专题三 考点通关
第1讲 谓语动词(时态、语态和主谓一致)
无论在语法填空还是短文改错中，动词的考查都是高考的必考点和重难点，在解答有关动词类的试题时，考生必须要分清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，一个句子无论主句还是从句，必须要有谓语，对于语法填空来说，如果句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词，对于短文改错来说，则主要是时态、语态的错用或主谓不一致。无论是语法填空还是短文改错，一旦我们判定为谓语动词时，都要综合考虑时态、语态和主谓一致的情况，因为这些都是紧密联系在一起进行考查的，都是高考的设题点。
考点感悟
语法填空 短文改错
语法填空对谓语动词的考查主要涉及动词的时态、语态和主谓一致三方面。感1.(2019·江苏高考)A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr Smith ________ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.答案：fell 句意：史密斯先生抵达中国几个月后，爱上了那里的人和文化。arrive用了过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”，所以此处用一般过去时。 2.(2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (时尚).答案：has/will have 空格前面的从句为一般现在时，主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数，所以当句子为一般现在时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。 3.(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.答案：was given A as well as B作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由A，也就是本题中的Amy决定；由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去，且Amy与give之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。 4.(2018·浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to ________ (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.答案：have become 根据时间状语in recent years可知，此处应用现在完成时。 seem to have done “似乎已经做过”。 5.(2017·天津高考)I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.答案：was driving 此处为be doing ... when ... 结构，根据从句中的found可知，主句应用过去进行时。 短文改错对谓语动词的考查重点是并列谓语动词形式不一致、主谓不一致、上下文时态不一致、主动语态和被动语态误用、过去式与过去分词形式不正确这几个方面。感1.(2019·四川成都高三第三次诊断)I listed all of my achievements and the voluntary work I have done. _________________________________________________________________答案：have→had 这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是the voluntary work，表示发生在“过去的过去”，用过去完成时，所以have改为had。 2.(2019·江西横峰中学五校竞赛)All the international students was quite interested in my introduction. __________________________________________________________________答案：was→were All the international students作主语，谓语应该使用复数形式，故将was改为were。 3.(2019·长春质检)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class. __________________________________________________________________答案：know→knows 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数应和先行词保持一致。 4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop. __________________________________________________________________答案：telling→told and后的动词和saw是并列关系，故形式应和saw一致。 5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. ___________________________________________________________________答案：去掉been studies和show之间为主动关系。 6.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. ____________________________________________________________________答案：begin→begun 根据语意语境可知，and并列句应用过去完成时，即had done的形式，begin的过去分词应为begun。
续表
语法填空 短文改错
悟1.时态 对于时态问题我们可通过①时态定义，即各时态的基本用法；②标志性状语；③主从句时态的呼应；④固定句式结构；⑤语境暗示，这五个方面来解决。(参“考点素能一”) 2.语态 对于语态问题我们主要是根据与主语的逻辑关系来解决，语态考查是包含在时态之中的，不可分割。 3.主谓一致 对于主谓一致的问题，要根据主谓一致的三原则来解决。 悟1.时态 短文改错中一定要注意：上下文时态、并列连词所连接的时态及并列句中的谓语动词的时态，都应保持一致。此外，还要注意过去式与过去分词的形式是否正确。 2.语态 判断主被动语态的关键在于判断主语与谓语动词的关系为主动还是被动关系。 3.主谓一致 熟悉主谓一致的语法知识为解题关键，平时一定要注意总结记忆。
考点素能
一 动词的时态和语态
解答谓语动词的时态和语态的问题时，可通过以下几种途径来解决：
1．通过“时态定义”解决时态：虽然新课标或考纲中列出了10种时态，但近三年全国卷主要考查一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。尽管如此，以下8种时态的基本用法和构成还应掌握。准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
一般将来时 will do
过去将来时 would do
一般现在时 do/does
一般过去时 did
现在进行时 am/is/are doing
过去进行时 was/were doing
现在完成时 have/has done
过去完成时 had done
2．通过“标志性状语”解决时态：高考中，很多题目本身就带有明确的用某种时态的时间状语，要学会利用这些状语来解决时态问题。
(1)看到always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示频率的时间状语，要想到用一般现在时。
(2)看到yesterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998, just now, once upon a time等时间状语，要想到用一般过去时。
(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等时间状语，要想到用一般将来时。
(4)看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等时间状语，要想到用过去将来时。
(5)看到all the time, now, at 4 o'clock, at this moment, at present等时间状语，要想到用现在进行时。
(6)看到at that time, at this time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等时间状语，要想到用过去进行时。
(7)看到at this time tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等时间状语，要想到用将来进行时。
(8)看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last＋时间段等时间状语，要想到用现在完成时。
(9)看到by that time, by the end of＋过去时间，before 2000, by the time＋一般过去时的从句，要想到用过去完成时。
(10)看到by the time＋一般现在时的从句，by the end of＋将来时间的名词，by＋将来时间名词等时间状语，要想到用将来完成时。
3．通过“动作先后”解决时态：此种方法主要用来解决两种类型的试题：①并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., either ... or ..., not only ... but also ..., rather than等及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系，决定着所选动词的时态；②涉及主从句时态的题目，我们可通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间先后来确定时态。 例如：
One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ________ (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
本句为and连接的并列结构，根据前面的was drawing便可得知此处应填 was bathing。
Mr White ________ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
根据for nearly forty years可知应用完成时，再根据before从句中的retired可知，从句中用的为过去时，主句动作发生在其前，故应用过去完成时，即had taught。
4．通过“语境暗示”解决时态：实际上，高考对时态的考查更注重“情境立意”，即考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。正因为如此，有些试题的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显，此时考生要树立全局观念，根据提供的语境，挖掘隐含信息，从而找到解题的突破口。 例如：
While online shopping ________ (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
