高考研究英语中常用的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should，ought to，dare，need，used to，had better等。在学习情态动词时应注意以下几点：同一情态动词表示不同的意义的情况；情态动词后跟各种形式的用法；特别是注意“情态动词+完成式”是高考中的重点所在。
高考中的虚拟语气一般与情态动词结合进行考查。每年高考试题中都会出现一定数量的题目。
(1) 考纲要求
情态动词是各地高考试题中的必考项目，每年高考单独命题区单项选择/填空中必有一道考查情态动词的题目。新课标卷主要在语法填空和短文改错中考查。考点依次是：推测(可能性)→请求/允许→必要性→特殊用法。试题的立意不偏不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，语境越来越真实，考查角度越来越细致，这些因素在很大程度上增加了试题的难度。
(2) 命题规律
一、主要考查的是真实的语境中对情态动词的理解和把握，其语境的情景更加逼真，设问角度将综合化、细微化。
二、近几年，情态动词重点考查情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法，以及表达“情感、态度、语气等”方面的用法。
考点一、can/could与be able to
1. can/could用来表示“一般能力”；be able to有多种时态，且用来表示在特定条件下的“具体能力”。如：
My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2. 表示允许可用can或could，与may或might意义接近。could可用于现在时，只是语气更加委婉、客气，回答时则一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes，you can./No，you can’t.
考点二、may与might
1. 表示允许，意为“可以，许可”，用法基本上同can与could。如：
May I use your bicycle?
2. 表示可能性，意为“也许，可能”。如：
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3. may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如：
May good luck be yours!
考点三、must与have to
1. must用来表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观的需要，强调外界压力，不得已而为之。如：
He said that they must work hard。
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
2. 表示“不必”，须用don’t have to或needn’t。must的否定式表示“禁止，绝对不可”。如：
You don’t have to tell him about it.
你不必告诉他那件事。
You mustn’t tell him about it.
你绝不能告诉他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我们必须现在做吗？
—No, you needn’t.
不，你们不必。
考点四、shall
1. 用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，用来征求对方的意见或请求指示。如：
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢？
2. 用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允诺、威胁、强制”等意思。如：
He shall stay in bed.
他必须躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定还你。
He says he won’t go, but I say he shall.
他说他不去，但我说他必须去。
考点五、will与would
1. will用于各种人称，表示“意志、意愿”或“决心”等。如：
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你要让你的表慢半个小时，你约会时迟到就不足为怪了。
2. will表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于”的含义。如：
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英国人通常是会在街上给你指路的。
3. would可表示过去反复发生的动作。如：
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他总是早起去钓鱼。
考点六、should与ought to
1. should表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意。如：
You should learn from each other.
2. ought to表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事。如：
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3. should和ought to也可用来表示推测，意为“想必会……”。如：
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They should be ready by 12:00.
考点七、情态动词表示推测
1. can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
—Let’s visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There’s no need to do so. He can’t be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen，咱们一起看看汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
2. may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
这些天交通很繁忙，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我保留个位置好吗？
3. must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。
——噢，对不起。
4. should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校受了那么多训练，通过路考应该没什么困难。
考点八、“情态动词＋have done”结构
1. should/ought to＋have done，表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not to have＋done”，表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。
I shouldn’t have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?
昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么不来？
2. must＋have done，用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“can’t/couldn’t＋have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。
——她肯定受到严格的训练。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He can’t have gone far—his coat is still here.
——你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
——大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。
3. needn’t＋have done，表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际上做了某事”。
Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车，结果早到了半个小时。
4. may/might＋have done，表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性的推测，表示“可能已做了某事……”，否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
Sorry, I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
5. could＋have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；can/could＋have done表示“过去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。
考点九、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法
虚拟情况
从句谓语
主句谓语
例句
与现在事
实相反
过去式
(be用were)
would/
should/
could/might
+do
If he were here, he might be able to help.
What would you do if you were in his place？
与过去事实相反
had done
would/
should/
could/might
+have done
If I had started a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
I could have done it better if I had been more careful.
与将来事实相反
过去式
were to do/
should do
would/
should/
could/might +do
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
I would certainly go if I had time.
1. 在具体运用中，条件从句中有时可省略if而采用倒装结构。如：
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
2. 介词without/but for、连词but、副词otherwise常用来表示某种假设条件。如：
I wouldn’t have made such rapid progress without your help.
