Unit 4 Section Ⅱ
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．If accepted (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
2． Raised (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long ，hard road to becoming a football star.
3． Given (give)more time，they would be able to do the experiment much better.
4．Much time spent (spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
5． Done (do)in a hurry，his homework was full of mistakes.
6．If asked (ask) to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
7．Anyone, once tested (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
8． Used (use) with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
9．Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared (compare) with such art forms as music and painting.
10．When asked (ask) for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
11．Now once taught (teach) by me，she'd become an upper class lady...
12．But，sir，(proudly) once educated (educate) to speak properly，that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party.
13．Although wounded (wound) all over，the brave soldiers continued to fight.
14． Lost (lose) in the forest，you should first of all remain where you are，waiting for help to come.
15．Seriously injured (injure)，he had to be taken to hospital.
16． Followed (follow) by his wolf dog，the hunter walked slowly in the forest.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Time, using correctly, is money in the bank.
using→used
2．Offering an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
Offering→Offered
3．Translate into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
Translate→Translated
4. Take according to the instructions, the medicine will work for your headache.
Take→Taken
5. Catching in a heavy rain, my daughter fell ill and couldn't but ask for a leave.
Catching→Caught
6.Arrest by the latest electronic toys, the little boy stood in front of the windows, without moving.
Arrest→Arrested
7．If giving better attention, the serious accident could have been avoided.
giving→given
8. Move by the monitor's speech, many students volunteered to donate money to the poor family.
Move→Moved
9. The old man went into the room, supporting by his granddaughter.
supporting→supported
10. Though defeat several times, the general didn't lose heart.
defeat→defeated
Ⅲ.把下列句子改成含有分词作状语的句子
1．The sun began to rise in the sky, and it bathed the mountain in golden light.
The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light.
2. Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
Lost in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him.
3．The film star stepped out of the train and she was surrounded by her fans.
The film star stepped out of the train，surrounded by her fans.
4．If it is mailed out automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
Mailed out automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
5．As the watch is used for a long time，it needs repairing.
Used for a long time，the watch needs repairing.
6．The boy will be blind in both eyes unless he is treated in time.
The boy will be blind in both eyes unless treated in time.
Unit 4 Section Ⅱ
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Believers of Buddhism (佛教) still come here for their religious (宗教的) services.
2．The palace is full of priceless antiques (古玩)．
3．Those boys intended to rob (抢劫) the main post office.
4．She likes to wear silk stockings (长袜)．
5．His musical (音乐的) skill was so brilliant that he won scholarships.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Peter was robbed of his car and mobile phone.
2．I see the vase in the window of an antique shop.
3. Absorbed (absorb)in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
4． Seen (see)from the top of the hill，the city was extremely beautiful.
5. Clearly and thoughtfully written (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
6． Founded (found)in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
7．Although left (leave)alone at home，the little boy didn't feel afraid at all.
8． Puzzled (puzzle)by too many of their problems, I didn't know how to deal with those children.
9．The moon rose slowly in the sky and the tide(潮汐)went out, leaving (leave) behind a lot of seashells on the beach.
10． Compared (compare)with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
Ⅲ.补全句子
1． When seen in the evening (在夜晚看时), lights on top of tall buildings look like stars in the sky.
2． Satisfied with what he did (对他所做的事情很满意), the teacher praised him in class.
3． Even if trained (即使训练) for 10 hours every day, he will still be a fool.
4． Once published (一旦出版), this book will be popular with the students.
5． Robbed of (被抢了) all his money, he had to telephone his parents for help.
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series (系列) of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but they're also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It's about two sisters—Eri，a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student.In trying to connect to her sister，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hidingsecrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is brilliant.There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。著名作家Jo Usmar向读者介绍了几本她最喜欢的书。
1．Who does “I” refer to in the text？ C
A．Stephen King. B．Gillian Flynn.
C．Jo Usmar. D．Roald Dahl.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句“Here she picks her top reads.”可知，Jo Usmar在下文要为读者推荐几本她最喜欢的书，这说明下文中的“I”指的就是Jo Usmar。
2．Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri？ C
A．Cosmopolitan. B．Matilda.
C．After Dark. D．The Stand.
解析：细节理解题。根据After Dark部分中的“It's about two sisters—Eri...Mari...”可知，After Dark讲述了Mari和Eri的故事。
3．What kind of book is Gone Girl？ D
A．A folk tale. B．A biography.
C．A love story. D．A horror story.
