Unit 4 SectionⅡ
Ⅰ.语法填空
1．Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter whether you have lived there for a short or a long time.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：村子里的人都很友好，所以你住在那里时间长还是短都没关系。it是形式主语，真正主语是whether引导的名词性从句。
2．It is immediately clear whether the financial crisis will soon be over.
解析：考查主语从句的用法。句意：经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示，不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一时间状语。
3．It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.
解析：句意：已经证实童年时期食用蔬菜有助于晚年保护自己避免患严重的疾病。It has been proved that...为主语从句，表示“已经证明……” 。例如：Can it be proved that he did commit these offences? 能证明他确实犯了这些罪吗？
4．What is obviously right is to give all children equal opportunities to develop their special gift.
解析：考查主语从句的连接词。句意：明显正确的(做法)就是，给所有的孩子提供平等发展特殊才能的机会。所缺处引导一个主语从句，并在从句中作句子的主语，所以用what。
5．What was most important to her，she told me，was her family.
解析：考查主语从句的用法。句意：她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是家庭。she told me为插入语，what was most important to her为主语从句，其中what又是主语从句的主语。
6．Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
解析：考查主语从句。句意：无论谁想住在旅馆都不得不用自己的方式支付。whoever意为“任何人，无论谁”，引导主语从句，作从句________wants to stay in a hotel 的主语。
7．It is none of your business what other people think about you.Believe yourself.
解析：句意：其他人怎样想得你与你无关，相信你自己。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作think的宾语。it作形式主语。为了使句子保持平衡，常用it代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面。
8．It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：他突然想到他把钥匙丢在了办公室。it是形式主语，真正主语是that引导的主语从句。It occured to sb.that...“某人突然想到……”。
9．What he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.
解析：句意：普通读者不熟知他在文章中所提到的事物。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作referred to的宾语。
10．What makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
解析：句意：这个商店经常提供个性化服务使得它与众不同。what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语。
11．It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
解析：考查主语从句。句意：通常对于那些心存希望的人来说一切皆有可能。此句中it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
12．Whoever burns the forest should be punished.
解析：句意：任何放火焚烧森林的人都应该受到惩罚。这里用whoever引导的名词性从句，作句子的主语。
13．Whether the flight to Shanghai will be delayed is what I'm especially worried about.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：飞往上海的航班是否耽搁是我特别担心的事情。whether“是否”，引导主语从句；what引导表语从句并在从句中充当介词about的宾语。
14．—Mrs.White looks old for her age.
—Yes.It worries her most that her hair is turning gray.
解析：句意：——怀特太太看上去比实际年龄大。——是的，她的头发逐渐变白这件事让她最担心。it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，that无词义，在从句中不作成分，符合题意。
15．It remains to be seen whether the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
解析：句意：新组建的委员会的政策是否会付诸实施还有待观察。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．That the old man's son wanted to know was where the gold had been hidden.
That→What
2．What she will refuse the offer of help seems unlikely.
What→That
3．It was a problem that they would support us.
that→whether
4．Whatever makes mistakes must correct them.
Whatever→Whoever
5．Why they will solve the serious problem today has not been decided.
Why→How
6．When will win the English competition is still a question.
When→Who
7．How our spring sports meet will be held or not this week is now not known yet.
How→Whether
8．It's strange when he should have gone away without telling us.
when→that
Unit 4 SectionⅡ
Ⅰ.语法填空
1．That the universe began with the “big bang” has been widely accepted.
解析：句意：宇宙开始于“大爆炸”已被广泛接受。从句中意义完整，只需要引导词。
2．It has been proved that having a balanced diet helps to keep healthy.
解析：句意：据证明拥有一个均衡的饮食有助于保持健康。it为形式主语，后面从句为真正的主语，且从句意义完整。
3．It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
解析：句意：英语正被接受成为国际性语言是一个事实。此处用it作形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
4．What made the parents proud was that their son had been admitted to a key university.
解析：句意：让父母自豪的是儿子考上一所重点大学。第一个空用what引导主语从句，what在该从句中充当主语；was后为表语从句，该从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导，且不可省略。
5．It worried him a bit that his memory was becoming worse.
解析：句意：他的记忆力正在变差让他有点担心。it为形式主语，真正的主语从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导主语从句，且不可省略。
6．Whether their flight will arrive on time is what they are concerned about.
解析：句意：他们的航班是否准时到达是他们所担心的。根据语境，主语从句应用whether引导，表示未定的事；what引导表语从句，在从句中作are concerned about的宾语。
7．What makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
解析：句意：使这本书如此出色的是作者的创造性的想象力。主语从句缺少主语要用what引导。
8．When and why he came here is not known yet.