3. 有时候从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据各自的时间来调整。如：
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
考点十、“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
考点十一、特殊句式中的虚拟语气
If only/It’s (high) time (that)/wish/would rather/as if等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气表达形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！
1.【2019·江苏】What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we ________ a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
2.【2019·天津】Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I there.
A. would be B. might have been
C. would have been D. had been
3.【2019·天津】The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
4.【2019·天津】The professor warned the students that on no account ________ use mobile phones in his class.
A. should they B. they should
C. dare they D. they dare
5.【2019·天津】Paul did a great job in the speech contest. He many times last week.
A. need have practised B. might practise
C. must have practised D. could practise
6.【2018·江苏】It’s?strange?that?he?_______ have?taken?the?books?without?the?owner’s?permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
7.【2018·江苏】There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
8.【2018·天津卷】I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
9.【2018·天津卷】If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
10.【2018·北京卷】 In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
11.【2018·北京卷】They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
12.【2017·北京】If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
一、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
【2019·湖北高三月考】When it comes to climate change, language does count. In March, the Guardian changed 1. (it) wording – using “global heating” instead of “global warming”, after scientists found that Earth’s temperature is set 2. (rise) from between 2.5℃ and 4.5℃. And on May 1, the UK parliament declared a “climate emergency”, 3. (become) the first parliament to do so.
If with “global warming”, we’re still inside our comfort zone of handling the situation, entering the state of “global heating” is like heading to a point 4. the delicate balance of nature is disturbed so much that there is no turning back. Everything will be changing: Coral will die, polar bears will lose their habitats completely, and extreme 5. (weather) like droughts and heavy storms will happen at a higher 6. (frequent). There is no denying that we’re entering a climate emergency.
Decades ago when the science on the climate issue was first increasing, the impacts could be seen as an issue for future generations,” but now it’s 7. (definite) our issue, 8. shift we all are living together.
However, getting these messages 9. is far from enough. It depends on each to find a solution – if there are any solutions left to find. The UK’s Labor leader Jeremy urged that “we 10. (take) rapid and dramatic action now”.
Indeed, language matters. But action matters even more.
1. The violence in Hong Kong has threatened its stability. We would rather it ________ its former order soon.
A. would restore B. restored C. will restore D. had restored
2. Just my luck! _____ my umbrella this morning, I wouldn’t be trapped here now.
A. Should I take B. Had I taken C. Were I to take D. Would I take
3. I ________ my dream to be a pianist, but for the encouragement from that music teacher.
A. might have abandoned B. would abandon
C. should have abandoned D. were to abandon
4. The Greens’ travel to India ________ enjoyable but Mrs. Green was too particular about the accommodation.
A. could be B. should be C. must have been D. could have been
5. Lucas failed his driving test again. ________ harder, he ______ the test now.
A. If he practiced; would pass
B. Had he practiced; would pass
C. Did he practiced; would have passed
D. Should he practice; would have passed
6. —What courses are you going to learn next term?
—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.
A. I’d decide B. I decided
C. I decide D. I’m deciding
7. —Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No. If so, he _____his car to our college yesterday.
A. would drive B. drove
C. would have driven D. had driven
8. Mary often shares her deepest thoughts and fears with friends through WeChat, as if they chatting in her living room.
A. were B. are C. had been D. has been
9. I did better, but I still wasn’t as focused as I ________.
A. should do B. should have been
C. should be D. should have done
10. The government required that every effort ____to bring down house prices.
A. should make B. would be made C. be made D. must be made
11. He ordered that the house __________.
A. was sold B. is sold C. would be sold D. be sold
12. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have
C. must have had D. might have had
13. —Sorry for having kept you waiting. But for the traffic jam，I________________ 20 minutes earlier.
—Never mind, I haven’t been waiting that long.
A. arrived B. would have arrived
C. would arrive D. had arrived
14. —How do you find the health club?
—I would rather I ______ it. I feel its management is going from bad to worse.
