Unit 1 Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1． Immigration (移民) in the 1980s was very common.
2．Only a few of shopkeepers thought highly of the plan.The majority (大多数) were against it.
3．Thanks to the good policy，economy is booming (繁荣)，which has created job opportunities.
4．They elected (选举) a new president last year.
5．What percentage (百分比) of the students went to college?
6．Radio and television are important means (方式)of communication.
7．A strong man will bear hardship (困苦) without complaining.
8．There is often no clear distinction (区别) between them.
9．An aircraft (飞机) has to overcome the resistance of the air.
10．Most racial (种族的) discrimination is based on ignorance.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．He has barely enough money to live on .
2．It's not easy to make a life in a new city.
3. Will the fine weather keep up ?
4. The majority of people prefer peace to war.
5．The man succeeded by means of working twice as hard as others.
6. I'll have finished my homework by the time you come.
7．Since then， the percentage of women in senior jobs has increased.
8. In addition to an album, I gave him a pen and a pencil.
9． It was believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed.
10. I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1. Friday, the thirteenth is believed to being an unlucky day.( being→be )
2．Tom was late this morning.That is why he overslept. ( why→because )
3. By no means he as generous as you think he is. ( means后加is )
4. After a one-day walk, they finally arrived at which is once an old temple. ( which→what )
5. The majority of people seems to enjoy watching the football game. ( seems→seem )
6. As is likely that we'll go for a picnic in the forest tomorrow. ( As→It )
7. The first thing do is see a doctor for a complete check-up. ( do前加to )
8. It is through job training which the young unemployed would have the opportunity to get jobs again.( which→that )
Unit 1 Section Ⅰ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1. The m ajority of people seem to prefer TV to radio.
2. Americans e lect a President every four years.
3. The a ircraft was flying in a northerly direction.
4. From his manner of speaking I took him to be an I talian .
5. The earth's shadow on the moon was quite d istinct .
6. Today an airplane is used sometimes as a means (方法；手段)of advertising.
7. We are ready to face any hardship (苦难)．
8. What percentage (百分比)of the population in China are farmers?
9. He made a lot of money during the property boom (繁荣)．
10. Who has the right to vote in federal (联邦的)elections?
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. 我借助报纸上的一则广告找到了我的自行车。
I found my bike by means of a notice in the newspaper.
2. 科学家们说， 他们在防治癌症方面开始有所突破。
Scientists say they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
3. 彼得说当他第一次来到这个城市时，真的不知道如何适应。
Peter said when he first came to the city，he really didn't know how to make a life .
4. 我们七月初要去日本。
We're going to Japan at the beginning of July.
5. 他当演员的梦想终于实现了。
He finally realized/achieved his dream of becoming an actor.
His dream of becoming an actor finally came true .
6. 保育员尽量让孩子在室外多活动。
The nurses keep children out of doors as much as possible .
7. 我有一些困难，但是比起你的就算不了什么。
I've had some difficulties but they were nothing compared to yours.
8. 该岛人口约78 000。
The island has a population of about 78,000.
9. 她绝不贫穷。实际上，她相当富有。
By no means is she poor.In fact，she is quite rich.
10. 据说他成为一名教师了。
It's said that he's become a teacher.
Ⅲ.完形填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro，the highest mountain in Africa.They 1.D with them lots of waste.The 2.C might damage the beauty of the place.The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing，changing the 3.C of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories，I'm 4.B about the place—other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However，I soon 5.A that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 6.C among tons of rubbish.I find a 7.D mountain，with toilets at camps and along the paths.The environmental challenges are 8.C but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 9.A .
The best of a Kilimanjaro 10.B ，in my opinion，isn't reaching the top.Mountains are 11.D as spiritual places by many cultures.This 12.A is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 13.B go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters， 14.D lands of low growing plants.Further up，the weather 15.A —low clouds envelop the mountainsides，which are covered with thick grass.I 16.C twelve shades of green from where I stand.Above 4,000 meters is the highland 17.B ：gravel (砾石)，stones and rocks. 18.D you climb into an arctic-like zone with 19.A snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 20.B its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？I found the opposite to be true.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了非洲乞力马扎罗山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观情况。
1．A．keep B．mix
C．connect D．bring
解析：上文语境题。根据第一句“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，每年大约有4万人试图攀登乞力马扎罗山，所以他们攀登的时候带来(bring)了很多垃圾。
2．A．stories B．buildings
C．crowds D．reporters
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的“about 40,000 people”可知，这些人群(crowds)有可能破坏这个地方的美。
3．A．position B．age
C．face D．name
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的“The glaciers are disappearing”可知，冰川的消失正在改变乞力马扎罗山的面貌(face)。
4．A．silent B．skeptical
