Unit 4 Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The study shows that the violent scenes in movies and TV are harmful to children.
2．The woman who gave birth to the twins last week turned out to be a film star.
3．That's really a puzzling (puzzle) problem; no wonder all the students looked puzzled (puzzle)．
4．Social attention should be paid to preventing our earth from being_polluted (pollute)．
5．This is the first time that I have_visited (visit) your hometown.
6．Don't worry. I'm sure things will get better in time.
7．Air pollution will get worse, which will be harmful (harm) to people's health.
8．The earth is a rocky planet where there is liquid water, which is necessary for life to_exist (exist)．
9．The bus driver asked the passengers to get on the bus inturn.
10．The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing(cause) the delay.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．It was the study of history that gave_birth_to social science.
2．They，in_their_turn，made some advice for the plan.
3．Disregarding all the difficulties，we arrived here in_time.
4．Most fish reproduce themselves by laying_eggs.
5．Nobody knows when the world came_into_existence.
6．Being exposed to the sunlight for a long time will be_harmful_to one's skin.
7．We must at all costs prevent them from finding out about the plan.
8．Fresh air is_fundamental_to good health.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．The other day the cat gave_birth_to three kitties.(birth)
几天前这只猫生了三只小猫。
2．If you fly to Shanghai，you will be_able_to_attend_the_meeting_in_time.(attend)
如果你乘飞机去上海，你就能够及时赶上出席会议。
3．Now it is our_turn_to_clean the room.(turn)
现在轮到我们打扫房间。
4．The polluted water can be__very__harmful__to__the_environment.(harmful)
污染的水会对环境造成很大的危害。
5．His father prevented_him_from_going_to work in another city.(prevent)
他父亲阻止他去另一个城市工作。
6．Man is born free，but everywhere_he_is_in_chains.(chain)
人生来是自由的，然而他却无处不受束缚。
7．It's_unlike_him_to_be so hard-working.(unlike)
那么勤奋不像他平常的样子。
8．Nowadays，there are still many people wondering when_the_world_came_into_existence.(existence)
现在仍有很多人想知道，地球是何时开始存在的。
9．The student was_puzzled_about_what_to_do_next.(puzzled)
这个学生对下一步做什么感到困惑。
10．They often argue_with_each_other_violently.(argue)
他们之间经常吵架很凶。
Unit 4 Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Multiply (乘) 2 and 6 together and you can get 12.
2．Smoking is harmful (有害的) to your health, so you should give it up or at least cut down on it.
3．Because of the violent (猛烈的) natural disaster, a lot of people have lost their lives.
4．What puzzles (使迷惑) many career women nowadays is how to strike a balance between work and family.
5．I think store shopping will exist (存在) along with home shopping but will never be replaced.
6．The _atmosphere (气氛) of the picnic is very friendly. Children are having fun with each other.
7．One of Hawking's theories (理论) is so difficult that we can't understand it.
8．Reading is the fundamental(基本的) skill upon which school education depends, so we ought to attach great importance to it.
9．He has broken the world record，thus (因此) winning his first gold medal.
10．Unlike (与……不同) many of the students, he is interested in astronomy.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．What has_prevented me from attending the meeting in time is that my father is ill in hospital.
2．Unlike the earth，Mars is too cold and Venus is far too hot for there to be any life.
3．He is usually a good boy in the presence of his father.
4．I told Tom my experience in the mountains，and he，in_his_turn，told us how he managed to come to study in our country.
5．While Mum is busy in the kitchen，I am_to lay the table for dinner.
6．Our problems have multiplied since last year，until now we'll have to face them.
7．There exists the practice of cheating in an exam among the students，which I think needs to be changed.
8．Henry，your T-shirt and your trousers match_up perfectly.
9．Since she gave_birth_to a baby last year，she had to quit her job to take care of the kid.
10．Stick to your original plan and make timely improvement and you'll succeed in_time.
Ⅲ.语法填空
1．The spring festival of this year has been a great success，unlike(like) the year before when it snowed heavily.
解析：句意：今年的春节过得很快乐，不像前年过节时，雪下得很大。unlike意为“不同；不像”，符合题意。
2．Many people believe we are heading for environmental disaster unless we fundamentally(fundamental) change the way we live.
