北师大版高中英语高考总复习：14总复习：冠词

高考总复习：冠词
真题再现：
1. (2019 浙江模拟)Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write children’s book for many years, but one thing or another always got in way.
A. a；不填 B. the；the C.不填；the D. a；the
答案：D。句意：多年来，简的奶奶想写一本有关于儿童的书，但总是被这样或那样的原因阻碍了。第一个空使用不定冠词表泛指，第二个in the way 是固定搭配，意为挡道或阻碍。定冠词用于特指或者是固定搭配，不定冠词用于泛指。
2. The development of industry has been_______ gradual process throughout _______ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.
A. 不填, the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. a; a
答案：C。第一空process是可数名词，第一次出现一般用不定冠词，且此次表示“一个”的概念；第二空existence是不可数名词，其此处表示抽象概念，故用零冠词。
3. （2019重庆模拟）I just heard ____ bank where Dora works was robbed by____ gunman wearing a mask.
A. the; / B. a; / C. the; a D. a; the
答案：C。此题考查的知识点是冠词。bank后有定语从句修饰，表特指，gunman普通名词，表泛指。故C正确。
4. Sam has been appointed _______ manager of the engineering department to take ____ place of George.
A. /, / B. the, / C. the; the D. /, the
答案：D。句意：Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。表示官衔职务的名词作补语和同位语时，前不加冠词。而第二个空白处为固定短语“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”之意。因此，正确答案为D选项。
5. （2019陕西模拟）________ more learned a man is, _________ more modest be usually become.
A. The ; the B. A; a C. The ; a D. A; the
答案：A。句意：一个人越有学识，他就越可能更谦虚，使用the +比较级+主谓， the +比较级+主谓的句型，所以选A.
6. Being able to afford _______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a
答案：B。a drink意为：一杯饮料；第二空中的a comfort意为：一件令人安慰的事。句意：在那些艰难的岁月里，能买得起一杯饮料是一种莫大的安慰。
7. He missed _______gold in the high jump, but will get ______second chance in the long jump.
A. the; the B. 不填；a C. the; a D. a; 不填
答案：C。第一空特指“跳高的金牌”。第二空泛指又有了一次机会。句意：他在跳高中与金牌失之交臂。但他在跳远中还有机会。a second表示“还有，再有”的意思。而the second表示的是“第二次”的意思。
8. （2019 四川模拟） Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be ___________ Beethoven.
A. a B. an C. the D.不填
答案：A。像名人一类的人或者用名人代替其作品，要在其名字前加上不定冠词a/an，表示“一类人中的一个”。句意：Brian有音乐创作天赋，他很有可能成为像贝多芬一类的人物。
语法讲解
高考考查重点：
1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法；定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法；
2.冠词在固定搭配中的用法，包括零冠词（即不用冠词）表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法；
　　3.不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法；
　　4.冠词在比较级前的用法；
　　5.冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法；
6.用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语。
不定冠词的重点用法
【冠词】
1. a用于半元音（辅音）a university, a uniform, a usual thing, an umbrella, an hour, an honor, an honest man
注意下列字母前用an：s, h, x, m, f, r
There is an “s” in the word skill.
It took me half an hour to finish the task.
2. 抽象名词具体化：success, surprise, pity, honor, smoke
It’s a pity that you cannot come.
You are a success.
What a surprise to see you here!
It’s an honor to be here to talk with you.
3. 不可数名词前表一份、一杯、一阵、一种：a coffee/tea/fog/rain/snow/wind
There was a heavy rain during the night.
Two teas, please.
There is a wind shaking the window.
4. 序数词前加不定冠词表示“又一”：a second, a third
Do it a second time, and I’m sure you will succeed.
5. 表“某一”(a certain):
A Mr. Smith wants to see you.
A boy is waiting for you.
He has just come back from a Beijing factory.
6. a most
Beijing is a most beautiful city in the world.■
7.不定冠词用于单数可数名词前表示身份、职业，尤其用在作表语或宾语补足语的名词前。
She is a high school teacher. Her name is Li Fang.
The Whites wanted their daughter to be a musician.
注意：独一无二的职位名词在句中做表语、补语和同位语时，一般不用冠词，但是如果做了句子的主语或是宾语时候，要在前面加冠词。
He is captain of the team.
Zhang Fei, monitor of their class, is good at English.
The manager of the company is good at communication.
8. 表示“同一”，相当于the same。即：be + of + a/an + n = be + of + the same + n
? The two boys are of an age.
? Cotton of a kind was stored together in a house.
9. 不定冠词用在表示数量、长度、时间等的计数单位的名词前，表示“每一”。
? We have three meals a day.?
They met each other once a month.
? The car moved 100 miles an hour.
? The envelopes are one yuan a dozen.