根据语境结合后面的have been可知此处应用现在完成时，强调对现在造成的结果或影响，又主语为online shopping，故应填has changed。
5．通过“固定句式”解决时态：所谓固定就是需要考生记住，因此考生必须要熟记一些常见的固定句式结构。
(1)看到no sooner ... than ...或hardly ... when ...，要想到主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
(2)看到并列连词when，要想到was/were doing sth. when ...；be about to do sth. when ...等句式。
(3)看到It/This/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用现在完成时。
(4)看到It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用过去完成时。
(5)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。
(6)在由since引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。
(7)看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，要想到陈述句用一般将来时。
6．通过“逻辑关系”解决语态：对于语态问题的解题关键就在于理清主语与谓语的关系，如果为主动关系，则用主动语态，如果为被动关系，则用被动语态。需要注意的是，考生在做题时往往对时态问题比较关注，但却容易忽略语态问题，因此我们可采用“先语态，后时态”的做题方式来避免此类问题的发生。被动语态在各种时态中的构成形式如下所示：
7．注意“特殊动词”：有些动词(短语)的用法比较特殊，要格外注意。如belong to(属于)不用进行时和被动语态；date from或date back to(追溯到)常用一般现在时；系动词如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear等不能用被动语态。对于这些特殊的词汇，考生务必要记牢。
二 主谓一致
所谓主谓一致，就是说在英语中，句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致，共三种。近几年来高考中对它的考查主要集中于语法一致和意义一致，并且常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行考查。
1．语法一致
(1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。
(2)在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。
(3)单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
2．意义一致
(1)集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。
常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority ＋of ＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
3．就近/就远原则
(1)就近原则：由either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not ... but ..., not only ... but also ... 等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
(2)就远原则：主语后跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
过关检测(限时：30分钟)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We ________ (wait) here for more than two hours.
答案：have been waiting
2．Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the café.
答案：had left
3．Festivals and celebrations of all kinds ________ (hold) everywhere since ancient times.
答案：have been held
4．Long ago Hongbao ________ (see) as a means of protecting children from evil spirits.
答案：was seen
5．—You look so tired and pale. Anything wrong?
—I hate to complain, but a new road ________ (build) throughout the night.
答案：was being built
6．It is reported that his new book ________ (publish) by that company next year.
答案：will be published
7．How close parents are to their children ________ (have) a strong influence on the development of the children's characters.
答案：has
8．It took a long time but eventually the dog ________ (stop) barking and the man was able to touch it.
答案：stopped
9．The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
答案：was invited
10．You rather than I ________ (be) going to go camping tomorrow.
答案：are
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．I wept and said I do want to do my best but I just couldn't concentrate.
________________________________________________________________
答案：第一个do→did
2．More efforts, as reported, will make in the years ahead to accelerate the supply－side structural reform.
________________________________________________________________
答案：make→be made
3．Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has reached so far by the two sides.
________________________________________________________________
答案：has后加been
4．—What time is it?
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I check it for you.
________________________________________________________________
答案：check前加will
5．The fact that so many people still smoke in public places suggest that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.
________________________________________________________________
答案：suggest→suggests
6．They felt that the British economy was been held back by excessive government controls.
________________________________________________________________
答案：been→being
7．One－third of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens is black people.
________________________________________________________________
答案：第二个is→are
8．Our school along with many other brother middle schools are to take another joint test next month.
________________________________________________________________
答案：are→is
9．The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her.
_________________________________________________________________
答案：去掉was
10．A recent survey shows that the number of children who come from the countryside with their parents are nearly 320,000 in Beijing.
_________________________________________________________________
答案：are→is
Ⅲ.语法填空
To be a charming (有魅力的) leader, it helps to have speaking skills that convey strength and experience. Contrary __1__ popular belief, a speaker's message may not matter as much as the style in which the speech __2__ (deliver). A new study finds it's a leader's tone of voice __3__ is actually important.
Researchers from the University of California analyzed the vocal styles of four US politicians. They found that while all of them presented __4__ (complete) different messages, they __5__ (change) their voices in similar ways, depending on the audience.
“Politicians use voice as a strong tool __6__ (convey) their charm，” Rosario Signorello, one of the researchers behind the work, said at a recent conference.
