北师大版高中英语高考总复习：27总复习 动名词
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高考总复习：动名词用法
真题再现
1. （2019 安徽模拟） ______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored
2. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
3. It’s no use _______ without taking any action.
A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained
4. I had great difficulty _______ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
A. find B. found C. to find D. finding
5. Lydia doesn’t feel like _______ abroad. Her parents are old.
A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study
1. B。本题考查的动名词的用法，句意为：忽视了这两个研究结果的区别将会是你犯的最严重错误之一。
2. C。prevent sb from doing sth“阻止某人做某事”，本句中的fishing boats和attack是被动关系，所以选择C项，句意：中国最近加紧黄岩岛的水域控制来阻止中国渔船在中国南海被袭击。
3. B。句意：不采取任何行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It’s no use doing是固定句式，所以B项为正确答案。
4. D。句意：在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。 have difficulty/ trouble/problem (in) doing...(做……有困难)是固定搭配，所以选D项。
5. B。句意：Lydia不想出国读书，因为她的父母都老了。这里用固定搭配feel like doing sth. 表示“想要做某事”，只有B项符合搭配。
知识讲解
动名词有两个特点：它是从动词变化而来的，所以它保留了动词的某些特征，它能带自己的宾语、状语等，这时就叫动名词短语；动名词最大的特点是它相当于一个名词，因此，动名词可以在句中作主语、宾语等，动名词也有像名词一样的“所有格形式”。
动名词作主语
动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.?
Breathing became difficult at that altitude. Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. Cheating on an exam ruins one's character. His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot.
动名词作主语时，常用It句式。
It’s +no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time) + doing…
It’s no good reading in dim light.
It’s no use sitting here waiting.
It is no use waiting for him any longer.
It's＋adj. ＋doing
It’s dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light.
It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.
这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等，但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替
It’s important for you to keep fit.
There is no doing ...
There is no saying what will happen next.
There is no joking about such matters.
There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded.
There is no littering about.
动名词作定语
动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。
swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 floating needle 浮针 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室 running water 自来水
动名词作表语
动名词作表语的时候，注意不要与现在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等。
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. （动名词）
His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词）
Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.（动名词）
Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （动名词）
现在分词作表语和动名词作表语的区别：
用作表语的分词通常具有形容词性质，有的已经转化为形容词。
His story was touching.
Your question is puzzling.
现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征，动名词作表语是对主语的内容进一步说明和解释。
My job is selling shoes, and it is challenging. (selling shoes为动名词短语；challenging为现在分词)
动名词作表语和可以和主语互，而现在分词不行，可以说：Selling shoes is my job.但不能说：
Challenging is the job.
动名词作宾语
跟在及物动词后做宾语。
He managed to escape suffering from the disease.
After hearing the funny story, all of us couldn't help laughing ear to ear.
Excuse my interrupting you for a while.
Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.
When he came back home from his night shift, Jason tried to avoid wakening his family.
The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night.
介词后面用动名词作宾语。
I’m looking forward to your coming next time.
On hearing our delegation in London had won so many gold medals, we cheered up with great joy.
They are against using so many animals in experiments.
He apologized for interrupting us.
Thank you for offering me so much help.
He is fond of watching sports-games.
动词或介词后面接动名词时，动名词短语也可以用完成时态或被动语态。
The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report in time.
I regret having said some rude words to my brother.
We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing.
After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly.
He can't remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter.
People hate being praised for nothing.
The problem is far from being solved.
She didn't mind being left alone at home.
动名词完成式的用法
动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有时和动名词的一般式可以互换。
He apologized for having broken the rules. He forgot having promised to write to her.
I have no idea of having seen such a person.
I remember seeing/having seen her somewhere.
动名词被动式的用法
当动名词的逻辑主语和动名词为被动关系时，动名词要用被动式。
The question is far from being settled.
在need, require, want等后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式。Your car needs filling (to be filled).
This city deserves visiting (to be visited).
The problem requires studying (to be studied) carefully.
The trees want watering (to be watered).
be worthy后接动名词要用主动表被动：
当be worth后接动词时，习惯于接动名词，并且用主动形式表示被动含义.
The book is well worth reading.
The book is not worth keeping at all.
后接动名词的动词和短语：【 动名词】
admit, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, practice, postpone, resist, stand, suggest, understand, be used to, be busy, can’t help, it is no good, it is no use, there’s no point (in), keep on
记忆口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否定完成停欣赏，不禁介意弃逃亡。
部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大：
forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。
Don’t forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
mean to do 打算做某事 /mean doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
try to do 设法尽力做某事/ doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）/ stop doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.
You’d better stop arguing and do as you are told.
can’t help doing 禁不住……/ can’t help to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can’t help to make up the room for you.
go on to do 做不同的事/ go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We’ll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.
leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）/ leave off doing停下某事
It’s time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
下列短语中的to为介词，后接动名词作宾语：
be used to doing 习惯于；object to 反对
devote oneself to 致力于；stick to 坚持
pay attention to 注意；respond to 回答
look forward to 期盼；see to 照料
contribute to 帮助；submit to 服从
adapt to 适应；apply to 运用
accede to 同意 就任；prefer ... to... 倾向于
adjust to 使自己适应于；owe to 归咎
react to 作出反应 ；access to 接近，进入(某地的)方法；通路
according to 按照，依照，视……而定；be addicted to 沉溺于……，对……上瘾
动名词的复合结构 【 动名词】
动名词的复合结构为“物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词”。
Tom’s going home late made his mother angry.