解析：句意：他什么时候以及为什么来这儿还不知道。when and why引导的从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
9．He left home several days ago.Where he has gone worries many people and is to be found out.
解析：考查从句的连接词。句意：他几天前离开家。他去了哪里让许多人担心，并且会被弄明白。这是一个主语从句，由句意可知，填where。
10．Steve Jobs has gone but what he has left behind is truly extraordinary.
解析：steve Jobs已经离开了，但他所留下来的是真正非同寻常的。分析句子结构可知，“________he has left behind”是主语从句，且关系代词在从句中作宾语，故选what。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It surprised me most was that they had finished it so quickly.
It→What
解析：根据句意和句子结构可知，这里it应该改为what，用what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，指物。
2．Who has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
Who→Whoever
解析：句意：不管是谁救了这个溺水的小女孩都值得表扬。who含特指意义，有具体对象；而whoever含泛指意义，表示“无论谁”，相当于anyone who。
3．Whether I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal.
Whether→What
解析：从句意和句子成分看，这里需要连接词引导主语从句并在从句中作of的宾语指物，应该用what引导。
4．It is a difficult question how many my employees will get as a rise.
many→much
解析：根据句意可知，这里主语从句表示“我的员工们的薪水能够涨多少”，这里说的“多少”是不可数含义，应该用how much引导主语从句，并在从句中作get的宾语。
5．It makes him happy is that his parents will buy him a new computer.
It→What
解析：从句子结构看，这里it应该改为what，用连接代词what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，指物。
6．Which we found interesting was just how often people were using their mobile phones.
Which→What
解析：which引导名词从句时表示选择含义，而这里主语从句表示“我们觉得有趣的是”，连接词引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语指物，此时应该用what引导这个主语从句。
7．As is known to all is that Diaoyu Island is part of China.
As→What
解析：本句使用了what...is that...结构，用what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，指物。
8．It remains to be found out which side effect the medicine will have on patients.
which→what
解析：which表示选择含义，而本句不表示选择，而是表达“这种药对病人有什么副作用”，应该用what引导主语从句并在从句中作定语修饰side effect。
9．Whatever of the books you want to take is fine with me.I'll just pay for them.
Whatever→Whichever
解析：语境中的of the books表示选择范围，此时应该用whichever引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，指物。
10．It has been proved again and again which frequent advertising increases product sales.
which→that
解析：根据句意可知，句中的which要改为that，用that引导主语从句，连接词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用表陈述。
Ⅲ.阅读理解
Astronomy is the oldest science known to man. Thousands of years ago man looked at the stars and wondered about the heavens. But man was limited by what he could see with his eyes alone.
The Greeks studied astronomy over 2,000 years ago. They could see the size, color, and brightness of stars. They could see their places in the sky. They watched the stars move as the seasons changed. But the Greeks had no tools to help them study the starry heavens.
Each new tool added to the field of astronomy: it helped man reach out into space. Until there were telescopes (望远镜), man knew little about the moon. They did not know that the planet called Saturn (土星) has rings around it. Their sight was so limited that they could not see all the planets. In the early 1700s, people thought there were only six planets.
Before the spectroscope (分光镜), man did not know what kind of gases is in the sun or other stars. Without the radiotelescope (射电望远镜), we did not know that radio noises come from far out in space.
Today, astronomy is a growing science. We have learned more in the last fifty years than in the whole history of astronomy.
文章大意：天文学是一门最古老的学科，随着技术的发展，这门学科发展得很快。
1．The passage mainly tells us D.
A．the spectroscope helps man know what kind of gases is in the sun and other stars
B．there are nine planets in space
C．there is much noise in space
D．science can't grow fast without modern technology
解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段为主题段，其他段都是围绕这一主题展开，最后一段再次点明主题。故答案选D。其他选项为细节。
2．Thousands of years ago, A.
A．man watched the stars with their eyes
B．telescopes helped man to study the stars
C．man knew nothing about the sky
D．man knew Saturn has rings around it
解析：细节理解题。由第一段第三句话可知，几千年前人们主要通过肉眼来观察星球。
3．When the Greeks watched the stars, they knew all of the following EXCEPT D.
A．the color of the stars
B．the size of the stars
C．the movement of the stars
D．what the stars were made up of
解析：细节理解题。由第二段可知，只有D项的内容“星球是由什么组成的”没有提到。
4．Man now knows D.
