北师大版高中英语高考总复习：15总复习：名词（含答案解析）
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语法讲解-高考总复习：名词
真题再现：
1. （2019 安徽模拟）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.
A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority
2. （2019 浙江模拟） One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
A. production B. stress C. energy D. power
3.（2019 江苏模拟）Some schools will have to make ________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
4. （2019 江苏模拟）—Go and say sorry to your mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid Mom won’t be happy with my ________.
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
5. （2019 湖北模拟）When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.
6. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.
A. luck B. value C. time D. fact
7. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city.
A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand
8. My first ____ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
A. expression B. attention C. satisfaction D. impression
9. —Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well, you know, English is my _______. So it is my best choice.
A. strength B. talent C. ability D. skill
10. （2019 湖北模拟）He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out
11. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______.
A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
12. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______ in many parts of the city.
A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance
13. Always read the________ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions
14. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _____ of exercise.
A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand
15. This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.
A. division B. area C. range D. circle
16. （2019福建模拟）The failure was a big____________ to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. factor
1. 【解析】 C。本题考查的是名词的用法，A想法，B支持，C保护，D权力，职权，根据语意故选：C。
2. 【解析】B。句意：一种最有效的减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人谈谈你的想法。production意为“产品”，stress意为“压力”，energy意为“能源”，passive意为“力量”。根据常识可以知道，和别人谈心应该来说是减压。
3. 【解析】B。本题考察名词的基本用法，A判断，B调整C评论，D成就。根据语意选B。
4. 【解析】C。本题考察名词的意思，A请求，B借口，C道歉，D后悔。根据语意选C。
5. 【解析】A。考查名词词义辨析。句意：男孩在追他哥哥时，失去了平衡，重重地摔了一跤。lose one’s balance 失去了平衡。chance 机会，可能性；memory 记忆。
6. 【解析】C。本题考查名词辨析。句意为：他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。
7. 【解析】D。此处quantity数量；progress进步；production生产；demand要求。这里be in great demand意为“需求量很大，畅销”。句意：《哈利波特》很受欢迎；在这个城市有很大的需求量。
8.【解析】D。句意为：我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良的、善于思考的年轻人。expression意为“表达”；attention意为“注意力”；satisfaction意为“满意、满足”；impression意为“印象”，符合句意。
9.【解析】A。根据后半句解释“it is my best choice”可知“英语是我的强项”。strength意为“优势、强项”，符合句意。
10. 【解析】C。考查名词词义辨析。句意：他执行一项秘密任务时，给自己起了一个新的名字来掩盖身份。emotion 情绪；talent 天资，才能；identity 身份；treasure 财富。故选C。
11.【解析】B。题意为：我仅花10元买了一件甩卖的裙子；真是一件便宜货。bargain意为：廉价货，便宜货。exchange 交换，交流；trade贸易；business 商业，买卖；事情。
12. 【解析】C。四个选项的词不完全是同义词，但意义比较接近。look/appearance外表；sign标志、迹象；sight风景、视力。结合句意，“在城市的很多地方，衣服穿街晾晒已成一道风景。”
13.【解析】B。句意：一定要仔细阅读瓶子上的说明书并且适量服用。强调“指示、指导”。
14. 【解析】B。句意，健康问题与不良饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼有密切关系。a lack of 是“缺乏、缺少”。
15. 【解析】C。此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知，更重要的是要理解句子的含义。“这家餐馆越来越出名是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。”“a range of ”强调一个系列，而“a wide range of”意为“各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲，这个句子属于典型的“从句套从句”。“for”引导原因并列从句，“that”引导定语从句。
16. 【解析】A。考查名词辨析。 blow打击; issue问题; excuse借口; factor要素。该句意思为：这个失败对他来说是一个打击，但是他没有泄气，很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选A。
语法讲解
名词是英语中比较大的一类词，也是高考的重点和难点。从近几年全国各省市高考题可以看出，高考对名词的考查主要涉及在特定的语境中考查名词词义辨析（包括名词与动词或介词的搭配），名词的数（包括可数名词的单复数形式，名词的可数性和不可数性及它们之间的转化等），名词的所有格，名词作定语，以及名词的修饰语和主谓一致。另外，考查名词常常和考查冠词一起进行。
从命题形式来看，目前高考对名词的考查主要集中在完形填空、单项选择和短文改错，其中完形填空对名词的考查所占分值最大。单项选择涉及对以上所述类型的考查；完形填空主要考查名词辨析；短文改错则大多考查名词的单复数以及名词作定语。
考点一：名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析是高考对名词考查的最大热点，又是重点和难点。主要题型有单项选择和完形填空。而完形填空中对名词辨析的考查最多。名词辨析包括同义词辨析（意思大致相同，但是各个词之间有着细微差别或者用法完全不同）、近义词辨析（词义不同，但比较接近）、形似词辨析（拼写类似，词义差别较大）。
名词的搭配主要包括名词和动词的搭配、名词和介词的搭配。
I can’t say which wine is better—it’s a (n) _______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety
【解析】C。a matter of是一固定结构，表示“……的问题，事情”。此处是“个人口味问题”。
Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
【解析】A。A项sense表示“感觉官能”，本句中的sense of smell表示“嗅觉”；B项view表示“视野，想法，见解”；C项means表示“方法，手段”；D项idea表示“主意，想法”。本句的意思是：狗有非常灵敏的嗅觉，经常被用来搜寻地震中的幸存者。故选A。
—Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
—Because the old one has been damaged ______.
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
【解析】B。beyond是介词，意为“（程度）超出”，beyond repair是“无法修理”。
（2019届江苏省南通市高三第二次调研测试）Children enjoying parents’______ during their growth tend to have better living habits than left-behind children.
company B. compromise C. command D. comprehension
【解析】A。句意：在成长期间享受父母陪伴的孩子比留守儿童趋向于有更好的生活习惯。company陪伴；compromise妥协，折中；command命令；comprehension理解。与题干后面的left-behind children相对应，应是有父母陪伴的孩子。故选A。
考点二：名词在具体语境中的用法
高考题越来越多地考查词语在特定语境中的含义、感彩和表达作用。要理解词语的语境意义，读懂句子是关键，当然要进行联系、比较和体会。
(2019 湖北省黄冈中学等八校高三第二次高考考试)?If you can’t trust your friend to have a relationship with another person you consider a friend, it’s a clear ______ of a problem in your friendships.
A.?disappearance????? B.?symbol? C.?symptom D.?settlement
【解析】C。A.?disappearance??消失；B.?symbol象征；C.?symptom 征兆；D.?settlement解决。句意：如果你连介绍另一个人给自己的好友都不放心，显然这是你们的友谊存在问题的征兆。
Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _______ like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
【解析】A。该题考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对选项中名词含义的理解。由题干中的“coal, gas, oil”可知都是燃料，故正确答案为A。B 项为“物品”；C项为“货物，商品”；D项为“产品”。
考点三：名词的抽象意义和具体意义的转换（可数名词和不可数名词的转换）
抽象名词具体化可分为以下四类情况：
1.表示情感的词，强调具体人或是时，常将其具体化使用：
surprise表示吃惊；a surprise一件令人吃惊的人或事，可数名词。
2表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时常以“a/an加抽象名词”，或“a/an+形容词+抽象名词：例如：
have a wonderful supper；have a strong character
have a bright future；have a good time
3．表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词（have, take, make, give）等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。
have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath
4．接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。
die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream
抽象转具体：pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“……的人 / 物”。如：The meeting is a success.