Would you mind my opening the window?
不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇有以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。
无生命名词
The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
有生命名词，但表泛指。
Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
两个或以上的有生命的名词并列。
Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. Ever since my childhood, I have dreamed of _______ a heavy snow in my hometown in winter.
A. there be B. there being C. there will be D. being
2. Little Tom admitted _______ in the shop, _______ that he wouldn’t do that in future.
A. to have stolen；promising B. stealing；promised
C. to stealing；promised D. having stolen；promising
3. As a result of the earthquake, two thirds of the buildings in the area _______.
A. need repairing B. needs repairing
C. needs to be repaired D. need to repair
4. Something as simple as _______ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life.
A. to eat B. eating C. to be eating D. eaten
5. Living in the dormitory means _______ to take care of yourself, understand each other's differences and share _______ interests.
A. to learn；common B. 1earning；ordinary
C. to learn；ordinary D. 1earning；common
6. The driver braked hard to avoid _______ a child coming in his way.
A. hit B. to hit C. hitting D. to have hit
7. He is now at _______ loss whether to quit _______ the pills making him gain weight.
A. a：to take B. / ：taking
C. a；being taken D. a；taking
8. It doesn’t make sense _______ after _______. You should cheer up and practice hard instead.
A. to complain；being defeated B. complain；defeating
C. complain；being defeated D. to complain；defeating
9. _______ well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.
A. Do B. Doing C. Done D. Being done
10. He was the official accused last November _______ an 18-year-old girl into a restaurant bathroom and robbing her of her handbag.
A. with following B. of following C. to following D. to follow
11. The time and effort he has devoted during the past few years _______ trees in that remote area is now considered to be of great value.
A. to planting B. to plant C. plant D. planting
12. —Does Shelly like shopping?
—Well, she would rather spend time _______ at home than _______ in the street.
A. read；wander B. reading；wander
C. in reading；to wander D. reading；to wander
13. You’d better cut your hair short. Our school doesn’t _______ long hair.
A. approve of students wearing B. approve students to wear
C. approve students wearing D. approve of students to wear
14. Although the living conditions were poor in the mountain, Xu Benyu still devoted his energies to _______ his students of different ages.
A. teach B. having taught C. teaching D. be teaching
15. He never dreamt of _______ for him to be sent abroad very soon.
A. being a chance B. there being a chance
C. there to be a chance D. there’s a chance
16. The scientist was rewarded by the government for _______ such a great contribution to the country.
A. make B. making C. being made D. having made
二、完形填空
（2019广东模拟）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live — if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
三、阅读理解
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中, 选出最佳选项。
If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?
According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles.
The study also found the younger people learn a second language, the better the effect is.
A team led by Dr. Andrea Mechelli, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density(密度)in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference was.
‘‘Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists.
It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible.”he said. “You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas. ’’
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between 2 and 34.
Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists.
1. The main subject talked about in this passage is ______.
A. science on learning a second language
B. man’s ability of learning a second language
C. findings that language learning can help brain power
D. 1anguage learning and maths study
2. The last sentence of the second paragraph is intended to _________.
A. say language learning is also a kind of physical labor
B. prove that one needs more practice when he (she) is learning a language
C. show the importance of using it when you learn a language
D. make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well
3. We may know from the scientific findings that _________.
A. the earlier you start to learn a second language, the higher the grey matter density is
B. there is no difference between a later second language learner and one who doesn’t know a second language
C. the experience of learning a second language has bad effect on people’s brain
D. the ability of learning a second language is changing all the time
4. The underlined word“bilinguals” probably means _________.
A. researchers on language learning
B. people who are good at learning foreign languages
C. people who can speak two languages
D. active language learners
B
(2019重庆模拟)The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.
History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today’s popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature”, the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type, he believed, spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.
Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. For example, evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.
5. According to the passage, what do we know about cultural relativism?
A. It introduces different cultural values.
B. It explains the history of artistic works.
C. It relates artistic values to local conditions.
D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.
6. In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentioned in order to show that ________.
A. great works of art can go beyond national boundaries
B. history gives art works special appeal to set them apart
C. popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts
D. great artists are skilled at combining various cultures
7. According to Hume, some works of art can exist for centuries because ________.
A. they are results of scientific study
B. they establish some general principles of art
C. they are created by the world’s greatest artists
D. they appeal to unchanging features of human nature
8. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A. Are Artistic Values Universal?
B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?
C. Is Human Nature Uniform?
D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?
四、短文改错
下面短文中共有10处错误，每句最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
I am so exciting that I can’t wait to share with you what I experienced today. I gave my first lesson in our school, which left me the deep impression.
When I entered into the classroom, my students began to make much noise. I stood on the platform, not know what to do next. But soon I realized everything must be done. I asked the kids that they liked English songs. They all say “Yes.” I sang a song I had practiced many times. To my great surprise, all the kids turned their attentions to my class.
From this experience I know however happens, we must stay calmly first and find a wise solution.