? Emily goes to see her grandmother twice a week.
10. 用于许多惯用短语中
have a cold感冒； have a rest 休息； have a quarrel争吵；
have a fever发烧； have a toothache 头疼； have a dance跳舞；
have a look 看看； have a word with sb.同某人谈话；have a try 试一下； have a good time 玩得高兴；have a good sleep 好好睡一觉；go for a walk 散步； take a bath 洗澡； tell a lie 撒谎； wait a moment 等一会；
with a light heart 愉快地；with a smile 微笑着； with an effort 努力地；
as a result 因此； once in a while 偶尔； for a moment =for a while 一会儿； make a face 做鬼脸； in a hurry 匆忙地； do sb. a favour 帮某人忙；
take an active part in 积极参加； at a time 每次； as a whole 作为整体；
all of a sudden 突然； once upon a time 从前； in a word 总之
注意：
有一部分不可数名词当表示具体的概念时可以在其前加a，表示“一个……的人”或“一件……的事”，如：success做“成功”讲时是不可数名词，但a success指一个成功的人/一件成功的事。但是也有一些不可数名词不论其前有无形容词，也不论译为什么意思其前都不能加不定冠词，如work, fun, information, weather, news, advice, progress等。但是这些词汇当表示特指的意思时可以在前面加定冠词the。如：the weather of Beijing

定冠词the的重点用法
1. 用在表示方向、方位的名词前。
? The birds are flying to the north.
? He stood at the back of the door.
注意：方位词用作副词时前不用任何冠词，如fly south; turn right；方位词成对使用构成平行结构时，不用定冠词。
? The river is two thousand kilometers long from west to east.
? They traveled through the country from south to north.
2. 用在乐器名词前，表示演奏；但乐器名词表示具体的器物，或表示课程时，不加the。
? She can play the piano.
? He plays the violin very well.
? He played the guitar for the children.
? He bought a piano last month.
? She taught piano in the school.
3. 用在表示计算单位的名词前，即：by + the +n 含有“每，每一”的意思。
? Jim is paid by the hour.
? Eggs are sold by the kilogram.
注意：by +weight中的weight前不加任何冠词；另外，“in +复数名词”也可以表示按什么计量，be measured in meters（按米测量）
4. 动词(hit, pull, pat, strike, catch, hold, take, lead)+sb.+介词(in, on, by, across)+the +身体部位或衣着。
? She touched him on the shoulder.
? He took the girl by the hand.
? He hit her on the nose.
注意：在这一句型中要注意两点：介词的选择；the不可以换为one’s.
5. 用在表示自然现象的名词前。如：the rain 雨，the wind 风, the fog 雾，the snow 雪, the air 空气, the storm 风暴，the snowstorm 暴风雪
Don’t stand in the rain.
? The wind blew down the trees.
? The rain has cleaned the air.
?注意：这类名词前有形容词修饰时，可用不定冠词，表示“一场，一阵，一种”; 表示一般物质时，不用冠词。
A cold wind is blowing from the north.
? There was a heavy rain last night.
? A heavy snow is falling outside.
Rain falls in summer; snow falls in winter.
6. 用在某些习惯用语中
for the most part 大多数； by the way 顺便说一下； all the time 始终
in the middle of 在中间； go to the concert/cinema/theater 去听音乐会/看电影/看戏
at the moment当时，此刻； all the year round 一年到头；on the one hand 一方面；
on the other hand 另一方面；in the afternoon/morning/night 在下午、上午、晚上；
in the year 2008 在2008年；all the same 依然； on the whole 总之；
at the same time 同时； the other day 在不久前某天；at the bottom of 在……底部；
in the end 终于； in the daytime 白天
下面几个短语前不加定冠词：at dawn 在黎明；at night 在晚上；at noon 在正午； at dusk 在黄昏
零冠词的重点用法
1. 名词前有指示代词，物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰,不用冠词.
I like this picture better. Is that your book？
As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.
2. turn用作系动词(变成)后的单数名词作表语时用零冠词，对比“become +a + n”。
? His brother has turned writer.
? Did he become a scientist?
3. 用在“表示类型的名词(kind/sort/type)+of...”这一结构后的单数名词用零冠词。
The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.
4.“零冠词+单数可数名词+as/though+主语+谓语，+主句”意为“虽然/尽管，但是”。
?Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
5.在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。
arm in arm手挽手； hand in hand手牵手；side by side肩对肩; day and day日日夜夜; young and old老老少少; from door to door挨门挨户; from beginning to end从头到尾; from morning till night从早到晚
类别的表示方式：
表示类别有三种方式：a(n)+单数名词、the+单数名词、零冠词+复数名词
但是这三种方法各有侧重：
? the 指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的。
? The compass was invented in China, but the computer was not.