抽象转具体：worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months.
抽象转具体：a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如：He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.
具体转抽象：day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时，表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如：Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.
名词的转义用法常和冠词用法结合起来考查，因此可以把冠词和名词联系起来复习。
—How about Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was success.
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填
【解析】B。题意为“圣诞晚会怎么样？”是问谈话双方都知道的晚会，应该采用定冠词。句意为“应该说它很成功。”这次晚会很成功，指的是这一次的成功，具体化，故选B。
Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make _______ room in their day for exercise.
A. a;/ B. the; a C. the; the D. /;a
【解析】A。go on a diet 为一固定搭配，room此处为不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词。
Washing machines made by China have won _____ worldwide attention and Haier has become____ popular name.
A. a；the B. the；a C.不填；a D. 不填；the
【解析】C。本题考查可数名词与不可数名词及与它们连用的冠词的用法。第一空涉及到名词attention“注意”是不可数名词，表泛指，因此其前不可用冠词。第二空涉及到名词name, 是可数名词单数，且表泛指，因此其前用a。
名词的单复数在短文改错中的考查：
As I tell(told) you last time, I made three new friend here. (friend改成friends) (2019 四川模拟)
One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.（parent改为parents）（2019全国II卷模拟）
I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldn’t get used to it—in fact, I’ve nearly killed three peoples. （people表“人， 人们”时是复数，既不能用a/an修饰又没有复数形式；表“民族”时是单数，既能用a/an修饰又有复数形式peoples，而本题中应指“三个人”，故peoples应为people）
The second man pointed to his glass, and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight. （glass表示“玻璃”时是不可数名词，表示“玻璃杯”时是可数名词，但表“眼镜”时必须用其复数形式glasses，而根据题意，第二个人指着他的眼镜询问天使是否能治愈他的弱视，故此题中glass应为glasses）
I’d like to stay there for half a month, visiting place of interest。（“名胜古迹”应为places of interest, 属固定用法，故place应为places）
注意：有些不可数名词是不能转化为可数名词的，常见的如advice, information, traffic, progress, weather, furniture，equipment, health, wealth, luggage, baggage, clothing, word（消息） , harm, fun, work等。
有些名词常以复数形式出现， 如glasses(眼镜), congratulations(祝贺，贺词)，customs (海关)，instructions/directions(指示，说明) , thanks(感谢)等。同时，有些固定短语中名词需用复数，如to make matters worse, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, as follows, in high spirits等。
考点四：名词所有格
名词所有格有两种：’s所有格与of所有格。近年的高考题主要涉及对’s所有格的构成及用法的考查。
The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s
C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
【解析】选D。本题考查名词所有格。-'s属格一般是用于有生命事物的名词，但有些表示用于表示时间、距离、价值和重量等无生命事物的名词，如a moment's thought, seven hours' walk, six dollars' worth, two tons' weight等。a four hours’ walk也可以用a four-hour walk。
考点五：名词的修饰语和主谓一致
With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth____ each year.
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【解析】D。本题考查名词的修饰语与主谓一致， 同时考查了动词的被动语态。a large/ great/ huge quantity of既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词，做主语时谓语的单复数取决于名词，但是large/great/huge quantities of修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数。此题中earth与wash away之间逻辑上是被动关系。
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took____ pictures of them.
A. many of B. masses of
C. the number of D. a large amount of
【解析】选B。本题考查名词的修饰语。A. “许多”应用many，many of表“……中的许多”；B. masses of, 也可以用a mass of, 表“许多”，既可以修饰可数名词复数，又可以修饰不可数名词；C. the number of 表“……的数量”，“许多”应用a number of; a large amount of 表“大量，许多”，但是只能修饰不可数名词。
因此，在复习备考中必须对只能修饰可数名词的限定词如many, a good/great many, 只能修饰不可数的限定词如much, a great amount of, 和既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词如plenty of, a mass of, a large/great quantity of,等进行归纳总结，以及它们修饰名词作主语时谓语的单复数形式需特别注意。如many a意为“许多”，但是只能修饰可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式。还应注意单复数同形的名词作主语时谓语动词的数要根据特定的语言环境判断。
考点六：名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别
名词在句中定语表示目的、 用途、 来源、所属、性质、材料、性别等，此时名词通常用单数形式。高考题主要涉及名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。
(改错题)There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.
【解析】形容词和名词都可作定语，但有时含义有别，有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌)，也可以说a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说a chemistry teacher (化学老师)，而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师)，但可说a chemical works (一家化工厂)。据此可见，此题中的“个人信息”不应用person information表达。
注意：名词在句中定语时，一般都要用单数式。如：a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。而man, woman常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)”式，及一些特殊词，如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等常用复数形式。在复习备考中特别注意特殊情况。
易混名词辨析【 名词】
1. country 侧重国土与人民；
nation强调人民；
state?正式用词，强调政权。
2. issue?指有争论急需讨论研究的热点话题。
subject为?一般用词，使用广泛。指需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
topic范畴小于subject，既可指题目、内容，也可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
3. condition强调产生影响的原因或环境。 state指人或物的状态或形式。 situation指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
atmosphere:指人为营造的氛围。
4. journey:?指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。 tour指游览或巡行。 travel泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行。 trip常指为公务或游玩做的较短暂的旅行。 voyage指在水上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
5. job泛指一切有报酬的工作。
occupation:用于书面填表中。
career:?指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
6. 介词搭配不同
……的原因：cause of ..., reason for...
……的方法：way of …, approach to…■
总之，高考英语对词汇量的要求越来越高，掌握足够的词汇，并熟知它们的含义和用法是非常重要的。高考备考时要加强词汇的记忆，特别注重常用名词及其近义词和反义词的复习，扩大词汇量。在做题时还应做到整体把握，注意语境和习惯搭配。只有这样，才能选出最佳答案。
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. （2019福建省高三毕业班质量检查）Treat the flowers right and your garden will be the ______ of the neighborhood.
A. destination B. cause C. purpose D. envy
2. What’s the_____, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?
A. sympathy B. theme C. object D. point
3. “Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with ______ clearly in her voices.
A. anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic
4. Giving up my job to go back to full time education was a big________, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.
A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition
5. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ___.
A. consequence B. independence
C. competence D. intelligence
6. Anyway, I can't cheat him－it's against all my________.
A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions
7. There’s a _____ in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.
A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship
8. I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_______
A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure
9. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) ______ of 40,000 per year.
A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity
10. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
11. James took the magazines off the little table to make _________for the television.
A. room B. area C. field D. position
12. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_____.
A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization
13. My morning _____includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.
A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine
14. I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a(n) _______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety
15. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _____in many parts of the city.