A. haven’t joined B. hadn’t joined
C. didn’t join D. had joined
15. He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing ______.
A. had happened B. happened
C. would happen D. would have happened
答案和解析
1.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光。根据上文可知，此处是对过去事情的虚拟，是与过去事实相反的假设。主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选C。
2.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动，以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。根据句意及句中“felt”可知，此处描述的是与过去事实相反的情况，应使用过去完成时。故D选项正确。
3.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句“the workers were not better organized”可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句用主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选D。
4.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查部分倒装和情态动词。句意：这位教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上，决不应该使用手机。on no account意为“决不”，否定词放在句首，句子使用部分倒装，排除B、D项；这里表示应该，故选A。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上星期一定练习了很多次。must have done是对过去发生的动作最有把握的猜测，意思是“一定”。故C选项正确。
6.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is importantnecessarystrangeimpossiblenatural that...”中，之后由that引导的主语从句中，should有“竟然”之意。
7.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
8.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我找不到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语“yesterday”可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句“but I’m not sure.”可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
9.【答案】A
【解题思路】由语境可知，主句表示与现在事实相反，从句表示与过去事实相反，故从句用过去完成时。
10.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。
11.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。“If they ________ a few more kilometers”是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态。
12.【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，所以从句谓语用had done形式，此外根据句意可知是被动，用被动语态，故A项是正确的。
一、语法填空
【答案】
1. its
2. to rise
3. becoming
4. where
5. weathers/weather
6. frequency
7. definitely
8. the
9. through/across
10. (should) take
【解题思路】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了在气候变化这一问题上，语言十分重要。今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。
1. 考查代词。句意：今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。文中表示“它的措辞”，所以填its。
2. 考查固定短语。句意：今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。set to do开始做，该用法是固定用法，所以填to rise。
3. 考查非谓语动词。句意：5月1日，英国议会宣布进入“气候紧急状态”，成为第一个这样做的议会。“become”的逻辑主语是“the UK parliament”，它们之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语，所以填becoming。
4. 考查定语从句。句意：如果在“全球变暖”的情况下，我们仍然是在自己的舒适区处理这种情况，而一旦进入“全球变热”的状态，就像走向一个临界点，大自然的微妙平衡被严重破坏，无法自我恢复。“___4___the delicate balance of nature is disturbed so much that there is no turning back.”是一个定语从句，先行词是“a point”，关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以填关系副词where。
5. 考查名词。句意：珊瑚将会死亡，北极熊将完全失去它们的栖息地，干旱和暴风雨等极端天气将会以更高的频率发生。该空作句子主语用名词，单数或复数均可，所以填weathers/weather。
6. 考查名词。句意：珊瑚将会死亡，北极熊将完全失去它们的栖息地，干旱和暴风雨等极端天气将会以更高的频率发生。介词之后，用名词，所以填frequency。
7. 考查副词。句意：几十年前，当气候问题的科学研究刚刚起步时，这些影响会被视为只是未来几代人的问题，如今这无疑成为我们要面对的问题，我们都生活在这场变化中。修饰整个句子，用副词，所以填definitely。
8. 考查冠词。句意：几十年前，当气候问题的科学研究刚刚起步时，这些影响会被视为只是未来几代人的问题，如今这无疑成为我们要面对的问题，我们都生活在这场变化中。特指“这个转变”，用定冠词，所以填the。
9. 考查固定短语。句意：然而，仅仅理解这些信息是远远不够的。get through/across理解，该短语是固定短语，所以填through/across。
10. 考查虚拟语气。“that we___10___(take) rapid and dramatic action now.”是一个宾语从句，“urge”后跟that引导的宾语从句，用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可以被省略，所以填(should)take。
1. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：香港的暴力行为已经威胁到它的稳定。我们希望香港尽快恢复以前的秩序。would rather的意思是“希望”“宁愿”。后接句子时，句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气，若从句内容涉及的是对现在或将来情况的希望，则从句谓语用一般过去时。根据“soon”一词，从句的谓语动词应使用restored，故选B。
2. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气的倒装。句意：我太倒霉了！如果我今天早上带了雨伞，我现在就不会被困在这儿了。根据句意可知，该句是虚拟语气，根据“this morning”判断从句是对过去情况的虚拟，从句应用过去完成时had done表达，又因为从句中省略了if，故将助动词had提前，构成部分倒装句；完整结构是if I had taken ,省略之后是had I taken。故选B项。