C．serious D．crazy
解析：下文语境题。联系下文“other destinations are described as ‘purer’ natural experiences”可知，其他目的地被描述为“更纯粹的”自然体验，所以作者对乞力马扎罗山被严重破坏的报道表示怀疑(skeptical)。be skeptical about对……表示怀疑。silent沉默的；serious严肃的；crazy 疯狂的。
5．A．discover B．argue
C．decide D．advocate
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的“much has changed”可知，作者发现(discover)了乞力马扎罗山的变化。argue争论；decide决定；advocate提倡。
6．A．equipment B．grass
C．camps D．stones
解析：下文语境题。联系下文中的“with toilets at camps”可知，这里报道的是营地(camp)。
7．A．remote B．quiet
C．tall D．clean
解析：上下文语境题。联系上文However(然而)及下文“with toilets at camps and along the paths”(营地和路边都有厕所)”可推知，作者看到的是干净的(clean)山。
8．A．new B．special
C．significant D．necessary
解析：上文语境题。上文提到乞力马扎罗山有众多游客，而且有很多垃圾，还有令人心烦的诸多报道，由此可知，这里面临的环境挑战是重大的(significant)。new新的；special特殊的；necessary有必要的。
9．A．paying off B．spreading out
C．blowing up D．fading away
解析：上文语境题。联系前文的“with toilets at camps and along the paths”可知，坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在奏效(pay off)。spread out展开；blow up爆炸；fade away逐渐消失。
10．A．atmosphere B．experience
C．experiment D．sight
解析：下文语境题。联系下文“reaching the top”可知，作者认为乞力马扎罗山最好的爬山体验(experience)并不是登顶。atmosphere气氛；experiment实验；sight视线。
11．A．studied B．observed
C．explored D．regarded
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的“by many cultures”可知，山在很多文化中被看作是(regard)灵魂之地，be regarded as被看作是……。study研究；observe观察；explore探索。
12．A．view B．quality
C．reason D．purpose
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文的“文化观”，再联系下文的“go through five ecosystems”可知，这种“经历五种生态系统”的景色(view)在乞力马扎罗山表现尤为明显。quality品质；reason原因；purpose目的。
13．A．scientists B．climbers
C．locals D．officials
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，爬山的人(climbers)可以经历五种生态系统。scientist科学家；local本地人；official官员。
14．A．holding on to B．going back to
C．living up to D．giving way to
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的“It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters”可知，热带雨林在3 000米处突然中止，取而代之的是生长着低矮植物的土地。give way to意为“被……代替”，符合语境。hold on to坚持；go back to回到；live up to不辜负。
15．A．changes B．clears
C．improves D．permits
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了五种生态系统中的两种，再联系下文的“low clouds envelop the mountainsides”可知，在这里气候又发生了变化(change)。clear清除；improve改善；permit允许。
16．A．match B．imagine
C．count D．add
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的“twelve shades of green”可知，作者数出了(count)12种绿色。
17．A．village B．desert
C．road D．lake
解析：下文语境题。联系冒号后的“gravel(砾石)，stones and rocks”可知，4 000米以上是荒漠(desert)。
18．A．Obviously B．Easily
C．Consequently D．Finally
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了从山下到山上的五个生态系统，所以这里说最后(finally)爬到了一个像北极圈一样的区域。obviously明显地；easily容易地；consequently因此，所以。
19．A．permanent B．little
C．fresh D．artificial
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的“climb into an arctic-like zone”可知，攀登者到了一个像北极圈的地方，所以这里是指常年积雪。permanent意为“永久的，永恒的”，符合语境。little少的；fresh新鲜的；artificial人造的。
20．A．enjoy B．deserve
C．save D．acquire
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的“I found the opposite to be true.”可知，作者在这里进行反问：乞力马扎罗山真的应该获得(deserve)游人如织，破坏了其平和景象的拥挤山脉这一名声吗？
Ⅳ.阅读理解
The Louvre, in Paris, France, has almost 275,000 works of art.It contains some of the most famous works of art in the history of the world, including the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.
The Louvre was originally a fort (a strong building used by soldiers for defending a place) built by King Philip Ⅱ sometime around AD 1200.In the 1300s, it became a royal house for Charles V, who had it renovated (翻新)．While he did have his own collection of art there, everything disappeared when he died.
This impressive building remained empty until 1527, when Francois Ⅰ decided that he wanted it for his private palace.Francois Ⅰ was a collector of early Italian Renaissance art at the time, and already owned the Mona Lisa.However, he would not move into the Louvre until it was completely renovated and made even more splendid than it had been during the rule of Charles V.
Unfortunately, Francois Ⅰ died before the work was completed, but the work continued until the death of the head architect.Afterwards, several generations of French royalty lived in the palace until Louis ⅩⅣ， the last of the French rulers to call the Louvre home, left in 1682.The Louvre, however, was far from abandoned.For about 30 years after Louis X Ⅳ's death in 1715, the Louvre became the home of artists and scholars.Its art collection grew from about 200 paintings in 1643 to about 2,500 works of art in 1715.
It was a center of creativity, until the public began to be admitted in 1793.Throughout the French Revolution and the years ruled by Napoleon Ⅰ， the art collection in the Louvre grew greatly.
Napoleon robbed art from all over the world and added it to the Louvre's collection.After Napoleon's death in 1821, the original owners reclaimed (要求归还) much of the robbed artwork.Over the last 100 years, art colleges have been set up at the Louvre, and it has become one of the largest museums in the world.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了法国卢浮宫悠久而不寻常的历史。
1．What do we learn about the Louvre？ D
A．It became an art college in 1821.
B．It was first constructed as a royal house.
C．It was abandoned in the fourteenth century.
D．It became a meeting place for culture after 1715.
解析：细节理解题。由第四段中的“For about 30 years after Louis ⅪⅤ's death in 1715, the Louvre became the home of artists and scholars.”可知，在1715年之后，卢浮宫一度成为文艺人士的集会地点。
2．According to the text, Francois I A .