A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance
16.—You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret?
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A. power B. strength C. force D. energy
17. Despite such a big difference in ___ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
18. He and his wife are of the same ______; they both want their son to go to college.
A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind
19. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _______.
A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges
20. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _______ for a wedding in some countries.
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
21. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.
A. price B. prize C. reward D. money
22. （2019届湖北省黄冈中学等八校高三第二次模拟考试）The video, Under the Dome, has rapidly pushed the public______ about air pollution and encouraged people to join in efforts to make a difference.
A. analysis B. imagination C. awareness D. argument
23. I shouldn’t have accepted the man’s present, but I found it difficult to turn down his ___.
A. offer B. request C. suggestion D. plan
二、完形填空
Long long ago, there was a small village. This village had a 1 tradition. At the beginning of every year, any boy who had reached the age of majority (成年) was given land and money to build a home. The boy had to 2 his home before winter. If his home failed to endure the cold weather in winter, the villagers could not 3 him in any way.
One _4_, Paul and Marc reached their majority. They 5 their land and money and decided to search nearby villages for ideas on building their homes. In each village, they found the nicest 6 and talked to the owners. Each owner gladly offered 7 .
After Marc saw several homes, he 8 the best ideas and went back to his own land. Paul, _9_, continued collecting more ideas. Soon he had so many great ideas that he began to 10 some of them. But he always believed he could find even better ideas in the next village.
Marc began building his home. He had several false starts, 11 his home gradually rose from his land. By fall, Marc had finished his home. It wasn't perfect，but it was strong and he could 12 it later. Paul enjoyed all the beautiful homes and 13 with home owners. The first snow came and Paul, realizing he was running out of time, 14 back to his land. He built the best home he could in the time he had, but it was 15 . The first winter storm destroyed his home and he froze to 16 . The villagers mourned for him.
Marc 17 the winter. Each year, Marc searched for other good ideas he could use to make his own home look better. He became a leader in the village, 18 a family, and lived a happy, content life.
We all build and improve our own mental homes. It’s 19 and fun for us to search for ideas from other mental home owners, but we only improve our own mental home if we actually 20 the best ideas.
1. A. strange B. hopeful C. literary D. cultural
2. A. find B. make C. complete D. buy
3. A. help B. encourage C. scold D. persuade
4. A. winter B. summer C. autumn D. spring
5. A. exchanged B. received C. recognized D. advice
6. A. girls B. jobs C. houses D. presents
7. A. rooms B. drinks C. attention D. advice
8. A. expected B. gathered C. created D. understood
9. A. similarly B. finally C. however D. furthermore
10. A. forget B. believe C. replace D. doubt
11. A. because B. although C. but D. so
12. A. repair B. rebuild C. sell D. improve
13. A. conversations B. achievements C. struggles D. arguments
14. A. drove B. rushed C. flew D. moved
15. A. weak B. funny C. small D. amazing
16. A. blindness B. death C. sadness D. illness
17. A. experienced B. loved C. survived D. spent
18. A. brought B. earned C. contacted D. raised
19. A. slow B. easy C. dangerous D. special
20. A. realize B. bring C. collect D. apply
三、阅读理解
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”
And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.
But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it—you see the things behind it.
To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.
1. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.
A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged
C. appear only in deep ocean D. are beautiful creatures
2. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.
A. silently B. gradually C. regularly D. completely
3. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.
A. change the direction of light travel
B. gather materials to scatter light.
C. avoid the absorption of light
D. grow bigger to stop light.
4. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.
A. move more slowly in deep water
B. stay see-through even after death
C. produce more tissues for their survival
D. take effective action to reduce light spreading
四、书面表达
最近，你班同学展开了一场讨论，主题是：Wealth & Health。请你根据下表提供的信息，写一篇100词左右的文章，介绍一下你们讨论的情况。
一些人认为财富更重要
1. 没有钱万万不行
2. 想办法多挣钱
一些人认为健康更重要
1. 健康是本钱
2. 要爱惜身体
个人看法
更看重健康。身体不好，钱再多也无济于事。
答案与解析：
一、单项选择
1 D，恰当管理这些花，邻居们会羡慕你的花园的，根据句意只能选D项，envy 羡慕；嫉妒；destination 目的地。
2. D。题意为：依你看，如果他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他的目的是什么呢？What’s the point of...”……的目的是什么？”sympathy同情；theme主题；object物体。
3. D。发生火灾了，妈妈叫喊着，声音里应该是带着“恐慌”才符合逻辑。anger愤怒；rudeness粗鲁；regret后悔，遗憾；panic恐慌。
4. B。句意为：放弃工作回去接受全日制教育是个巨大的……，但我现在意识到那是我做出的最正确的决定。project 工程，项目；commitment花费，使用（资金、时间、人力）；competition竞争；ambition抱负，野心。
5. C。为了保持专业能力，老师需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence能力，符合句意。consequence 结果；independence独立；intelligence智力，均不合题意。
6. B。句意为：不管怎么样，我不能欺骗他——那违背我的原则。由此判断此处选principles（行为准则）。emotion情感；regulation 法规，规则；opinion观点，看法；均不符合题意。
7. A。句意为：在我们办公室有一个传统：有人过生日的时候，他们就会带来一个蛋糕跟大家分享。tradition传统，惯例；balance平衡；concern关注；relationship关系。
