人教新目标2020年中考英语二轮复习学案：专题1名词

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台


专题1名词
基本概念
名词是表示人或物以及抽象概念的词。

基本分类
名词 专有名词（首字母大写）：表示某一特定的人、月份、节日、地名、机构等
普通名词： 表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称 可数名词 个体名词（book，door）
集体名词（class，army）
不可数名词 物质名称（milk，water）
抽象名词（动作、状态等抽象概念love，interest）

用法详解
1.可数名词的复数变化


1）五明：五种规则变化
1.直接加-s的占多数；book student computer basket movie apple key
2词尾若是-s，-x，-ch，sh，直接加上-es；bus box class watch brush match glass dish
3.“辅音字母+y”，要把y变为i再加-es；baby lady family city story factory country hobby
一定是辅音字母—+y；元音字母+y 直接+s如：toy day boy key
4.词尾若是f或fe，加-s之前要把f或fe变为ve；
leaf→leaves、half→halves、wife→wives、knife→knives、shelf→shelves、wolf→wolves; thief→thieves



特例：直接加s： roof roofs，chief chiefs，proof proofs。
例题：
①There are three （knife）on the table.
②There are a lot of (leaf) on the tree when spring comes.

5.词尾若是o，加-es的有Negro，hero，tomato和potato；其他加s。
potato tomato piano photo kilo hero Negro mosquito zoo radio video bamboo等



2）五暗：五种不规则变化

1.单复同形：sheep deer fish
2.变元音：foot—feet tooth—teeth goose-geese ；man—men woman—women；mouse-mice
3.变词尾：ox—oxen 公牛 child—children孩子
4.变国人：



不变：Chinese—Chinese中国人 Japanese—Japanese日本人

词尾加-s：如：German—Germans德国人 Russian—Russians 俄罗斯人 Roman—Romans 罗马人 American—Americans美国人 Australian—Australians 澳大利亚人 Indian—Indians印度人
变man为men：Frenchman—Frenchmen法国人 Englishman—Englishmen英国人
German—Germans 是陷阱，考题常出现。

例题： They are from. They’re .
A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany
C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen





5. 复合名词：（1）有主加主后：有主体名词，把主体名词变成复数形式。
如：lookers-on（旁观者），passers-by（过路人）。
tooth-brushes（牙刷），apple tree→apple trees
（2）无主加最后：无主体名词，则在词尾加-s
如：forget-me-nots(勿忘我) touch-me-nots（含羞草）
grown-ups （成年人） go-betweens 中间人
（3）由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词，两部分皆变。
如：man driver--- men drivers，woman doctor --- women doctors。
3）只有复数形式的名词：
一些学科名词：mathematics（数学），physics（物理学），politics（政治学）等
2.不可数名词
它们前面不能用a/an，没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。
1）常考不可数名词



2）修饰不可数名词
a glass of water一杯水 a cup of tea一杯茶
a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶 a piece of bread 一片面包
a basket of food 一篮食物
a piece of news/advice/bread一条消息/一个建议/一片面包
two bags of rice 两袋米 three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡
five kilos of meat 五公斤肉 two pieces of bread两片面包
3）既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意义不同
room（空间）—rooms（房间）
work（工作）—works（著作）
glass（玻璃）—glasses（眼镜）
time（时间）—-times（倍数，次数，时代）
paper（纸）—papers（试卷，证件，报纸）
fruit（水果）—fruits(各种水果)
drink（饮料）—drinks（各种饮料）
custom（习惯，风俗）—customs（海关)

【例题精讲】
例1. Let’s get some _______ about tourism on the Internet.
A. information?????????? ?B. message???????????? C. Invention D.advice
例2. I like_______ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways.
A. fish?????????? B. butter?????????? C. potatoes?????? D. noodles
keys：1.A 2.A
【巩固练习】
1. If you want to lose weight and keep fit, you’d better not eat too much ______.
A. meat B. apple C. egg D. potato
2. My class teacher has given me lots of ___________. They’re very useful.
A. information B. advice C. suggestions D. news
3. We haven’t got much________ for our party. We should buy some this afternoon.
A. work B. time C. food D. paper
4. There are few _______ in the fridge. Let’s go and buy some carrots and cabbages.
A. fruit B. vegetables C. meat D. eggs
5．At the lecture the experienced teacher also gave us some ______ on how to learn English well.
A. advice B. suggestion C. opinion D. idea
6. My brother enjoys having cold drinks, so he always puts his Coke in the______ before he drinks it.
A. basket B. bottle C. packet D. fridge
7. Her ambition is to be a journalist when she grows up. The underlined part means “______”.
A. businesswoman B. clerk C. guide D. reporter
8. My mother went to the supermarket to buy some ______.
A. egg B. apple C. bread D. orange
9. I like ______ very much. My mother usually cooks it in different ways.
A. potatoes B. tomatoes C. fish D. noodles
10. There is nothing but some ______ in my pocket.
A. coin B. key C. bill D. money
Keys: 1-5 ABCDA 6-10 DDCCD

3.常考修饰词：
可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
可数名词与不可数名词的数量表达
只能修饰可数名词 few, a few, quite a few, many, too many, a (large) number of.