A．had never lived in the Louvre
B．led a simple life during his life
C．lost all his collection on his death
D．received all artwork from Charles Ⅴ
解析：推理判断题。由第三段中的“However, he would not...the rule of Charles Ⅴ.”和第四段中的“Unfortunately, Francois I died...the head architect.”可知，法兰西斯一世没有在卢浮宫里住过。
3．When was the Louvre open to the public？ D
A．In 1643. B．In 1682.
C．In 1715. D．In 1793.
解析：细节理解题。由第五段中的“It was a center of creativity, until the public began to be admitted in 1793.”可知，从1793年开始，卢浮宫开始对公众开放。
4．Who brought the huge increase in the amount of artwork in the Louvre？ C
A．Charles Ⅴ. B．Francois I.
C．Napoleon I. D．Louis ⅩⅣ.
解析：细节理解题。由第五段中的“Throughout the French Revolution and the years ruled by Napoleon I, the art collection in the Louvre grew greatly.”可知，拿破仑一世让卢浮宫的藏品数量巨幅增长。
Ⅴ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余项。
Some people describe American society as a salad bowl while others think of it as a melting pot.
In a bowl of salad, all the ingredients are mixed together. 1.B Together, however, the ingredients make up a unity.All the ingredients of a salad contribute to the finished product.They may be covered with the same dressing (调味酱), but the green vegetables, tomatoes and cooked corn can all be seen for what they are.
From this point of view, America is very much like a salad bowl where individual ethnic groups mix together, yet maintain their cultural uniqueness.People may work together during the day at similar jobs and in the same companies, but at night they may return to their ethnic groups where their own individual culture directs their way of life. 2.C Each ethnic group has its own special customs, language, food and traditions to protect and defend.This idea of the salad bowl is referred to as cultural diversity；that is, American society is a collection of various cultures living together in harmony within one country.
3.G Here, society is like one large pot of soup.All cultural aspects are mixed together，sacrificing their original identity and keeping a bit of what they were to become a new reality.The longer the soup is cooked, the better the taste and the more likely it will be for the mixture to dissolve.In this sense, America can surely be seen as a melting pot where people from all over the world come to live and work together forming one nation.There are dozens of shared symbols. 4.F In such a culture, symbols like the flag and the nation's official song serve to break down the walls which separate ethnic groups.
Whether a salad bowl or a melting pot, America can be best described as a mixture of both. 5.D
A．Both are correct depending on one's point of view.
B．They never lose their shapes, colors or tastes.
C．This is why there is so much diversity within America.
D．In other words, America is a nation where there is unity in diversity.
E．Thus, one needs to abandon one's culture to be considered “American”．
F．They serve to develop the various ethnic groups to create a new American culture.
G．The other theory, which is also used to describe American society, is the melting pot.
文章大意：有的人把美国社会描述为“沙拉碗”，有的人认为它是“大熔炉”。实际上，美国的特点并非非此即彼，而是在差异中存在统一。
解析：
1．根据设空处前面的a bowl of salad及本段最后一句，分析各个选项可知，只有B项“它们从来不会失去它们的形状、颜色和味道。”描述的与沙拉有关。They指代前句中的all the ingredients(所有的材料)。故选B项。
2．根据分析，本段继续描述美国像“沙拉碗”，前后为因果关系：“多个民族”融合，但是“保持着各自的独特性”，使得人们白天可能从事相似的工作，但是下班后沿用各自民
族的生活方式，这就是美国“多样性”的原因。故选C项。
3．文章第一段提出“沙拉碗”和“大熔炉”两个理论。第二、三两段详细描述了“沙拉碗”理论。设空处位于第四段段首，再根据本段中的one large pot及a melting pot可知选G项，引出下文对第二个理论的描述。
4．本段最后三句围绕shared symbols(共享的符号)展开：有许多“共享的符号”，因而“它们”有助于不同的民族发展以便创造一个新的美国文化，而在这样的文化中，美国国旗和国歌这些符号有助于打破种族分裂的藩篱。F项中They指代前句中的shared symbols。故选F项。
5．本段两句话总结全文：“美国将‘沙拉碗’和‘大熔炉’两大特点融合在一起。‘换句话说’，美国是一个‘多样性中存在统一’的国家”。D项中unity in diversity是第一句中a mixture of both的另一种说法。故选D项。
课件106张PPT。Unit 1 A land of diversity Section Ⅰ Warming up；Pre-reading，Reading & Comprehending自 主 预 习Ⅰ.单词速记
1．__________(n.)大多数；大半
2．__________(n.)苦难；困苦
3．__________(n.)百分比；百分率
4．__________(n.)(人口、贸易的)繁荣
(vi.)处于经济迅速发展时期
5．__________(adj.)清晰的；明显的，明确的→__________(n.)差别；区分；卓著
6．__________(vt.)选择；决定做某事；选举某人→__________(n.)选举
7．__________(n.)种族→__________(adj.)人种的；种族的majority hardship percentage boom distinct distinction elect election race racial Ⅱ.短语互译
1．继续存在；继续生存 __________
2．用……方法；借助……__________
3．被迫成为奴隶________________________
4．脱离……而获得独立______________________
5．此外__________
6．declare war on...______________
7．make a life______________________________
8．keep up_________________________________
9．at the beginning of the 20th century_____________
10．become/be home to_________________________________live on by means of... be forced into slavery gain independence from in addition 向……宣战 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等) 在20世纪初期 是……的故乡，是……的栖息地 Ⅲ.课文理解
First 略读主旨
1．Read the text quickly and fill in the blank.
