上海新世纪英语高二年级上学期第六单元The Environment教材精讲

伴你成长高二新世纪（上）
Module Three Unit 6
教材精讲：
目标扫描：
1．掌握不定式的被动用法。
2．掌握本课的重要词汇。
threat, tourist, overfish, limit, marine，diver, souvenir，coastal．dump, pollutant, long-term，poison，solution，regulation, patrol
3．熟记本课出现的常见词组。
the food chain，set limits for，develop an understanding of，continental shelf，pile up, disturb
the natural cycles，have effects on
4．掌握一些常用的重要句型。

语言点详解
1．掌握不定式的被动用法
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成(有时可以不带to)。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。动词不定式又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等句子成分。
不定式作定语只能用被动式的情况如下：
(1)为了表达需要，强调不定式动作的执行者时．须用被动式．常用by结构引导。
例：2008 Olympic Games are the first great Olympic Games to be held by Chinese
2008年奥运会是中国人首次举办的奥运盛会。
(2)不定式所修饰的名词是将要被做的事情时．不定式须用被动式。
例：The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance．
下次会议上将要讨论的这个问题至关重要。
The building to be built next yea r will be used at the office building
明年要建设的大楼将用作办公楼。
·注意点：
(1)在“There be”结构中，主语被不定式修饰(不定式作定语)时．既可用主动式，也可用被动式．意义上无甚区别。
例：There was a lot of problems to deal with／to be dealt with.
有许多问题需要处理。
(2)在“with／without十宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式，不定式表示将要发生的动作．且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者．此时不定式须用主动式。
例：With a lot of difficult problems to settle．the newly—elected president is having a hard time．
2．threat的用法
n. a statement in which you tell sb．that you will punish or harm them威胁．危险
例：The murder at large is a threat to the whole society.
n. the possibility of trouble．danger or disaster征兆
例：The black clouds a re a threat of rain
【拓展】
词性转换
v. threaten威胁
相关词组
threaten to do威胁要做
threaten sb．with sth．用某物来威胁某人
3．tourism的用法
n. the business activity connected with providing accommodation，services and entertainment for people who are visiting a place of pleasure旅游业
【拓展】
词性转换
n．tourist旅游者
n．tour旅行 ．
相关词组
world-famous， tourist attractions世界著名的旅游景点
go on a tour to Paris去巴黎观光
4．overfish的用法
v．take so many fish from the sea，a river，etc. that the number of fish in it becomes very low 过度捕捞
【拓展】
相关单词
v．overwork过度劳累
v．overflow溢出，漫出
5．circulate的用法
v. when a liquid，gas or air circulates or is circulated it moves continuously a round a place or system 使循环
【拓展】
词性转换
n. cycle循环
6．chain的用法
n. a series of connected metal rings，used for pulling or fastening things链条，连锁
【拓展】
相关同组
food chain食物链
chain store连锁店
7．1imit的用法
n. a point at which sth．stops being possible or existing限度，限制
例：There is a speed limit of 30 m..p. h. in towns.
【拓展】
词性转换
adj. limited有限的，比较小的
相关词组
set limits for=set a limit to对……限制
8．marine的用法
adj. connected with the sea and the creatures and plants that live there海产的，海生的
例：Seals and whales are marine animals 海豹和鲸鱼是海洋动物。

9．diver的用法
n. a person who works underwater，usually with special equipment潜水员
【拓展】
词性转换
v. dive潜水，跳水
例：The man dived for pearls.
10．souvenir的用法-
n．something that you buy or keep to remind yourself of a p1ace，an occasion，or a holiday 纪念品
例：When Uncle left for America，he left me his watch as a souvenir．
11．coastal的用法
adj. of or near a coast 沿海的
【拓展】
词性转换
n .coast海岸
相关词组
coastal cities沿海城市
12．dump的用法
v t. to get rid of sth．you do not want，especially in a place which is not suitable随便堆放，倒
例：She dumped all his books on the bed
13．pollutant的用法
n. a substance that pollutes sth．，especially air and water污染物
【拓展】
词性转换
v. pollute使……受污染
n. pollution污染
14．1ong-term的用法
adj. that will last or have an effect over a long period of time长期的
【拓展】
词性转换
adj．short—term短期的
15．poison的用法
n. a substance that causes death or harm if it is swallowed or absorbed into the body毒物
v. 使……有毒
【拓展】
词性转换
adj. poisonous 有毒的
16．solution的用法
n．a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation解决办法
【拓展】
词性转换 ．
v. solve解决
相关词组
solve the problem解决这个问题
one solution to the problem这个题目的一个答案
17．regulation的用法
n. an official rule made by a government o r some other authority规则
【拓展】
词性转换
v．regulate管理，控制
相关词组
obey the traffic regulations遵守交通规则
18．patrol的用法
v. to go around an area or a building at regular times to check that it is safe and that there is no trouble 巡逻
例：We have been pat rolling these days but have found nothing.
19．本课词组
·the food chain食物链
·set limits for对……限制
·develop an understanding of 对…进行理解
【拓展】
词性转换
n. misunderstanding误解
例：They part because of misunderstanding 他们因为误解而分手。
·continental shelf大陆架
·pile up堆积
·disturb the natural cycles打乱自然循环
【拓展】
相关词组
upset the natural balance打乱自然平衡
·have long-term effects on． 对……有长远的效果
【拓展】
词性转换
v. affect影响
相关词组
have great effects on… 对……有很大的影响
have lasting effects on… 对……有持续的影响
cut down the greenhouse effect 削弱温室效应
·dump……into the nearby rivers把……扔进了附近的河里
·share ocean resources fairly合理分享海洋资源
·make laws and regulations制定法律和规则