解析：句意：很多人相信我们将面临环境灾难，除非我们从根本上改变我们的生活方式。fundamentally“基本上；根本上”。
3. Social attention should be paid to preventing(prevent) our earth from being_polluted(pollute)．
解析：句意：全社会都应该注意防止地球被污染。pay attention to“注意”，其中的to为介词；our earth与pollute之间为被动关系。
4．Recently a kind of industrial glue which is harmful(harm) to people's health has been found in some medicine.
解析：句意：最近在一些药物中发现了一种对人体健康有害的工业用胶。be harmful to“对……有害”。
5．She was wandering in the supermarket when her purse was taken by violence.
解析：句意：她正在超市逛，突然她的钱包被抢了。take sth.by violence“抢夺……”，为固定搭配。
6．The puzzled(puzzle) expression on his face suggested that he was not able to work out the puzzling(puzzle) problem.
解析：句意：他脸上困惑的表情表明了他不能解决这个令人困惑的问题。puzzled“迷惑的，困惑的”；puzzling“令人困惑的”。
7．We usually take turns to_do(do) cleaning，and today it is my turn to_do(do) it.
解析：句意：我们通常轮流大扫除，今天轮到我大扫除了。take turns to do sth.“轮流做某事”；It is one's turn to do sth.“轮到某人做某事”。
8．The talk between the two sides started and continued in a friendly atmosphere.
解析：句意：双方的谈判在友好的氛围中开始并且继续着。in a friendly atmosphere“在一个友好的氛围中”，符合句意。
9．In order to be in time for the concert，Mary took a taxi to get there.
解析：句意：为了及时赶上音乐会，玛丽乘出租车去那里。(be)in time for sth.“及时做某事”，符合题意。
10．To make money，people here like raising many hens laying(lay) eggs，which are sold to the supermarket nearby.
解析：句意：为了挣钱，这里的人们喜欢养很多产蛋的母鸡，把鸡蛋卖给附近的超市。lay eggs“产卵；下蛋”，laying eggs分词短语作后置定语。
11．The part-time worker earned little money a month，so he had to exist on only instant noodles.
解析：句意：这位兼职工人一个月挣的钱很少，因此他不得不靠方便面度日。exist on“靠……生存”。
12．You should stop smoking，or it will multiply the risk of the lung cancer.
解析：句意：你应该停止吸烟，否则它会增加患肺癌的风险。
13．The Chinese culture has given birth to many important inventions in its long history.
解析：句意：在漫长的中国历史中，中华文化孕育了很多重要发明。give birth to“孕育”，符合语境。
14．Whether we will keep the dog depends on whether it will be able to learn what it is taught.
解析：句意：我们是否养这只狗取决于它能否学会教给它的东西。whether“是否”，符合句意。
15．No one is to_leave(leave) the building without the permission of the policeman.
解析：句意：没有警察的允许，任何人都不得离开这座大楼。be to do可表示命令，符合语境。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A Japanese telecom company has designed a robot that it says has emotions (情绪)．But rather than run in fear from it, we've welcomed it into our homes: Pepper, the “emotional robots” sold out within a minute of going on sale.
Created by Aldebaran Robotics and Japanese mobile giant SoftBaok, Pepper went on sale to the general public in Japan on June 20.It is “the first humanoid (类人的) robot designed to live with humans，” Aldebaran says on its website.Pepper costs about $1,600.And like all good mobile products, there's a $120 per month data fee, as well as an $80 per month damage insurance fee.According to a news report, Pepper can pick up on human emotions and create his own using a “multi-layer neural (神经的) network.” Pepper's touch sensors and cameras are said to influence its mood, which is displayed on the tablet-sized screen on its chest.
Pepper will sigh when unhappy, and can go around your house recording your family's daily activity.Aldebaran says Pepper can feel “joy, surprise, anger, doubt and sadness，” but it doesn't say how strongly it can feel these emotions.What happens when Pepper is having a bad day? Will it, like many humans, become uncooperative? Will it ask for some time alone? What happens if it knows that its purpose in life is just to take part in small talk? Thankfully, Pepper is only about four feet tall, with roller balls instead of legs, so if it is angry with and even turns on its owners, you'll be safe if you can make it upstairs.
Aldebaran says in reality, they're probably quite a few years away from artificial intelligence that could create real emotions.Aldebaran wasn't immediately able to tell when Pepper will be available out of Japan, but additional sales are scheduled for July after the first 1,000 units sell out.SoftBank currently uses the robots in its stores as greeters, and it plans to offer Pepper to other stores in the future.Hopefully “boredom” is not an emotion Pepper can feel.