3.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是来自音乐老师的鼓励，我可能会放弃成为钢琴家的梦想。表达的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以用的是might have + done。故选A。
4.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：格林一家去印度的旅行本可以很享受的，但格林女士对住宿太挑剔了。本句运用了虚拟语气，表示本可以做某事（而未做成），其固定用法是could have done。故选D项。
5. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：卢卡斯又没通过驾驶考试。如果他再努力些，他现在就能通过考试了。此处是省略if的非真实条件句，从句与过去事实相反，用过去完成时态；主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。故选B。
6. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——下学期你打算学习什么课程？——不知道。不过，是时候我该做决定了。在“It’s(high/about) time＋that从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时或者should+动词原形。故选B。
7. 【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——你认为乔治通过驾照考试了吗？——没有。如果通过了，他昨天就驾车来我们学校了。根据句意，如果这样的话（乔治已经通过驾照考试），他昨天就驾车来我们学校了，可知是对过去的虚拟。If so=If he had passed the driving test，主句使用情态动词+have done。故答案选C。
8. 【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：玛丽经常通过微信与朋友分享她最深的想法和恐惧，就像她们正在她的客厅里聊天一样。根据句意，“他们正在她的客厅聊天”是不可能发生的，要用虚拟语气，根据前面的“shares”可知这里是对现在的虚拟，as if从句中的谓语动词要用一般去过时，其中be动词只能用were，故选A项。
9.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：我做得更好了，但我仍然不和我应该做的那样专注（我本该更专注）。根据句意和“did better”可知表示对过去的虚拟语气，排除A、C选项；should have done意为"本应该做某事而没有做"，且根据短语be focused on“集中于；专注”，故选B。
10.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：政府紧急督促要尽一切努力降低房价。此处“require”后宾语从句用should+动词原形形式，should被省略；宾语从句还是“make every effort to do sth.”被动形式。故选C。
11.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：他命令把房子卖掉。order表示“命令”接从句时，从句用(should)do，且本句中“sell”与“house”构成被动关系，故应为(should)be sold，should可以省略。故选D。
12.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们知道接下来会发生什么，他们会再想一想的。本句是一个倒装句，可还原为：if they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thought。根据“had known”提示，可知是与过去事实相反，因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would/might have done，故选D。
13. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——很抱歉让你久等了，要不是堵车，20分钟前我就到了。——没关系，我没等那么长时间。根据句意可知此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would+have done的形式，故B项正确。
14. 【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——你认为这家健身俱乐部怎么样？——我宁愿没有参加这个俱乐部。我感觉这个俱乐部的管理越来越差了。本句是对过去的情况的虚拟。would rather后面所带的从句一般用虚拟语气，如果“宁愿过去做过某事”，从句要用过去完成时，根据语境可知，是说“宁愿过去没有参加过”，故用hadn’t joined，因此选B。
15. 【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：他把这个项目搞砸了，但他表现的若无其事。as if引导的从句表示与事实相反的情况时，应用虚拟语气。该句表示对过去的虚拟，该处应用过去完成时态。故A选项正确。
示对过去的虚拟，该处应用过去完成时态。故A选项正确。
高考研究英语中常用的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should，ought to，dare，need，used to，had better等。在学习情态动词时应注意以下几点：同一情态动词表示不同的意义的情况；情态动词后跟各种形式的用法；特别是注意“情态动词+完成式”是高考中的重点所在。
高考中的虚拟语气一般与情态动词结合进行考查。每年高考试题中都会出现一定数量的题目。
(1) 考纲要求
情态动词是各地高考试题中的必考项目，每年高考单独命题区单项选择/填空中必有一道考查情态动词的题目。新课标卷主要在语法填空和短文改错中考查。考点依次是：推测(可能性)→请求/允许→必要性→特殊用法。试题的立意不偏不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，语境越来越真实，考查角度越来越细致，这些因素在很大程度上增加了试题的难度。
(2) 命题规律
一、主要考查的是真实的语境中对情态动词的理解和把握，其语境的情景更加逼真，设问角度将综合化、细微化。
二、近几年，情态动词重点考查情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法，以及表达“情感、态度、语气等”方面的用法。
考点一、can/could与be able to
1. can/could用来表示“一般能力”；be able to有多种时态，且用来表示在特定条件下的“具体能力”。如：
My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2. 表示允许可用can或could，与may或might意义接近。could可用于现在时，只是语气更加委婉、客气，回答时则一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes，you can./No，you can’t.
考点二、may与might
1. 表示允许，意为“可以，许可”，用法基本上同can与could。如：
May I use your bicycle?
2. 表示可能性，意为“也许，可能”。如：
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3. may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如：
May good luck be yours!
考点三、must与have to
1. must用来表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观的需要，强调外界压力，不得已而为之。如：
He said that they must work hard。
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
2. 表示“不必”，须用don’t have to或needn’t。must的否定式表示“禁止，绝对不可”。如：
You don’t have to tell him about it.
你不必告诉他那件事。
You mustn’t tell him about it.