A．the moon has rings around it
B．there are six planets
C．Saturn's rings can be seen by human eyes
D．radio noises come from far out in space
解析：细节理解题。由第四段最后一句可推知，现在人们已经知道无线电噪声来自遥远的太空。
Ⅳ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Every day can be a fresh, new beginning—this is very important if you had a difficult day before. By starting with a positive attitude, you can face the challenges of the day in a good state of mind. 1.C
Exercise. Exercising is one of the best methods to start your day for your mind as well as the body. 2.FIn addition, it also reduces stress and improves your metabolism (新陈代谢). So go for a walk, go for a bike ride, or go to the gym in the morning.
Organize yourself.3.A Make a to-do list and make an effort to follow it. It will keep you organized and make your day easier. However, make sure that your to-do list is manageable. There are only so many things you can do in a day.
Smile. Starting your day by acting the way you want to feel can help you be more positive. 4.GThe easiest thing to do is smile. Just smile because you are alive and you can. Watch or listen to something humorous so you can laugh. It makes you feel positive and really good about yourself and the world that surrounds you.
Keep important items in the same place. To make mornings less busy, start a habit—keeping your important items in one easily accessible place. 5.D This way, you are never looking for that lost item when you are running behind.
A．Write down the tasks for the day.
B．Try other actions to get yourself to feel happier.
C．Try some of the following tips to start your day right.
D．Put your keys, wallet, purse, and other important items there.
E．Instead of rushing through the morning, go slow and take your time.
F．It increases brain fun_ction, which can help you get a jump-start on the day.
G．If you feel annoyed or tired, do something physical to make yourself feel happy.
文章大意：本文为说明文。如何开始新的一天呢？本文提出了一些实用的建议。
1．解析：由下文给出的一些开始新的一天的建议可判断选C项。
2．解析：由后一句可推断此处说明运动的作用，故选F项。
3．解析：由后一句“Make a to-do list and make an effort to follow it.”可知，该空建议写下任务。
4．解析：G项中的“make yourself feel happy”与本段中“smile”相吻合。
5．解析：D项中的“keys, wallet, purse, and other important items”与本段中“important items”相吻合。
Ⅴ.语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
After the “Big Bang”， the earth was just a cloud of dust.It exploded 1.loudly(loud) with fire and rock, 2.which were in time to produce the water vapor, carbon dioxide and other 3.gases(gas)．Then small plants grew.They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas 4.with oxygen.Many millions of years later, the first green plants began to appear on land.When the plants grew into into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.They produced young generally by 5.laying(lay) eggs.Now small clever animals with hands and feet appeared and 6.spread(spread) all over the world. 7.As time goes by, 8.they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from the earth into space. 9.Whether life will continue on earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can 10.be_solved(solve)．
文章大意：本文讲的是生命的起源以及人类的发展。
1．解析：考查副词。动词修饰副词，故答案为loudly。
2．解析：考查定语从句。地球带着火和岩石发生了大爆炸，这及时产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳和其他气体。此处是前面整个句子做先行词，后面用which引导非限制性定语从句，故答案为which。
3．解析：考查名词复数。地球带着火和岩石发生了大爆炸，这及时产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳和其他气体。根据other可知后面用名词复数，故答案为gases。
4．解析：考查固定词组。他们繁殖并用氧气充满了海洋。fill...with...“用……填满……”，故答案为with。
5．解析：考查动名词。他们通常是通过产卵来繁殖的。by doing sth.“通过做某事”，故答案为laying。
6．解析：考查时态。有手和脚的小聪明动物出现并在世界各地传播。此处是并列的谓语动词，句子用一般过去时态，故答案为spread。
7．解析：考查时间状语从句。随着时间的流逝，他们把太多的二氧化碳排放到大气中，这样就可以防止地球上的热量进入太空。此处是as引导的时间状语从句，故答案为As。
8．解析：考查指代。随着时间的流逝，他们把太多的二氧化碳排放到大气中，这样就可以防止地球上的热量进入太空。此处用they来代替前面的“plants and animals”，故答案为they。
9．解析：考查名词性从句。在接下来的数百年里，生命是否会在地球上继续存在将取决于这个问题能否被得到解决。此处是whether“是否”引导的主语从句，if也能做“是否”讲，但不能引导主语从句，故答案为Whether。
10．解析：考查语态。在接下来的数百年里，生命是否会在地球上继续存在将取决于这个问题能否被得到解决。此处this problem和solve之间是被动关系，所以是含情态动词的被动语态，故答案为be solved。
课件25张PPT。Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars Section Ⅱ Learning about Language语 法 精 讲主语从句自 主 预 习用适当的连接词完成下列句子并体会它们的共同特征。
1．__________ it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
2．__________ is even more important is that as the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its surface.