解析：细节理解题。根据Gone Girl部分中的“...the horror story is brilliant.”可知，Gone Girl这本书属于恐怖故事。
B
(2019·天津卷)
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books.There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside.I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.Hearing mom say，“I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning，” made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself.I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew.So I carried around a book，and each night，just to be like her，I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read.We would start off with sentences，then paragraphs，and then stories.It seemed an unending journey，but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors.When mom said, “The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf，” I knew where the candy was.My progress in reading raised my curiosity，and I wanted to know everything.I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly，so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary，middle and high school was factual reading.I read for knowledge，and to make A's on my tests.Occasionally，I would read a novel that was assigned，but I didn't enjoy this type of reading.I liked facts，things that are concrete.I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet，now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex，I find myself needing a way to escape.By opening a novel，I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character.In these worlds I can become anyone.I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this.I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding.Reading is a vital part of my life.Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning.And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述自己对阅读的喜爱：从小听妈妈读睡前故事，开始识字之后就认读路边的路标，后来阅读习惯也发生了变化。
4．Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？ B
A．She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B．She was anxious to know what had happened.
C．She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D．She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands我们把答案定位在第二段。该段说，作者想知道妈妈读的是什么，由原文中的 “...made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself.”可知，作者急切地想知道报纸上的内容，因此选B。
5．According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates D .
A．her unique way to locate herself
B．her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C．her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D．her growing desire to know the world around her
解析：推理判断题。第三段中提到“My progress in reading raised my curiosity，and I wanted to know everything.(我在阅读方面的进步增加了我的好奇心，我想了解一切)”，于是“我”就会让妈妈把车开得慢一点儿，以便能看到所有的路标。从这些信息判断，作者这样做是因为想要了解周围的世界，因此选D。
6．What was the author's view on factual reading？ C
A．It would help her update test-taking skills.
B．It would allow much room for free thinking.
C．It would provide true and objective information.
D．It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的factual reading我们把答案定位在第四段。该段说，作者在小学、初中和高中的阅读都是“事实性的阅读”，这种阅读是为了获取知识，考试得A，当时的作者喜欢具体的事实(facts，things that are concrete)，同时她觉得抽象的东西引起争论的可能性太大(anything abstract left too much room for argument)，从这些信息推断应选C，作者觉得事实性的读物能给人提供真实、客观的信息。
7.The author takes novel reading as a way to D .
A．explore a fantasy land
B．develop a passion for learning
C．learn about the adult community
D．get away from a confusing world
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的takes novel reading可知这里问的是作者现在的阅读习惯，第五段中说作者觉得曾经简单的世界正变得更复杂(the world...is becoming more complex)，自己想逃避(needing a way to escape)，打开一本小说就能把自己的负担甩到脑后，进入一个美妙而神秘的世界。D项中的get away from表示“逃避”，a confusing world表示“令人困惑的世界”，这些信息都与该段叙述相吻合，因此选D。
8．What could be the best title for the passage？ C
A．The Magic of Reading
B．The Pleasure of Reading
C．Growing Up with Reading
D．Reading Makes a Full Man
解析：标题归纳题。综观全文，作者小时候妈妈给她读睡前故事，后来自己学会阅读，上学时作者喜欢事实性的阅读材料，现在作者的阅读偏好又有了变化，因此全文是说作者在阅读的伴随中成长，故C项作为文章的标题最合适。
Ⅴ.语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Some of my most precious memories 1.were spent (spend) with my grandmother.We had a language barrier 2.because/as/for she was French from Canada and a hearing barrier, for she went completely deaf at age 3. 3.But our hearts spoke to each other loud and clear!
I spent a lot of my free time with her in gardening, sewing, and having tea and cookies 4.sitting (sit) by the fireplace.I would never forget the time 5.when she was teaching me how to make my first quilt.
She had me pull the string to 6.lower (low) the ladder going up into her attic(阁楼)．I was so excited.I had never been into an attic in my life.She gestured I would find some 7.boxes (box) of clothes and pick out some.I can still smell 8.the attic and see all the old hats, clothes，and winter coats.My first quilt was a simple one made of 5-inch squares of a vast variety of colorful cloth.
My grandmother lived to be 97 years old. 9.She taught me so much about life，love, patience, and understanding 10.without almost a word spoken!