When it comes to politics, it's not only about __7__ you say but how you say it. There's a good reason why some of the most successful politicians, for better or worse, are also known as outstanding __8__ (speak), able to persuade large and diverse crowds with __9__ (attraction) speeches. But it's not just about the words they choose; the same paragraph might sound boring in a flat speaker's voice but beautiful when __10__ (recite) by a Shakespearean actor.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是领导者的演说魅力的来源。
1．to 考查介词。(be) contrary to “与……相反”，为固定搭配。
2．is delivered 考查动词的时态和语态。本文阐述一种研究成果，且全文用一般现在时作为基本时态，因此此处应用一般现在时；又因speech和deliver “发表”之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态。
3．that 考查强调句式。一项新的研究表明，一个领导者的语调才是真正重要的东西。本句为强调句的基本句型：It's＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分，句中被强调的部分a leader's tone of voice为主语。
4．completely 考查词性转换。修饰形容词应用副词completely。
5．changed 考查动词的时态。根据上文的 “analyzed”“found”可知，此处表示发生在过去的事情，故应用一般过去时。
6．to convey 考查非谓语动词。政治家们把声音作为一种有力的工具来表现他们的魅力。use sth. to do sth. “用某物做某事”为固定用法，故空处填to convey。
7．what 考查宾语从句的连接词。当谈及政治的时候，它不仅关乎所说的内容，也关乎你表达它的方式。设空处在句中引导从句作about的宾语，且在从句中作say的宾语，故用what，意为“……的事物、东西”。
8．speakers 考查词性转换。根据语境可知，此处表示一些最成功的政治家也被称为杰出的演讲者。空格前有形容词outstanding作定语，故空格处应填名词，且speaker “演讲者”是可数名词，其前无限定词，故应用其复数形式speakers。
9．attractive 考查词性转换。空格处在句中作定语修饰名词speeches，故应用形容词attractive “有吸引力的”。
10．recited 考查非谓语动词。句子主语the same paragraph与recite之间是被动关系，应用其过去分词形式，构成状语从句的省略形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·合肥一中高三月考)In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now this is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has general been a wonderful journey with you guys. To make the journey good and safer, our teachers had contributed their time and energy. We are grateful to what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter whether unwilling we are, we will depart soon. And it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, on behalf of all the graduate here, let me to extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you!
答案：
In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has been a wonderful journey with you guys. To make the journey and safer, our teachers contributed their time and energy. We are grateful what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter unwilling we are, we will depart soon. it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, on behalf of all the here, let me eq \o(,\s\do15(⑩)) extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you!
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第1讲
谓语动词(时态、语态和主谓一致)
考点感悟
考点素能
过关检测
本课结束
答案
第2讲 非谓语动词
无论在语法填空还是短文改错中，非谓语动词都是历年高考的必考点，是考生必须要掌握的知识。在解答有关非谓语动词类的试题时，考生同样必须要分清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，如果句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词?并列连词或从句连词?，则所给动词一定用非谓语动词形式。当我们确定应用非谓语动词后，就要根据相应的语法知识去判断应使用非谓语动词的哪种形式，是v.－ing、v.－ed形式还是不定式。
考点感悟
语法填空 短文改错
语法填空对非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语都会有所涉及，其中作状语、定语、宾语和补语的考查更为突出。感1.(2019·天津滨海七所重点学校联考)________ (free) the students from their endless homework the school has decided to take a series of measures.答案：To free 句意：为了把学生从没完没了的作业中解放出来，学校决定采取一系列措施。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词，故free只能作非谓语动词，在本句中作目的状语故用不定式。2.(2019·江苏无锡高三期末)A case of suspected food poisoning in New York has led to 6 high school students ________ (send) to hospital.答案：being sent 句意：纽约一个疑似食品中毒的案件已经导致6名高中生被送到医院了。lead to “导致”，其中的to是介词，后面接动名词的复合结构：逻辑主语(6 high school students)＋动名词，因为students和send之间是被动关系，故用动名词的被动式。 3.(2019·江苏高考)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ (recognize) its role in international affairs.答案：recognizing 句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。此处是with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)，more countries与recognize (承认，认识，认可)之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。 4.(2018·北京高考)________ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.答案：Traveling 此处为动名词作主语的用法。 5.(2018·江苏高考)Around 13, 500 new jobs were created during the period, ________ (exceed) the expected number of 12, 000 held by market analysts.答案：exceeding 此处用非谓语动词作结果状语，exceed与主语Around 13, 500 new jobs为主动关系，且与句子谓语动词没有先后关系，故应用现在分词。 6.(2018·天津高考)It took him a long time ________ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.答案：to acquire 此处为It takes/took sb. to do sth.固定句式。 7.(2018·北京高考)Ordinary soap, ________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.答案：used 此处为非谓语动词作状语的用法，use与逻辑主语为被动关系。 8.(2018·天津高考)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take).答案：taken 此处为非谓语动词作宾补的用法，take与宾语photograph为被动关系。 短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要集中于动词与非谓语动词的误用、现在分词与过去分词的误用、不定式符号的误用、缺失或多余。感1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I want my cafe have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”. ___________________________________________________________________答案：cafe后加to want sb./sth. to do sth. “希望某人/某物做某事”。2.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables. ________________________________________________________________答案：pick前加to invite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人去做某事”。 3.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)We hope that all of us will devote our efforts to protect pandas and let them live in the wild again some day. ________________________________________________________________答案：protect→protecting devote ... to ... “致力于……”，其中的to为介词而非不定式符号，故其后应跟动名词形式。 4.(2019·广州调研)They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews, and ask their friends and relatives for help. ________________________________________________________________答案：going→go 根据语意语境可知，该句陈述的是当前的行为，且此处与send，ask并列，故应用动词原形。 5.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear. ________________________________________________________________答案：wear→wearing 介词后应用动名词形式作宾语。 6.(2016·四川高考)Mom was grateful and moving. ________________________________________________________________答案：moving→moved 根据语意“妈妈很感激和感动”可知，此处应用由过去分词转化而来的形容词moved作表语，意为“感动的”，用来修饰人。
悟 无论语法填空还是短文改错，熟悉非谓语动词的基本用法及作同种成分时的用法区别都是解题的关键。另外平时还要多记固定搭配和常用形式，学会分析句子结构，判断句子成分，这样才能以不变应万变。
考点素能
一 非谓语动词的解题原则
原则1 了解句法功能，分析句子结构，判断句子成分，确定非谓语动词形式
非谓语动词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、补语多种成分，理解非谓语动词的句法功能，判断出其应作哪种成分是解题的关键。
①作伴随状语和结果状语时用现在分词
More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了更多的高速公路，这使人们从一处到另一处的出行变得更容易了。(表结果)
All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.