五、语法填空
(1)
Hi I’m Kenny G and I am very excited to talk to you about my new line of saxophones. Now I’m really passionate about the saxophone, _1_(obvious) it’s been really great for me, it’s been the center of my life. I always think about myself when I first started as _2_ student. What if I had gotten a really really bad saxophone and I wasn’t able to get _3_ (inspire)? Maybe I wouldn’t be sitting here today.
I wanted to make a saxophone that students could pick up and it’s going to play beautifully. That is not that easy _4_ (do), because most of the saxophones _5_ are made for students aren’t that good, to be honest _6_ you. So _7_ we did is we took all of the qualities of the professional sax that I have been playing forever, added the modern improvements that _8_(happen) since I got my saxophones forty years ago _9_ came up with a saxophone that is as good as or _10_(good) than any saxophone out there. This is pretty much a professional quality saxophone, right here, the one in my hands. This is our student saxophone, so affordable, so the students can start off on the right foot.
(2)
Did you know that in the mountains it can start to snow in August? It snows through the fall and winter. __1__, in spring, when all that snow melts, water falls down the mountainsides. Streams(溪流) form and come__2__to form rivers. Let’s follow one of the rivers in Utah.
The Bear River begins nearly 13,000 feet__3__in the mountains. It ends only 90 miles__4__, but it will have dropped about 9,000 feet first! The most surprising thing about this river is where__5__ends.
If you look at a map, you will see that nearly all rivers__6__(empty) into the sea. But__7__the water of the Bear River. This river flows into the Great Salt Lake, the largest lake in the West. The rivers and streams that flow into the lake bring__8__them about two million tons of salt each year. And no fresh water flows away from the lake.__9__, the summer sun evaporates (蒸发) the fresh water, __10__(leave) the salt behind. The lake water is so salty that you can’t sink in it, no matter how hard you try.
六、书面表达
（2019海南文昌中学高三模拟）假定你是李华，几天前收到美国朋友Jack的Email，他略懂中文，最近听说在中国流行一种名叫“光盘行动”的活动，询问“光盘”是否就是音乐CD之类？请根据一下提示，用英语给他回复一封电子邮件，做简要解释，要点如下：
1.“光盘行动”和音乐CD无关；
2.这是一种提倡用餐节约、减少浪费的活动；
3.自己对这项活动的看法；
4. 提示：Jack认为的“光盘行动”可以用Guangpan Campaign表示。
Dear Jack,
Glad to receive your e-mail. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. B。句意：从童年起，我就梦想着家乡的冬天下一场大雪。此处为there be句式的变形。介词of后要接“名词/代词/动名词”，而不能接从句，所以B项正确。
2. D。第一空admitted后面应该用动名词，排除A和C两项，第二空promising是现在分词作状语，与其逻辑主语little Tom之间是主动关系，据此选D项。
3. A。need表示“需要”时，后面接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，或接不定式的被动形式，即need doing或 need to be done。当“几分之几+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。根据“the buildings”可知应用need。因此A项正确。
4. B。空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。句意：童年时像吃蔬菜这样简单 的事也许后来会帮助你预防严重的疾病。
5. D。mean doing sth.表示“意味着……”，mean to do sth.表示“打算做某事”，结合语义可排除A、C两项；common interests的意思是“共同的兴趣爱好”，符合语义。
6. C。此处谓语动词avoid跟动名词作宾语，类似的动词与词组还有enjoy, suggest, imagine, consider, dislike, risk, insist on, get used to, can’t help等，据此选C项。
7. D。句意：对于是否停服使他长胖的药物，他感到很茫然。at a loss为固定用法，意为“茫然，不知所措”；quit (停止，放弃)后要接doing sth.作宾语。
8. A。根据句子结构可知，it在句中作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语，由此可以排除B、C两项；根据语义可知，you与defeat是动宾关系，即要用被动形式，由此可以排除D项，故选A项。
9. B。句子缺少主语，所以此处用动名词作主语，其他选项都不能充当主语，所以这里选B项。
10. B。句意：他就是去年11月份被指控尾随一名18岁的女孩子进入一家饭店的洗手间并抢劫了她的手提包的那位官员。accused...作the official的定语，相当于who was accused…：accuse sb. of doing sth.意为“指控某人做某事”，故答案为B项。
11. A。句意：人们认为他在过去的几年里在那个偏远的地区为植树所花的时间和付出的努力是非常有价值的。题干中he has devoted during the past few years in that remote area为定语从句，先行词是The time and effort，将先行词代入定语从句后为：He has devoted the time and effort to planting trees in that remote area during the past few years…由此可知答案为A项。
12. B。句意：—Shelly喜欢购物吗?—哦，与在大街上闲逛相比，她更愿意花时间在家里读书。根据would rather do than do句型，可知第二空应该用wander，故排除C、D两项；另外，根据“spend+一段时间(+in)+doing sth.”，可知第一空需用reading，故答案为B项。
13. A。句意：你最好把头发剪短，我们学校不赞成学生留长发。approve常与of连用表示“同意，赞成”，approve of中of是介词，故后面需使用wearing，students和wearing一起构成介词的复合结构。
14. C。句意：尽管山区生活条件艰苦，徐本禹仍然把他所有的精力都用在教不同年龄的学生身上。考查devote one's energies to doing sth.表示“把某人所有的精力用在做某事上”。having taught表示“已经教成”，不符合题意。
15. B。句意：他从来没有梦想过他这么快就有机会被派出国。考查there be句型的非谓语形式。there be句型的非谓语形式有两种：there to be；there being。因为在本句中there be位于介词of之后，所以选there being的形式，等同于介词后要用- ing的用法。如：We want there to be a meeting to discuss the question. 我们希望召开一次会议来讨论这个问题。因为want后面要加不定式，所以用there to be的形式。
