Unit 1 Section Ⅱ
Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空
1. What makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
2．Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.
3．Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell how close you may be to victory.
4. Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
5．It's good to know that the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.
6．It remains to be seen whether the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
7． What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
8．From space, the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
9．After a day's exhausting climb we arrived at what we had been told was “Garden in the Air”．
10. What is well known to everyone, I should say, is that a man becomes learned by asking questions.
11．Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really knows.
12．However，it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
13．Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.
14．That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
15．It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups，but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．All what is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.
All what→What
2．What the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
What→That
3．You can't imagine how excited were they when they received these nice Christmas presents.
were they→they were
4．That we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
That→Whether
5．The child is always lying, so none of us will believe no matter what he says.
no matter what→whatever
6．As is known to all that paper was first made in China.
As→It
7．Anyone breaks the law should be punished.
Anyone→Whoever或Anyone后加who
8．How we can get more reading materials have been discussed at the meeting.
have→has
9．The professor was very satisfied with that his students had done in the experiment.
that→what
10．Dad suggested that we went home right away.
went→go
Unit 1 Section Ⅱ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He flew to Europe via the North P ole .
2．As soon as I'd got through customs (海关)I felt at home.
3．Her parents are both socialists (社会主义者)．
4．He reported on the whole event to the vice (副的)primer.
5．Go straight ahead and turn left at the second crossing (十字路口)．
6．The possibility that she might be wrong never even occurred to her.
7．There were over 500 applicants (申请人)for the job.
8．My little nephew (侄子)is very naughty.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．艾丽丝似乎根本不来参加晚会。
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
2．据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星进入轨道。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
3．你是赢是输都无所谓。
It doesn't matter whether you win or lose .
4．他们有可能提前完成任务吗？
It is possible that they may complete the task ahead of time?
5．今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
China is no longer what she used to be .
Ⅲ.完形填空
Many years ago, when I was in high school and working on weekends, I lost my wallet.After 1.B my old car, I paid, and left my wallet at the gas station.I hadn't 2.B had time to realize I had lost it when my phone rang.A man 3.C if I had lost my wallet.I 4.D my purse and to my horror，I had.He asked me to 5.B him what was in it.I did so.He then told me 6.A to pick up my wallet.
When I 7.C his house, I noticed a wheelchair and the ramp (坡道)going up to the house.I thought that it might have been 8.D for him to lower his body and 9.B my wallet.I knocked on the 10.A and he told me to come in.I thanked him for finding my wallet.While I didn't want to insult (侮辱)him by offering 11.C ，I really felt like offering something. 12.D I asked him if there was anything I could do to repay his 13.B ，and he said“Just pass it on”．I said I would be 14.A to do that.I was raised to be honest in any case and I would have done so, 15.C promising this fellow I would，but I wanted to repay his kindness，so I 16.D I would.
10 years later I found a 17.A lying on the ground.It took me several days to find the 18.D .He lived in another state, about 60 miles away from where I found the wallet.When he called me back，we 19.B to meet，so I could return his wallet.He was actually 20.C all his money was still in the wallet and he tried to hand me a $20 bill.I told him“ Thanks, but just pass it on”．
文章大意：作者丢失了自己的钱包，一位好心的残疾人捡到之后主动交给了作者，当作者提出要感谢这位残疾人时，这位残疾人只说了一句话：“把这个传统延续下去。”作者在以后的生活中一直是这样做的。
1．A．burning B．fueling
C．selling D．repairing
解析：根据此句的“at the gas station”可知作者是开车去加油了。