The text is about the brief __________ of California，which focuses on the __________ of the state.
2．Match the following parts with their main ideas.
Part 1(Para.1)__________ A．The history of people from different
countries moving to California.
Part 2(Paras.2～9)__________ B．The future of California.
Part 3(Para.10)__________ C．A brief introduction to California.history settlement C A B Second 细读细节
1．What's the topic of this text？__________
A．The Culture of California. B．The History of California.
C．The Weather of California. D．The Immigration of California.
2．Which kind of people is not mentioned in this text？__________
A．The Spanish. B．Russians.
C．Native Americans. D．Maoris.D D3．Which of the following statements is WRONG about California？__________
A．It is the third largest state in size.
B．It has the largest population.
C．It is one of the earliest federal states of the USA．
D．It is the most multicultural state.
4．When was the film industry well started in California？__________
A．By the 1920s. B．By the 1910s.
C．Since the 1980s. D．Since the 1800s.C A5．This passage is most likely to be taken from a __________.
A．newspaper B．geography book
C．novel D．filmB Third 精读语篇
California is the 1.__________ (three) largest state in the USA 2.__________ has the largest population.It is also the most multicultural state in the USA．Scientists believe that Native Americans 3.__________(cross) the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America.The majority of the first Spanish settlers were religious men, 4.__________ ministry was 5.__________ (teach) the Catholic religion.In 6.__________ early 1800s, Russian hunters began settling in California.Not long after the American—Mexican war, gold 7.______________ (discover) in California, 8.__________ (attract) people from all over the world.third/3rd but crossed whose to teach the was discovered attracting The building 9.__________ the rail network from the west to the east brought large numbers of Chinese immigrants to California, a large percentage living in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Attracted by the climate and lifestyle, people from 10.__________(difference) parts of the world still immigrate to California.of different Fourth 研读难句
1．Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really knows.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。no one really knows是主句；when引导的从句作knows的__________，宾语从句提前是为了表示强调；when从句中又包含__________引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作know的宾语。
译文：__________________________________________________________ __________________________________宾语 what 最早的一批人是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的 加利福尼亚洲地区的，谁也说不清楚。 2．Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period，it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。Although引导__________从句；主句用了__________，被强调部分是the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast。
译文：_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________让步状语 强调句式 虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到了，但是更大批量的移民 却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。 3．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
分析：It is believed that...意为“据认为……”，it为__________主语，that从句为真正的主语，在这个主语从句中还有一个that引导的__________从句。
译文：_________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________形式 结果状语 人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。合 作 探 究(1)[C]～(between A and B) 差别；区别；对比
I can't see any distinction between these two cases.
我看不出这两个案例有什么不同。
(2)[U] 优秀；杰出；卓越
He is a writer of real distinction.
他是一位真正杰出的作家。1．distinction (n.)重 点 词 汇(3)[U] 区分；分清；辨别
The new law makes no distinction between adults and children.
这项新法规对成人和孩子同样适用。(1)draw/make a distinction between 对……加以区别
without distinction 无差别地， 一视同仁地
(2)distinct adj.截然不同的；清楚的；明白的；明显的
be distinct in...from...在某方面与……不同
(3)distinguish v．区分；辨别；成为……的特征
be distinguished from不同于； 与……加以区别
distinguish oneself(as...)使自己与众不同； 使自己出名；使自己受人青睐①Those two suggestions are quite distinct from each other.
那两个建议截然不同。
②There is a distinct improvement in your spoken English.
你的英语口语有明显的进步。
③What was it that distinguished her from her classmates?
是什么使得她有别于班上的其他同学？
④We should make a distinction between right and wrong.
我们应该分清是非。
⑤He is fair to us without distinction.
他对我们一视同仁，毫无区别。⑥Silk is distinct from rayon in every respect.
在各个方面真丝跟人造丝截然不同。
⑦Job enrichment should be distinguished from job enlargement.
工作丰富化和工作扩大化应加以区分。单句语法填空
①(2018·天津卷改编)But __________ (distinct) that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb to new stimulation，new ideas.
②We need to make a __________(distinct) between the two events.
解析：由前面的冠词a可知此处需要用名词distinction。
③The village is distinct __________ the rest of the town.distinctions distinction from 句型转换
It's difficult to tell Lily from Lucy.They are so alike.
④It's difficult to ______________________________________.
They are so alike.(distinction)
⑤It's difficult to ____________________________.
They are so alike.(distinguish)make a distinction between Lily and Lucy distinguish Lily from Lucy Thoughts are expressed by means of words.
思想是通过语言来表达的。2．means n．手段；方法(单复数相同)by every means 用一切办法
by all means一定务必；当然
by any means 无论如何
by this means用这种方法
by on means 决不；一点也不(＝not a bit not/at all若放句首要用部分倒装)
①There is no means of getting there.
没有办法可以到达那儿。
②There is no doubt that telephone is an important means of communication.
毫无疑问，电话是交流的一个重要工具。(1)by no means放在句首时，句子用部分倒装语序。
By no means am I satisfied with my present income.