只能修饰不可数名词 little, a little, quite a little, much, too much, an amount of, a large amount of, huge amounts of, a great deal of.
可数名词与不可数名词皆可修饰 some, any, lots of, a lot of , plenty of, two hundred/thousand/million, hundreds/thousands/millions of.
【例题精讲】
例1. We have _______ rain this spring. The trees and grass don’t grow well.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
例2. ---_______ yogurt do you need? ---Three cups.
A. How long B. How far C. How many D. How much
例3. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't????? news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few

例4. Many new _______ (potato) will grow from one potato planted in the ground.
keys：1. A 2.D 3.C 4. potatoes
【巩固练习】
1.There’s little ______ in the fridge. Let’s go and buy some for breakfast.
A. potato B. egg C. bread D. tomato
2. My father always reads much _________ after supper.
A. photos B. news C. newspapers D. messages
3.I must go to the supermarket today. There’s little ______ in the fridge.
A. ink B. grass C. milk D. fuel
4. It is not safe for teenagers to give out too much ______ about themselves on the Internet.）
A. information B. questions C. ideas D. knowledge
5. Bill isn’t feeling well as he had too much ______ this morning.
A.potato B. noodle C. biscuit D. bread

Keys: CBCAD
4.名词所有格



1）有生命：+’s/ s’ : Lucy’s coat the Children’ Palace women’s clothes Teachers’ Day The twins’ mother
有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。
today’s newspaper今天的报纸 one month’s vacation 一个月的假期
ten seconds’ love 十秒钟的爱 a mile’s journey一英里的路程
an hour’s walk 步行10分钟的路程 today’s newspaper今天的报纸
China’s land中国的土地 American's industry美国的工业

共同所有和各自所有：共有共用’s 不共有各自’s
Tom’s and Jack’s room 各自所有 Tom and Jack’s room 共有所有

表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上's代表全称。
at the doctor's在诊所 at my aunt’s在我阿姨家
2）无生命：多用 “of + 名词”结构
the title of the song 歌名 the end of the week 周末
the name of the book 书名 the windows of the room（房间的窗户）
the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）
3）双重所有格
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰时，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。常用“of +名词’s”的形式来表示所有关系，即通常所说的“双重所有格”。后面的名词一般都是表示人的。
如：This is a book of Li Ming’s. 这是李明的一本书。
I met a few friends of mine. 我遇到了我的一些朋友。
Here is a photo of Mary’s. 这是一张玛丽的照片。（玛丽收藏的，不一定是她本人的照片）
I have a photo of Mary. 我有一张玛丽的照片。（指玛丽本人的照片）
感叹句中常考的名词的相关知识：
1）.What + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + （主语 + 谓语）！
What an interesting story it is!
What a wonderful day it is !
2）.What + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + （主语 +谓语）！
What beautiful flowers they are! (它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！
3）.What + ( 形容词 )+ 不可数名词 + （主语 +谓语）！
What fine weather it is ! 多好的天气啊！
What fun it is to learn English!
What a piece of useful advice it is !
随堂巩固：
1.____ good idea it is that we will visit London this summer holiday!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
2. _______important news is to our daily life!
A. What B. How C. What an D. How a
3. ________ useful advice on my diet our teacher has given us!
A. What B. What a C. What an D. How
4. _________ useful suggestion you have given me!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
5. _______ super calculators computers are!
A. What B. What a C. What an D. How

Keys: B AACA
【例题精讲】
例1：Shanghai World Expo(世博会) will open ________ a ________ time.
A. in, year’s B. after, years C. in, years’ D. after, years’
例2：David talked with a friend of _______ on the Internet for a long time yesterday.
A. he B. his C .him D. himself
例3. It’s???? from our school to my home.
A. ten minutes’ walk B. ten minute’s walk?? ?
C. ten minutes walk D. ten minute walk

例4. I found something important in _____ (today)newspaper.
例5. Chocolate is usually the _________(child) favorite food.
Keys：1.A 2.B 3.A 4. today’s 5. children’s
【巩固练习】
1. Today is September 10th. It's _____ Day.
A.Teacher B. Teacher's C. Teachers' D. Teacher'
2. It's June 1st, it's ________ Day.
A. Childrens B. Children's C. Childrens' D. Childrens's
3. This year, ________ is on May 9th.
A. My mother's birthday B. My mothers' birthday
C. My mothers birthday D. My mothers's birthday
4. Lin Tao is ill, so he has to go to the ________.
A. doctor B. doctor's C. doctors' D. doctor'
5. —Where is Mr. Zhang? —He is in the ________.
A. teacher's reading room B. teachers' reading room
C. teacher reading room D. teachers reading room
6. This is ________ ball. It's not ________.
A. the boy's, girl's B. the boy's, the girl's C. the boy, the girl D. boys', girls
7. This year, the most popular ________ hat is that kind.
A.woman's B.womens' C.women's D. womans'
8. Look at the book, it's not mine, and it's not yours, so it must be ________.
A. somebody else's B. somebody else' C. somebody's else D. somebody' else
9. These are _______.
A. newspaper of today B. today's newspaper
C. today's newspapers' D.today newspaper's
10. It's about ________ from my home to our school.
A. twenty minutes' walk B. walk of twenty minutes'
C. walk of twenty minutes' D. twenty minute's walk
Keys: CBABB BCABA




5明：5种规则变化
5暗：5种不规则变化

小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用一块面包（loaf）做诱饵，半片（half）树叶（leaf）做掩护，从书架（shelf）上拿了一把刀子（knife），杀死了一只将狼（wolf）。

口诀一：黑人英雄爱吃土豆芒果和西红柿（五个加-es的）

口诀一：中日不变英法变，其余一律加-s；


water, , air, snow, work, homework, housework, paper(纸), time(时间), music, weather, news, fish(鱼肉), advice, knowledge, exercise（锻炼）, room（空间），information



名词所有格用法歌诀：
名词所有格，某物是“谁的”；构成有方法，多数要把’s 加；复数词尾有s，只加撇号就可以；名词若为无生命，我们常把of用；时间、地点和距离，所有格也可用’s






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