2．A．just B．even
C．never D．always
解析：作者丢失了钱包是一件糟糕的事情，更坏的是如果不是别人打电话来，他连自己丢失了钱包的事情也不知道。
3．A．telegraphed B．doubted
C．asked D．knew
解析：按照常理，对方捡了一个钱包肯定会问作者是不是丢了一个钱包。
4．A．bought B．took
C．stored D．checked
解析：前面提到作者根本不知道自己丢了钱包，因此对方提出此问题时，他核实了一下自己是否丢了钱包。
5．A．cover B．tell
C．fetch D．refuse
解析：对方想弄清楚作者是不是钱包的真正主人，因此他要作者说出钱包里有什么。
6．A．where B．when
C．why D．whether
解析：对方告诉作者在哪里可以领到自己的钱包。
7．A．examined B．appreciated
C．reached D．visited
解析：这里是强调作者到达了(reach)对方的家中。
8．A．tired B．anxious
C．easy D．difficult
解析：作者看到了轮椅和坡道，因此他判断这个人很可能是一个残疾人，因此作者想到对于一个残疾人来说要拾起一个钱包是一件非常困难的事情。
9．A．give up B．pick up
C．hold up D．take up
解析：pick up意为“拾起”，这个意思和语境相符。
10．A．door B．table
C．wall D．wheelchair
解析：根据此空后面的“he told me to come in”可知作者是在敲门。
11．A．service B．wine
C．money D．help
解析：按照常理别人把丢失的钱包还给自己，通常表示感谢的方式是给对方一些钱。
12．A．Otherwise B．Instead
C．But D．So
解析：“不想把钱给他以免侮辱他”和“问他是否做一些什么事来报答他”是一种因果关系，因此用so。
13．A．support B．kindness
C．food D．treatment
解析：根据常理可知一个人把捡到的钱包还给别人是一种友好的行为。
14．A．certain B．free
C．unable D．unwilling
解析：作者非常感激这个残疾人，因此肯定会信誓旦旦地保证自己肯定会这样做。
15．A．by B．in
C．without D．for
解析：前面提到作者是在一个诚实的环境中长大的，因此他说即使不对这个人作出承诺他也会这么做的。
16．A．hoped B．repeated
C．thought D．promised
解析：前面几句都提到了作者作出了承诺(promise)。
17．A．wallet B．card
C．package D．cell phone
解析：根据下文可知作者捡到了一个钱包。
18．A．balance B．boss
C．policeman D．owner
解析：捡到钱包后作者肯定是寻找钱包的主人了。
19．A．preferred B．agreed
C．failed D．started
解析：两人互通电话后同意在一个地方见面。
20．A．worried B．puzzled
C．surprised D．satisfied
解析：作者捡到这个人的钱包，然后完璧归赵，因此对方感到非常惊讶。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me”time.And like more Americans，she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？” Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local video-grapher，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said.“It's a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了现在的美国人多数喜欢独自一人吃饭，他们喜欢这种独处带来的自由。
1．What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about？ B
A．Food variety. B．Eating habits.
C．Table manners. D．Restaurant service.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的大部分人独自吃早饭或午饭，一起吃晚饭的数据可知，这是对美国人的饮食习惯进行了调查，故答案为B。
2．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch？ C
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I just wanted some time to myself (我只是想给自己一点儿时间)”可知，Bechtel更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间，故答案为C。
3．What do we know about Mazoleny？ D
A．He makes videos for the bar.
B．He's fond of the food at the bar.
C．He interviews customers at the bar.
D．He's familiar with the barkeeper.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的Mazoleny可定位到第四段，“...chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.”中的be on a first-name basis的意思是“关系好，可以直呼其名”，由此可知 Mazoleny与酒吧服务员很熟，故答案为D。
4．What is the text mainly about？ A
A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of self-reflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子，第二段的数据以及最后一段中的第一句“That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.”再次提及的eat alone可知，本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势，故答案为A。
B
(2019·浙江卷)
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s，according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests，the new study finds.No area was spared or unaffected，from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierra high country，the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent；in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline，said Patrick McIntyre，an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.Woodcutters targeted big trees.Housing development pushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010，McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed，taking into account such things as rainfall，air temperature，dampness of soil，and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s，McIntyre said，the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures，which cause trees to lose more water to the air，and earlier snowmelt，which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
文章大意：本文是一篇调查报告。调查表明，加利福尼亚州的大树变少了，而气候变化是其中的一个主要因素。
5．What is the second paragraph mainly about？ A
A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
解析：主旨大意题。第二段中通过列举一系列数字表明，加利福尼亚州的大树减少的严重性，故A项正确。
6．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees？ D
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
解析：推理判断题。文章第三段提到了造成加利福尼亚州的大树减少的三个因素：woodcutters，housing development与aggressive wildfire control。前两个因素直接与大树的减少有关，如果能控制住，大树就不会减少；而第三个因素——控制野火的措施使得加利福尼亚州的森林里满是跟大树争夺资源的小树，初衷是为了控制野火，这是好的，实则对大树不利，故D项正确。
7．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre？ C
A．Inadequate snowmelt.