我对目前的收入一点也不满意。
(2)means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若是all means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若是every/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
All possible means have been tried，but not a means has worked.
所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但是没有一种方法奏效。means，way，method和approachmethod way means approaches 单句改错
⑤To our disappointment, every possible means have been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
have→has①For the majority of students, the only connection between high schools and universities is the national college entrance exam.
对于大多数学生来说，高中和大学之间的唯一联系就是高考。
②The majority of migrant workers have no city hukou and find it hard to fit in with urban life.
大多数农民工没有城市户口，很难适应城市生活。
③The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
大多数人赞成这个建议。
④Young women are in the majority in the fashion industry.
年轻女性在时装业中占多数。3．majority n．大多数，大半“the majority of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。the majority作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可。the majority of 大多数……
by/with a majority 以多数，大半
be in the/a majority 占大部分/大多数
a majority over sb. 超过某人的票数The majority of people supported the red team.
大多数人支持红队。单句语法填空
①Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which __________ majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
解析：考查冠词。句意：英国成为历史上第一个都市社会——一种多数人居住在城市而不以务农为生的社会。a/the majority of 意为“大多数……”，此处修饰复数名词。the/a ②78 percent of sharers were female, the majority of whom __________(be) between 20 and 40 years of age.
解析：考查主谓一致。句意：78%的分享者是女性，其中大多数人年龄在20岁到40岁之间。the majority of whom...是定语从句，先行词sharers为复数形式，故此处用复数谓语动词。
单句改错
③Today, it seems that a vast majority of people cares more about how they look and appear to their peers (同伴)rather than what is inside.
cares→care
解析：a vast majority of people为主语从句中的主语，故谓语动词用复数形式care。were ①She elected an art course because she was interested in art.
因为她对艺术感兴趣，所以选择了艺术课。
②Like men，women have the right to elect and to be elected.
妇女享有同男子平等的选举权和被选举权。4．elect vt.选择；决定做某事；选举某人elect to do sth.决定做某事
elect sb.as选举某人当……
election n．选举
We wonder who will win the next election.
我们都想知道下届选举谁会获胜。elect，choose和selectWe elected our class committee by voting.
我们通过投票选举班委。elect作“选举”后的冠词问题
表示“选举”，主要指选举某人担任某职位。若所涉及的职位只有一个(即独一无二)，则通常不用冠词。单句语法填空
①Those who elect __________(smoke)will be seated at the rear.
②Most of the students selected Tom __________monitor last Monday.
单句改错
③He was elected the governor of the state of California.
去掉第一个theto smoke to be/as ①The island is experiencing a boom in tourism.
该岛的旅游业在蓬勃发展。
②Our country is basking in an economic boom.
我国正处在经济繁荣之中。
③Brisbane has become the boom town for Australian film and television.
布里斯班已成为一座新兴的澳大利亚影视城。
④A deep voice boomed out from the loudspeakers.
喇叭里传出一个低沉的声音。5．boom n．(人口、贸易的)繁荣 vi.处于经济迅速发展时期 vt.使兴旺boom in在……方面繁荣My hometown has been booming in the past ten years.
过去10年中，我的家乡一直繁荣发展。 单句语法填空
①The economy reform__________(boom)many new cities that year.
②The manager is pleased with__________(boom)sales of computer software.
③The old city saw the great boom__________economy.boomed booming in a percentage of后接名词时，其后面谓语动词的单复数要与所接名词相符合。
①What percentage of the earth is covered by oceans?
地球的百分之几被海洋覆盖着？
②What percentage of the students were absent?
缺席的学生占百分之几？6．percentage n．百分比；百分率the percentage of...……的百分比，作主语时，谓语动词用单
数形式。
The percentage of the students who are admitted to universities is 70%.
被大学录取的学生的百分比是70%。percent和percentage补全句子
①(2018·浙江卷改编)While plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent ______________________(很小比例的)all garbage on the ground today.
②___________________________ (50%的事故) are caused by drunk drivers.
选词填空
③What percentage of the water __________ been used here？(has/have)
④Thirty percent of skilled workers __________ women workers.(are/is)
⑤—What __________ of babies died of this disease last years?
—One __________.(percent/percentage)a small percentage of 50 percent of the accidents has are percentage percent ①Our government took measures to make this custom live on.
我们的政府采取措施使这个风俗延续下去。
②She died ten years ago but her memory lives on.
她十年前就去世了，但她却留在人们的记忆中。 1．live on 继续存在；继续生存重 点 短 语live on sth.以……为食；靠……生活
live for 为……而活着
live up to 达到；符合；不辜负
live with sth.忍受某事
live out 实践；实现
live through sth.经历(灾难或其他困境)而幸存
①We will live up to what our parents expect of us.
我们绝不辜负父母对我们的期望。②I had to learn to live with the pain.
我不得不学会忍受痛苦。
③He has lived through two world wars.
他经历了两次世界大战。单句语法填空
①Can you tell us how the old customs lived __________ for so long?
②We should not be so selfish as to live __________ourselves only.
③His motivation for learning was to live up _________ his parents' expectations.
④(湖北高考改编)Had she lived up __________ her promise，she would have made it to Yale University.
⑤In modern times，people have to learn to live __________ all kinds of pressure.