他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。(表伴随)
[特别提醒] 源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态，常见的有：seated (坐着的)，devoted (专注的)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)等。
Absorbed in his book, he didn't notice me enter the room.
他专注读书，没注意到我进入房间。
②作目的状语时用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式
●非谓语动词作目的状语，要想到用不定式。
To make it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
为了更容易与我们取得联系，你最好随身带着这张卡片。
●非谓语动词作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果要想到用不定式，表示必然的结果要想到用现在分词。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
他匆匆赶到车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。(表出乎意料的结果)
●非谓语动词作原因状语，表示“喜怒哀乐”的形容词要想到用不定式；非谓语动词作时间状语、条件状语和原因状语等要想到用分词。
I am only too glad to see everything settled.
看到一切问题都解决了，我很高兴。
Being tired, he went to bed early.
因为很累，他很早就睡了。
③作主语时常用动名词，作介词的宾语时一定用动名词
●分析句子成分，如果一个经常性、习惯性的动作作主语，常用v.－ing形式。
Knowing basic first－aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。
●介词和带介词to的固定搭配一定跟v.－ing作宾语。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.
我希望尽快收到你的来信。
④作表语时指物用v.－ing，指人用v.－ed形式
●牢记v.－ing作表语或定语时常指物，v.－ed作表语或定语时常指人。
He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.
得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时，他非常吃惊。
原则2 利用固定搭配或习惯用法，确定非谓语动词形式
①牢记用v.－ing/to do形式作宾语的词(短语)
●接v.－ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：suggest, risk, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow, avoid, delay, include, deny, escape, advise, finish, miss, forgive, consider, recommend, forbid, give up, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to, devote ... to, pay attention to等。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
●接to do形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：decide, refuse, promise, pretend, hesitate, manage, plan, fail, choose, desire, hope, afford, agree, learn, determine, demand, offer, make up one's mind, would like等。
Nervous and anxious, Jill failed to make a good impression at the job interview.
又紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。
●有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。
mean
forget
remember
regret
try
go on
can't help
I regret to tell you that he didn't take your application into consideration.
我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。
I regret making rude comments on your appearance.
我很后悔对你的外表做了粗鲁的评论。
②掌握非谓语动词的几种句型公式
●不定式作宾语补足语
tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb. to do sth.
I'd like to invite you to take part in the activity.
我想邀请你参加这项活动。
●用省略“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词：“五看；三使；二听；一感觉”。
五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb. do sth.；
三使：make/have/let sb. do sth.；
二听：listen to/hear sb. do sth.；
一感觉：feel sb. do sth.。
The boss made the workers do the work all day.
老板迫使工人们整天干活。
●用于it形式主语结构中
It＋be＋名词或形容词(no good/no use/a pleasure/worthwhile/useless)＋动词－ing；
It＋be＋形容词(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb. to do sth.；
It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.
As is known to us, it's no use complaining without taking action.
众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。
③with复合结构中补足语的比较
with
With so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.
那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。
With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.
问题解决了，质量也提高了。
④有些非谓语动词形式的固定结构需牢记
considering that 鉴于，考虑到
judging by/from 从……来判断
supposing/providing/provided/assuming that ... 假定，假设
compared with/to 与……相比
Michael's new house is like a huge palace, compared with his old one.
与迈克尔的旧房子比起来，他的新房子像个大宫殿。
原则3 理清逻辑关系，确定非谓语动词形式
解答非谓语动词的试题时，要能辨明其与逻辑主语的关系为主动关系还是被动关系，主动考虑用v.－ing形式，被动则考虑用v.－ed形式。
①非谓语动词作定语
若非谓语动词作定语，与其逻辑主语为主动关系时用现在分词，为被动关系时用过去分词。
“Things lost never come again！” I couldn't help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语：“覆水难收啊！”
Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨晚，有上百万的人观看开幕式的电视直播。
②非谓语动词作状语/补语
●若非谓语动词作状语，则其逻辑主语是句子的主语。若句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，则用现在分词形式；若句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。
Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
这个句子被译成英语后，被发现有一个完全不同的语序。
Hearing the good news, they were all excited.
听到这个消息，他们都非常激动。
●若非谓语动词作宾语补足语，则其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。若宾语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，且强调进行，则用现在分词形式；若宾语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。
I saw him climbing the fence just now.
我刚才看见他在爬栅栏。
A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middle－aged lady.