? a(n)侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。
? A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across.
?不用冠词的复数名词侧重指类别的许多个体。
? Children usually start walking around the age of one.
? Do you like horses?
? 在类指时如何使用冠词要根据所要表达内容的具体情况而定。
? The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
(不能说A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.濒临灭绝指的是整个虎类，而不是任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险。)
序数词前的冠词使用规律。
定冠词用在序数词前，也用在表示序列的next, last等前。
The first man to land on the moon is an American.
This may be the last chance.
注意：
the+ last +n 有两种含义：“最后一个”和“最不可能或最不乐意”。
He is the last person to say such words.
He is the last person I wanted to see.
“不定冠词+序数词”，表示“又一，再一”。
Can you give me a second chance, please?(a second chance=another chance)
We played two draws(平局) the other day, but when I tried a third time, I was beaten.
(a third time不是有计划地从前两次排下来的。)
数词表示名次时, 前面一般不用任何冠词
Zhou Lan was first. / Zhou Lan came out first.
He came first in the race.
姓氏及人名前的冠词使用情况
“a/an ＋姓氏单数”表示某家族的一个成员。
His wife is a Kennedy. = His wife is a member of the Kennedy family.
“a/an ＋作家、画家的姓氏单数”表示其作品。
Have you got a complete Lu Xun? ＝ Have you got a set of Lu Xun's complete works？
“a/an ＋姓氏单数”表示“某个叫……的人”、“某位姓……的人”。说话人只知道其姓氏，不知道名字，或者是说话人内心有所指，但又不十分明确或者是说话人有意隐瞒。例如：
Our music teacher is a Miss White.
“a/an ＋姓＋名”表示与该人（多指名人）有类似性格特征的人，可译成“一个像……一样的人”、“一个和……相似的人”。
Only a Lu Xun (＝ a great writer like Lu Xun) could have written that.
He is a Lei Feng in our class.
“the + 姓氏单数”表示特指“某位姓……的人”，常用来区别同姓的两个或两个以上的人。
I don't refer to the Lao Wang who works in this company.
“the ＋姓氏复数”表示某一家人，或一家人中的夫妻俩、姐妹俩、兄弟俩。此结构在句中作主语时，谓语动词为复数形式。
The Greens are at table.
要注意下列特殊情况：
农历节日前用the：the Spring Festival; the Mid-autumn Festiva
在河流、海洋、山川、海岛、海峡、沙漠等专有名词前，以及用于由普通名词构成(或含有普通名词)的专有名词如国名、地名、团体、机构、党派、报纸、杂志、事件、建筑物等前用the。
the Yellow River 黄河 the Red Sea 红海
the Indian Ocean 印度洋 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
the Sahara (Desert) 撒哈拉大沙漠 the United States 美国
the Times 泰晤士报 the Great Wall长城
the Great Cultural Revolution 文化大革命 the New York Times纽约时报
地名前用a 可以表示具有和该地名同样特征的另一地方。
As is known to us all, Suzhou is a Venice in China.
名词前有无冠词有很大区别的用法对比：
at table 在进餐；at the table 在桌子旁边
at desk 在读书；at the desk 在课桌旁
at school 在上学；at the school 在学校里
by sea 乘船；by the sea 在海边
in class 在上课；in the class 在班级里面
in bed 卧床；in the bed 在床上
in prison 坐牢；in the prison （因事）在监狱
in hospital 住院；in the hospital （因事）在医院
go to school 去上学；go to the school （因事）去学校
go to sea 当水手； go to the sea 去海边
go to bed 上床睡觉；go to the bed 在床上
go to church去做礼拜；go to the church 去教堂里
go to hospital 去看病；go to the hospital 去医院
take place 发生；take the place 代替
in place of 代替；in the place of 在……的地方
in case of 万一；in the case of 就……来说
out of question 毫无疑问；out of the question 完全不可能
sb. be in charge of sth. 某人负责某事物；sth. be in the charge of sb. 某事物由某人掌管
冠词在句中的特殊位置：
在通常情况下，冠词总是放在被修饰和说明的名词之前，若名词前带有定语修饰语，冠词则放在相应的定语之前。但是当名词前的修饰语涉及以下词语时，情况会比较特殊：
1. such/what +a + adj + n
This hospital is a pattern of what a good hospital should be.
2. how/ however/ so/ too/ as+ adj + a + n
She could not forgive so terrible an insult to her pride.
He has too mild a nature to get angry, even if he has good cause.
3. rather/ quite a + n
若单数可数名词前有rather, quite 修饰，则不定冠词必须常放在这些词之后。
Your daughter is quite a beauty.