⑥The old man lived __________ collecting waste things instead of living __________ welfare.on for to to with by on ①Mr.Bob made a life by selling newspapers.
鲍勃先生靠卖报为生。
②They went to the West and decided to make a life there.
他们去了西部地区，决定去适应新生活。
③If you get, you make a living; if you pay, you make a life.
如果你工作上想获得，你是在谋生；如果你工作上想付出，你是在生活。
④The young couple moved to the nearby city to make a life there.
这对年轻的夫妇搬到附近的城市去适应新的生活。2．make a life习惯于新的生活方式、工作等；谋生life相关短语：
①come to life 苏醒过来；活跃起来
②live/lead a．..life 过着……的生活
③come back to life 复活；苏醒；恢复生机
④full of life 充满生气
⑤start/make a new life 开始新生活
⑥bring sb./sth.(back) to life 给某人/事物以活力；使复活
⑦lay down one's life (for sb./sth.) 为……献身；牺牲生命
⑧take one's (own) life: commit suicide 自杀
⑨put an end to one's life: kill oneself 自杀
⑩lose one's life 失去生命补全句子
①The two brothers went to the West and determined to __________ (开始新生活) for themselves.
②He has had his ups and downs __________ (一生中)．
③Hundreds of travelers ____________ (失去生命)in the June 1st Sinking Accident.
④The match finally __________(精彩起来) in the second half.make a life in life lost their lives came to life ①You need time and money.In addition, you need great patience.
你需要时间与金钱。此外，你还得具备极大的耐心。
②The man made him work sixteen hours a day and beat him in addition.
那人让他一天工作16个小时，而且还打他。3．in addition 另外additional adj. 附加的，外加的
apart from 除……之外；此外
except for 除……之外；要不是由于……
①Apart from his nose, he's quite good-looking.
他除了鼻子以外，哪都好看。
②I can answer all the questions except for the last.
所有题我都会回答，最后一题除外。补全句子
①James is a successful businessman.__________(另外)，he is a professional football player.
②Everything was perfect for the picnic __________ (除……之外) the weather.
单句改错
③In addition to play basketball, Jimmy takes an interest in painting.__________
④During the rush hour, the company provides addition buses.
addition→additionalIn addition except for play→playing ①The good news keeps our spirits up.
好消息使我们情绪高涨。
②Nobody knows how long the drought will keep up.
没有人知道干旱将持续多长时间。
③Keep up your courage!
鼓足勇气！
④People there still keep up old customs.
那儿的人们仍然沿袭古老的风俗。4．keep up坚持；维持；使不低落；继续；持续；沿袭(风俗、传统等)keep up your courage/the old customs保持勇气/旧的传统
keep up your spirits打起精神
keep up with跟上，不落后
keep it up保持优异成绩，继续干下去
keep to sth遵守，信守
keep away from避开；远离
keep off勿踩；勿踏单句语法填空
①In order to keep __________ with the quick pace (步伐) of their life and work, they eat a lot of fast food.
解析：考查动词短语。句意：为了跟上生活和工作的快节奏，他们吃了很多快餐。keep up with意为“跟上”，符合题意。
②Once you can identify what is keeping you __________ making new friends, you need to work through these concerns.
解析：句意：一旦你可以确定什么事情阻止着你们交新朋友，你们需要解决这些事情。keep sb.from doing sth.意为“阻止某人做某事”。up from ③She asked Ann if she could keep an eye __________ the dog.
解析：考查动词短语。句意：她问安是否她能够照看这只狗。keep an eye on sb./sth.意为“照看；照顾”，符合题意。
④Always keep __________ mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
解析：考查动词短语。句意：永远记住你的主要任务就是让这个公司顺利运转。keep in mind意为“记住；记在心里”，符合题意。on in (1)the third largest是序数词修饰最高级，意为“第三大”。形容词或副词的最高级前面可用序数词修饰，表示“第几大/长……”。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
黄河是中国第二长河。1．California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，却是人口最多的州。经 典 句 式one of the/among the＋最高级＋名词复数，表示“最……之一”。
China is one of the oldest countries in the world.
中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。
Paris is among the biggest cities in the world.
巴黎是世界上最大的城市之一。
(2)句中的population意为“人口”，还可指“全体居民”。
population作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但表示“population”中的一部分“成员”时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
The population is increasing at about 6% per year.
人口以每年约6%的速度增长。The entire population of the town was at the meeting.
全镇的居民都出席了集会。
The population of Australia is more than twenty million.
澳大利亚的人口大约是2 000多万。
One third of the population of this country are farmers.
这个国家三分之一的人口是农民。①表示某一地区“有多少人口”用have a population of。
②表示某一地区“人口多或少”用large/small，不用many/few。
③问某一地区“有多少人口”用What is the population of...？/How large is the population of...?补全句子
①Do you know what is _________________________(非洲的第二长河)river?
单句语法填空
②The population of Jiangsu __________(grow)to more than twice what it was in 1949.The figure is now approaching 74 million.
解析：考查主谓一致和时态。句意：江苏的人口已经增长到1949年两倍多，现在接近74,000,000。人口作为一个整体作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。根据句意可知江苏的人口不断增长，是1949年的两倍多，因此应该使用现在完成时。Africa's second longest has grown (1)本句是主从复合句，其中主句是no one really knows, when引导一个宾语从句。本句可写成：No one really knows exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California.