8. C。本题考查名词辨析。 hearing意为“听力”；strength意为“力气；力量”； recognition意为“认出；识别；认识”；measure意为“测量；措施”。句意“……她变得认不出来了。”
9. A。考察名词。a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额， a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数， 但没有平均每年增加的意思。
10. A。本题考查名词在具体语境的使用。句意应为“那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意， relief 表示“缓解，减轻，解除”。 safety表示“安全，保险”；defense 表示“防御，防护”； shelter表示“掩蔽，保护”。
11. A。考查名词意义和用法。詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了，目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配，意思是“为……腾出空间”的意思，其中的room是不可数名词。
12. B。 reputation 表示“名声”；expectation是“期望”的意思；contribution是“贡献”的意思；civilization是“文明”的意思。
13. D。routine意为“常规，日常事务”，句意为“我早上要做的事包括在公园慢走和吃早餐时读报”。drill意为“操练，(反复)练习”；action意为“行动，举动，行为”；regulation意为“规则，规章，调节，校准”。
14. C。matter意为“事件，问题”。根据所提供的情景“I can’t say which wine is best”可判断出哪种酒最好，因为这是个人口味的问题。affair意为“事务，事件，私事”；event意为“事件，事变，结果，活动，精力，竞赛”；variety意为“变化，多样性，种种，品种，种类”。
15. C。sight意为“视觉，风景”，表示“在这个城市的大部分地方都能看见把衣服悬挂在街上”。look意为“样子，外表”。sign意为“记号，符号”。appearance意为“出现，露面，出场，登台，外貌，外观”。
16. D。energy，power，strength和force均可表示“力”，但energy意为“能量”，尤指人在做某事并为完成该事所表现出的生机勃勃的力，多用作不可数名词。You are always full of energy.表示“你总是精力充沛”。power意为“能力”，词义丰富，可指内在的或外加的力、潜在的或活动的力、具体的或抽象的力、身体的或精神的力等。force意为“力”，常指促使物体运动的力，也可指势力、武力或暴力，可用作可数名词和不可数名词。strength意为“体力”，常指人体或物体内存在的力，如气力、耐力、抵抗力，有时也可指进行某种活动的推动力，是不可数名词。
17. C。attitude 意为“态度”，常与towards连用，表示“对……的态度”。表示人们在饮食方面的态度有很大不同。point 意为“特点，特征，要点”；idea 意为“主意，念头，思想，计划，打算，意见”；sight 意为“视力，视觉，意见，见解”。
18. D。mind 意为“愿望，想法”。根据所提供的情景“they both want their son to go to college”可判断出他和他的妻子都一个共同的愿望。soul意为“灵魂，心灵，精神，气魄，热情”。spirit意为“精神，心灵，灵魂”。heart意为“胸，胸部，心胸，心地，心肠，胸怀，感情，热情，爱情，灵魂；良心”。
19. B。expense 意为“(时间、精力、金钱等的)消耗，花销，费用”。根据上文中的One thousand dollars a month可判断出“一千美元虽然不是一大笔钱，但够生活的费用”。故选B项。bill 意为“账单，清单”。price 意为“价格，价钱，市价，代价，价值”，作“费用”解时指买某件东西所需要的费用。charge 意为“费用，捐税，代价，记账”，作“费用”解时指卖方开出的价钱。
20. D。choice 意为“选择”。根据所提供的情景Of the seven days in the a week可判断出在这七天里星期六是大家普遍选择为结婚的日子。way意为“方法，手段”。 situation意为“形势，局面，情况，关系”。 event意为“事件；事情；事变；大事”。
21. C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。
22. C。解析：A. analysis 分析B. imagination 想象C. awareness意识;觉察D. argument争论句意：《穹顶之下》一经发布就迅速引起公众对于空气污染的关注，也鼓励了人们要有所行动。
23. A。 offer意为“为某人做某事或给某人某事物的建议，提议”；request要求；suggestion提议或建议的内容；plan计划。本句句意为：我本不该接受那个人的礼物，但很难拒绝他的提议。故选A。
二、完形填空
文章通过一个故事告诉我们，无论是精神世界还是物质世界，寻找一些想法是简单的，但是想法的运用却是另外一回事。
1. A。考查形容词辨析。由下文对这个传统的描述来看，这个传统很独特，所以四个词中只有strange (奇怪的)符合语境。语境为：很久很久以前，有一个小村庄有着一个奇怪的传统。每到年初，已成年的男孩就会拿到一块地和一些资金(自己动手)去修建自己的房屋。hopeful 有希望的；literary 文艺的，书本的；cultural文化的。
2. C。考查动词词义辨析。这里指的是在冬天到来前就要完成房屋的修建。所以用complete，意思是：完成。倒数第三段 “By fall, Marc had finished his home. ”中有同义词复现：finish。
3. A。考查动词词义辨析。倒数第三段“The first winter storm destroyed his home and he froze to 16 . The villagers mourned for him. ”告诉我们，由于Paul修建的房子不好，被冻死了，人们都来哀悼他，但没有帮助他度过寒冬，由此可以看出，在这一奇怪的传统中，别人是不能提供帮助的，所以选help。
4. D。上一段告诉我们，成年的男孩是在每年的年初(At the beginning of every year)拿到一块地和一些资金的，四个选项中只有spring(春天)符合语境。
5. B。考查动词辨析。对应第一段提到的was given，所以这里选receive意思是“收到”。exchange 交换；recognize 认出，承认；advise 建议，忠告。
6. C。前文告诉我们，他们要建的是房子，这是在外出考察，自然是找最好的房子和房主交谈以获得如何建好房子的建议。文中有多处同义词home的复现。
7. D考查名词词义辨析。每一位房主都很乐意提供给他们(关于如何建好房子的)建议。所以选advice。可以从“Soon he had so many great ideas that he began to 10 some of them. ”中的idea得到启示。
8. B。考查动词辨析。Marc参观了几栋房子，把房主们提供的建议搜集起来，所以选gather。意为“搜集”。第九空后的“continued collecting more ideas”有同义词复现。expect 期待，预料；create 创造；understand理解。
9. C。考查副词辨析。Marc开始建房，而Paul 却仍在继续搜集如何建房的建议，两者之间是转折关系，所以用however。
10. A。考查动词辨析。由于搜集的好的修建房屋的方法太多了，以至于忘了一部分，所以用forget。believe 认为，相信；replace代替；doubt怀疑。
11. C。考查连词辨析。“He had several false starts”和“his home gradually rose from his land”之间是转折关系，所以用but。
12. D。考查动词辨析。倒数第二段 “Each year, Marc searched for other good ideas he could use to make his own home look better. ”中的make his own home look better，就是说他所修的房子可以在建成后随时改良，所以用improve。repair 修理、修补； rebuild重建；sell卖。
13. A。考查名词辨析。第二段的“In each village, they found the nicest 31 and talked to the owners. ”可知应该选conversations，意思是“谈话、会话”。
14. B。考查动词辨析。冬天来了，第一场雪使Paul意识到建房子所剩的时间不多了，所以自己便急匆匆地往回赶，所以选rush，冲、奔，急匆匆地赶。
15. A。考查形容词辨析。由后面的“The first winter storm destroyed his home”可以看出，由于动工时间较晚，时间紧，他修的房子不牢固，所以选weak，不牢固的。funny滑稽的；small小的；amazing令人吃惊的。
16. B。考查名词辨析。下一句“The villagers mourned for him”告诉我们，村民们都去哀悼他，由此可知他被冻死了，所以选death。
17. C。考查动词辨析。这里指的是Marc由于修好了房子，顺利渡过了冬天，所以用survive，从困境中挺过来。
18. D。考查动词辨析。raise 养育。句意为：(后来)他成了村里的领导，养育了一家人，幸福满意的生活着。如果把 A 项后加上up，也是正确的。
19. B。考查形容词辨析。上面的故事告诉我们，建议和想法的寻找是简单的，而实践才是困难的，所以选easy。
20. D。考查动词辨析。这里指的是最好的想法的“应用”，所以选apply。
三、阅读理解
本文为科技类说明文，文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。
1. B。文章第一段第三行：”Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。”得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。
2. D。词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里“dead”是完全的意思。
3. C。根据第五段第一句“To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。”可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。
4. D。根据最后一段第一句中的“make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does”可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。
四、书面表达
Wealth & Health
Which is more important, wealth or health? Different people have different opinions.
Some people prefer wealth, holding that money can not bring everything, but without it, one can do nothing. In order to accumulate more money they can do anything. However, other people regard health as more important. Once health is lost, it is no use having a lot of money.
As far as I am concerned, I love wealth, but I value health more. Everybody wants to live a happy life. So they try their best to earn money which can ensure they lead a comfortable life, but if happiness and comfort are achieved at the cost of their health, how can they be happy? Without health money becomes meaningless.