文章大意：本文讲述了日本的一家公司发布了世界上第一台“情感机器人”，介绍了情感机器人的使用费用、功能以及未来的前景等。
1．According to the author, Pepper A.
A．is very popular among customers
B．can not only run but also show fear
C．is going to be sold all over the world
D．can deal with many kinds of housework
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Pepper, the ‘emotional robot’ sold out within a minute of going on sale.”可知，这个情感机器人几分钟之内就卖掉了，故Pepper是非常受消费者欢迎的。故选A。
2．How much do you need to pay for Pepper's data and damage insurance fee each year？D
A．80 dollars. B．120 dollars.
C．1,440 dollars. D．2,400 dollars.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“there's a $120 per month data fee, as well as an $80 per month damage insurance fee.”可知，每年用于Pepper的data and damage insurance fee为(120＋80)×12＝2400。故答案为D。
3．Pepper's height and roller balls are mentioned to C.
A．introduce its appearance
B．tell Pepper won't get angry
C．show that safety isn't a big problem
D．explain robots have strong emotions
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Pepper is only about four feet tall, with roller balls instead of legs, so if it is angry with and even turns on its owners, you'll be safe if you can make it upstairs.”可知，介绍Pepper的height and roller balls是为了表明安全不是大问题。故答案为C。
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph？A
A．Pepper cannot produce real emotions.
B．Pepper can feel joy, surprise and boredom.
C．Pepper will be sold in other countries next year.
D．Pepper is being used as waiters in some restaurants.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Aldebaran says in reality, they're probably quite a few decades away from artificial intelligence that could generate real emotions.”可推断，Pepper现在不能产生真正的情感。故A正确。
Ⅴ.完形填空
阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The night before Christmas, as a second year nursing student, I was on duty in the hospital. When I was 1.D a patient, a voice came from behind, “Merry Christmas! Want anything from the cafeteria? I'm 2.B that way, Missy.” I 3.C and saw an old gentleman, who was standing in the doorway, 4.A patiently for an answer. “No, thanks，” I responded.
Before 5.D down the hall, he added, “My name is George. Just let me know what I can do for you, Missy. I'll be 6.B.”
As I was with my patients, George was right beside. I 7.C him spread holiday cheer as he became a guest to the patients who had no 8.A that day. He knew who needed 9.D and who needed to be fed. He 10.B letters and cards to those whose eyes couldn't see the letters on a printed page. Once he noticed a patient suddenly “look funny”， he would 11.A run to the nurse's station to summon (请求) aid. That day, we all enjoyed his 12.D.
When I 13.B took my lunch break, I asked Andrea sitting next to me, “Who is this George fellow? And 14.A is he here on Christmas Day？”
“About ten years ago, George's wife became seriously ill. He spent almost every waking moment by her side. Those two were so 15.D to each other. There was 16.B he wouldn't do for her. Later George started to visit other 17.A while his wife was sleeping or having treatments. He was always here and he seemed to start to like 18.C out wherever he could. And 19.B his wife died one night, he has been a Christmas volunteer here.”
Andrea and I finished our lunch in 20.D.