16. D。句意：那个科学家因为对国家作出了巨大的贡献而被政府授奖。having made是动名词的完成式，表示该动作先于主句的谓语动词was rewarded完成。
二、完形填空
这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，比以前长了很多，从而人口老龄化的情况也出现了，我们的社会需要老年人继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1. A。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构决定了人最多不会活过120岁，所以选A。 design 设计，结构；select 选择，精选；improve 改善，提高；discover 发现。
2. D。句意：但是，110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命，如果他非常健康和幸运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，一个人非常地健康而且幸运，才有希望活到110岁。
3. C。从上文科学家的三个数字可知人的寿命是有限的，所以我们的细胞不能无休止地再生，所以选C。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly 无害地；endlessly 无穷地，永久地；separately 分离地，分开地。
4. A。细胞慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最后，最终；hopelessly 绝望地；automatically 自动地；desperately 绝望地。所以选A。
5. B。从上文可知，短文一直都在谈的是人的寿命的长短，所以此句说的是我们的寿命比以前更长了。所以选B。当然也是原词重现了。
6. D。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成；guiding 指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing划分。根据文意可知，65岁只能是中年和老年的分界线，不能是终点线，等候线。故选D。guide 指导，指路。
7. C。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰减。stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，下降；failure失败。根据句意可知，应选C。
8. A。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据句意和下文Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood....及下一个句子可知，应该选A。
9. D。句意：在现代医药改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知选D。
10. B。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和卫生保健。dying (die) young表示“年少死去”，填young对应上文childhood，故选B。
11. A。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，这里要说的是人口的结构改变了，故选A。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。change 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。
12. B。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。因为while 表示对比，not表示相反，从而推出应选B。 dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。
13. A。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意选A。
14. C。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，选C。贡献可以包括建议，所以不选B。
15. D。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，应选D。
三、阅读理解
A篇：学习第二语言对大脑有促进作用，可以提高学习者的智力，而且第二语言的学习宜早不宜晚。
1 C。作者在本文第一段中就提出了主题，然后下文围绕这一主题进行深入阐述，即“语言学习可以提高你的智力”。
2. D。作者在第二段中把语言学习对大脑的促进作用比作体育锻炼对强健肌肉的促进作用，也就是说语言学习对大脑有类似的促进作用。再根据“Researchers...changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. ”可知语言学习对大脑的促进作用表现在促进grey matter上。
3. A。根据第五段可推出答案。由文章可知语言学习能够提高智力，故B项错误。由最后一段可知C项错误，D项文中未提及。
4. C。根据该词后“who had learnt a second language”可得出答案。
B篇：
本文是议论文。主要介绍了文化相对主义并非能解释一部分艺术作品能够跨文化跨世纪流行的原因。
5. C。事实细节题。直接定位第一段第一句话The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism, are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions根据文化相对主义, 艺术作品的价值, 往往是当地社会、经济的反映。故选C。
6. A。段落大意题。第二段提到一些全世界闻名的文学家、音乐家、画家, 目的是为了说明经典的艺术是永恒的, 不受时空限制。故选A。
7. D。事实细节题。直接定位第三段第一句话, David Hume argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature.” 在人性中, 艺术鉴赏力的基本原则是始终如一的。故选D。
8. A。主旨大意题。文章的标题应该是能够涵盖全文内容, 整篇文章提到了文化相对主义, 但更多探讨了“艺术永恒”的原因及应用。故选A。
四、短文改错
I am so exciting that I can’t wait to share with you what I experienced today. I gave my first
excited
lesson in our school, which left me the deep impression.
a
When I entered into the classroom, my students began to make much noise. I stood on the platform, not know what to do next. But soon I realized everything must be done. I asked the kids
knowing something
that they liked English songs. They all say “Yes.” I sang a song I had practiced many times. To my
whether/ if said
great surprise, all the kids turned their attentions to my class.
attention
From this experience I know however happens, we must stay calmly first and find a wise
whatever calm
solution.
五、语法填空
(1)1. obviously 2. a 3. inspired 4. to do 5. that/which
6. with 7. what 8. have happened 9. and 10. better
(2) 1. Then 2. together 3. up 4. away 5. it 6. empty 7. not
8. with 9. Instead 10. leaving
六、书面表达
Dear Jack,
Glad to receive your e-mail. Actually, Guangpan Campaign, which means “clear your plate”, has nothing to do with music CDs. It is a campaign to promote the spirit of saving and stopping wasting at dinner table. Many people order big meals but cannot eat up all the food eventually, only to show their generosity. This also affects a lot of school students. They often buy some food, find it not so delicious and leave the food untouched in the plate when they finish their meals! What a terrible waste!
Many people are going hungry for lack of food. By no means can we waste a grain! So I’ll join in the campaign, order what I can finish every dinner and clear my plate!