In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy person without good health can be happy. So, just do our best to keep healthy.
真题再现：
1. （2019 安徽模拟）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.
A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority
2. （2019 浙江模拟） One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
A. production B. stress C. energy D. power
3.（2019 江苏模拟）Some schools will have to make ________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
4. （2019 江苏模拟）—Go and say sorry to your mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid Mom won’t be happy with my ________.
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
5. （2019 湖北模拟）When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.
6. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.
A. luck B. value C. time D. fact
7. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city.
A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand
8. My first ____ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
A. expression B. attention C. satisfaction D. impression
9. —Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well, you know, English is my _______. So it is my best choice.
A. strength B. talent C. ability D. skill
10. （2019 湖北模拟）He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out
11. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______.
A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
12. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______ in many parts of the city.
A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance
13. Always read the________ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions
14. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _____ of exercise.
A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand
15. This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.
A. division B. area C. range D. circle
16. （2019福建模拟）The failure was a big____________ to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. factor
1. 【解析】 C。本题考查的是名词的用法，A想法，B支持，C保护，D权力，职权，根据语意故选：C。
2. 【解析】B。句意：一种最有效的减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人谈谈你的想法。production意为“产品”，stress意为“压力”，energy意为“能源”，passive意为“力量”。根据常识可以知道，和别人谈心应该来说是减压。
3. 【解析】B。本题考察名词的基本用法，A判断，B调整C评论，D成就。根据语意选B。
4. 【解析】C。本题考察名词的意思，A请求，B借口，C道歉，D后悔。根据语意选C。
5. 【解析】A。考查名词词义辨析。句意：男孩在追他哥哥时，失去了平衡，重重地摔了一跤。lose one’s balance 失去了平衡。chance 机会，可能性；memory 记忆。
6. 【解析】C。本题考查名词辨析。句意为：他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。
7. 【解析】D。此处quantity数量；progress进步；production生产；demand要求。这里be in great demand意为“需求量很大，畅销”。句意：《哈利波特》很受欢迎；在这个城市有很大的需求量。
8.【解析】D。句意为：我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良的、善于思考的年轻人。expression意为“表达”；attention意为“注意力”；satisfaction意为“满意、满足”；impression意为“印象”，符合句意。
9.【解析】A。根据后半句解释“it is my best choice”可知“英语是我的强项”。strength意为“优势、强项”，符合句意。
10. 【解析】C。考查名词词义辨析。句意：他执行一项秘密任务时，给自己起了一个新的名字来掩盖身份。emotion 情绪；talent 天资，才能；identity 身份；treasure 财富。故选C。
11.【解析】B。题意为：我仅花10元买了一件甩卖的裙子；真是一件便宜货。bargain意为：廉价货，便宜货。exchange 交换，交流；trade贸易；business 商业，买卖；事情。
12. 【解析】C。四个选项的词不完全是同义词，但意义比较接近。look/appearance外表；sign标志、迹象；sight风景、视力。结合句意，“在城市的很多地方，衣服穿街晾晒已成一道风景。”
13.【解析】B。句意：一定要仔细阅读瓶子上的说明书并且适量服用。强调“指示、指导”。
14. 【解析】B。句意，健康问题与不良饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼有密切关系。a lack of 是“缺乏、缺少”。
15. 【解析】C。此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知，更重要的是要理解句子的含义。“这家餐馆越来越出名是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。”“a range of ”强调一个系列，而“a wide range of”意为“各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲，这个句子属于典型的“从句套从句”。“for”引导原因并列从句，“that”引导定语从句。
16. 【解析】A。考查名词辨析。 blow打击; issue问题; excuse借口; factor要素。该句意思为：这个失败对他来说是一个打击，但是他没有泄气，很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选A。
语法讲解
名词是英语中比较大的一类词，也是高考的重点和难点。从近几年全国各省市高考题可以看出，高考对名词的考查主要涉及在特定的语境中考查名词词义辨析（包括名词与动词或介词的搭配），名词的数（包括可数名词的单复数形式，名词的可数性和不可数性及它们之间的转化等），名词的所有格，名词作定语，以及名词的修饰语和主谓一致。另外，考查名词常常和考查冠词一起进行。
从命题形式来看，目前高考对名词的考查主要集中在完形填空、单项选择和短文改错，其中完形填空对名词的考查所占分值最大。单项选择涉及对以上所述类型的考查；完形填空主要考查名词辨析；短文改错则大多考查名词的单复数以及名词作定语。
考点一：名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析是高考对名词考查的最大热点，又是重点和难点。主要题型有单项选择和完形填空。而完形填空中对名词辨析的考查最多。名词辨析包括同义词辨析（意思大致相同，但是各个词之间有着细微差别或者用法完全不同）、近义词辨析（词义不同，但比较接近）、形似词辨析（拼写类似，词义差别较大）。
名词的搭配主要包括名词和动词的搭配、名词和介词的搭配。
I can’t say which wine is better—it’s a (n) _______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety
【解析】C。a matter of是一固定结构，表示“……的问题，事情”。此处是“个人口味问题”。
Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
【解析】A。A项sense表示“感觉官能”，本句中的sense of smell表示“嗅觉”；B项view表示“视野，想法，见解”；C项means表示“方法，手段”；D项idea表示“主意，想法”。本句的意思是：狗有非常灵敏的嗅觉，经常被用来搜寻地震中的幸存者。故选A。
—Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
—Because the old one has been damaged ______.
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
【解析】B。beyond是介词，意为“（程度）超出”，beyond repair是“无法修理”。
（2019届江苏省南通市高三第二次调研测试）Children enjoying parents’______ during their growth tend to have better living habits than left-behind children.
company B. compromise C. command D. comprehension
【解析】A。句意：在成长期间享受父母陪伴的孩子比留守儿童趋向于有更好的生活习惯。company陪伴；compromise妥协，折中；command命令；comprehension理解。与题干后面的left-behind children相对应，应是有父母陪伴的孩子。故选A。
考点二：名词在具体语境中的用法
高考题越来越多地考查词语在特定语境中的含义、感彩和表达作用。要理解词语的语境意义，读懂句子是关键，当然要进行联系、比较和体会。
(2019 湖北省黄冈中学等八校高三第二次高考考试)?If you can’t trust your friend to have a relationship with another person you consider a friend, it’s a clear ______ of a problem in your friendships.
A.?disappearance????? B.?symbol? C.?symptom D.?settlement
【解析】C。A.?disappearance??消失；B.?symbol象征；C.?symptom 征兆；D.?settlement解决。句意：如果你连介绍另一个人给自己的好友都不放心，显然这是你们的友谊存在问题的征兆。
Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _______ like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
【解析】A。该题考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对选项中名词含义的理解。由题干中的“coal, gas, oil”可知都是燃料，故正确答案为A。B 项为“物品”；C项为“货物，商品”；D项为“产品”。
考点三：名词的抽象意义和具体意义的转换（可数名词和不可数名词的转换）
抽象名词具体化可分为以下四类情况：
1.表示情感的词，强调具体人或是时，常将其具体化使用：
surprise表示吃惊；a surprise一件令人吃惊的人或事，可数名词。
2表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时常以“a/an加抽象名词”，或“a/an+形容词+抽象名词：例如：
have a wonderful supper；have a strong character
have a bright future；have a good time
3．表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词（have, take, make, give）等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。
have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath
4．接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。
die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream
抽象转具体：pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“……的人 / 物”。如：The meeting is a success.