文章大意：本文为记叙文。一位老人自从妻子病逝以后一直来医院帮忙，作者为此深受感动。
1．A.operating on B．worrying about
C．playing with D．caring for
解析：由第一句“as a second year nursing student, I was on duty in the hospital”可知，作者作为值班护士，应当是在照顾病人。
2．A.finding B．heading
C．missing D．guiding
解析：由“Want anything from the cafeteria？”可推断，他的意思是他要往食堂方向去。
3．A.turned back B．turned up
C．turned around D．turned out
解析：由“a voice came from behind”可知，声音是从后面传过来的，所以作者只有转过身才能看到他。
4．A.waiting B．wishing
C．coming D．applying
解析：由语境可知他站在这里是在耐心地等候作者的回答。
5．A.jumping B．passing
C．settling D．disappearing
解析：在去食堂之前他补充说，即消失之前，故选D项。
6．A.fine B．back
C．away D．kind
解析：由“Just let me know what I can do for you”和“As I was with my patients, George was right beside.”可知，此处老人的意思是他还会回来的。
7．A.made B．sensed
C．watched D．heard
解析：由下文“he has been a Christmas volunteer here”再结合老人后面忙碌的身影可知，作者观察到老人做的这些事。
8．A.visitors B．friends
C．children D．workers
解析：由“became a guest to the patients”可推断，此处指没有人来探望的病人。
9．A.encouragement B．praise
C．support D．assistance
解析：由“who needed to be fed. He 10 letters and cards to those whose eyes couldn't see the letters on a printed page.”可知，此处指老人知道谁需要帮助。
10．A.wrote B．read
C．sent D．showed
解析：由“whose eyes couldn't see the letters on a printed page”可知，老人是帮病人读信或卡片。
11．A.instantly B．nervously
C．difficultly D．calmly
解析：看到病人突然不对劲儿，老人就会立刻跑去护士站，寻求帮助。
12．A.attitude B．generosity
C．friendship D．presence
解析：老人在医院帮了医生、护士很多忙，所以他们很感激他的存在。
13．A.suddenly B．finally
C．immediately D．occasionally
解析：忙了一个上午，终于到了午休吃饭的时候，故选B项。
14．A.why B．how
C．when D．where
解析：由后面的回答可知，作者是在问Andrea老人为什么要来医院帮忙。
15．A.related B．accustomed
C．opposed D．devoted
解析：由“He spent almost every waking moment by her side”可推断，他俩感情深厚，他什么都愿意为妻子去做。
16．A.something B．nothing
C．everything D．anything
解析：参见上题解析。
17．A.patients B．doctors
C．nurses D．neighbors
解析：由上文对老人照顾病人的介绍可知，此处应指他去照顾其他病人。
18．A.working B．holding
C．helping D．eating
解析：由语境可判断此处应指在医院帮忙。
19．A.after B．since
C．because D．once
解析：由“he has been a Christmas volunteer here”可知，自从妻子病逝以后他一直是医院的圣诞节志愿者。
20．A.regret B．warmth
C．excitement D．silence
解析：讲完、听完老人感人的故事，两个人都沉默了。
Ⅵ.短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错词下面划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came sudden and went on for over three hours.After lunch，I went into my room to have a rest.The air was hot，but all was quiet.Then a strong wind started to blow into my room.Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out the open window.As I ran out to catch it，big drop of rain began to fall.When I come back into my house，it was raining more harder and harder.Then I heard a loud crashing sound from the back of the house.When I ran out of my room to find out that had happened，a big tree had fallen down and broke the top of the backroom.
答案：
Last Sunday I saw worst storm in years.It came and went on for over three hours.After lunch，I went into my room to have a rest.The air was hot， all was quiet.Then a strong wind started to blow into my room.Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out the open window.As I ran out to catch ，big of rain began to fall.When I back into my house，it was raining more harder and harder.Then I heard a loud crashing sound from the back of the house.When I ran out of my room to find out had happened，a big tree had fallen down and the top of the backroom.
课件77张PPT。Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars Section Ⅰ Warming up & Reading自 主 预 习Ⅰ.单词速记
1．__________(n.)系统；体系；制度
2．__________(n.)学说；理论
3．__________(n.)球体，地球仪；地球
4．__________(n.)大气层；气氛
5．_____________(adj.)基本的；基础的
6．__________(n.)链子；连锁；锁链
7．__________(v.)繁殖；增加；乘
8．__________(adv.)因此；于是system theory globe atmosphere fundamental chain multiply thus 9．__________(n.)宗教，宗教信仰→__________(adj.)宗教上的
10．__________(adj.)猛烈的，激烈的；强暴的→__________(n.)暴力→__________(adv.)猛烈地；激烈地
11．__________(prep.)不同；不像→__________(prep.)像
12．__________(adj.)有害的→__________(n.)伤害；损害
13．__________(vi.)存在；生存→__________(n.)存在
14．__________(v.)(使)迷惑(n.)难题；谜→__________(adj.)迷惑的→__________(adj.)令人迷惑的religion religious violent violence violently unlike like harmful harm exist existence puzzle puzzled puzzling Ⅱ.短语互译
1．in time __________
2．lay eggs __________
3．give birth to __________
4．in one's turn ______________
5．阻止；制止 __________
6．对……是基本的/必须的 ________________
7．也，和；除了……还…… __________及时；终于 下蛋 产生；分娩 轮到某人；接着 prevent...from be fundamental to as well as Ⅲ.课文理解
First 略读主旨
1．Match the general idea of every paragraph.