活学活用
◆1动词填空：He is not a man_____ (bow) before difficulties.
◆2 They had no chance_____(go)abroad in those years.
◆3 You should have confidence in your ability_____ (finish) the task ahead of time.
◆4 Does he have the intention_____(attend) Mary’s wedding party with us?
◆5 This will be one of the greatest bridges_____ (build) by our company this year.
◆6 There is no farmland _____ (1ose).
◆7翻泽：由于有几次会议要参加，所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。
◆8词性转换：A heavy flood is a_____ (threaten) to our small house.
◆9词性转换：With the development of _____(tour)，the country becomes richer and richer.
◆10动词填空：_____(overfish) will certainly upset the food chain in the ocean.
◆11翻译：植物在食物链中起着很大的作用。
◆12选择：He sees no limits ____ man’s progress.
A. for B. to C. beyond D. in
◆13翻译：想要成为水手的话，必须擅长潜水。
◆14词性转换：After examining, scientists found a lot of____ (pollute) in the sample of water.
◆15动词填空：When farmers spray poison to kill plant pests, poison ____ (send) into the air, the water and the soil.
◆16动词填空：The only solution to____ (work) out the problem is to try your best.
◆17翻译：作为一名学生，我有必要遵守学校的规章制度。
◆18翻泽：老师对我们完成作业的时问作了限制。
◆19翻译：医生建议我买对我的病有长远效果的药。
◆20动词填空：Laws and Regulations ____（make）to stop smoking in this country.

课后精练
Listening
1. Listen to the short conversation and decide the best answer to the question you have heard
(1) A. It was even better than it is. B. It is even better than it was.
C. It is better than people say. D. It is as good as it used to be.
(2) A. 11:20. B. 11:00. C.12:00 D. 12:20
(3) A. To bring some food to the table. B. To help herself to some food.
C. To use the phone on the table. D. To help herself to the table.
(4) A. On the second floor. B. At a men’s store.
C. In the women's department. D. In a department store.
(5) A. He should be more careful with his notebook
B. He may copy her notes.
C. She will give him something to write on.
D. She doesn't mind if he borrows her notes.
2. Listen to the passage and decide the best answer to the question you have heard
(1) A. Parents bring up children.
B. Parents educate children to be good persons.
C. Parents give love and care to children.
D. Parents pass away before children grow up.
(2) A. They wear carnations. B. They have picnics.
C. They get together. D. They go to work.
(3) A. Cards. B. Gifts. C. The thought. D. Dinners.