Yours,
Li Hua
真题再现
1. （2019 安徽模拟） ______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored
2. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
3. It’s no use _______ without taking any action.
A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained
4. I had great difficulty _______ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
A. find B. found C. to find D. finding
5. Lydia doesn’t feel like _______ abroad. Her parents are old.
A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study
1. B。本题考查的动名词的用法，句意为：忽视了这两个研究结果的区别将会是你犯的最严重错误之一。
2. C。prevent sb from doing sth“阻止某人做某事”，本句中的fishing boats和attack是被动关系，所以选择C项，句意：中国最近加紧黄岩岛的水域控制来阻止中国渔船在中国南海被袭击。
3. B。句意：不采取任何行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It’s no use doing是固定句式，所以B项为正确答案。
4. D。句意：在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。 have difficulty/ trouble/problem (in) doing...(做……有困难)是固定搭配，所以选D项。
5. B。句意：Lydia不想出国读书，因为她的父母都老了。这里用固定搭配feel like doing sth. 表示“想要做某事”，只有B项符合搭配。
知识讲解
动名词有两个特点：它是从动词变化而来的，所以它保留了动词的某些特征，它能带自己的宾语、状语等，这时就叫动名词短语；动名词最大的特点是它相当于一个名词，因此，动名词可以在句中作主语、宾语等，动名词也有像名词一样的“所有格形式”。
动名词作主语
动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.?
Breathing became difficult at that altitude. Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. Cheating on an exam ruins one's character. His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot.
动名词作主语时，常用It句式。
It’s +no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time) + doing…
It’s no good reading in dim light.
It’s no use sitting here waiting.
It is no use waiting for him any longer.
It's＋adj. ＋doing
It’s dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light.
It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.
这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等，但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替
It’s important for you to keep fit.
There is no doing ...
There is no saying what will happen next.
There is no joking about such matters.
There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded.
There is no littering about.
动名词作定语
动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。
swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 floating needle 浮针 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室 running water 自来水
动名词作表语
动名词作表语的时候，注意不要与现在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等。
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. （动名词）
His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词）
Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.（动名词）
Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （动名词）
现在分词作表语和动名词作表语的区别：
用作表语的分词通常具有形容词性质，有的已经转化为形容词。
His story was touching.
Your question is puzzling.
现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征，动名词作表语是对主语的内容进一步说明和解释。
My job is selling shoes, and it is challenging. (selling shoes为动名词短语；challenging为现在分词)
动名词作表语和可以和主语互，而现在分词不行，可以说：Selling shoes is my job.但不能说：
Challenging is the job.
动名词作宾语
跟在及物动词后做宾语。
He managed to escape suffering from the disease.
After hearing the funny story, all of us couldn't help laughing ear to ear.
Excuse my interrupting you for a while.
Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.
When he came back home from his night shift, Jason tried to avoid wakening his family.
The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night.
介词后面用动名词作宾语。
I’m looking forward to your coming next time.
On hearing our delegation in London had won so many gold medals, we cheered up with great joy.
They are against using so many animals in experiments.
He apologized for interrupting us.
Thank you for offering me so much help.
He is fond of watching sports-games.
动词或介词后面接动名词时，动名词短语也可以用完成时态或被动语态。
The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report in time.
I regret having said some rude words to my brother.
We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing.
After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly.
He can't remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter.
People hate being praised for nothing.
The problem is far from being solved.
She didn't mind being left alone at home.
动名词完成式的用法
动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有时和动名词的一般式可以互换。
He apologized for having broken the rules. He forgot having promised to write to her.
I have no idea of having seen such a person.
I remember seeing/having seen her somewhere.
动名词被动式的用法
当动名词的逻辑主语和动名词为被动关系时，动名词要用被动式。
The question is far from being settled.
在need, require, want等后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式。Your car needs filling (to be filled).
This city deserves visiting (to be visited).
The problem requires studying (to be studied) carefully.
The trees want watering (to be watered).
be worthy后接动名词要用主动表被动：
当be worth后接动词时，习惯于接动名词，并且用主动形式表示被动含义.
The book is well worth reading.
The book is not worth keeping at all.
后接动名词的动词和短语：【 动名词】
admit, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, practice, postpone, resist, stand, suggest, understand, be used to, be busy, can’t help, it is no good, it is no use, there’s no point (in), keep on
记忆口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否定完成停欣赏，不禁介意弃逃亡。
部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大：
forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。
Don’t forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
mean to do 打算做某事 /mean doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
try to do 设法尽力做某事/ doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）/ stop doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.
You’d better stop arguing and do as you are told.
can’t help doing 禁不住……/ can’t help to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can’t help to make up the room for you.
go on to do 做不同的事/ go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We’ll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.
leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）/ leave off doing停下某事
It’s time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
下列短语中的to为介词，后接动名词作宾语：
be used to doing 习惯于；object to 反对
devote oneself to 致力于；stick to 坚持
pay attention to 注意；respond to 回答
look forward to 期盼；see to 照料
contribute to 帮助；submit to 服从
adapt to 适应；apply to 运用
accede to 同意 就任；prefer ... to... 倾向于
adjust to 使自己适应于；owe to 归咎
react to 作出反应 ；access to 接近，进入(某地的)方法；通路
according to 按照，依照，视……而定；be addicted to 沉溺于……，对……上瘾
动名词的复合结构 【 动名词】
动名词的复合结构为“物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词”。
Tom’s going home late made his mother angry.