Para.1__________ A．The formation of the earth.
Para.2 __________ B．A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.
Para.3 __________
C．The development of plants and animals on the earth.
Para.4 __________ D．The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.
Para.5 __________ E．The importance of water for life.BAECD2．What does the passage tell us？__________
A．The importance of water.
B．How the life began on the earth.
C．How human beings appeared.
D．How plants appeared.BSecond 细读细节
1．Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets？__________
A．The earth had a solid shape.
B．The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.
C．The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.
D．The earth was neither too hot nor too cold.C2．Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals？__________
A．Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun.
B．Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.
C．Animals could hide from hunters in the forest.
D．It was easier for plants to grow.
3．Why did dinosaurs disappear 65 million years ago？__________
A．Because the earth was too hot for them to live on.
B．Because there was no food for them to eat.
C．Because the earth exploded at that time.
D．It still remains a mystery for us.BD4．What problem is caused by human beings？__________
A．They exist everywhere on the earth.
B．They cause global warming.
C．They find new methods of growing crops.
D．They enjoy hunting and fishing.BThird 精读语篇
For several billion years after the “Big Bang”， the earth was just a cloud of dust. The earth exploded 1.__________ (loud) with fire and rock. They were in time 2.__________ (produce) many things，which were to make the earth's atmosphere. As the earth 3.__________ (cool) down, water began to appear on its surface. The continued 4.__________ (present) of water allowed the earth to dissolve 5.__________ (harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made 6.__________ possible for life to develop.loudly to produce cooled presence harmful it Many millions of years later, the first small plants multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen. This encouraged the 7.________________ (develop) of early shellfish and fish. Land animals such as insects, reptiles and dinosaurs appeared after green plants began to grow on land. Finally small clever animals spread all over the earth. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, 8.__________ prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 9.__________ life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can 10.__________ (solve)．development which Whether be solved Fourth 研读难句
1．What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
分析：本句是一个复合句。What many scientists believe是
__________从句，is是系动词，that引导的是__________从句。
译文：很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。主语 表语 2．So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
分析：本句是一个复合句。whether life...to come是__________从句，will depend on是句子的谓语，介词on后是whether引导的__________从句，作介词on的宾语。
译文：因此，在未来几百万年地球上生命能否维续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。主语 宾语 合 作 探 究①The violent winds buried the village in sand.
狂风把村子掩埋在沙中。
②The struggle became more and more violent.
斗争变得越来越激烈了。
③(2018·北京高考)However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence.
然而，生气很容易变得猛烈，而且为了防止它的出现知道生气的原因是最好的。1．violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的重 点 词 汇(1)violently adv.猛烈地；凶狠地
(2)violence n．暴力，暴行；(感情)强烈
violence against暴力对抗……
take...by violence抢夺……
with violence猛烈地；强有力地
①The Emperor，Zhu Di，took the power from his nephew by violence.
皇帝朱棣抢夺了他侄子的权力。
②The soldiers attacked the city with violence.
战士们猛烈攻击这座城市。图文记忆violent用violent的适当形式填空
①Twenty people were killed in the __________.
②She shook her head __________.
语法填空
③(2019·江苏卷)At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a __________(violent) far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
violence violently violence 完成句子
④Last night，the wind blew with __________，and a tree was tore up __________.Another __________ wind is reported to come next week.
昨晚，风刮得很猛，一棵树被猛烈地连根拔起。据报道下周会有另一股强风来袭。violence violently violent ①Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but，unlike the earth，it had disappeared later.
在火星等其他行星上也出现了水，但不像在地球上一样，这些水后来消失了。
②It's unlike him to be late; he's usually on time.
他不是会迟到的那种人；他通常很准时。2．unlike prep.不同；不像(1)It's unlike sb.to do sth.做……不像某人平常的样子
(2)like prep.像，类似
v．喜欢
(3)unlike adj.不同的；相异的prep.不像
(4)unlikely adj.不大可能发生的；未必会发生的
A serious drought，like any other natural disaster，can do great damage to human beings.
严重干旱，像其他任何自然灾害一样，会对人类造成很大伤害。选词填空(用dislike/unlike/like)
①It's __________ you not to say hello; what's the matter with you?