3．It was not immediately obvious __________ water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
4．__________ many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.What What that What 5．__________ they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
6．So __________ life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.Why whether 合 作 探 究一、主语从句的定义
在主从复合句中，充当主语的从句，叫主语从句。
二、引导主语从句的连接词
引导主语从句的连接词有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。
1．从属连词that和whether。
(1)that引导的主语从句。
That he will come to the meeting is certain.
他来参加会议是一定的。
That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.
你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好的消息。(2)whether引导的主语从句。
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.
它是否对我们有害还要看一看。
Whether they would support us was a problem.
他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。(1)that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接作用。
(2)whether在从句中不充当任何成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。用适当的连接词填空
①__________ you will win the medal seems unlikely.
②__________ she became an artist may have been due to her father's influence.
③__________ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
④It is certain __________ she will succeed.That That Whether that 2．连接代词who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever，whoever，whomever，whatever等。
连接代词引导从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
①(2019·全国卷I)The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.(what引导的主语从句，并在从句中作宾语)
截止日期和你需要申请的东西取决于这个计划。
②Who will go to the concert is not known.(who引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语)
不知道谁会去听音乐会。③Which book they will choose is still unknown.(which引导主语从句，并在从句中作定语)
不知道他们会选哪本书。
④Whoever breaks the traffic rules should be punished.(whoever引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语)
不论谁违反了交通规则都要受到惩罚。用适当的连接词填空
①(北京高考卷)Your support is important to our work.__________ you can do helps.
②(2019·全国卷I)__________ you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.
③(2019·江苏卷)It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ he or she wants.
④__________ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
⑤(2017·北京高考卷，23) Every year，__________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.Whatever What whatever Whichever whoever 3．连接副词when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however等。
连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作状语。
①When we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.(when引导主语从句，并在从句中作时间状语)
我们还没决定何时举行运动会。
②How they will reach the top of the high mountain is still under discussion.(how引导主语从句，并在从句中作方式状语)
他们仍在讨论如何到达那座高山的山顶。
③Why we haven't met each other for a long time is that she has gone to work abroad.(why引导主语从句，并在从句中作原因状语)
我们有很长时间没有见面的原因是她已去国外工作。主语从句中连接词的选择技巧
(1)根据连接词在从句中所作的语法成分。
(2)根据连接词在从句中的意义。用适当的连接词填空
①(北京高考卷改编)__________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
②(江苏高考卷改编)________________ Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some won't accept it.
③(大纲版全国卷)Exactly __________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565.How Where/When when 三、难点突破
(一)主语从句与形式主语it
1．It is＋名词词组＋主语从句。
It's a pity that you missed the film.
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
2．It is＋形容词＋主语从句。
It is obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave.
很明显咖啡店的经理在等李方离开。在It＋be＋adj.＋从句这一结构中，若形容词为important/necessary/strange/essential等时，主语从句中的谓语用“(should＋)do”。如：
It is very important that a student (should) learn English well.
学生学好英语很重要。
3．It is＋过去分词＋主语从句。
It is reported that President Xi will visit some African countries soon.(it为形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句)
据报道习主席将很快访问非洲的几个国家。在“It is＋过去分词＋主语从句”中，过去分词若为advised/ordered/asked等时，从句谓语用“(should＋)do”。
It is ordered that they should hand in their designs at once.(it为形式主语，that引导从句作真正的主语，且从句中谓语用should＋do，且should可以省略)
命令他们马上交上他们的设计方案。
4．It seems/appears/occurs to sb/doesn't matter/makes no difference...＋主语从句。
It seems that it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨。5．It＋及物动词＋宾语＋that从句。
It surprised him that they came to visit him suddenly.
让他吃惊的是他们突然来看他。用适当的连接词填空
①(陕西高考卷)It remains to be seen __________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
②It is by no means clear __________ the president can do to end the strike.
③It doesn't matter __________ he likes it or not.whether what whether (二)主语从句中应注意的问题
1．从句的语序要用陈述语序。
①When we will set off is still under discussion.
我们什么时候动身还在讨论中。
②Whoever leaves the room last is asked to turn off the lights.
无论谁最后离开都要把灯关掉。
2．从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
Where he will get a job after graduation has puzzled him much.
毕业后到哪儿找份工作使他很困惑。what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语的数应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
①What the school needs much are books.
这所学校需要的是书。
②What the school needs much is money.
这所学校需要的是钱。
3．从句的时态一般要取决于主句。
They lost their way in the forest and what made things worse was that night began to fall.
他们在森林里迷路了，更糟糕的是夜幕开始降临。