B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate.
D．Dampness of the air.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“...the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures...”可知，水不足的主要原因就是气温升高(rising temperatures)，即更加温暖的气候，故C项正确。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text？ A
A．California's Forests：Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre：Grow More Big Trees in California
解析：标题归纳题。本文是一篇调查报告，第一段就点出主题：California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s。后面具体分析了加利福尼亚州大树的现状、造成大树减少的原因等，A项作为标题最合适。
课件57张PPT。Unit 1 A land of diversity Section Ⅱ Learning about Language 自 主 预 习Ⅰ.单词速记
1．__________(n.)横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道→__________(v.)横穿
2．__________ (n.) 申请人→__________ (n.) 申请→__________ (v.) 申请；应用
3．__________ (n.) 海关，关税→__________ (n.) 风俗，习俗
4．__________ (n.) 社会主义者→__________ (n.) 社会主义→__________ (adj.) 社会的；社交的
5．__________ (vi.) 发生，出现；突然想起→同义词：(发生)__________，__________，__________，__________crossing cross applicant application apply customs custom socialist socialism social occur happen take place break out come about Ⅱ.短语互译
1．________________形状像……
2．__________由……组成
3．__________ 突然想到
4．__________ 除了
5．__________________________区分be shaped like consist of occur to except for draw/make a distinction Ⅲ.语法感悟
用适当的连接词填空
1．Actually, girls can be __________ they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, a nurse, or a general manager.
2．__________ is clear is that some voluntary code of practice among scientists has to be agreed.
3．__________ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.
4．Tom seems not to have grasped __________ the teacher meant，__________ greatly upsets his teacher.whatever What That what which 5．__________ the students suggested was __________ they be given more free time to arrange their studies.
6．The reason that he gave for his coming late is __________ his car broke down halfway.
7．No one is sure __________ global warming can be solved in one hundred years.
8．The factory is built in __________ was once a wasteland in the suburbs ten years ago.What that that whether what 9．__________ satisfied us most was __________ he had said and done to poor village children.
10．What some teenagers don't realize is __________ difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.What what how 合 作 探 究The tragedy occurred only minutes after take-off.
这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。1．occur vi. 发生，出现；存在于重 点 词 汇occur，happen，come about，take place和break out
在表示“发生”时这些词均为不及物动词，均没有被动语态形式。单句改错
①A good idea occurred him when he was asked to solve the problem.____________________
②It suddenly occurred to me this was something that I should never do，so I turned down her request.______________
③Before I studied psychology，I used to think that people would laugh when funny things were occurred.______________occurred后面加to me后面加that 去掉were A sign indicated the right road for us to follow.
标牌给我们指出了应走的路。2．indicate vt. 显示；表明；象征，暗示；指示；指出indicate sth.to sb.向某人指出某物
indicate that...示意，表明
as...indicate 正如……所示
indication n. 指示；象征，预示
There is no indication that we shall have an earthquake.
没有迹象表明，将要发生一次地震。The sign indicates it's a dangerous place.
指示牌表明这是个危险的地方。用indicate的正确形式填空
①She took out a map and __________ the quickest route to us.
②This map gives no __________of the heights of the hills.
③There is a great deal of evidence __________ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.indicated indication indicating ①The society consists of 30 members.
这个协会由30个会员组成。
②Their diet consisted largely of vegetables.
他们的日常饮食以蔬菜为主。consist of 由……组成(或构成)重 点 短 语consist in 存在于，在于
consist with 并存；一致；符合
①True education does not consist in simply being taught facts.
真正的教育并不在于简单地讲授知识。
②As is known to all, theory should consist with practice.
众所周知，理论应与实践相一致。单句语法填空
①(2018·江苏阅读理解改编)The extensive collection consists __________ masterworks in sculpture，colored glass，and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.
