高考英语语法复习之非谓语动词之独立主格讲解与练习（含答案）

非谓语动词之独立主格结构讲解与练习
“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式
独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：
基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1． 名词/代词+ 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2． 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
3． 名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.
4. 名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.
5． 名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
例：The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。
6．名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例：The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
7. 名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例：The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
（二） with引导的复合结构
with引导的复合结构，相当于在前述各种独立主格结构前加上with，因此，一般认为这也是一种独立主格结构
【例】A woman got on the bus，with a baby around her arms.
The teacher came in with several students following behind.
With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.
He left the office with the lights on.
Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.
【例】After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____________ to go to school.
A) to be encouraged 　　C) being encouraged
B) been encouraged 　　D) be encouraged
介词with引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C) being encouraged。选项A) to be encouraged是动词不定式，for her to do是动词不定式短语，常做目的状语，不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B) been encouraged和D) be encouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。



非谓语动词与独立主格结构综合练习
1. ________ pretty late, we decided to leave at once, as we didn’t want to risk missing the last bus.
A. It being B. Being C. As is being D. It was being
2. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes B. is to make C. making D. made
3. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combine B. combined C. being combined D. having combined
4. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.
A. was B. being C. would be D. to be
5. The pressure _______ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed
6. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.
A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made
7. The project________ by the end of 2000 will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
8. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers _________ before their time.
A. be bloomed B. bloom C. bloomed D. blooming
9. _______ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated
C. The girl’s being educated D. The girl to be educated
10. What a lovely party! It is worth _______ all my life.
A. remembering B. to remember
C. to be remembered D. being remembered
11. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _________ 50 households or more.
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
12. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A. being B. been C. to be D. having been
13. While _______ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billions of information back to earth.
A. having orbited B. being orbited C. having been orbited D. orbiting
14. The house was very quiet, _______ it was on the side of a mountain.
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated
15. You will see this product ________ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
16. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered
17. Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _________ housework as carrying water and firewood.
A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming
18. Professor Wang, _______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.
A. knowing B. to be known C. known D. having known
19. We left the meeting, there obviously ________ no point in staying.
A. were B. being C. to be D. having
20. __________ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.
A. To have reviewed B. Having reviewed C. Reviewing D. Being reviewed
21. I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
22. Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
23. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base
24.______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
25._______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
26. Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
27.___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
28. They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
29. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
30. His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
31. When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
32. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
33. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. un-recording D. to have been unrecorded
34. I have no objection _______ your story again.
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
35. The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
36. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
37. He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D. be left
38. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
39. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed.
A. like B. so C. which D. as
40. I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse
41. The speech _____, a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
42.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba．
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating
43. Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance
44.The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.　　A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked
45. The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted 　　 B. admitted C. having been admitted 　D. having admitted
46. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _______out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
47. European football is played in 80 countries, _______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making??????????? B. makes?????????????? C. made????????????????? D. to make
48. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. read????????????????? B. reads?????????????? C. to read??????????????? D. reading
49. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _______ it more difficult.
A. not make??????????B. not to make???? C. not making????????? D. do not make
50. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied?????? B. to study C. to be studying??????? D. to have been studying
51. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year.
A. carried out????? B. carrying out?????? C. carry out??????????D. to carry out
52. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered???????????? B. Suffering C. To suffer?????????? D. Suffered
53. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.
A. smoke???????????? B. smoking????????????? C. to smoke?????????? D. smoked
54. She looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit???????????????? B. paying a visit?????? C. walk in????????????? D. walking in
55. —What do you think made Mary so upset?
—_______ her new bike.
A. As she lost??????? B. Lost????????? C. Losing???????????? D. Because of losing
56. Finding her car stolen, _______.
A. a policeman was asked to help????B. the area was searching thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere??????D. she hurried to a policeman for help
57. In order to make our city green, _______.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees?
B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees???????????????????????
D. we must plant more trees
58. Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked????????????B. lacking of??????? C. lacking?????????? D. lacked in
59. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _______ road conditions need _______.
A. that; to be improved???????????????????????? B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving???????????????????????????? D. when; improving
60. The discovery of new evidence led to _______.
A. the thief having caught???????????????????? B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught?????????????????????? D. the thief to be caught
61. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung????? B. hanging????????????? C. hangs?????????????? D. being hung
62. Sandy could do nothing but _______ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit??????????????? B. admitted????????????? C. admitting?????????? D. to admit
63. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.
A. set up?????????????? B. setting up???????????? C. have set up?????D. having set up
64. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key _______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving, making?????? B. to solving, made C. to solve, making??????? D. to solve, made
65. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put 　　B. to be putting 　　C. to put 　　D. putting
66. _______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing?????????? B. Having lost????????? C. Lost??????????D. To lost
67. There are five pairs _______, but I’m at a loss which to choose.
A. to be chosen??????????B. to choose from C. to choose??????? D. for choosing
68. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _______.
A. he’d like to collect coins as well??? B. he feels like collecting coins, too
C. to collect coins is also his hobby?? D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure
69.It turned out that the children were not______ for the accident.
A. to blame B. to be blamed C. to be blamed D. to have been blamed
70. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told　 B．having been told Ｃ　being told　 Ｄ．to have been told




非谓语动词与独立主格结构答案：

1-10 ACCBA; BCBCA
11-20 A ADAB; ACCBC
21-30 BCDBA; CAADD
31-40 ACABA; DBDDB
41-50 DAADC; AADBA
51-60 AABDC; DDCAC
61-70 BABBD; ABDDC