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者回忆了和奶奶一起度过的美好时光。
解析：
1．考查动词的时态和语态。此处陈述的是过去的一般事实，且主语“Some of my most precious memories”与动词spend之间为动宾关系，故应用一般过去时的被动语态，所以填were spent。
2．考查连词。空后的“she was French from Canada”是“We had a language barrier”的原因，故可填because/as/for。
3．考查连词。所填词表示转折关系，位于句首，且空后无逗号，故用表示转折意义的并列连词But。
4．考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，主语I与sit之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词sitting在句中作状语表示主动关系和动作同时发生。
5．考查定语从句。空处所填词引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，先行词是the time，故用when。
6．考查词性转换之形容词变动词。她让我拉绳子来“放低”梯子上她的阁楼。lower意为“把……放低”。
7．考查名词的数。some后接可数名词的复数，故填boxes。
8．考查冠词。此处特指上文提到的“her attic(阁楼)”，应填定冠词the。
9．考查代词。所填词指代“My grandmother”，且在句中作主语，故用She。
10．考查介词。从第一段中的“a languagebarrier”，“a hearing barrier”可知，此处表示“几乎没有说一个字”，故应填without。
Ⅵ.短文改错
(2017·全国Ⅲ)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错词下面画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear Ms White，
I'm quite familiar to your situation.As computers become more and more popular, some student can't help playing online games and chatting.It was not only a problem of wasting time, but a seriously problem for their future! What you need to do first is to find out that makes her addicted to computer games.Lack of love from parents? Poor scores? Then have the heart-to-heart talk with her.Secondly，you should help her with her study build up her confidence and make her interesting in it.Thirdly, found something else for her to do instead of computer games.Your efforts will surely help change your life.
Yours，
Jessica Mok
答案：
Dear Ms White，
I'm quite familiar your situation.As computers become more and more popular, some can't help playing online games and chatting.It not only a problem of wasting time, but a problem for their future! What you need to do first is to find out makes her addicted to computer games.Lack of love from parents? Poor scores? Then have heart-to-heart talk with her.Secondly，you should help her with her study build up her confidence and make her in it.Thirdly, something else for her to do instead of computer games.Your efforts will surely help change life.
Yours，
Jessica Mok
文章大意：本文是一篇提出建议的书信。对于沉迷于电脑游戏的学生给出一些建议。
解析：
1．考查介词。be familiar with表示“对……熟悉”，符合句意。而be familiar to表示“为……所熟悉”。
2．考查名词的数。可数名词student前有some修饰，应该用复数形式。
3．考查动词的时态。本文讲述的是现在的一种现象，应用一般现在时。
4．考查形容词。修饰名词problem用形容词。
5．考查名词性从句。find out后的宾语从句中缺少主语，故用what。that在名词性从句中不作任何成分。
6．考查冠词。泛指“一次谈心”，用不定冠词。
7．考查非谓语动词。build up...是help her with her study的目的，故用不定式作目的状语。
8．考查形容词。表示“(人)对……感兴趣”用interested，interesting意为“(物)令人感兴趣的”。
9．考查祈使句。此句为祈使句，以动词原形开头。
10．考查物主代词。由上文可知，此处表示改变“她”的生活，故用her。
课件39张PPT。Unit 4 PygmalionSection Ⅱ Learning about Language 自 主 预 习Ⅰ.单词速记
1．__________ (adj.) 古时的；珍贵的 (n.) 古董；文物
2．__________ (adj.) 音乐的→__________ (n.) 音乐
3．__________ (n.) 佛教→__________ (n.) 佛教徒
4．__________ (v.) 抢劫→__________ (n.) 强盗→__________ (n.) 抢劫，偷盗
Ⅱ.短语互译
__________ 抢某人某物antique musical music Buddhism Buddhist rob robber robbery rob sb.of sth. Ⅲ.语法感悟
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．Now once __________ (teach) by me, she'd become an upper class lady.
2．Once __________ (educate) to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess.
3．__________ (write) in a hurry, this article was not so good.
4．__________ (accept) by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
5．She walked out of the house, __________ (follow) by her little daughter.taught educated Written Accepted followed 合 作 探 究①The bank at the corner was robbed last night.
昨天晚上街角的那家银行被抢了。
常用形式：rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物；剥夺某人某物
②They knocked the driver down and robbed him of his car.
他们把司机打倒在地，抢走了他的车。
③They robbed the people of their liberty.
他们剥夺了人民的自由。rob vt. 抢劫；盗窃；剥夺重 点 词 汇robber n．抢劫者；强盗；盗贼
robbery n．抢劫；盗窃；偷盗；失窃
①The bank robber drew a gun and shot the guard in cold blood.
那个银行抢劫者拔出枪，残忍地杀了警卫员。
②The robbery occurred in broad daylight.
在光天化日之下发生了抢劫。注意：“动词＋sb.＋of sth.”的短语还有：
accuse sb.of sth.指控/指责某人某事
inform sb.fo sth.通知某人某事
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事；提醒某人某事
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事单句语法填空
①Jane used to steal money __________ her father's drawer.
②The __________ (rob) robbed her __________ her money and phone.
③The photo will remind me __________ the days when we were together.
④The police will look into the __________ (rob) soon.from robber of of robbery ①I asked her opinion, but she just asked me a question in turn.
我征求她的意见，她却反过来问了我一个问题。
②You sent me your watch and in return I gave you my book.