抽象转具体：worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months.
抽象转具体：a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如：He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.
具体转抽象：day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时，表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如：Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.
名词的转义用法常和冠词用法结合起来考查，因此可以把冠词和名词联系起来复习。
—How about Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was success.
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填
【解析】B。题意为“圣诞晚会怎么样？”是问谈话双方都知道的晚会，应该采用定冠词。句意为“应该说它很成功。”这次晚会很成功，指的是这一次的成功，具体化，故选B。
Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make _______ room in their day for exercise.
A. a;/ B. the; a C. the; the D. /;a
【解析】A。go on a diet 为一固定搭配，room此处为不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词。
Washing machines made by China have won _____ worldwide attention and Haier has become____ popular name.
A. a；the B. the；a C.不填；a D. 不填；the
【解析】C。本题考查可数名词与不可数名词及与它们连用的冠词的用法。第一空涉及到名词attention“注意”是不可数名词，表泛指，因此其前不可用冠词。第二空涉及到名词name, 是可数名词单数，且表泛指，因此其前用a。
名词的单复数在短文改错中的考查：
As I tell(told) you last time, I made three new friend here. (friend改成friends) (2019 四川模拟)
One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.（parent改为parents）（2019全国II卷模拟）
I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldn’t get used to it—in fact, I’ve nearly killed three peoples. （people表“人， 人们”时是复数，既不能用a/an修饰又没有复数形式；表“民族”时是单数，既能用a/an修饰又有复数形式peoples，而本题中应指“三个人”，故peoples应为people）
The second man pointed to his glass, and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight. （glass表示“玻璃”时是不可数名词，表示“玻璃杯”时是可数名词，但表“眼镜”时必须用其复数形式glasses，而根据题意，第二个人指着他的眼镜询问天使是否能治愈他的弱视，故此题中glass应为glasses）
I’d like to stay there for half a month, visiting place of interest。（“名胜古迹”应为places of interest, 属固定用法，故place应为places）
注意：有些不可数名词是不能转化为可数名词的，常见的如advice, information, traffic, progress, weather, furniture，equipment, health, wealth, luggage, baggage, clothing, word（消息） , harm, fun, work等。
有些名词常以复数形式出现， 如glasses(眼镜), congratulations(祝贺，贺词)，customs (海关)，instructions/directions(指示，说明) , thanks(感谢)等。同时，有些固定短语中名词需用复数，如to make matters worse, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, as follows, in high spirits等。
考点四：名词所有格
名词所有格有两种：’s所有格与of所有格。近年的高考题主要涉及对’s所有格的构成及用法的考查。
The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s
C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
【解析】选D。本题考查名词所有格。-'s属格一般是用于有生命事物的名词，但有些表示用于表示时间、距离、价值和重量等无生命事物的名词，如a moment's thought, seven hours' walk, six dollars' worth, two tons' weight等。a four hours’ walk也可以用a four-hour walk。
考点五：名词的修饰语和主谓一致
With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth____ each year.
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【解析】D。本题考查名词的修饰语与主谓一致， 同时考查了动词的被动语态。a large/ great/ huge quantity of既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词，做主语时谓语的单复数取决于名词，但是large/great/huge quantities of修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数。此题中earth与wash away之间逻辑上是被动关系。
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took____ pictures of them.
A. many of B. masses of
C. the number of D. a large amount of
【解析】选B。本题考查名词的修饰语。A. “许多”应用many，many of表“……中的许多”；B. masses of, 也可以用a mass of, 表“许多”，既可以修饰可数名词复数，又可以修饰不可数名词；C. the number of 表“……的数量”，“许多”应用a number of; a large amount of 表“大量，许多”，但是只能修饰不可数名词。
因此，在复习备考中必须对只能修饰可数名词的限定词如many, a good/great many, 只能修饰不可数的限定词如much, a great amount of, 和既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词如plenty of, a mass of, a large/great quantity of,等进行归纳总结，以及它们修饰名词作主语时谓语的单复数形式需特别注意。如many a意为“许多”，但是只能修饰可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式。还应注意单复数同形的名词作主语时谓语动词的数要根据特定的语言环境判断。
考点六：名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别
名词在句中定语表示目的、 用途、 来源、所属、性质、材料、性别等，此时名词通常用单数形式。高考题主要涉及名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。
(改错题)There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.
【解析】形容词和名词都可作定语，但有时含义有别，有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌)，也可以说a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说a chemistry teacher (化学老师)，而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师)，但可说a chemical works (一家化工厂)。据此可见，此题中的“个人信息”不应用person information表达。
注意：名词在句中定语时，一般都要用单数式。如：a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。而man, woman常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)”式，及一些特殊词，如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等常用复数形式。在复习备考中特别注意特殊情况。
易混名词辨析【 名词】
1. country 侧重国土与人民；
nation强调人民；
state?正式用词，强调政权。
2. issue?指有争论急需讨论研究的热点话题。
subject为?一般用词，使用广泛。指需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
topic范畴小于subject，既可指题目、内容，也可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
3. condition强调产生影响的原因或环境。 state指人或物的状态或形式。 situation指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
atmosphere:指人为营造的氛围。
4. journey:?指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。 tour指游览或巡行。 travel泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行。 trip常指为公务或游玩做的较短暂的旅行。 voyage指在水上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
5. job泛指一切有报酬的工作。
occupation:用于书面填表中。
career:?指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
6. 介词搭配不同
……的原因：cause of ..., reason for...
……的方法：way of …, approach to…■
总之，高考英语对词汇量的要求越来越高，掌握足够的词汇，并熟知它们的含义和用法是非常重要的。高考备考时要加强词汇的记忆，特别注重常用名词及其近义词和反义词的复习，扩大词汇量。在做题时还应做到整体把握，注意语境和习惯搭配。只有这样，才能选出最佳答案。
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. （2019福建省高三毕业班质量检查）Treat the flowers right and your garden will be the ______ of the neighborhood.
A. destination B. cause C. purpose D. envy
2. What’s the_____, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?
A. sympathy B. theme C. object D. point
3. “Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with ______ clearly in her voices.
A. anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic
4. Giving up my job to go back to full time education was a big________, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.
A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition
5. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ___.
A. consequence B. independence
C. competence D. intelligence
6. Anyway, I can't cheat him－it's against all my________.
A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions
7. There’s a _____ in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.
A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship
8. I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_______
A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure
9. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) ______ of 40,000 per year.
A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity
10. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
11. James took the magazines off the little table to make _________for the television.
A. room B. area C. field D. position
12. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_____.
A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization
13. My morning _____includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.
A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine
14. I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a(n) _______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety
15. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _____in many parts of the city.
A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance
16.—You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret?