并列名词中冠词的省略:
前有后无型（前一名词带冠词，后一名词无冠词的情况）：
用and 或or连接的两词表示同类或同一行业的人，而不致发生混淆时，后一名词前的冠词常承前省略
Can we have a medical examination without a doctor or nurse in the room?
两名词指同一个人时，后名前冠词必须省略。
The poet and writer called at the editorial department of English Pictorial last week.
相连两物为一整体时，后名前冠词省略；如果分用两个冠词，意义稍有不同：
I did buy a watch and chain yesterday.（我昨天确实买了一块带链子的手表。）
I did buy a watch and a chain yesterday.（我昨天确实买了一块表和一条表链。）
类似“配对出现”的词组还有：a knife and fork一副刀叉；a cup and saucer一套杯碟；a horse and cart一辆车马；a lock and key一把带钥匙的锁；a needle and thread一根穿了线的针；a coat and tie一件配有领带的上衣
前后均无型（前后冠词都可省略的情况）：
相对应的两名词：The relations between parent and child are excellent.
类似的词组有：husband and wife；father and son；cause and effect；solids or liquids
相关的两名词连用，尤其在谚语中：
Pen and ink is wit’s plough. （笔墨是开发才智之利器。）
Time and tide wait for no man. (岁月不待人。)
称呼语中：boys and girls；ladies and gentlemen
固定习语中：day and night；heart and soul；truth and honesty
前后冠词都不能省略的情况：
连用的名词具有不同的概念，或表示选择的概念时，冠词均不可省略
They had walked a day and a night before they reached the front.
连用的名词具有相同的概念，但具有不同的修饰语：a light ball and a heavy ball
前后名词的冠词不相同时：
A lady and the writer wrote the novel together.（一位女士和这位作家合写了这部小说。）
冠词的用法记忆口诀：
the口诀：专有与限制，互知已提及；
a/an口诀：单一每一和任一，抽象名词变具体；
零冠词口诀：不数复数表泛指，称呼职务和头衔。
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. (2019 陕西省西安地区八校高三下学期联考)When you finish reading the novel, you will have _____ better understanding of ______ society．
A．a; the B．the; a C．不填; the D．a; 不填
2. —John has put forward _______ most challenging question for us to answer.
—Yes, it really is. I have never heard _______ harder one.
A. the; 不填 B. 不填; the C. the; the D. a; a
3. （2019 重庆市巴蜀中学高三下学期第二次模拟考试）—Why are you so crazy about music?
—Because I can always find in music _____ peace that is missing in _____ world full of challenges.
A. the; a B. the;/ C. /; a D. /; the
4. The market for ______ used computers is getting larger and larger as______ years go on.
A. 不填, 不填 B. the, 不填 C. the, the D. 不填, the
5. “Charley Oakley, ______ NBA All-star, hasn’t missed ______ game in the past three years.” “I can hardly believe it.”
A. an; the B. a; the C. the; a D. an; a
6. In the market, vegetables are sold by _______ kilogram, I mean, by _______ weight.
A. the; 不填 B. 不填; 不填 C. the; the D.不填；the
7. Many people agree that ______ knowledge of English is a must in _______ international trade today.
A. the, an B. a, 不填 C. the, the D. 不填, the
8. The cakes are delicious. I’d like to have _______ third one as _______ second one I ate was too small.
A. the, the B. a, the C. the, a D. a, a
9. ________ England of those years was _______ England in peace.
A. 不填, 不填 B. The, an C. The, 不填 D. 不填, an
10. — Did you happen to see _______ black and _______ white cat?
— Are they missing? I told you to take care of them.
A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; the
11. —“Do you know ______ English for ‘帅哥’?”
—“I’m afraid I don’t. I’m not interested in _______ English language.”
A. the, the B. the, 不填 C. 不填, the D. 不填, 不填
12. I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was ______ Sunday because everybody was at ______ church.
A. a, the B. a, 不填 C. 不填, a D. 不填, 不填
13. Which person do you refer to, the one with ______ long hair or the one with _______ long beard?
A. a, a B. 不填，不填 C. a, 不填 D. 不填，a
14. I once watched _______ one-act play, which was played by _______ 11-year-old boy.
A. a, a B. an, an C. a, an D. an, a
15. —Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.
—Is it _____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a
16. —Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.
—Is it _____ black one? I found it in the corner.
A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a
17. —Have you seen _______ new bike? I put it here just now.
—Is it _______ white one? A boy has ridden it away.
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; the D. the; a
18. My friend Mary is _____ beautiful girl and _____ girl everyone likes to work with.
A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the
19. Who do you think will take ____ office next month and become ____ president of that country?
A. the; a B. a; / C. the; the D. /; /
20. The party was ____ success. We sang and danced until it came to ____ end at midnight.
A. a; an B. a; the C. the; an D. /; an
二、完形填空
（2019北京模拟）阅读下面短文， 掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲该项 涂黑。
A Welcome Gift
Dario and his mother loved their new apartment. The living room was large enough for their piano. That night, the two of them 1 side by side at the piano. They played jazz music to celebrate their new home. The loud 2 filled the room and made them feel very happy.