Would you mind my opening the window?
不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇有以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。
无生命名词
The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
有生命名词，但表泛指。
Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
两个或以上的有生命的名词并列。
Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?
巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. Ever since my childhood, I have dreamed of _______ a heavy snow in my hometown in winter.
A. there be B. there being C. there will be D. being
2. Little Tom admitted _______ in the shop, _______ that he wouldn’t do that in future.
A. to have stolen；promising B. stealing；promised
C. to stealing；promised D. having stolen；promising
3. As a result of the earthquake, two thirds of the buildings in the area _______.
A. need repairing B. needs repairing
C. needs to be repaired D. need to repair
4. Something as simple as _______ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life.
A. to eat B. eating C. to be eating D. eaten
5. Living in the dormitory means _______ to take care of yourself, understand each other's differences and share _______ interests.
A. to learn；common B. 1earning；ordinary
C. to learn；ordinary D. 1earning；common
6. The driver braked hard to avoid _______ a child coming in his way.
A. hit B. to hit C. hitting D. to have hit
7. He is now at _______ loss whether to quit _______ the pills making him gain weight.
A. a：to take B. / ：taking
C. a；being taken D. a；taking
8. It doesn’t make sense _______ after _______. You should cheer up and practice hard instead.
A. to complain；being defeated B. complain；defeating
C. complain；being defeated D. to complain；defeating
9. _______ well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.
A. Do B. Doing C. Done D. Being done
10. He was the official accused last November _______ an 18-year-old girl into a restaurant bathroom and robbing her of her handbag.
A. with following B. of following C. to following D. to follow
11. The time and effort he has devoted during the past few years _______ trees in that remote area is now considered to be of great value.
A. to planting B. to plant C. plant D. planting
12. —Does Shelly like shopping?
—Well, she would rather spend time _______ at home than _______ in the street.
A. read；wander B. reading；wander
C. in reading；to wander D. reading；to wander
13. You’d better cut your hair short. Our school doesn’t _______ long hair.
A. approve of students wearing B. approve students to wear
C. approve students wearing D. approve of students to wear
14. Although the living conditions were poor in the mountain, Xu Benyu still devoted his energies to _______ his students of different ages.
A. teach B. having taught C. teaching D. be teaching
15. He never dreamt of _______ for him to be sent abroad very soon.
A. being a chance B. there being a chance
C. there to be a chance D. there’s a chance
16. The scientist was rewarded by the government for _______ such a great contribution to the country.
A. make B. making C. being made D. having made
二、完形填空
（2019广东模拟）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live — if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
三、阅读理解
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中, 选出最佳选项。
If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?
According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles.
The study also found the younger people learn a second language, the better the effect is.
A team led by Dr. Andrea Mechelli, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density(密度)in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference was.
‘‘Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists.
It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible.”he said. “You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas. ’’
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between 2 and 34.
Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world,” explained the scientists.
1. The main subject talked about in this passage is ______.
A. science on learning a second language
B. man’s ability of learning a second language
C. findings that language learning can help brain power
D. 1anguage learning and maths study
2. The last sentence of the second paragraph is intended to _________.
A. say language learning is also a kind of physical labor
B. prove that one needs more practice when he (she) is learning a language
C. show the importance of using it when you learn a language
D. make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well
3. We may know from the scientific findings that _________.
A. the earlier you start to learn a second language, the higher the grey matter density is
B. there is no difference between a later second language learner and one who doesn’t know a second language
C. the experience of learning a second language has bad effect on people’s brain
D. the ability of learning a second language is changing all the time
4. The underlined word“bilinguals” probably means _________.
A. researchers on language learning
B. people who are good at learning foreign languages
C. people who can speak two languages
D. active language learners
B
(2019重庆模拟)The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.
History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today’s popular art, even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature”, the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type, he believed, spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.
Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. For example, evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.
5. According to the passage, what do we know about cultural relativism?
A. It introduces different cultural values.
B. It explains the history of artistic works.
C. It relates artistic values to local conditions.
D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.
6. In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentioned in order to show that ________.
A. great works of art can go beyond national boundaries
B. history gives art works special appeal to set them apart
C. popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts
D. great artists are skilled at combining various cultures
7. According to Hume, some works of art can exist for centuries because ________.
A. they are results of scientific study
B. they establish some general principles of art
C. they are created by the world’s greatest artists
D. they appeal to unchanging features of human nature
8. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A. Are Artistic Values Universal?
B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?
C. Is Human Nature Uniform?
D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?
四、短文改错
下面短文中共有10处错误，每句最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
I am so exciting that I can’t wait to share with you what I experienced today. I gave my first lesson in our school, which left me the deep impression.
When I entered into the classroom, my students began to make much noise. I stood on the platform, not know what to do next. But soon I realized everything must be done. I asked the kids that they liked English songs. They all say “Yes.” I sang a song I had practiced many times. To my great surprise, all the kids turned their attentions to my class.
From this experience I know however happens, we must stay calmly first and find a wise solution.