解析：句意：广泛的收藏品包括从公元9世纪到15世纪欧洲在雕塑、彩色玻璃和珍贵物品领域的杰作。of 单句改错
②(2018·天津阅读理解改编)Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisted of heat detectors(检测器)，smoke detectors and sprinkles(喷水灭火装置)．_________________________
解析：句意：大多数也配备了火灾自动报警系统，它是由热检测器、烟雾检测器和喷水灭火装置组成的。此处consisting of作后置定语。consisted改为consisting 本句是一个主从复合句，不定式作主语，seemed后跟的是as if引导的表语从句。seem的意思是“似乎，好像，仿佛，看来”，现将其用法归纳如下：
①seem (to be)＋名词/形容词
②seem＋不定式(不定式有时用进行式或完成式)
③seem＋like＋名词
④It seems that...看起来……，似乎……To make the crossing between these two great countries seemed as if it would take no time at all!
从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时！经 典 句 式⑤There seems (to be)．..似乎有……
⑥It seems as if/though...似乎……(从句常用虚拟语气，如果所述情况实现的可能性较大，则从句用陈述语气)
It seems as if somebody is calling you.
好像有人在叫你。(陈述语气)
It seems as though he were very stupid.
他似乎很笨。(虚拟语气)
Mary seems (to be) a very clever girl.
玛丽看上去是一个非常聪明的女孩。补全句子
①你好面熟，我似乎在什么地方见过你。
You look familiar to me.I seem __________you somewhere.
单句语法填空
②According to the shopping list, there seem __________ (be)a dozen socks.to have seen to be 单 元 语 法名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语
名词性从句的功能相当于名词(词组)。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类：① 连接词：that, whether，if (不充当从句的任何成分)；② 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语，宾语或定语)；③ 连接副词：when, where, how, why(在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。Ⅰ.名词性从句的分类
1．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子。通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。
1)常以it作形式主语的句型有：
①It is＋形容词＋that...
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 ②It is＋名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)＋that...
It's a pity that we can't go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
③It is＋过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)＋that...
It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted.
有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。④It appears/seems that.../It happens that.../It occurred to me that.../It turned out that...
It turned out that nobody remembered the address.
结果发现没人记得这地址。
⑤It doesn't matter that.../It makes no difference that...
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来这无关紧要。2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?
他们明天不来很要紧吗？
3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2．宾语从句
主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。
1)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。
①Glancing at her scornfully, he told her(that) the dress was sold.
他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。
②The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。2)表示“心理活动”的形容词：afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, annoyed, certain, confident, content, convinced, determined, disappointed, glad, happy, proud, pleased, sure, surprised, satisfied, thankful, worried等可以后接宾语从句。
①He was afraid that he would lose.
他担心会输。
②I am sure that I put the money in the box.
我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。3)若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为“否定转移”现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little无此用法)。
①I don't think his decision is wise in reality.
实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。
②I don't believe that he is a dishonest man.
我认为他是个诚实的人。4)在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及I'm afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。
①—Do you believe the news stories?
—I believe so.
——你相信这个新闻故事吗？
——我相信。
②—Has Anne got into university?
—I am afraid not.
——安妮上大学了吗？
——恐怕是没有。3．表语从句
在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。
1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。
①句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
②句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。
The result is that many of them become fat.
结果是他们中许多人发胖了。③由why引导的从句作主语时。
Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible.
我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面。表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可采用陈述语气。
①It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
②She treats him as if he were a stranger.
她待他如陌生人。Ⅱ.名词性从句考点归纳
1．名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。
①I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
②She always thinks of how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。2．it充当形式主语或宾语。
在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。
①It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
②I find it strange that she doesn't want to travel.
她竟不想旅游， 我觉得很奇怪。3．在名词性从句中 that与what的差异。
what在名词性从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“(＝the thing or things that...; whatever)……的事物； 无论什么；凡是……的事物”。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中不能省略。在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。
①What you have done might do harm to others.
你所做的事或许对别人有害处。
②I spent what little time I had with my family.
我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。③No one knows what will happen next.
谁也不知道下一步有什么事。
④I think (that) you will like the stamps.
我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。4．whether和if的差异。
1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether不用if。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2)介词宾语只用whether引导不用if。
He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling.