②He __________ drinking，but he __________ smoking.
语法填空
③It is __________(like) that he will come to help you soon because he has just gone out.
解析：考查句型It is likely/unlikely that...。句意：因为他刚刚出去了，所以他不可能很快来帮你。根据语境，应为不可能。unlike likes dislikes unlikely 完成句子
④(2017·全国高考卷Ⅰ)What I saw was completely __________ anything I had experienced in the past.
我所看到的与我在过去经历的事情完全不同。
⑤(2019·江苏卷) __________ traditional gyms, app-backed gyms offer people flexible options to exercise.
与传统的健身房不同，应用程序支持的健身房为人们提供了灵活的锻炼选择。unlike Unlike ①What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
②(江苏高考)Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.
在生产过程中产生的很多废物也有害。3．harmful adj.有害的(1)be harmful to 对……有害
(2)harmless adj.无害的；不致伤的
be harmless to 对……无害的
(3)harm n．伤害
do harm to sb./do sb.harm对某人有害
Although the owner of this kind of milk powder has said that the milk powder is harmless again and again，it will do great harm to human health in fact.
尽管奶粉的主人反复说这种奶粉无害，但是事实上它对人类健康会带来极大的危害。 巧记harm家族完成句子
①到处扔垃圾通常有害于我们的生活环境。
a．Throwing rubbish about usually _____________ our living environment.
b．Throwing rubbish about usually ____________ our living environment.
用harm的适当形式填空
②If we know that gossip can be __________，then why do so many of us do it?
③This drug is __________ to pets and people so you don't worry.does harm to is harmful to harmful harmless 语法填空
④(2019·全国卷I)While the sun's rays can age and __________ (harmful)our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D．harm ①(2017·北京高考卷)However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.
然而在1933年9月12日物理学家希拉德发明了中子诱导核连锁反应。
②He is in a poor taste with a thick gold chain round his neck.
他戴着一条粗粗的金链子，显得俗气。
③The criminals were in chains and brought to the court.
罪犯们戴着镣铐被带进了法庭。4．chain n．链子；连锁；锁链in chains 被囚禁；在囚禁中
a chain of 一连串的；一系列的
chain store(s) 连锁店
chain vt.用锁链拴住
He chained the dog for the night.
晚上他用铁链把狗拴起来。完成句子
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I wish to have ________________ in many different cities.
我希望在许多不同的城市有一家连锁咖啡馆。
②The doors ______________________.
那些门总是用锁链锁着。a chain of cafes were always chained ①(2017·北京高考卷)Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide，but they'll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
每个人享受免疫带来的挽救生命的好处，但是只有每个人都在风险中分担他们才能存在。
②Jet airplanes and big trucks didn't exist yet.
当时还没有喷气式飞机和大型卡车。
③(全国卷Ⅰ改编)If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldn't exist.
如果人们过着正常的生活，这些咖啡馆就不会存在了。
④(2018·新课标Ⅲ卷)That is only evidence that traditions once existed, he said.
他说，那是传统曾经存在的唯一证据。5．exist vi.存在；生存(1)exist in存在于……之中
exist on靠……为生
There exists/existed...某地有……；存在……
(2)existence n．存在；生存
come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在
in existence现存的；存在着的完成句子
①The custom of arranged marriages still __________(存在)many countries.
②The people trapped in the earthquake __________(靠……生存)the water for several days.
③______________(有)a good way to solve the existing problem in geography.
④Scientists have many theories about how the universe first ______________ (产生)．
⑤This is the oldest manuscript ________________(现存的)．exists in existed on There exists came into existence in existence ①How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.
地球上的生命是如何起源的是科学家们最难以解答的问题之一。
②I'm in a puzzle as to what to do next.
对于下一步该做什么我也不知道。
③These scientists have been puzzling about how to solve the environmental problem.
科学家们一直苦思如何解决这个环境问题。6．puzzle n．谜；难题 vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难be in a puzzle 感到困惑；不知如何是好
puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索
puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
puzzled adj.迷惑的
be puzzled about 对……迷惑不解
The students over there are puzzled about the puzzling question.
在那里的学生们正对这个令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。完成句子
①The student _____________________ what to do next.
这个学生对下一步做什么伤透了脑筋。
②Their reason for doing that is still __________ me.