你给我寄来了你的手表，作为回报我把我的书送给你。in return 作为回报重 点 短 语in return for作为对……的回报或报答
in turn依次；轮流；反过来
by turns(指人或人的动作)轮流地；逐个地
speak/talk out of turn说不该说的话
take turns (in) doing/to do sth.轮流做某事补全句子
①Can I buy you lunch _______________________________ (作为对你的帮助的回报)?
②Don't push! Get on the bus __________(依次)．
③We do cleaning __________ (轮流)．
④We ________________________________________________________(轮流打扫卫生)．in return for your help in turn by turns take turns in doing cleaning或take turns to do cleaning Generally speaking, he thought that lower class people betrayed themselves with their remarks whenever they spoke, and that he could classify people's social position after only a few minutes' observation.
一般而言，他认为阶级地位低者一开口他们的言论便会暴露他们的身份，并且他可以在几分钟的观察之后判定人们的社会地位。经 典 句 式whenever在句中引导让步状语从句，意为“无论何时，每当”，此时相当于no matter when。
Whenever/No matter when you call, you will find him at his desk.
不管你什么时候去看他，他都在用功。
You may come whenever/no matter when you please.
你什么时候愿意来就什么时候来。类似引导让步状语从句的词除了whenever外，还有however, wherever, whatever, whoever, whichever等，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”。“疑问词＋ever”除了可引导让步状语从句外，有时还可引导名词性从句，而“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。
However late he is, his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
不管他回来多晚，他的母亲总会等他一起吃晚饭。
Whatever you say, I won't believe you.
不管你说什么，我都不会相信你。
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
无论是谁，违反法律都将受到惩罚。单句语法填空
①(高考真题改编)Your support is important to our work.__________ you can do helps.
解析：考查主语从句。句意：你的支持对我们的工作是重要的。无论你做什么都有帮助。helps是谓语，“you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，因此用whatever引导。Whatever ②Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, or __________ it is convenient to you.
解析：考查whenever引导的让步状语从句。句意：下午请给我的秘书打电话安排会议，或者其他对你来说方便的时间也可以。根据题中的时间状语可知，这里强调的是时间，所以答案为whenever，意思是“无论何时，任何时候”。whenever 单 元 语 法过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。 Ⅰ.过去分词担任状语时的语法功能
(1)原因状语
①Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
②Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn't dare sleep in her room.
被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。
(2)时间状语
①Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.
当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。
②Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless.
在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。(3)条件状语
①Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
②Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided.
要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。
(4)方式或伴随状语
①Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully.
那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
②He stood there silently, moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。(5)让步状语
①Beaten by the police, sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance.
尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。
②Defeated again, we did not lose heart.
尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。
(6)独立成分(插入语)
①Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.
假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。
②Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said.
坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。Ⅱ.与状语从句的相互转换
(1)过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。
Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
→When it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
(2)作条件状语，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的状语从句。
Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
→If she had been given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。(3)作原因状语，可转换为as, since或because等引导的状语从句。
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
→As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.
由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。
(4)作让步状语，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的状语从句。
Although exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
→Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。(5)作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。
He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.
→He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.
他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。
(6)作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.
→Aunt Wu came in, and(she)was followed by her daughter.
吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。 [拓展]
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异：
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于两者与句子的主语之间的逻辑关系不同。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
②Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。(2)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异：
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。①Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！
②Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.
他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
③Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.
进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。(3)部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，stationed(驻扎)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦)等。
①Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
②Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(4)过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when, if, while, though, even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语＋be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。
①When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
②Although discussed many times，the problem wasn't settled.
尽管这个问题被讨论了许多次，但仍没有被解决。(5)分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致，否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。
①The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出，汽车就开动了。
②The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。(6)不定式与分词担任状语的差异：
①不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。
ⅰ.To make himself heard, he raised his voice.
为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。
ⅱ.He hurried home, only to find his money stolen.
他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。
ⅲ.All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.
他的进步，我们都很吃惊。②分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。
ⅰ.Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.
从山上看，这座城镇很美。
ⅱ.Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.
虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。
ⅲ.The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager.
客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ改编)__________ (combine) with berries of slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”．
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：冰冻香蕉与其他水果的浆果结合在一起，就会形成浓郁、凉爽的水果奶昔和低脂肪的冰淇淋。根据句意可知bananas与combine之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。Combined ②(2018·北京卷改编) __________(determine)to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels，I can now call myself a “marathon winner”．
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：决心成为我自己，向前迈进，摆脱羞耻和世俗标签，我现在可以称自己为“马拉松冠军”。根据句意可知I与determine之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。
③(2017·北京卷改编)Already this year,115 measles cases have been reported in the USA，__________(compare)with/to 189 for all of last year.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：与去年全年189例相比，今年，美国已经报告了115例麻疹病例。根据句意可知measles与compare之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。Determined compared