(2)what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，作arrive in的宾语。2．Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在称之为加利福尼亚的地区的，谁也说不清楚。(1)名词性从句中what与that的区别：
that在名词性从句中不作成分；what在句中作成分。
What he said sounds reasonable.
他说的话有道理。(what作said的宾语)
That our team has won the game has been proved.
已经证实我们队赢得了比赛。(That在主语从句中不作成分)
(2)名词性从句中what与which的区别：
指代前文已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。
There are many books available.I don't know which to read.
有许多可使用的书，我不知道读哪一本。(which指的是前文提到的books的其中一本)
What book do you want to buy?
你想买什么书？(前文没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)完成句子
①I am truly grateful to you for ________________________.
我深深地感激您所做的一切。
②We can learn _____________________________.
我们可以学习我们以前不知道的东西。what you have done what we didn't know before having attracted people from all over the world为现在分词的完成式作后置定语，修饰名词state，其作用相当于非限制性定语从句which has attracted people from all over the world。3．It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world.
加州的与众不同之处也在于它是美国最具多元文化特征的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。(1)现在分词的完成式主要作时间和原因状语，表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。
Having finished her work, she went home.
她干完工作就回家了。(表示时间)
Having failed twice，he didn’t want to try again.
他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。(表示原因)
(2)现在分词的完成式与一般式的区别：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔；而现在分词的完成式所表示的先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。Locking the door，he went out.
锁好门之后，他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak，we'd better go to his lecture.
既然我们请了他来这儿作报告，我们最好去听一下。
(3)现在分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。
The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
赢得比赛的那个女孩是我的同桌。
(4)非限制性的现在分词的完成式可以作后置定语。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London.
在巴黎待过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。单句语法填空
①The old man, _____________ (work) abroad for 20 years, is on the way back to his motherland.
②_______________ (eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.having worked Having eaten It is likely that...“很有可能……”，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。
本句型可转化为Sb./Sth.be likely to do...“某人/某物可能干某事”。
It is likely that the weather will be fine.
＝The weather is likely to be fine.
天气可能会很晴朗。
It's likely that she will ring me tonight.
＝She's very likely to ring me tonight.
她今晚很可能给我打电话。4．However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，可能至少在15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。likely可与most，very，quite等连用。
His attempt will be most likely to succeed.
他的尝试很有可能会成功。单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ改编)If you work out bright and early in the morning，you will be more likely __________ (stick)to healthy food choices throughout the day.
解析：考查固定句式。句意：如果你在大清早锻炼，你将更有可能坚持一整天健康的食物选择。sb.be likely to do sth.“某人有可能做某事”，为固定句式，故用不定式形式。to stick ②It is also unlikely __________ many people will want to read large texts on our computers.
解析：考查固定句式。句意：许多人想要在我们的电脑上进行大量阅读，这也是不可能的。It is unlikely that...意为“不可能……”，故答案为that。
③After quarrelling with her best friends, Mary has got herself into a situation where she is __________ (like) to turn to nobody for help.
解析：考查固定句式。句意：与最好的朋友争吵后，Mary让自己陷入了有可能无人救助的境地。sb.be likely to do sth.意为“某人有可能做某事”，故用形容词形式likely。that likely (1)本句是一个简单句，过去分词短语brought by the Europeans作后置定语修饰diseases。过去分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的过去分词作定语时通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
What's the language spoken in that area?
那个地区讲的是什么语言？
They decided to change the used material.
他们决定改变所用的材料。5．In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans.
此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死。(2)die from死于(事故、灾难等外因)
His grandfather died from an earthquake.
他爷爷死于地震。
Her uncle died from a traffic accident.
她叔叔死于一起交通事故。单句语法填空
①(高考真题改编)In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message __________(hide)within the work.
解析：考查分词作定语。句意：在艺术批评中，你必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏了一个秘密信息。本句中名词短语a secret message 与动词hide构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语hidden within the work 在句中做后置定语，修饰名词短语a secret message，相当于定语从句that/which is hidden within the work。hidden 翻译句子
②越来越多的人死于癌症。
More and more people die of cancer.
③车祸受害人因伤死亡。
The accident victim died from injuries.本句是一个简单句，主语是the nearest, and therefore the first；不定式to arrive作后置定语修饰the first；were是连系动词，South Americans and people from the United States作表语；from the United States为后置定语，修饰people。
He is always the first to arrive.
他总是第一个到。
The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship.
船长是最后一个离开那艘正在下沉的船的。6．The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.
距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。(1)不定式作定语时，若构成不定式的动词是不及物动词，且与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，则不定式后应加适当的介词。
He is a pleasant fellow to work with.
他是个很好共事的人。
We have a warm room to live in.
我们有间温暖的屋子可以住。
(2)若被修饰的词是不定式的逻辑宾语，但不定式的动作并不是句子的主语发出的，不定式需用被动形式。—Do you have anything to be typed, sir?
——先生，你有东西要打吗？(打字这一动作并不是you发出的，故用不定式的被动式)
—No，thanks.
——没有，谢谢。单句语法填空
①(2019·新课标Ⅰ卷)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive __________(perform) consistently over a large area.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语，故此处用to perform。to perform ②(2019·新课标Ⅱ卷)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene declared she had no plans __________(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
解析：考查不定式作定语。句意：获得终身成就奖之后，骄傲的Irene宣布他没有打算从工作了36年的行业退休的计划。此处用to do sth.做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan，表示“……的计划”，故填to retire。
③You are the first one __________ (think)of it.