他们为什么做那件事仍然让我费解。was puzzled about a puzzle to 语法填空
③(2019·江苏卷)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became __________ (puzzle)about something.
解析：句意：20世纪60年代，在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史的同时，鲍勃克里斯汀对一些事情感到困惑。puzzled“迷惑的”，修饰人。
④The situation was more __________(puzzle)than ever.puzzled puzzling (1)来得及；及时
①If you catch the early bus，you'll get there in time.
如果你赶上早班车，你会及时到达那儿的。
②Will we be in time for the six o'clock train?
我们来得及赶上六点钟的那趟火车吗？
③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I'm just so glad I was there in time to help my son.
我很高兴我及时在那里帮助我的儿子。1．in time重 点 短 语(2)(＝sooner or later)经过一段时间之后；迟早；最后；终于
①Keep on working，and you'll succeed in time.
继续工作，你早晚会成功的。
②(2017·全国高考卷Ⅲ)This tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco's most fantastic periods，the 1950s!
这次旅行最后会把你带到旧金山最伟大的时期之一——二十世纪五十年代！(1)for the first time第一次
ahead of time提前
all the time一直；始终
at the same time同时；然而
at a time依次；逐一；每次
in no time立刻；马上
from time to time偶尔；间或
at one time曾经；一度完成句子
①We all wish that his dream __________________________.
我们都希望他的梦想总有一天会实现。
一句多译
②尽管只剩下一分钟，但是我仍然赶上了听他的演讲。
a．Even though there was only one minute left，I_____________________.
b．Even though there was only one minute left，I________________________ ___________.would come true in time was in time for his lecture was in time to listen to his lecture 语法填空
③(陕西改编)The manager wants to see changes in the company，and I am sure he will __________ time.
解析：句意：经理想看看公司的变化，我相信他迟早会看到的。in time“及时；迟早；最终”。
④—Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back，just in time __________ (avoid) the racing car.
解析：句意：……我退后了一步，正好避开了奔跑的汽车。in time to do sth.“及时做某事”。in to avoid Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.
它们的时代到来了，因此它们成了这个行星上最重要的动物。2．in one's turn 轮到某人；接着in turn 依次，轮流，逐个；相应地，转而
take turns in sth./take turns to do sth.轮流做某事
It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事
by turns 轮流；交替
①The students took turns to clean up their classroom.
学生们轮流打扫教室。
②We did the work by turns.
我们轮流做这项工作。
③(2019·全国卷I)Today is speech day, and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn.
今天是演讲日，现在轮到克里斯·帕雷斯了。by turns是“交替”“轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行，如表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。完成句子
①那些女孩逐一报名。
The girls called out their names __________.
②我们轮流读这首诗。
We read the poem __________.
③我们轮流做家务。
We _______________ do the housework.
④轮到他发言了。
It's __________ make a speech.in turn by turns take turns to his turn to ①They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
它们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这就使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。
②(2019·北京卷)We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.
通过支持和开发一组工具、应用程序和方法，我们终于意识到了问题的严重性，这些工具、应用程序和方法旨在防止骗子通过。3．prevent...from 阻止；制止③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.
如果你喜欢，在香蕉上挤一些新鲜的柠檬汁将会阻止他们变黄。(1)在主动语态中keep...from...中的from不可省略，prevent...from...和stop...from...中的from可省略。
(2)在被动语态中，这几个短语中的from都不可省略。
①We must prevent/stop the water(from)being polluted.
我们必须阻止水被污染。
②In order to keep her from going out，he locked the door.
为了阻止她外出，他把门锁上了。
③We were prevented from going home by the heavy rain.
大雨使我们不能回家了。完成句子
①(天津高考改编)Fear _______________________.
恐惧使他不再尝试。
单句改错
②Nothing could prevent him to sail round the world alone.
to sail→from sailing/sailing
③The plan can be prevented being carried out.
being carried out→from being carried outprevented him from trying ①They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.
它们也下蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。
②The duck laid ten eggs this month.
这只鸭子这个月下了十枚蛋。4．lay eggs下蛋lay off 解雇
lay down 放下；躺下语法填空
①The boy __________(lie) under the tree __________ to his friends that his cock __________(lay) eggs.