The next morning, 3 , their happiness disappeared. Someone had left a 4 under their door during the night. One of their neighbor had written to complain(抱怨) about the sound of the piano. Dario’s mother asked the building superintendent (管理员) if he knew anything about it. But he said that they were all 5 people and he couldn’t imagine any of them had done that. Later that morning, Dario suggested that they write a letter to their 6 and apologize for their playing.
“Maybe we could go and 7 everyone in person.” his mother said.
“What if we invited them to come here for a 8 instead? Dario asked.
They both loved the 9 . Over the next few days, they sent out invitations and prepared desserts 10 their guests. They decorated the apartment with streamers(彩带) and party lights.
Finally, the day of the party 11 . Some guests brought presents. Others brought flowers. Some even brought desserts to 12 . One woman, Mrs. Gilbert, 13 Dario’s mother with a book of piano music by Chopin.
“I heard you playing the other night,” she said. “The sounds woke me out of bed. I 14 that you might play like this every night. So I wrote a short note. I hope you don’t think I disliked the playing.”
Dario’s mother smiled at Mrs. Gilbert. “I think maybe we 15 you an apology.” she said. “I didn’t 16 how late it was when we were playing. Maybe we should play some quieter music at night.
“You play, you play!” Mrs. Gilbert said. “I like what you play! Just not so loud at night.” She pointed to the book she had given them. “These songs are not such 17 music.”
“These songs are beautiful music.” Dario’s mother said. “We will be 18 to play them in the evening.”
“And we won’t play so loud or late!” Dario said. He was already looking forward to 19 the new music. More than that, however, he was happy to see the big smile on his mother’s face. It gave him a feeling of 20 and made him feel that they were home at last.
1. A. sat B. stood C. lay D. walked
2. A. voice B. ring C. music D. cry
3. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. instead
4. A. note B. poster C. bill D. report
5. A. proud B. rich C. lucky D. nice
6. A. neighbors B. friends C. relatives D. audience
7. A. blame B. instruct C. question D. visit
8. A. party B. concert C. show D. play
9. A. experience B. idea C. performance D. action
10. A. to B. with C. for D. from
11. A. continued B. arrived C. passed D. finished
12. A. order B. sell C. share D. advertise
13. A. treated B. presented C. helped D. served
14. A. promised B. admitted C. agreed D. worried
15. A. give B. send C. offer D. owe
16. A. realize B. remember C. understand D. accept
17. A. sweet B. strange C. funny D. loud
18. A. brave B. sorry C. happy D. afraid
19. A. changing B. practicing C. recording D. writing
20. A. equality B. freedom C. warmth D. sympathy
三、阅读理解
阅读下面短文，从题中所给的四个选项（A, B, C和D）中选择正确的答案。
What is politeness? This sounds like a simple question. In daily life, we often make judgments about what is polite and what is not polite. For example, to offer your seat to the elderly on a bus is considered polite behavior, and to interrupt when someone is talking is considered impolite; to greet someone the first time you meet him in the morning is polite and to stand up to reach for the dish you want at a dinner table is impolite. So politeness can first of all be regarded as a phenomenon, an observable social phenomenon.
What I would like to propose is that as an observable social phenomenon, politeness is something superficial, but to account for what is understood at the surface, we should dig into the depth where different cultural values are rooted.
When being complimented (赞美), an English-speaking person would readily accept the compliment by saying something like "Thank you" to show his appreciation of the praise, but a Chinese speaker would try to deny the truth of the compliment. They both think they are behaving properly. Yet neither of them would think the other is being polite. The English speaker is being polite to the extent that by accepting and showing appreciation of the compliment, and he avoids hurting the positive face of the person who makes it; the Chinese speaker is showing modesty by denigrating himself, ignoring the fact of the compliment paid to him. As has been mentioned, self-denigration has been at the core of the Chinese understanding of politeness for over two thousand years. The Chinese, in order to show modesty, will go to such lengths as to underrate what he himself has achieved and deny the truth of a complimentary remark.
1. According to the first paragraph, politeness can be briefly described as_____.
A. proper social phenomena B. being modest
C. showing appreciation D. an observable social phenomenon
2. In the author's opinion, the nature of politeness lies in ________.
A. something superficial B. what is understood at the surface
C. different cultural values D. the root of different thoughts
3. The underlined word "denigrate" in the passage means ________.
A. appreciate B. deny C. ignore D. compliment
4. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Chinese speakers dislike being complimented.