五、语法填空
(1)
Hi I’m Kenny G and I am very excited to talk to you about my new line of saxophones. Now I’m really passionate about the saxophone, _1_(obvious) it’s been really great for me, it’s been the center of my life. I always think about myself when I first started as _2_ student. What if I had gotten a really really bad saxophone and I wasn’t able to get _3_ (inspire)? Maybe I wouldn’t be sitting here today.
I wanted to make a saxophone that students could pick up and it’s going to play beautifully. That is not that easy _4_ (do), because most of the saxophones _5_ are made for students aren’t that good, to be honest _6_ you. So _7_ we did is we took all of the qualities of the professional sax that I have been playing forever, added the modern improvements that _8_(happen) since I got my saxophones forty years ago _9_ came up with a saxophone that is as good as or _10_(good) than any saxophone out there. This is pretty much a professional quality saxophone, right here, the one in my hands. This is our student saxophone, so affordable, so the students can start off on the right foot.
(2)
Did you know that in the mountains it can start to snow in August? It snows through the fall and winter. __1__, in spring, when all that snow melts, water falls down the mountainsides. Streams(溪流) form and come__2__to form rivers. Let’s follow one of the rivers in Utah.
The Bear River begins nearly 13,000 feet__3__in the mountains. It ends only 90 miles__4__, but it will have dropped about 9,000 feet first! The most surprising thing about this river is where__5__ends.
If you look at a map, you will see that nearly all rivers__6__(empty) into the sea. But__7__the water of the Bear River. This river flows into the Great Salt Lake, the largest lake in the West. The rivers and streams that flow into the lake bring__8__them about two million tons of salt each year. And no fresh water flows away from the lake.__9__, the summer sun evaporates (蒸发) the fresh water, __10__(leave) the salt behind. The lake water is so salty that you can’t sink in it, no matter how hard you try.
六、书面表达
（2019海南文昌中学高三模拟）假定你是李华，几天前收到美国朋友Jack的Email，他略懂中文，最近听说在中国流行一种名叫“光盘行动”的活动，询问“光盘”是否就是音乐CD之类？请根据一下提示，用英语给他回复一封电子邮件，做简要解释，要点如下：
1.“光盘行动”和音乐CD无关；
2.这是一种提倡用餐节约、减少浪费的活动；
3.自己对这项活动的看法；
4. 提示：Jack认为的“光盘行动”可以用Guangpan Campaign表示。
Dear Jack,
Glad to receive your e-mail. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. B。句意：从童年起，我就梦想着家乡的冬天下一场大雪。此处为there be句式的变形。介词of后要接“名词/代词/动名词”，而不能接从句，所以B项正确。
2. D。第一空admitted后面应该用动名词，排除A和C两项，第二空promising是现在分词作状语，与其逻辑主语little Tom之间是主动关系，据此选D项。
3. A。need表示“需要”时，后面接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，或接不定式的被动形式，即need doing或 need to be done。当“几分之几+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。根据“the buildings”可知应用need。因此A项正确。
4. B。空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。句意：童年时像吃蔬菜这样简单 的事也许后来会帮助你预防严重的疾病。
5. D。mean doing sth.表示“意味着……”，mean to do sth.表示“打算做某事”，结合语义可排除A、C两项；common interests的意思是“共同的兴趣爱好”，符合语义。
6. C。此处谓语动词avoid跟动名词作宾语，类似的动词与词组还有enjoy, suggest, imagine, consider, dislike, risk, insist on, get used to, can’t help等，据此选C项。
7. D。句意：对于是否停服使他长胖的药物，他感到很茫然。at a loss为固定用法，意为“茫然，不知所措”；quit (停止，放弃)后要接doing sth.作宾语。
8. A。根据句子结构可知，it在句中作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语，由此可以排除B、C两项；根据语义可知，you与defeat是动宾关系，即要用被动形式，由此可以排除D项，故选A项。
9. B。句子缺少主语，所以此处用动名词作主语，其他选项都不能充当主语，所以这里选B项。
10. B。句意：他就是去年11月份被指控尾随一名18岁的女孩子进入一家饭店的洗手间并抢劫了她的手提包的那位官员。accused...作the official的定语，相当于who was accused…：accuse sb. of doing sth.意为“指控某人做某事”，故答案为B项。
11. A。句意：人们认为他在过去的几年里在那个偏远的地区为植树所花的时间和付出的努力是非常有价值的。题干中he has devoted during the past few years in that remote area为定语从句，先行词是The time and effort，将先行词代入定语从句后为：He has devoted the time and effort to planting trees in that remote area during the past few years…由此可知答案为A项。
12. B。句意：—Shelly喜欢购物吗?—哦，与在大街上闲逛相比，她更愿意花时间在家里读书。根据would rather do than do句型，可知第二空应该用wander，故排除C、D两项；另外，根据“spend+一段时间(+in)+doing sth.”，可知第一空需用reading，故答案为B项。
13. A。句意：你最好把头发剪短，我们学校不赞成学生留长发。approve常与of连用表示“同意，赞成”，approve of中of是介词，故后面需使用wearing，students和wearing一起构成介词的复合结构。
14. C。句意：尽管山区生活条件艰苦，徐本禹仍然把他所有的精力都用在教不同年龄的学生身上。考查devote one's energies to doing sth.表示“把某人所有的精力用在做某事上”。having taught表示“已经教成”，不符合题意。
15. B。句意：他从来没有梦想过他这么快就有机会被派出国。考查there be句型的非谓语形式。there be句型的非谓语形式有两种：there to be；there being。因为在本句中there be位于介词of之后，所以选there being的形式，等同于介词后要用- ing的用法。如：We want there to be a meeting to discuss the question. 我们希望召开一次会议来讨论这个问题。因为want后面要加不定式，所以用there to be的形式。