解析：句意：躺在树下的那个男孩向他的朋友撒谎说他的公鸡下蛋了。lie (lied，lied)“说谎”；lie (lay，lain)“躺，平卧”；lay (laid，laid)“放置；下蛋”。
②He fell asleep with a book __________(lie) open on his knee.
解析：句意：他睡着了，一本书打开着放在膝盖上。lie(lied，lied，lying)“说谎”；lie(lay，lain，lying)“躺，平卧；位于”；lay(laid，laid，laying)“放置；下蛋”。book和lie之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。lying lied laid lying ①She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.
她生了个漂亮健康的婴儿。
②(2019·江苏卷)This enabled Emma to give birth to five baby cranes.
这使得艾玛能够生出五只小鹤。5．give birth to 生产；分娩by birth 天生地；在血统上；生来
at birth 出生时；一出生用适当的介词填空
①My son weighed 3,750 grams __________ birth.
②Michael Jackson was said to be African __________ birth.
③Mrs Green gave birth __________ twins the other day.at by to 1．What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
直到45亿～38亿年前，这团尘埃才逐渐稳定下来变成了固态的球体，它将成为什么仍然不得而知。经 典 句 式(1)此句为主从复合句。(2)句中what引导的从句在句中作主语，what在从句中充当动词become的宾语。when引导了定语从句，when在从句中充当时间状语。
(3)主语从句中was to become是“be＋不定式”结构，在句中表示将要发生的动作。
①What the boy is to be is hard to imagine.
很难想象男孩将来会做什么。
②His plan in the following year is to go abroad to get further education.
他下一年的计划是要去国外深造。此结构常用来表示：
(1)表示受某人指示、安排或按规章制度、客观规律将要发生的事。
①The President is to attend the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.
总统将参加奥运会的开幕式。
②(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths.
另一种设定现实目标的方法是分析你的短期和长期目标，牢记你的信念、价值观和长处。
③How am I to pay off my debt?
我怎么可能还清我的债务呢？(2)表示命令、吩咐、禁止等。
①The form is to be filled in and returned within three weeks.
请于三周内将表格填好并返还。
②You are to eat all your supper before you watch TV.
你得吃完晚饭后才能看电视。
③Here is the message for you from your adviser：you are to go to her office after class.
你的指导老师给你一个口信：要你下课后到她的办公室去。完成句子
①The dictionary is __________ next year.
这本词典预计明年出版。
②She is __________________ for the great work.
她会因为这项伟大的工作而被授予荣誉。
语法填空
③The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands of people to believe that a fortune was _______________(make)．
④__________ we should do next remains unknown.to appear to be honoured to be made What (1)此句为复杂的简单句。
(2)called amphibians为过去分词短语作others的定语。
①(2019·北京卷)At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton.
在这个现象的核心是微小的海洋微生物，称为浮游植物。2．Others，called amphibians，were able to live on land as well as in the water.
另一些，被称作两栖动物，既可以生活在水中，也能生活在陆地上。②Those buildings，built in the 1920s，still look strong and modern.
建于20世纪20年代的那些楼群看起来仍然结实和现代。
(3)as well as既……也……。
Those animals usually like eating vegetables as well as some tree leaves.
那些动物通常喜欢吃一些树叶还有蔬菜。仿写句子
①The young man，__________，likes climbing mountains _______________.
这位年轻人，被叫作约翰，既喜欢游泳也喜欢爬山。
②These trees，________________，can stand the coldness _____________ ___________________.
这些树，被叫作松树，既可以抵御强风又可以抵御寒冷。called John as well as swimming called pine trees as well as the strong wind (1)此句为主从复合句。
(2)句中第一个whether引导主语从句，第二个whether引导宾语从句。
Whether she will go abroad hasn't been decided.
她是否出国还未做决定。3．So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
因此，在未来几百万年地球上生命能否继续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。(3)depend on 取决于；依靠
①(2019·全国卷I)The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.
截止日期和你需要申请的东西取决于这个计划。
②How we will spend our holiday tomorrow depends on whether the weather will be good.
明天我们将如何度假取决于天气是否晴朗。仿写句子
①__________________________ in the company _______________________ he can grasp the chance.
他能否继续在这家公司工作看他是否能抓住这个机会。
②Whether the project will continue __________________________________ ________________________.
工程是否继续取决于他们能否筹集到足够的钱。Whether he will continue to work depends on whether depends on whether they can collect enough money