一位村民看见这个小女孩被一位中年妇女带走了。
原则4 根据动作先后及逻辑关系，确定非谓语动词形式
做题时，我们要根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序，去确定非谓语动词的时态，根据其与逻辑主语的主被动关系去确定语态。
非谓语动词形式 意义
过去分词 表示被动、完成
不定式的被动式 表示被动且尚未发生
现在分词的被动式 表示被动、进行
动名词的被动式 表示被动
非谓语动词的完成式 非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。
Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it.
被告知了多次，他仍旧不明白。
二 非谓语动词的易错易混点
易错易混点1 现在分词和过去分词作状语
现在分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。
[典例1] (2019·福州八中质检)________ (realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
解析 Realizing 分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与句子主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。
[典例2] (2019·蚌埠二中模拟)Greatly ________ (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.
解析 encouraged 分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与句子主语the team之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填encouraged。
易错易混点2 现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语
作前置定语和表语时，现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，前者意为“令人……的”，后者意为“感到……的”。
[典例1] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge)．
解析 challenged feel为系动词，后接形容词；此处表示“……被挑战的”，用由过去分词转化来的形容词challenged。
[典例2] (2019·山西省实验中学质检)Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone numbers, responded to the ________ (excite) baby news.
解析 exciting 此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。
[典例3] (2019·山西长泊二中等五校一联)With a ________ (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said, “Me？”
解析 puzzled 句意：脸上带着疑惑的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗？” a puzzled look “困惑的表情”；过去分词表示人的心理特征，也用于修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, voice等名词。
过关检测(限时：30分钟)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．________ (catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
答案：To catch
2．There is a door ________ (lead) to the garden.
答案：leading
3．They worked day and night, ________ (finish) the work ahead of time.
答案：finishing
4．The two presidents agree with each other on the whole, but much remains ________ (discuss) at the next meeting.
答案：to be discussed
5．________ (absorb) in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
答案：Absorbed
6．________ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
答案：Understanding
7．Amy, please tell the people seated and ________ (wait) for their turns to come to my office five minutes later.
答案：waiting
8．—Any danger for the patient ________ (operate) on by Dr Smith?
—Hard to say. Doctors are trying their best.
答案：being operated
9．With the exam ________ (take) place in ten minutes, they were asked to hand in their mobile phones.
答案：to take
10．Yan'an, a city ________ (locate) in northern Shaanxi Province, has seen great progress in its tourism industry over the past few years.
答案：located
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared, combined the meanings of “information” and “atmosphere”．
________________________________________________________________
答案：combined→combining
2．We must know what we should do and we should avoid leave a good impression on others in public places.
________________________________________________________________
答案：avoid后加to
3．You cannot accept an opinion offering to you unless it is based on facts.
________________________________________________________________
答案：offering→offered
4．The film star wears glasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without recognizing.
________________________________________________________________
答案：recognizing→being recognized
5．Having working for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
________________________________________________________________
答案：working→worked
6．Back from his two－year medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taking good care of at home.
________________________________________________________________
答案：taking→taken
7．Amazing at his final score, he decided to treat himself to a big dinner.
________________________________________________________________
答案：Amazing→Amazed
8．Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it performed live is quite another.
________________________________________________________________
答案：it后加being
9．They were caught in a traffic jam, thus cause the delay.
________________________________________________________________
答案：cause→causing
10．Halfway through his talk, the speaker stopped and decided create a group activity.
________________________________________________________________
答案：decided后加to
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·长沙雅礼中学高三检测)I first discovered China Daily a few years ago. It was the first time that I __1__ (visit) China, and I was waiting for my tour guide __2__ (arrive) at the hotel. I picked up a newspaper written in English—China Daily. I opened the newspaper, and __3__ that day on, in every hotel I visited, when the staff asked me, “A newspaper __4__ (deliver) to your room？” I would always answer, “Do you have China Daily？” Why had I __5__ (immediate) taken a liking to China Daily after just one reading of it? I think that China Daily is a very __6__ (influence) newspaper for many reasons. First of all, China Daily __7__ (write) about both Western and Chinese culture. __8__ example to support this reason is an article I read just the other day：When the Bard (诗人) met his Chinese match. This article is about __9__ both China and the UK will honor their most famous playwrights (剧作家) with a series of __10__ (event) this year. The playwrights are William Shakespeare from the UK and Tang Xianzu from China. And the newspaper also manages to compare them in a proper way.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是如何与China Daily结下不解之缘的。
1．had visited 考查动词的时态。It was the first time that ... “第一次……”为固定句型，其中的that从句需要用过去完成时。
2．to arrive 考查非谓语动词。“我”在等“我”的导游到达宾馆。wait for sb. to do sth. “等待某人做某事”为固定搭配。
3．from 考查固定搭配。from ... on意为“从……起”，是固定用法。
4．delivered 考查非谓语动词。newspaper与deliver之间是被动关系，故此处使用deliver的过去分词形式。
5．immediately 考查词性转换。为什么“我”仅读了一次《中国日报》就马上喜欢上它了呢？此处应用副词修饰动词。
6．influential 考查词性转换。空格处在句中作定语修饰后面的名词newspaper，故用形容词influential “有影响力的”。
7．writes 考查动词的时态和语态。《中国日报》的内容与中西方文化都有关系。这是一种客观陈述，表示客观事实要用一般现在时。注意：write作“写道，(以文字形式)表达”讲时通常不用被动语态。
8．An 考查冠词。此处泛指“一个例子”，需用不定冠词表泛指，且example的发音以元音音素开头，故需用An。
9．how 考查名词性从句的连接词。此处表示中英两国如何纪念他们最为著名的剧作家。空格处在句中引导一个宾语从句，且表示“如何，怎样”，故用how。
10．events 考查名词。此处表示“一系列活动”，根据前面的a series of和event作“公开活动”讲时是可数名词可知，设空处应填其复数形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·河北保定中学高三月考)It's reported that some Chinese tourists behave badly travel at home and abroad. They speak loudly in public places, carve characters at tourist attractions, throw a rubbish everywhere, even cross the road when the traffic lights are still red. Such bad behavior had caused damage to what people think of themselves and our country. Actions should be taken to stop this. First, tourists should be educating to obey social and public order, and respect locally religions and customs. Besides, laws should be made to punish those which don't behave politely in public. I hope soon tourists will change their behavior and win respect of themselves and our country.