16. D。句意：那个科学家因为对国家作出了巨大的贡献而被政府授奖。having made是动名词的完成式，表示该动作先于主句的谓语动词was rewarded完成。
二、完形填空
这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，比以前长了很多，从而人口老龄化的情况也出现了，我们的社会需要老年人继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1. A。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构决定了人最多不会活过120岁，所以选A。 design 设计，结构；select 选择，精选；improve 改善，提高；discover 发现。
2. D。句意：但是，110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命，如果他非常健康和幸运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，一个人非常地健康而且幸运，才有希望活到110岁。
3. C。从上文科学家的三个数字可知人的寿命是有限的，所以我们的细胞不能无休止地再生，所以选C。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly 无害地；endlessly 无穷地，永久地；separately 分离地，分开地。
4. A。细胞慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最后，最终；hopelessly 绝望地；automatically 自动地；desperately 绝望地。所以选A。
5. B。从上文可知，短文一直都在谈的是人的寿命的长短，所以此句说的是我们的寿命比以前更长了。所以选B。当然也是原词重现了。
6. D。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成；guiding 指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing划分。根据文意可知，65岁只能是中年和老年的分界线，不能是终点线，等候线。故选D。guide 指导，指路。
7. C。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰减。stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，下降；failure失败。根据句意可知，应选C。
8. A。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据句意和下文Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood....及下一个句子可知，应该选A。
9. D。句意：在现代医药改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知选D。
10. B。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和卫生保健。dying (die) young表示“年少死去”，填young对应上文childhood，故选B。
11. A。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will…可知，这里要说的是人口的结构改变了，故选A。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。change 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。
12. B。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。因为while 表示对比，not表示相反，从而推出应选B。 dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。
13. A。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意选A。
14. C。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，选C。贡献可以包括建议，所以不选B。
15. D。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，应选D。
三、阅读理解
A篇：学习第二语言对大脑有促进作用，可以提高学习者的智力，而且第二语言的学习宜早不宜晚。
1 C。作者在本文第一段中就提出了主题，然后下文围绕这一主题进行深入阐述，即“语言学习可以提高你的智力”。
2. D。作者在第二段中把语言学习对大脑的促进作用比作体育锻炼对强健肌肉的促进作用，也就是说语言学习对大脑有类似的促进作用。再根据“Researchers...changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. ”可知语言学习对大脑的促进作用表现在促进grey matter上。
3. A。根据第五段可推出答案。由文章可知语言学习能够提高智力，故B项错误。由最后一段可知C项错误，D项文中未提及。
4. C。根据该词后“who had learnt a second language”可得出答案。
B篇：
本文是议论文。主要介绍了文化相对主义并非能解释一部分艺术作品能够跨文化跨世纪流行的原因。
5. C。事实细节题。直接定位第一段第一句话The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism, are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions根据文化相对主义, 艺术作品的价值, 往往是当地社会、经济的反映。故选C。
6. A。段落大意题。第二段提到一些全世界闻名的文学家、音乐家、画家, 目的是为了说明经典的艺术是永恒的, 不受时空限制。故选A。
7. D。事实细节题。直接定位第三段第一句话, David Hume argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature.” 在人性中, 艺术鉴赏力的基本原则是始终如一的。故选D。
8. A。主旨大意题。文章的标题应该是能够涵盖全文内容, 整篇文章提到了文化相对主义, 但更多探讨了“艺术永恒”的原因及应用。故选A。
四、短文改错
I am so exciting that I can’t wait to share with you what I experienced today. I gave my first
excited
lesson in our school, which left me the deep impression.
a
When I entered into the classroom, my students began to make much noise. I stood on the platform, not know what to do next. But soon I realized everything must be done. I asked the kids
knowing something
that they liked English songs. They all say “Yes.” I sang a song I had practiced many times. To my
whether/ if said
great surprise, all the kids turned their attentions to my class.
attention
From this experience I know however happens, we must stay calmly first and find a wise
whatever calm
solution.
五、语法填空
(1)1. obviously 2. a 3. inspired 4. to do 5. that/which
6. with 7. what 8. have happened 9. and 10. better
(2) 1. Then 2. together 3. up 4. away 5. it 6. empty 7. not
8. with 9. Instead 10. leaving
六、书面表达
Dear Jack,
Glad to receive your e-mail. Actually, Guangpan Campaign, which means “clear your plate”, has nothing to do with music CDs. It is a campaign to promote the spirit of saving and stopping wasting at dinner table. Many people order big meals but cannot eat up all the food eventually, only to show their generosity. This also affects a lot of school students. They often buy some food, find it not so delicious and leave the food untouched in the plate when they finish their meals! What a terrible waste!
Many people are going hungry for lack of food. By no means can we waste a grain! So I’ll join in the campaign, order what I can finish every dinner and clear my plate!
Yours,
Li Hua