④The system has the ability __________ (run)more than one program at the same time.to retire to think to run ⑤With the world changing fast, we have something new _________ (deal)with all by ourselves every day.
解析：句意：世界发展迅速，所以我们每天都要自己处理一些新事情。不定式短语to deal with...在此作后置定语，虽为主动形式，但表示被动意义，we为不定式动作的发出者。to deal That is why...“这就是为什么……”
在该句型中，why引导表语从句，构成That is why...；其中that有时也可用this替换。
In fact, that is why I'm here to see you.
事实上，这是我来见你的原因。
That's why he dislikes me.
这就是他不喜欢我的原因。
That's why he was late.
那就是他迟到的原因。7．That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
这就是为什么今天还有超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。(1)This/That is because....这是/那是因为……
This/That is why...这就是/那就是为什么……
It rained hard.That was why he was late.
雨下得很大。这就是为什么他来晚了(的原因)。
He was late.That was because it rained hard.
他来晚了。那是因为下大雨了。
(2)表原因的短语：because of...“因为……”
Because of his wife being there, I said nothing about it.
因为他的妻子在场，我便没提这件事。单句语法填空
①He walked slowly __________ his bad leg.
②About seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.This is __________ the earth looks blue from space.
句式转换
③He was late for class, because he had missed the first bus.
＝He missed the first bus.That was __________he was late for class.
＝He was late for class.That was __________ he had missed the first bus.
＝The reason __________ he was late for class was __________ he had missed the first bus.because of why why because why that 本句的核心结构为强调句型：It is/was...that...，强调了主语the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast。强调句型It is/was...that/who...的用法归纳如下：
(1)强调句型可以强调除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。一般说来，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；如果被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。强调句型应避免使用when, where, which 等连词。8．Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail net from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到(美国)，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。It was playing computer games that cost the boy a lot of time he ought to have spent on his lessons.
玩电脑游戏用掉了这个孩子本来应该花在功课上的许多时间。
It is during his spare time that Tom has been studying the situation for several months.
几个月以来，汤姆一直利用自己的空闲时间研究局势。
(2)that/who后的动词的人称和数的变化要与前面的名词或代词一致。
It was I who/that was to blame.
该受责备的人是我。
It was only I who am willing to go to see the film.
愿意去看电影的人只有我。(3)强调句型的一般疑问句形式：
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
Is it Mr.Li who guided the company through the difficulties?
是李先生带领公司渡过难关的吗？
(4)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：
Where is it that you are going for your holidays?
你打算到哪儿去度假？
How was it that you climb to the top of that building?
你是如何爬上楼顶的？(5)强调句型中的特殊形式： It is not until...that.../It is because...that...
It was not until he entered the classroom that he realized that he had forgotten to do the homework.
直到走进教室，他才意识到忘了做作业。
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go to work.
是因为她妈妈病了她才没有去上班。
(6)在强调句型中，作主语的关系代词who/that可以省略。
It is he(that/who)worked out the maths problem.
是他算出了这道数学题。
It is I (that/who)am teaching them the English song.
是我在教他们唱这首英语歌曲。单句语法填空
①(2018·天津卷改编) It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house __________ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
解析：考查强调句。句意：只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句，强调句型结构为：It is/ was ＋ 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)＋ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)＋ 其他部分。本题强调时间状语only when the car pulled up in front of our house。that ②(高考真题改编·湖南)It was when we were returning home __________ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
解析：考查强调句。句意：正是在我回家的时候我才意识到帮助别人于危难之时感觉是多么令人愉悦。此句是It was...开头且去掉It was，When we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.是一个完整意义上的句子，故判断此句是一个强调句，强调when we were returning home；强调句常用句型：It is (was) ＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他部分。故填that。that 单句改错
③It was 2 o'clock that he arrived home last night.
that→when或was后加at
④It was him who helped me when I was in trouble.
him→heit在句子中作形式主语，形成“It(形式主语)＋is＋过去分词＋that从句(真正主语)”句式；It's said/reported/announced/believed that...“据说/据报道/据宣布/大家认为……”。
It is said that three prisoners broke out of the jail yesterday.
据说，昨天有三个囚犯越狱了。
It is widely believed that the virus originally came from monkeys.
人们普遍认为这种病毒最初来源于猴子。9．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
人们认为，过不了多久，多种民族的混合将会非常大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或者文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。It's said/reported/announced/believed that...可转化为sb./sth.be said/reported/announced/believed to do...
It is reported that the famous scientist is from Canada.
→The famous scientist is reported to be from Canada.
据报道，那位著名的科学家来自加拿大。
注意：用于“It is＋v.-ed＋that...”结构的常见动词还有hope，think，suppose，suggest，require，announce等。单句语法填空
①It __________ (report) in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.
②The World Bank is reported ________________ (elect) a new president last week.
③It is often __________ (say) that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
④Loulan, the ancient city of China，is generally believed to ________________ (cover) gradually by sandstorms.is reported to have elected said have been covered 句型转换
⑤It is believed that he is fit for the job.
→He _________________ for the job.
⑥He is said to have passed the driving test.
→_____________ he has passed the driving test.is believed to be fit It is said that