他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。3)当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。
Whether he will come or not, I am not sure.
我无法确认他是否会来。
4)whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。
I don't know whether or not he'll come.
我不知道他是来还是不来。
5)后接动词不定式时只能用whether。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
你能否告诉我是去还是留？
6)动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。
We discussed whether we should close the shop.
我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。5．宾语从句和主句的时态呼应。
1)当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。
Will you tell me how I can keep fit?
你能告诉我如何保持健康吗？
2)当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。
Jack told me that he had been there twice.
杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。3)当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时， 仍然采用一般现在时。
Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year.
很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。6．连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句的含义。
1)whoever的用法：
①(＝the person or people who...)……的那个人
Whoever said that?
到底谁讲的这话？
②(＝any person who...)……的任何一个人
Tell whoever you like; it makes no difference to me.
你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁——对我来说都无所谓。2)whatever的用法：
①(＝any or every)任何；每一
Take whatever action is needed.
采取任何必要的措施。
②(＝anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物
You must do whatever is best for you.
什么对你最有利你就得做什么。
③(表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样)无论什么，不管什么
You have our support, whatever you decide.
不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。3)whichever的用法：
①(表示什么特征或品质在做决定时重要)……的那个；……的那些
Take whichever hat suits you best.
挑个最适合你戴的帽子。
②无论哪个；无论哪些
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.
你们当中不论哪个进来都将会得到奖励。7．虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用。
1)主语从句
It is necessary that he(should)come to see us.
他有必要来看望我们。
2)宾语从句
The teacher suggested that we(should)have a rest.
老师建议我们休息一会儿。
3)表语从句
My suggestion is that we(should)read English newspapers to improve our English.
我的建议是我们应该阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。8．it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较。
it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who。
①It's a pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad.
他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。
②Who was it that won the World Cup in 2014?
谁赢得了2014年的世界杯？ 单句语法填空
①(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than __________ they go.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。
②(2018·天津卷改编) The gold medal will be awarded to __________wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：考查名词性从句连接词。句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子结构可知，空格处做be awarded to的宾语，同时在后面的从句中做主语，再根据句意可知，这里主语指人，故用whoever。where whoever ③(2018·北京卷改编)This is __________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：这是我父亲教我的——总是要面对困难，抱最大的希望。“________ my father has taught me”是表语从句，该空在从句中做teach的宾语，且表示“父亲教我的道理”，故该从句应用what引导。
④(2017·北京卷改编) Every year, __________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
解析：考查主语从句。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。根据意思可知填whoever。what whoever ⑤(2017·江苏卷改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of __________ it used to charge.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：我们选择这个旅馆，因为一晚上的价格下降到20美元，是过去的一半。“half of __________ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语。what ⑥(高考真题改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is __________ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析：考查表语从句。句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，即表语从句，表语从句不缺少主语、谓语和宾语，因此用that，只起引导作用。
⑦(高考真题改编)I truly believe __________beauty comes from within.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：我很相信美丽源自内心！ 从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that起到连接作用，也可以省略。that that ⑧(高考真题改编)—I wonder__________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：——我好奇玛丽在这些年是怎么保持着身材的。——通过每天锻炼。句中I是主语，wonder是谓语，how引导的宾语从句在整个句子中作宾语。连接副词how是宾语从句中的方式状语。句子是用表示方式的介词by回答的，所以是针对方式提问的，故用how。how ⑨(高考真题改编)__________ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.
解析：考查主语从句。句意：李白是中国一位伟大的诗人，他的出生地是众所周知的，但有些人不愿接受这一事实。分析句子结构可知，a great Chinese poet作Li Bai的同位语，is前面是主语从句。Where在从句中作地点状语。故填where。Where ⑩(高考真题改编)If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate __________ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，请确定查看水面下有什么？通常总有一些石头或树枝藏在水里。此处的what指代的是树枝或石头。句式上，该句用了(If 从句，祈使句)的句式，非谓语to investigate 后接一个宾语从句的表达。分析宾语从句的成分可以发现，空格所作的成分是主语。根据下一句的表述中的树枝和石头，可以得出答案是what。what