B. English-speaking people are reluctant to accept compliment.
C. Chinese tend to show politeness and modesty by denying the truth of praise.
D. Chinese people think highly o f British politeness while English people think poorly of Chinese politeness.
5. What’s the author’s attitude towards Chinese politeness?
A. Approving. B. Objective. C. Optimistic. D. Critical
四、短文改错
(2019 届江西省南昌市十所省重点中学高三二模突破冲刺)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Online shopping is increasing popular among people in recent years. Some people liked to buy goods online. And I don’t like it, because online shopping is less reliable than the traditional sale. Firstly, some dishonest merchant offer consumers to false information online. Secondly, consumers can’t feel the items usually present by means of pictures. This means the items delivered may differ from which consumers expect. As a result, they may risk returning the /items at our own expense. Thirdly, the items might damaged during deliver.
五、语法填空
(1)
It seems that the old tradition of children getting a bedtime story before sleeping is disappearing in Britain. A new study shows that around a third of parents do not read bedtime stories to their children. The study by Littlewoods.com also finds that up 1 50 per cent of children would prefer to watch TV or play computer games than be read a story. Researchers further discovered that five per cent of British children under seven do not even own 2 book. Parents came up with 3 (vary) reasons why they did not read to their little ones. The researchers questioned hundreds of parents, thirteen per cent of 4 blamed a lack of time. Besides, some parents said their children were simply not interested.
The researchers 5 (work) with British pop star Natasha Hamilton to try and change this since last month. They have launched a bedtime story-writing 6 (compete) for children under seven. Ms Hamilton said, “I’m really excited to see all the different story ideas and can’t wait to see 7 the kids come up with. 8 (choose) a winner is not going to be easy.” She spoke about her own joy 9 a mother in reading bedtime stories, saying, “I have three kids. I know just how enjoyable reading bedtime stories to my kids is.” A spokesman from Littlewoods.com said, “We appreciate how important 10 is for parents and kids to spend quality time together, and bedtime stories are a great way to do just this.”
(2)
Nowadays, many cities are suffering from smog, the short form of smoke and fog. It is especially harmful to children, seniors, pregnant women, smokers and people 1 lung or heart problems.
An important component (成分) of smog is ground-level ozone (地面臭氧). Actually, ozone that is formed naturally in the atmosphere 2 (protect) life from the sun’s damaging rays. At ground level, however, ozone hurts people’s eyes, nose, and throat, which can make 3 more difficult for the body to fight against an 4 (infect). When the amount of ground-level ozone increases, so does 5 number of emergency-room visits.
The other component is fine particulate matter (细颗粒物). The 6 (small) the particle (particulate matter 2.5, PM2.5), the more dangerous it can be. When people take in ozone and particulates from the air, both the blood flow 7 the oxygen supply to the heart will be reduced.
With such unhealthy air quality, some simple ways are recommended for you 8 (reduce) higher risk of health problems. On smoggy days, spend less time outdoors. If you have to get outside, close all your windows 9 you go out. Besides, roll up the windows of 10 car if you are driving.
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. 答案：D。句意：当你读完这部小说时，你将会对这个社会有一个更好的理解。society是抽象名词不加冠词；have a better understanding of对……有一个更好的理解。故选D。
2. D。第一空后的most不是构成最高级，而是表示“很”、“十分”，故其前用a；第二空也填a，该句为 I have never heard a harder one than this one 的省略。3. 答案：A；句意：为什么你对音乐如此着迷；因为我能从音乐里在充满挑战的世界里找到平和；第一个空表示特指，故用the。第二个空表示泛指，故用a.
4. A。used computers 与 years 均为复数名词表示泛指意思，其前不用冠词。
5. D。NBA中的 N 读音为 [en]，即前面一个音为元音，故填an不填a；第二空填a表泛指，泛指任何一场比赛。6. A。介词by表示“以…计”时，若后接单数可数名词，其前要用定冠词，如：by the week 按周，按星期 / by the ton 按吨 / by the yard 按码 / by the meter 按米；若后接抽象名词，则通常不用冠词，如：by volume 按体积 / by weight 按重量。7. B。knowledge 虽为不可数名词，但其前却可用不定冠词，表示某种程度的知识，有类似some的意思；第二空不填冠词，是因为trade 为不可数名词，表示泛指时不用冠词。8. B。序数词前通常用定冠词，表示特指（如第一空）；有时也用不定冠词，表示原有数量上的增加（如第一空）。9. B。原则上说，专有名词前不用冠词，但在些特殊情况下也可用冠词。此题第一空填定冠词，表特指，即指“那时的英国”；第二空填不定冠词，表示具有某种特征。10. C。Are they missing? 中的代词they 是一个很重要的信息词，它表明上文中的 _______ black and _______ white cat 是两只猫而不是一只猫，所以C。the black and white cat 可视为 the black cat and the white cat 之省略。若选A，则表示“一只黑白相间的猫”。
11. A。在英语中，表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下可用冠词。
当语言名词表特指意义，其前可用定冠词。
The English spoken in America and Canada is a little different from that spoken in England.
