming up with long term vision and cooperation for the future.
Most scientists believe the warming trend is mainly caused by human activity, especially the use of fossil fuels (矿物燃料) and the cutting down of forests. Skeptics (怀疑论者) say global warming is part of a natural cycle of climate change.
In Copenhagen, experts and officials alike are putting the emphasis on what people and governments can do to cut the emission of greenhouse gases.
Scientists say a 25 to 40 percent cut in carbon-dioxide emissions is needed to control global warming. The European Union, China, and India have already pledged (保证) reductions. The United States is waiting for Congressional (国会的) approval for a proposal put forward by the Obama administration.
Barack Obama, President of the United States said, “Each of us must do what we can when we can to grow our economies without endangering our planet — and we must
all do it together. We must seize the opportunity to make Copenhagen a significant step forward in the global fight against climate change.”
Desmond Tutu, Archbishop of South Africa said, “Worldwide, we have the chance to start turning the tide of climate change, but only if all governments commit themselves to a fair, binding (有约束力的) and sustainable climate agreement in Copenhagen.”
语篇解读：本文主要讲了哥本哈根气候大会的相关情况。
1．From the first paragraph we can infer that ________.
A．people think that this conference is of no use
B．this conference is the last one to be held about the climate change
C．before this conference some countries fight against each other
D．people expect a final agreement will be achieved
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“... the last best chance for an agreement to combat (与……战斗) global warming.”可知D项正确。
2．Which is NOT included in the aim of this conference?
A．To reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases.
B．To develop the agriculture and industry of the developed countries.
C．To cooperate with each other for the future.
D．To transfer new more eco-friendly technology.
解析：选B　推理判断题。由第二段可知哥本哈根气候大会的主要目的中并没有发展发达国家的工业和农业。
3．Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The United States refuses to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
B．The European Union is waiting for a proposal put forward by Obama.
C．China and India have already agreed to cut carbon-dioxide emissions.
D．South Africa doesn't think much of this conference.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第五段提到的“The European Union, China, and India have already pledged (保证) reductions.”可知欧盟、中国和印度已经同意减少排放二氧化碳。
4．What is Obama's attitude according to his words?
A．Doubtful.　　　　　　B．Positive.
C．Negative. D．Regretful.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据奥巴马的讲话可知他的态度是“积极的”。