答案：
It's reported that some Chinese tourists behave badly at home and abroad. They speak loudly in public places, carve characters at tourist attractions, throw eq \o(,\s\do15(②)) rubbish everywhere, even cross the road when the traffic lights are still red. Such bad behavior caused damage to what people think of and our country. should be taken to stop this. First, tourists should be to obey social and public order, and respect religions and customs. Besides, laws should be made to punish those don't behave politely in public. I hope soon tourists will change their behavior and win respect themselves and our country.
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第2讲
非谓语动词
考点感悟
考点素能
过关检测
本课结束
答案
解析
第3讲 并列句和复合句
并列句和复合句也是历年高考的必考点和易失分点，考生应高度重视。造成失分的主要原因是不能区分并列句和复合句而误用连词，因此考生必须知晓并列句与定语从句、状语从句及名词性从句的用法区别。解答此类试题的关键在于要学会分析句子并理清逻辑关系。
考点感悟
语法填空 短文改错
语法填空对并列句和复合句的考查是不给提示词的，主要考查应用哪个关连词。感1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals.答案：who 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。 2.(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.答案：when 此处为sb. be doing ... when ... 结构。 3.(2018·江苏高考)Self?driving is an area ________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.答案：where 该句为定语从句，句中an area为先行词，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是中国和世界其他地区站在同一起跑线上的领域。 4.(2018·天津高考)The gold medal will be awarded to ________wins the first place in the bicycle race.答案：who/whoever 介词to后是宾语从句。从句中动词wins前缺主语，此处表述： 获得第一名的人/任何获得第一名的人。故用who/whoever引导宾语从句。 5.(2018·天津高考)________we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.答案：If 句意：如果我们不停止改变气候，世界上的很多动植物都将会灭绝。if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。 短文改错对并列句和复合句的考查主要集中于连词的误用、缺失或多余。感1.(2019·安徽示范性高中皖北协作区高三联考)I got my meal. I thought the food would be dull, what wasn't the case at all. ________________________________________________________________答案：what→which 句意：我原以为饭菜会很乏味，但事实并非如此。在非限制性定语从句中，应该用which指代前文内容，并在从句中作主语，what可以引导宾语从句、表语从句等， 但不能引导定语从句，故将what改为which。 2.(2019·四川遂宁市高三第三次诊断)The police doubted that what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation. ________________________________________________________________答案：that→whether 句意：警方怀疑他所说的是否真实，决定进一步调查。doubt用作动词时，在肯定句中其后通常接whether或if引导的宾语从句，而在否定句或疑问句中通常接that从句。分析本句可知，本句是肯定式，因此后面的宾语从句要用whether，而不是that。故把that改为whether。 3.(2019·四川攀枝花市高三统考)As visitors, we should do something to protect the park after it becomes a huge dustbin. ________________________________________________________________答案：after→before 句意：作为游客，我们应该做些事情来保护公园，以防它变成一个巨大的垃圾箱。before作连词，意为“在……以前；以防”，故把after改为before。 4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of out trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed. ________________________________________________________________答案：but→and 根据语意可知，此处为并列递进关系，而非转折关系。 5.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me. ________________________________________________________________答案：during→when 从句必须由连词来引导，during为介词而非连词，又根据语意可知，此处应用when来引导时间状语从句。
悟 无论并列句还是复合句，首先必须要分清句式结构并理清逻辑，了解各种句式基本用法及固定句式，注意各种句式的用法禁忌和易错点，这是破题的关键所在。
考点素能
一 并列句
1．并列连词及重点句式
(1)并列连词的功能及常用的并列连词
并列连词既可以连接并列的单词或短语，也可以连接并列的分句。在语法填空无提示词的考查中，当两个或两个以上的单词、短语之间没有连词时，一般是填并列连词；当两个或两个以上的句子之间没有连词时，就需要根据逻辑关系来判定用并列连词还是从属关联词。
常见的并列连词有：
(2)并列句的重点句式
●祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。
●sb. was doing sth. when .../sb. was about to do sth. when ...
2．并列句的易错点
(1)并列句本身的易错点
并列句本身的易错点主要集中在三方面：一是逻辑关系不清，误用连词；二是连词的多余，如，although/though不能和but连用，because不能和so连用；三是连词的缺失，要牢记，两个谓语之间或两个分句之间应有一个连词。
(2)并列句与定语从句的区别
并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and, but等并列连词连接两个简单句，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
[典例1] ①They live in a small house, in front of ________ stands an orange tree.