当语言名词表示某一语言中的对应词时，其前要用定冠词。如：
What’s the English for this?
当在语言名词后加上 language一词时，也要用冠词。如：
There have been many changes in the history of the English language.
12. B。在通常情况下星期名词前不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下还是可以用冠词的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠词；表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义等，其前可用不定冠词。
13. D。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同：hair可用作可数或不可数名词，用作可数名词时，指一根一根的毛发或头发，如说 There’s a hair in my soup (我的汤里有根头发)；用作不可数名词（集合名词）时，则是整体地指一个人的头发。比较：
He has gray hairs. 他有几根白发了。
He has gray hair. 他满头白发了。
而beard 则通常只用作可数名词，且指的是一个人所有的胡须，而不是指一根胡须，它的复数形式，通常是指多个人的胡须，而不是指多根胡须。
He no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡须。
Not all men grow beards. 并不是所有的男人都留胡须。
14. C。第一空填 a，因为 one-act的第一个音是辅音不是元音；第二空填an，是因为 11的英文第一个音是元音不是辅音。
15. C。第一空填a，比较好理解；而第二空填a是因为此句中的one并非指前面提到的pen，即这里的one与前面的pen并非同一事物，这从后面一句的I think I saw it somewhere 可以清楚地知道。
16. A。请注意其后 I found it in the corner这一信息，它表明说明者是拿着笔在与对方说话。
17. A，注意其后的 A boy has ridden it away表明自行车已不在说话者身旁。
18. A。句中第二次提到 girl 时并不是特指的，此句实为一省略句，补充完整为 My friend Mary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with.
19. D。第一空take office为固定短语，意思为"上台，当权、执政"，名词office前不用任何冠词；第二空president表示独一无二职务的名词，用作表语、补足语、宾语、同位语，在此用作表语，前面不用冠词。
20. A。第一空抽象名词success在此具体化，代指 the party，意思为“一次成功的晚会”。 故应该用不定冠词a限定；第二空come to an end为固定短语，意思为"结束"。答案A。
二、完形填空
本篇完型为记叙文，讲述了一对母子搬入新家后非常高兴，在深夜弹起钢琴庆祝，但打扰了周围邻居。邻居留言抱怨投诉，母子为了弥补过失，为邻居们办了一场派对来缓和邻里关系，并得到邻居们的谅解。
1. A。根据后文内容在钢琴旁边弹琴的环节，可知应该是坐在钢琴旁边弹奏，故选A。
2. C。考察前文细节“jazz music”的原词复现，是音乐充满了房间。故选C。
3. B。通过上一段的欢乐幸福气氛和下文的幸福一下子disappeared的强烈对比可知，本处需要一个逻辑关系为转折的副词，故选B。
4. A。本题有同义词复现，通过文章倒数第5段处得知，是由Mrs. Gilbert留了一张字条，故选A。
5. D。主人公想向管理员咨询，哪一位邻居可能是那位留言的抱怨者，由转折词But可知管理者也并不能指出，由此可知大家通常都是通情达理的，故选D。
6. A。全文的线索是主人公和周围邻居的关系，故选A。
7. D。由上文可知，母子两人对于扰民之事十分抱歉，想要去道歉，因此“指责”、“指导”和“质问”都不符合语境，故选D。
8. A。由后文可知母子为解决此事办了一场派对，并邀请了邻居们，故选A。
9. B。此题可排除得知，母子打算办派对，是他们的想法，而不是经历、表演表现或行为。故选B。
10. C。母子办派对，准备了甜点是为了招待客人们，介词for有表“为了”的含义，故选C。
11. B。根据上文，他们举办了一次聚会，准备许久，这一天终于到来了，故选B。
12. C。order 命令，点菜；sell 买；share 分享；advertise 做广告。根据本句话的意思：甚至有人带了甜点来分享，故选C。
13. B。treat 招待，治疗；present 呈现；help 帮助；serve为……服务。根据本句话的意思：Mrs. Gilbert送给了Dario的妈妈一本音乐书，能表达出“送”这个动作的，就是present“呈现……，给……”，故选B。present的这种用法近年考查较多
14. D。根据题意，Mrs. Gilbert之所以留了一张抱怨小纸条是担心每天晚上都会这么吵，故选D。
15. D。固定搭配，owe sb. an apology 应该向某人道歉。故选D。
16. A。Dario的妈妈道歉说：我也没意识到当时那么晚了我们还在弹钢琴。应该选择“意识到”这个动词，故选A。realize在完型填空的出现频率非常高！
17. D。根据上一句：I like what you play! Just not so loud at night. 说明Mrs. Gilbert 不喜欢那么吵的音乐，因此她送了Dario的妈妈一本比较安静的音乐书，也就是不那么吵的音乐(not such loud music)。故选D。