3. Listen to the longer conversation and fill in the blanks.
What do you suggest as a birthday present? A dog they are (1)______.
A mouse Peter has got a pet (2) . Anyway want to buy something (3)___ ,
Rabbits Rabbits are not (4)
Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.
Grammar and Vocabulary
1. The library____ this September will be the biggest one in our city.
A. built B. being built C. to build D. to be built
2. Mother promised she ____buy me an English-Chinese dictionary.
A. should B. must C. would D. ought to
3. With too many problems_______, the old woman felt very sick..
A. to solve B. to be solved C. solving D. solved
4. _______the bad news, the girl couldn't help______.
A. Having heard, tears B. Hearing, cry
C. Hearing, crying D. To hear, tear
5. I _______ have gone there, but I __
A. should, would have B. should, had
C. might, had D. could, had
6. Mary was happy at____.
A. having invited B. having been invited
C. had invited B. writing
7. Can you lend me a pen____.
A. to write B. writing C. to write with D. to write in
8. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ____.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
9. There is no difference between the two words. I really don't know____.
A. what to choose B. which to choose
C. to choose which D. to choose what
10. You must be very tired. Why not ___ a rest?
A. to stop to have B. to stop having
C. stop to have D. stop having
11. With the development of local___ , people become richer and richer.
A. tourist B. tour C. tourism D. tourists
12. As a robbery happened, he had to ______ the police to come to help.
A. call up B. call on C. call at D. call in
13. A lot of containers can be ______ iron.
A. made out of B. made up of C. made up with D. made into
14. The book provides him with different ______ of love and life.
A. thought B. idea C. understanding D. opinion
15. E-business will play a_______ role in the next few years.
A. disastrous B. vital C. legal D. beneficial
Cloze
Most people picture sharks (鲨鱼) as huge, powerful, frightening predators (食肉动物)， ready at any moment to use their sharp teeth to attack swimmers. There are a lot of 1 about sharks.
First, there are about 350 2 of sharks, and not all of them are large. They range in 3 from the dwarf shark, which can be only 6 inches (0. 5 ft. ) long and can be held in the hand, 4 the whale shark, which can be more than 55 feet long.
The second misunderstanding of shark concerns the 5 and type of its teeth, which can vary tremendously among the 6 species of sharks. A shark can have from one to seven sets of teeth at the same time, and some types of sharks can have several hundred teeth in each jaw. It is true that the cruel and predatory species do have extremely 7 teeth used to tear and cut their victim apart, many other types of sharks, however, have teeth more suitable to holding than to cutting.
8 , not all sharks are predatory animals ready to strike out at humans. In (act, only 12 of the 350 species of sharks have been known to attack humans, and a shark 9 be provoked in order to attack. The types of sharks that have the worst 10 with humans are the tiger shark, the bull shark, and the great white shark. However, for most species of sharks- even some of the largest types, there are no known instances of attacks on humans.
1. A. wrong ideas B. interesting information
C. stories D. description
2. A. classes B. groups C. species D. styles
3. A. size B. weight C. danger D. difference
4. A. and B. but C. to D. while
5. A. shape B. colour C. texture D. number
6. A. same B. many C. huge D. different
7. A. large B. strong C. sharp D. marvelous
8. A. Truly B. Finally C. Unfortunately D. Usually
9. A. would B. may C. can D. needs to
10. A. accident B. record c. action D. injury

Reading
(A)
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are growing old unnecessarily soon.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why quite healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a rather early age, and how the speed of getting old could be slowed down.
With a team of researchers at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes (容量) of a thousand people of different ages with different jobs.
Computer technology helped the researchers to get most exact measurements of the volume of the front and side parts of the brain, which have something to do with intellect and feelings, and decide the human character. As we all know, the back part of the brain, which controls tasks like eating and breathing, does not contract (萎缩) with age.
Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off -was seen in some people in their thirties, but it was stilt not found in some sixty-and seventy-year-old.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to prevent the contraction — using the head.
The findings show that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those with least possibility, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing the same work day after day in government offices are, however, as possible to have contracting brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
1. The team of doctors wanted to find out______.
A. at what point people grow mentally old B. how to make people live longer
C. the size of certain people's brains D. which people are the most clever
2. Their research findings are based on______.
A. an examination of farmers in northern Japan
B. tests given on a thousand old people
C. examining the brain volumes of different people
D. using computer technology
3. The doctors' tests show that _______.
A. our brains contract as we grow older
B. one part of the brain does not contract
C. sixty-year-old have better brains than thirty-year-old
D. some people's brains have contracted earlier than other people's
4. According to the article, ______are growing old earlier than people who live in the cities.
A. farmers B. office clerks C. shop assistants D. bus drivers
5. The most possible conclusion of the passage is that______.
A. most of us should take more exercise
B. it's better to live in the town
C. the brain contracts if it is not used
D. the more one uses his brain, the sooner he becomes old
(B)
Whether the hair is long or short, it must be regularly brushed and washed. For greasy (油腻的) hair， especially if the owner lives in a town, it may be necessary to wash the head every four to five days. Those with dry hair can usually go a little longer, but this is a matter for each person to decide.
If a woman is not able to go to hairdressers very often, it is important that she choose a style she can easily manage for herself，and this nearly always means that the first cut must be very standard.
One thing should be remembered though, that is, whatever you apply to the head can have some effect upon the skin and therefore anything strong should be used with care. Or you may use milder products. As for style, this must be studied according to what the latest fashion is and also to suit the individual at different times of her life.
Young people who has spots or skin troubles on their face, should take particular care to make sure that the hair is clean and does not touch the affected piece of skin. Hair is very difficult to keep completely clean and therefore anyone running his hands through his hair and afterwards touching his face, or letting his hair fall over his face, might spread infection (感染) from one place to another. Good hair does a lot to the effect of a face, so if you want to look nice, please start with your hair.
1. According to the text, the most basic thing to do in hair care is to______.
A. go to hairdressers very often
B. choose better and milder products for the hair
C. wash and brush the hair regularly
D. keep the hair away from the skin trouble
2. The best hair style can be achieved by______.
A. having the hair cut standard
B. following the latest fashion to suit one's age
C. not combing the hair with hand
D. not applying anything strong to the head
3. The thing you wash your hair with must be_______.
A. used with care B. very strong
C. extremely mild D. fashionable
4. To prevent the hair from infecting the skin, we'd better ______.
A. keep the hair completely clean B. wash the hair very often
C. have hair cut four times a year D. avoid combing the hair with our fingers
5. "Those with dry hair can usually go a little longer" means if your hair is dry______.
A. you can walk longer B. your hair can grow longer
C. you don't have to wash it so often D. you can grow taller