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A. power B. strength C. force D. energy
17. Despite such a big difference in ___ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
18. He and his wife are of the same ______; they both want their son to go to college.
A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind
19. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _______.
A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges
20. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _______ for a wedding in some countries.
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
21. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.
A. price B. prize C. reward D. money
22. （2019届湖北省黄冈中学等八校高三第二次模拟考试）The video, Under the Dome, has rapidly pushed the public______ about air pollution and encouraged people to join in efforts to make a difference.
A. analysis B. imagination C. awareness D. argument
23. I shouldn’t have accepted the man’s present, but I found it difficult to turn down his ___.
A. offer B. request C. suggestion D. plan
二、完形填空
Long long ago, there was a small village. This village had a 1 tradition. At the beginning of every year, any boy who had reached the age of majority (成年) was given land and money to build a home. The boy had to 2 his home before winter. If his home failed to endure the cold weather in winter, the villagers could not 3 him in any way.
One _4_, Paul and Marc reached their majority. They 5 their land and money and decided to search nearby villages for ideas on building their homes. In each village, they found the nicest 6 and talked to the owners. Each owner gladly offered 7 .
After Marc saw several homes, he 8 the best ideas and went back to his own land. Paul, _9_, continued collecting more ideas. Soon he had so many great ideas that he began to 10 some of them. But he always believed he could find even better ideas in the next village.
Marc began building his home. He had several false starts, 11 his home gradually rose from his land. By fall, Marc had finished his home. It wasn't perfect，but it was strong and he could 12 it later. Paul enjoyed all the beautiful homes and 13 with home owners. The first snow came and Paul, realizing he was running out of time, 14 back to his land. He built the best home he could in the time he had, but it was 15 . The first winter storm destroyed his home and he froze to 16 . The villagers mourned for him.
Marc 17 the winter. Each year, Marc searched for other good ideas he could use to make his own home look better. He became a leader in the village, 18 a family, and lived a happy, content life.
We all build and improve our own mental homes. It’s 19 and fun for us to search for ideas from other mental home owners, but we only improve our own mental home if we actually 20 the best ideas.
1. A. strange B. hopeful C. literary D. cultural
2. A. find B. make C. complete D. buy
3. A. help B. encourage C. scold D. persuade
4. A. winter B. summer C. autumn D. spring
5. A. exchanged B. received C. recognized D. advice
6. A. girls B. jobs C. houses D. presents
7. A. rooms B. drinks C. attention D. advice
8. A. expected B. gathered C. created D. understood
9. A. similarly B. finally C. however D. furthermore
10. A. forget B. believe C. replace D. doubt
11. A. because B. although C. but D. so
12. A. repair B. rebuild C. sell D. improve
13. A. conversations B. achievements C. struggles D. arguments
14. A. drove B. rushed C. flew D. moved
15. A. weak B. funny C. small D. amazing
16. A. blindness B. death C. sadness D. illness
17. A. experienced B. loved C. survived D. spent
18. A. brought B. earned C. contacted D. raised
19. A. slow B. easy C. dangerous D. special
20. A. realize B. bring C. collect D. apply
三、阅读理解
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”
And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.
But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it—you see the things behind it.
To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.
1. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.
A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged
C. appear only in deep ocean D. are beautiful creatures
2. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.
A. silently B. gradually C. regularly D. completely
3. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.
A. change the direction of light travel
B. gather materials to scatter light.
C. avoid the absorption of light
D. grow bigger to stop light.
4. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.
A. move more slowly in deep water
B. stay see-through even after death
C. produce more tissues for their survival
D. take effective action to reduce light spreading
四、书面表达
最近，你班同学展开了一场讨论，主题是：Wealth & Health。请你根据下表提供的信息，写一篇100词左右的文章，介绍一下你们讨论的情况。
一些人认为财富更重要
1. 没有钱万万不行
2. 想办法多挣钱
一些人认为健康更重要
1. 健康是本钱
2. 要爱惜身体
个人看法
更看重健康。身体不好，钱再多也无济于事。
答案与解析：
一、单项选择
1 D，恰当管理这些花，邻居们会羡慕你的花园的，根据句意只能选D项，envy 羡慕；嫉妒；destination 目的地。
2. D。题意为：依你看，如果他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他的目的是什么呢？What’s the point of...”……的目的是什么？”sympathy同情；theme主题；object物体。
3. D。发生火灾了，妈妈叫喊着，声音里应该是带着“恐慌”才符合逻辑。anger愤怒；rudeness粗鲁；regret后悔，遗憾；panic恐慌。
4. B。句意为：放弃工作回去接受全日制教育是个巨大的……，但我现在意识到那是我做出的最正确的决定。project 工程，项目；commitment花费，使用（资金、时间、人力）；competition竞争；ambition抱负，野心。
5. C。为了保持专业能力，老师需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence能力，符合句意。consequence 结果；independence独立；intelligence智力，均不合题意。
6. B。句意为：不管怎么样，我不能欺骗他——那违背我的原则。由此判断此处选principles（行为准则）。emotion情感；regulation 法规，规则；opinion观点，看法；均不符合题意。
7. A。句意为：在我们办公室有一个传统：有人过生日的时候，他们就会带来一个蛋糕跟大家分享。tradition传统，惯例；balance平衡；concern关注；relationship关系。
8. C。本题考查名词辨析。 hearing意为“听力”；strength意为“力气；力量”； recognition意为“认出；识别；认识”；measure意为“测量；措施”。句意“……她变得认不出来了。”