18. C。通过上文：These songs are beautiful music, 说明Dario的妈妈很喜欢这些音乐，所以we will be happy to play them。故选C。
19. B。change变化；practice 练习，实践；记录；写作。根据题意，应该是练习音乐，故选B。
20. C。quality 品质；freedom 自由；warmth 温暖；sympathy 同情心；看本句话后半部分：and made him feel that they were home at last. 如在家中一样，那就应该感受到了温暖，故选C。
三、阅读理解
礼貌具有明显的文化特征。中国式礼貌的最大特点是“夫礼者，自卑而尊人”。现在这个礼貌准则中“卑”的成分逐渐被“自贬”和“自谦”取代。那么西方人的礼貌特点是怎么体现的呢？
D。 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句So politeness can first of all be regarded as a phenomenon, an observable social phenomenon. 可得知答案。
2. C。细节理解题。根据第二段...we should dig into the depth where different cultural values are rooted.可得知答案。
3. B。词义猜测题。根据后面ignoring the fact of the compliment paid to him.可知这里“denigrate”是“贬低”的意思。
4. C。细节理解题。根据第三段but a Chinese speaker would try to deny the truth of the compliment.以及the Chinese speaker is showing modesty by denigrating himself, ignoring the fact of the compliment paid to him. 可得知C选项正确。
5. B。作者意图题。作者只是客观地讲述了中国人和西方人的各自特点。
四、短文改错
本文讲述作者对于网络购物的三点质疑：
increasing—increasingly 考查副词。句意：网上购物正在快速地增长。修饰形容词popular可知用副词形式。
liked---like 考查动词的时态。整个文章用一般现在时来叙述。
And—But 考查连词。根据句意可知但是我并不喜欢，两个句子是转折关系。
merchant –merchants 考查名词的复数形式；根据some可知修饰可数名词的复数形式；
to去掉；考查动词的用法。offer sb. sth.提供某人某物。
present— presented 考查非谓语动词。句意：第二，顾客感觉物品以图片的形式呈现。过去分词做后置定语，用来修饰items。
which—what 考查宾语从句引导词；be different from与……不同，from是介词，后面接宾语从句，由what来引导。
our—their 考查代词。句意：结果，他们冒险退回了货物，自己来承担费用。
might后面加be 考查被动语态。be damaged被破坏。
deliver—delivery 考查名词。句意：第三，在快递期间物品可能损坏。
五、语法填空
(1)
为了让更多的家长为孩子读睡前故事，英国一家网站与流行歌手Natasha Hamilton联手举办了故事大赛。
1. to。此处是up to…的固定表达，意为“多达……”。
2. a。此处用不定冠词表泛指。
3. various。此处需填形容词，various意为“各种各样的”。
4. whom。根据句子结构可知，此处是“名词/数词/代词+of+whom”引导的非限定性定语从句。
5. have worked。根据句中时间状语since last month可知，此处应用现在完成时。
6. competition。此处需填名词competition，表示“比赛”。
7. what。what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语。
8. Choosing。此处用所给动词的动名词形式，在句中作主语。
9. as。根据下文Hamilton 说的话“I have three kids…”可知，她是以一个母亲的身份来分享自己的经验的，故此处填as，表“作为……”。
10. it。此处用it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是to spend quality time together。
(2)
近年来，雾霾天气在许多北方城市频繁发生。人们是否了解这种自然灾害？又该如何应对它呢？
1. with。此处是介词with结构，people with lung or heart problems意为“肺部或心脏有问题的人”。
2. protects。此处是陈述客观事实，需用一般现在时，填protects。
3. it。此处需要一个代词作形式宾语，指代后面的事情to fight against an infection，填it。
4. infection。根据本空前面的an可知，此处需要填名词infection，表“感染”。
5. the。此处考查固定表达the number of…，意为“……的数量”。
6. smaller。根据后文的the more dangerous可知，此处是“the+比较级，the+比较级”的结构，表“越……，就越……”，故填smaller。
7. and。both…and…为固定表达，故填and。至心脏的血流及氧气供应都将减少。
8. to reduce。此处需要用动词不定式表示目的，由于是主动含义，故填to reduce。
9. before。根据上下文逻辑可知，此处是指“在出门前，要关好所有的窗户”， 故填before。
10. your。根据后文的if you are driving可知，此处填形容词性物主代词your。