②They live in a small house, and in front of ________ stands an orange tree.
解析 两句的区别是连词and，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词，表示物，故填which；句②and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的small house，故填it。
(3)并列句与状语从句的区别
并列句是连词连接两个“互不依存的主谓结构”，两者之间是并列关系；而在状语从句中前后两个句子一个是主句，一个是从句，从句是用来修饰主句的。
[典例2] ①________ money is necessary for a happy life, it can't buy happiness.
②Money is necessary for a happy life, ________ it can't buy happiness.
解析 两个题都应该填连词。句①空格所在句子是让步状语从句，故填从属连词Although/Though；句②空格前后是转折关系，是两个并列的简单句，故填并列连词but。
二 定语从句
1．定语从句的引导词和解题步骤
●定语从句的引导词
●定语从句的解题步骤
[典例] But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 第一步：找出句子中的先行词，并将其还原代入从句中，使从句成为一个完整的句子“in the mid－1980s I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild”；
第二步：确定被代入部分在从句中充当的成分。in the mid－1980s在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词；
第三步：先行词in the mid－1980s指时间，故填when。
2．定语从句的易错点
易错点1 what不能引导定语从句
[典例] (2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
解析 dishes后为定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，此处引导词在从句中作cooked的宾语。故what→that/which或去掉what。
易错点2 that不能引导非限制性定语从句
[典例] (2014·北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, that my classmates recommended to me.
解析 分析句子结构可知，先行词为the book，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，且关系词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，故that→which。
易错点3 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的选择
[典例] I simply cut the branch ________ the bird was sitting on.
解析 定语从句的先行词为表示地点的branch，但定语从句缺少宾语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用where。
易错点4 逗号后面的引导词不一定用which
[典例] (2019·六安模拟)To realize my dream, I must learn as much as I can to get into a good medical college, which I can make full preparations for the job of a doctor.
解析 逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a good medical college，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故which→where或which前加in。
易错点5 that与which的误用
下列情况只用that不用which
●当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时；
●当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时；
●当先行词被the only, the very, the just, the same等修饰时；
●当先行词既有人又有物时。
易错点6 非限制性定语从句中as和which的误用
as和which均可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容，但as可位于句首，而which常位于句中；as常用于肯定句，而which可用于否定句；as常用于被动句，而which常用于主动句。此外，as译作“正如，正像”，而which译作“这，这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking, which didn't help.
母亲竭力劝说儿子戒烟，但没有作用。
As the old saying goes, “You can't judge a book by its cover”．
正如谚语所言“人不可貌相”。
三 名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四种从句。
1．名词性从句的引导词
2．名词性从句的易错点
易错点1 that与what的误用
[典例1] (2019·泉州模拟)That you have gained is the result of your hard work.
解析 is前为主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，意为“所……的东西”。故That→What。
[典例2] It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.
解析 It为形式主语，cheerful后面的句子为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故what→that。
易错点2 that与if/whether的误用
[典例1] I'm glad to hear if you're coming to Sichuan in August.
解析 hear后为宾语从句，句意表示“我听说你要来”，而非“我听说你是否要来”。故if→that或去掉if。
[典例2] (2019·济南模拟)There is no doubt whether it is of great help to their study and future life.
解析 doubt后为同位语从句，此处是一个事实，而不是一个疑问。故whether→that。
易错点3 which与that, what的误用
[典例1] (2019·太原模拟)His promise which he would give away half of the year's income to the disabled turned out a lie.
解析 在名词性从句中that为连接词，不作任何成分，而which为连接代词，需要作成分表示“哪一个”。本句中promise后为同位语从句，后面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。故which→that。
[典例2] (2019·南昌模拟)All were happy with which they received.
解析 在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词，但which表示“哪一个”，而what表示“……的事情/东西”。故which→what。
易错点4 if与whether的误用
[典例] (2019·运城模拟)Success partly depends on if you have the patience to do simple things perfectly.
解析 if和whether都可引导名词性从句意为“是否”，但if受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介词后的宾语从句不能用if引导，不能跟or not连用等。故if→whether。
易错点5 that, what与连接副词的误用
[典例1] (2019·湖北宜昌示范高中协作体联考)I usually swim in a swimming pool close to that I live.
解析 to后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中需作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故that→where。
[典例2] (2019·庆阳模拟)I hope this town will not change; just keep where it is.
解析 keep后为宾语从句，从句缺少表语，意为“……的样子”应该用连接代词引导。故where→what。
四 状语从句
1．状语从句的分类及常用连词
续表
2．状语从句的易错点
易错点1 逻辑关系不清，导致连词误用
[典例] If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.
解析 根据语意“尽管我在那件教室学习时还只是个小孩子，但我永远不会忘记那间教室。”可知，此处应为让步状语从句，故应将If改为Although/Though。
易错点2 受到汉语干扰，导致连词重复
[典例] Every time when he arrived home at the end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.
解析 汉语可以说“每次当……时候”，但英语中every time和when同为连词，不能同时引导时间状语从句，故去掉when。
过关检测(限时：30分钟)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
答案：as
2．________ makes the school famous is ________ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities.
答案：What; that
3．Sorry to have kept you waiting so long, but it'll still be some time ________ Mr Smith is available.
答案：before
4．One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.
答案：when
5．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ________ has been proved.
答案：which
6．—We should help and learn from each other as a group.