9. A。考察名词。a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额， a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数， 但没有平均每年增加的意思。
10. A。本题考查名词在具体语境的使用。句意应为“那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意， relief 表示“缓解，减轻，解除”。 safety表示“安全，保险”；defense 表示“防御，防护”； shelter表示“掩蔽，保护”。
11. A。考查名词意义和用法。詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了，目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配，意思是“为……腾出空间”的意思，其中的room是不可数名词。
12. B。 reputation 表示“名声”；expectation是“期望”的意思；contribution是“贡献”的意思；civilization是“文明”的意思。
13. D。routine意为“常规，日常事务”，句意为“我早上要做的事包括在公园慢走和吃早餐时读报”。drill意为“操练，(反复)练习”；action意为“行动，举动，行为”；regulation意为“规则，规章，调节，校准”。
14. C。matter意为“事件，问题”。根据所提供的情景“I can’t say which wine is best”可判断出哪种酒最好，因为这是个人口味的问题。affair意为“事务，事件，私事”；event意为“事件，事变，结果，活动，精力，竞赛”；variety意为“变化，多样性，种种，品种，种类”。
15. C。sight意为“视觉，风景”，表示“在这个城市的大部分地方都能看见把衣服悬挂在街上”。look意为“样子，外表”。sign意为“记号，符号”。appearance意为“出现，露面，出场，登台，外貌，外观”。
16. D。energy，power，strength和force均可表示“力”，但energy意为“能量”，尤指人在做某事并为完成该事所表现出的生机勃勃的力，多用作不可数名词。You are always full of energy.表示“你总是精力充沛”。power意为“能力”，词义丰富，可指内在的或外加的力、潜在的或活动的力、具体的或抽象的力、身体的或精神的力等。force意为“力”，常指促使物体运动的力，也可指势力、武力或暴力，可用作可数名词和不可数名词。strength意为“体力”，常指人体或物体内存在的力，如气力、耐力、抵抗力，有时也可指进行某种活动的推动力，是不可数名词。
17. C。attitude 意为“态度”，常与towards连用，表示“对……的态度”。表示人们在饮食方面的态度有很大不同。point 意为“特点，特征，要点”；idea 意为“主意，念头，思想，计划，打算，意见”；sight 意为“视力，视觉，意见，见解”。
18. D。mind 意为“愿望，想法”。根据所提供的情景“they both want their son to go to college”可判断出他和他的妻子都一个共同的愿望。soul意为“灵魂，心灵，精神，气魄，热情”。spirit意为“精神，心灵，灵魂”。heart意为“胸，胸部，心胸，心地，心肠，胸怀，感情，热情，爱情，灵魂；良心”。
19. B。expense 意为“(时间、精力、金钱等的)消耗，花销，费用”。根据上文中的One thousand dollars a month可判断出“一千美元虽然不是一大笔钱，但够生活的费用”。故选B项。bill 意为“账单，清单”。price 意为“价格，价钱，市价，代价，价值”，作“费用”解时指买某件东西所需要的费用。charge 意为“费用，捐税，代价，记账”，作“费用”解时指卖方开出的价钱。
20. D。choice 意为“选择”。根据所提供的情景Of the seven days in the a week可判断出在这七天里星期六是大家普遍选择为结婚的日子。way意为“方法，手段”。 situation意为“形势，局面，情况，关系”。 event意为“事件；事情；事变；大事”。
21. C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。
22. C。解析：A. analysis 分析B. imagination 想象C. awareness意识;觉察D. argument争论句意：《穹顶之下》一经发布就迅速引起公众对于空气污染的关注，也鼓励了人们要有所行动。
23. A。 offer意为“为某人做某事或给某人某事物的建议，提议”；request要求；suggestion提议或建议的内容；plan计划。本句句意为：我本不该接受那个人的礼物，但很难拒绝他的提议。故选A。
二、完形填空
文章通过一个故事告诉我们，无论是精神世界还是物质世界，寻找一些想法是简单的，但是想法的运用却是另外一回事。
1. A。考查形容词辨析。由下文对这个传统的描述来看，这个传统很独特，所以四个词中只有strange (奇怪的)符合语境。语境为：很久很久以前，有一个小村庄有着一个奇怪的传统。每到年初，已成年的男孩就会拿到一块地和一些资金(自己动手)去修建自己的房屋。hopeful 有希望的；literary 文艺的，书本的；cultural文化的。
2. C。考查动词词义辨析。这里指的是在冬天到来前就要完成房屋的修建。所以用complete，意思是：完成。倒数第三段 “By fall, Marc had finished his home. ”中有同义词复现：finish。
3. A。考查动词词义辨析。倒数第三段“The first winter storm destroyed his home and he froze to 16 . The villagers mourned for him. ”告诉我们，由于Paul修建的房子不好，被冻死了，人们都来哀悼他，但没有帮助他度过寒冬，由此可以看出，在这一奇怪的传统中，别人是不能提供帮助的，所以选help。
4. D。上一段告诉我们，成年的男孩是在每年的年初(At the beginning of every year)拿到一块地和一些资金的，四个选项中只有spring(春天)符合语境。
5. B。考查动词辨析。对应第一段提到的was given，所以这里选receive意思是“收到”。exchange 交换；recognize 认出，承认；advise 建议，忠告。
6. C。前文告诉我们，他们要建的是房子，这是在外出考察，自然是找最好的房子和房主交谈以获得如何建好房子的建议。文中有多处同义词home的复现。
7. D考查名词词义辨析。每一位房主都很乐意提供给他们(关于如何建好房子的)建议。所以选advice。可以从“Soon he had so many great ideas that he began to 10 some of them. ”中的idea得到启示。
8. B。考查动词辨析。Marc参观了几栋房子，把房主们提供的建议搜集起来，所以选gather。意为“搜集”。第九空后的“continued collecting more ideas”有同义词复现。expect 期待，预料；create 创造；understand理解。
9. C。考查副词辨析。Marc开始建房，而Paul 却仍在继续搜集如何建房的建议，两者之间是转折关系，所以用however。
10. A。考查动词辨析。由于搜集的好的修建房屋的方法太多了，以至于忘了一部分，所以用forget。believe 认为，相信；replace代替；doubt怀疑。
11. C。考查连词辨析。“He had several false starts”和“his home gradually rose from his land”之间是转折关系，所以用but。
12. D。考查动词辨析。倒数第二段 “Each year, Marc searched for other good ideas he could use to make his own home look better. ”中的make his own home look better，就是说他所修的房子可以在建成后随时改良，所以用improve。repair 修理、修补； rebuild重建；sell卖。
13. A。考查名词辨析。第二段的“In each village, they found the nicest 31 and talked to the owners. ”可知应该选conversations，意思是“谈话、会话”。
14. B。考查动词辨析。冬天来了，第一场雪使Paul意识到建房子所剩的时间不多了，所以自己便急匆匆地往回赶，所以选rush，冲、奔，急匆匆地赶。
15. A。考查形容词辨析。由后面的“The first winter storm destroyed his home”可以看出，由于动工时间较晚，时间紧，他修的房子不牢固，所以选weak，不牢固的。funny滑稽的；small小的；amazing令人吃惊的。
16. B。考查名词辨析。下一句“The villagers mourned for him”告诉我们，村民们都去哀悼他，由此可知他被冻死了，所以选death。
17. C。考查动词辨析。这里指的是Marc由于修好了房子，顺利渡过了冬天，所以用survive，从困境中挺过来。
18. D。考查动词辨析。raise 养育。句意为：(后来)他成了村里的领导，养育了一家人，幸福满意的生活着。如果把 A 项后加上up，也是正确的。
19. B。考查形容词辨析。上面的故事告诉我们，建议和想法的寻找是简单的，而实践才是困难的，所以选easy。
20. D。考查动词辨析。这里指的是最好的想法的“应用”，所以选apply。
三、阅读理解
本文为科技类说明文，文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。
1. B。文章第一段第三行：”Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。”得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。
2. D。词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里“dead”是完全的意思。
3. C。根据第五段第一句“To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。”可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。
4. D。根据最后一段第一句中的“make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does”可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。
四、书面表达
Wealth & Health
Which is more important, wealth or health? Different people have different opinions.
Some people prefer wealth, holding that money can not bring everything, but without it, one can do nothing. In order to accumulate more money they can do anything. However, other people regard health as more important. Once health is lost, it is no use having a lot of money.
As far as I am concerned, I love wealth, but I value health more. Everybody wants to live a happy life. So they try their best to earn money which can ensure they lead a comfortable life, but if happiness and comfort are achieved at the cost of their health, how can they be happy? Without health money becomes meaningless.
In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy person without good health can be happy. So, just do our best to keep healthy.