Verbs
1 ______ (find) out who is singing in the next room．Teddy went out of the room to have a look.
2 They didn’t get us ______ (inform)of his name，so we had a lot of trouble in finding the patient.
3 He has booked the new textbook ______ (write)by the author next year.
4 He left the room without ______ (notice).
5 More than one student ______ (be) here just now.
6 _____ (have) fresh fruit every day is of great importance to health.
7 I had difficulty in_____ (start) the car.
8 The meeting _____ (be)over，the students rushed out.
9 She can’t help_____ (clean) the kitchen because she was too busy then.
10 The thief was caught_____ (steal) into the house.

Word Transformation
1 The existence of sharks is a great_____ (threaten) to the other marine animals.
2 Everyone’s knowledge is_____ (1imit).
3 The flood had made a_____ (disaster) effect on the village.
4 The _____ (solve) to the question is far from satisfactory.
5 The tallest boys in Class Three are small in_____ (compare) with those in Class Two.
6 Hunting wild animals is now_____ (1egal)in most of the countries.
7 Are these small pills so _____ (poison) to kill even an elephant?
8 The meeting has lasted for three hours. It seems_____ (end).
9 Young as he is, he is determined to be a_____ (marine) in the future.
10 _____ (fish) implies another kind of pollution in the ocean.

Translation
1.人们一定居，污染物就堆积起来。(as soon as)

2.很难想出一种解决这道题的方式。(solution)

3.我们受到号召，为那些无家可归的孩子提供衣食。(provide)

4.大声朗读对提高英语口语有着长期的效果。(effect)

5.某些品种的海洋生物现在很稀少，因为太多已经被杀作为食物。(be killed for)






活学活用：
1. to bow
2. to go
3. to finish
4. to attend
5. to be built
6. to lose/to be lost
7. With several meetings to attend, he couldn't go to the Great Wall with us.
8. threat
9. tourism
10. Overfishing
11. Plants play an important part in food chain.
12. B
13. In order to become a sailor, one must be good at diving.
14. pollutants
15. will be sent
16. work
17. As a student, it is necessary for me to obey the school regulations.
18. The teacher set limits for our time finishing the homework.
19. The doctor suggested that I should buy the medicine which will have long-term effects on my disease.
20. have been made
课后精炼：
1. (1)A (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) C
2. (1) D (2) C (3) C
3. (1) friendly (2) mouse (3) unusual (4) interesting

Grammar and Vocabulary
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. A
14. C 15. B
Cloze
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B
Reading
(A) 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C
(B) 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C
Verbs
1. To find 2. to be informed 3. to be written 4. being noticed 5. was 6. To have 7. starting 8. being 9. to clean/clean 10. stealing
Word Transformation
1. threat 2. limited. 3. disastrous 4. solution 5. comparison 6. illegal 7. poisonous
8. endless 9. mariner 10. Overfishing
Translation
1. As soon as people settle down, pollutants (will) pile up.
2. It's difficult to think out one solution to this problem.
3. We are called on to provide the homeless children with foods and clothes.
4. Reading aloud has long-term effects on improving spoken English.
5. Some species of marine creatures are now rare because too many have been killed for food.