—I can't agree more. ________ you are strong, I am weak.
答案：Where
7．There are as many as five student clubs in our school. You can join ________ interests you most.
答案：whichever
8．Many young people, most of ________ were well－educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
答案：whom
9．________ we can have clean drinking water lies in ________ effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
答案：Whether; what
10．How can I help them to understand ________ they won't listen to me?
答案：when
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．With many cities in China dreadfully blanketed by thick haze, the environmental problem is that Chinese people concern most nowadays.
________________________________________________________________
答案：that→what
2．Running Man is such a funny reality show that has the gravity to pull you in front of your television.
________________________________________________________________
答案：that→as
3．When you look at how great effects the climate has on our life, you will agree that it is the most serious problem.
________________________________________________________________
答案：how→what
4．—What did you think of the trip to Beijing?
—I had such a good time that I visited the Great Wall last month.
________________________________________________________________
答案：that→when
5．My grandmother lived in a generation which women were looked down upon.
________________________________________________________________
答案：which→when
6．He didn't make that clear when and where the meeting would be held.
________________________________________________________________
答案：that→it
7．I asked him what was the matter. He smiled and told us about the funny things what had happened in the cinema.
________________________________________________________________
答案：第二个what→that/which
8．Although the sun was shining, but it wasn't very warm.
________________________________________________________________
答案：去掉but
9．The naughty boy hid himself behind the door, from which he could hear what we talked about clearly.
________________________________________________________________
答案：which→where
10．He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
________________________________________________________________
答案：第二个he前加and
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·华中师大附中高三检测卷)In the summer of 2015, I was in Finland for an internship. Although I __1__ (read) that Finnish people are reserved and like to stay within their space, I had not expected it to be this：
At a bus stop: You are alone in the shade of __2__ stop and that is your space. No one will come __3__ (bother) you. Inside a bus: You enter a bus and see that all the window seats __4__ (occupy). The bus is “full”. You have to stand. Respect that space! This is rather a hard situation, and you really get anxious as to __5__ you should sit.
You are scared to shout to the driver to stop the bus: I was running __6__ all my strength to catch the bus and signaled the driver to stop. I entered the bus and all eyes were __7__ (seeming) on me. I had never felt so __8__ (guilt) at anything.
In most __9__ (case), when a Finn wants to leave his apartment but his neighbor is in the hallway, he'll just slip away, __10__ (pretend) not to see the neighbor.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者在芬兰所受到的文化冲击。
1．had read 考查动词的时态。尽管“我”(之前)读到过芬兰人很保守，他们喜欢待在自己的空间里，但“我”没想过会是这样。此处陈述的是发生在2015年夏天作者去芬兰之前的事，表示过去的过去，所以用过去完成时。
2．the 考查冠词。此处特指前面提到的bus stop，故用定冠词the。
3．to bother 考查非谓语动词。没有人会过来打扰你。分析句子结构可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。
4．are occupied 考查动词的时态和语态。所有靠窗座位都被占了。see后的that所引导的宾语从句中描述的是芬兰平时的情况，再结合前后句的时态可知，此处应用一般现在时；且seats与occupy “使用，占用”是被动关系，故用被动语态。
5．where 考查名词性从句的连接词。至于你应该坐在哪儿，你真的会感到焦虑的。分析句子结构可知，介词to后为宾语从句，设空处在此引导宾语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
6．with 考查介词。“我”用尽全身力气跑着赶公共汽车。with “使用”，with all one's strength “用尽全力”。
7．seemingly 考查词性转换。“我”上了公共汽车，似乎所有的目光都在注视着“我”。空处修饰谓语动词，应用副词seemingly。
8．guilty 考查词性转换。作者从来没有感到如此内疚过。feel是系动词，其后应接形容词作表语，故填guilty。
9．cases 考查名词。case作“事例，实例”讲时是可数名词，空前有修饰词most，故用case的复数形式。
10．pretending 考查非谓语动词。在大多数情况下，当一个芬兰人想离开他的公寓而他的邻居在走廊时，他就会溜走，假装没有看见邻居。主句有谓语动词，且空前无连词，故空处应用非谓语动词作状语，he与pretend之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·江西重点中学联考)Last night I was at a coffee shop. There was a wonderfully music show. As I got up to get a cup of coffee and a cookie, I notice a middle－aged woman near me. Clearly, she had caught in a fire of some kind. His face was so badly burned that she looked very tight. I thought about how brave she was to come out but appeared in public. When I returned back to my seat, I turned towards the woman and said, “Isn't he a wonderful performers？” And I gave her the largest smile I was able to give. To my delighted, she looked right at me and gave me a huge smile for return. It was her smile which made her whole face light up last night. She was beautiful.
答案：
Last night I was a coffee shop. There was a music show. As I got up to get a cup of coffee and a cookie, I a middle－aged woman near me. Clearly, she had caught in a fire of some kind. face was so badly burned that she looked very tight. I thought about how brave she was to come out appeared in public. When I returned eq \o(,\s\do15(⑦)) to my seat, I turned towards the woman and said, “Isn't he a wonderful ？” And I gave her the largest smile I was able to give. To my ， she looked right at me and gave me a huge smile for return. It was her smile made her whole face light up last night. She was beautiful.
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(共76张PPT)
第3讲
并列句和复合句
考点感悟
考点素能
过关检测
答案
解析