你绝不能告诉他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我们必须现在做吗？
—No, you needn’t.
不，你们不必。
考点四、shall
1. 用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，用来征求对方的意见或请求指示。如：
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢？
2. 用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允诺、威胁、强制”等意思。如：
He shall stay in bed.
他必须躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定还你。
He says he won’t go, but I say he shall.
他说他不去，但我说他必须去。
考点五、will与would
1. will用于各种人称，表示“意志、意愿”或“决心”等。如：
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你要让你的表慢半个小时，你约会时迟到就不足为怪了。
2. will表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于”的含义。如：
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英国人通常是会在街上给你指路的。
3. would可表示过去反复发生的动作。如：
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他总是早起去钓鱼。
考点六、should与ought to
1. should表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意。如：
You should learn from each other.
2. ought to表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事。如：
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3. should和ought to也可用来表示推测，意为“想必会……”。如：
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They should be ready by 12:00.
考点七、情态动词表示推测
1. can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
—Let’s visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There’s no need to do so. He can’t be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen，咱们一起看看汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
2. may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
这些天交通很繁忙，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我保留个位置好吗？
3. must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。
——噢，对不起。
4. should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校受了那么多训练，通过路考应该没什么困难。
考点八、“情态动词＋have done”结构
1. should/ought to＋have done，表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not to have＋done”，表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。
I shouldn’t have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?
昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么不来？
2. must＋have done，用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“can’t/couldn’t＋have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。
——她肯定受到严格的训练。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He can’t have gone far—his coat is still here.
——你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
——大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。
3. needn’t＋have done，表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际上做了某事”。
Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车，结果早到了半个小时。
4. may/might＋have done，表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性的推测，表示“可能已做了某事……”，否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
Sorry, I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
5. could＋have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；can/could＋have done表示“过去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。
考点九、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法
虚拟情况
从句谓语
主句谓语
例句
与现在事
实相反
过去式
(be用were)
would/
should/
could/might
+do
If he were here, he might be able to help.
What would you do if you were in his place？
与过去事实相反
had done
would/
should/
could/might
+have done
If I had started a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
I could have done it better if I had been more careful.
与将来事实相反
过去式
were to do/
should do
would/
should/
could/might +do
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
I would certainly go if I had time.
1. 在具体运用中，条件从句中有时可省略if而采用倒装结构。如：
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
2. 介词without/but for、连词but、副词otherwise常用来表示某种假设条件。如：
I wouldn’t have made such rapid progress without your help.
3. 有时候从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据各自的时间来调整。如：
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
考点十、“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
考点十一、特殊句式中的虚拟语气
If only/It’s (high) time (that)/wish/would rather/as if等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气表达形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！
1.【2019·江苏】What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we ________ a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光。根据上文可知，此处是对过去事情的虚拟，是与过去事实相反的假设。主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选C。
2.【2019·天津】Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I there.
A. would be B. might have been
C. would have been D. had been
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动，以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。根据句意及句中“felt”可知，此处描述的是与过去事实相反的情况，应使用过去完成时。故D选项正确。
3.【2019·天津】The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句“the workers were not better organized”可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句用主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选D。
4.【2019·天津】The professor warned the students that on no account ________ use mobile phones in his class.
A. should they B. they should
C. dare they D. they dare
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查部分倒装和情态动词。句意：这位教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上，决不应该使用手机。on no account意为“决不”，否定词放在句首，句子使用部分倒装，排除B、D项；这里表示应该，故选A。
5.【2019·天津】Paul did a great job in the speech contest. He many times last week.
A. need have practised B. might practise
C. must have practised D. could practise
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上星期一定练习了很多次。must have done是对过去发生的动作最有把握的猜测，意思是“一定”。故C选项正确。
6.【2018·江苏】It’s?strange?that?he?_______ have?taken?the?books?without?the?owner’s?permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is importantnecessarystrangeimpossiblenatural that...”中，之后由that引导的主语从句中，should有“竟然”之意。
7.【2018·江苏】There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
8.【2018·天津卷】I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我找不到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语“yesterday”可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句“but I’m not sure.”可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
9.【2018·天津卷】If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解题思路】由语境可知，主句表示与现在事实相反，从句表示与过去事实相反，故从句用过去完成时。
10.【2018·北京卷】 In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。
11.【2018·北京卷】They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。“If they ________ a few more kilometers”是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态。
12.【2017·北京】If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，所以从句谓语用had done形式，此外根据句意可知是被动，用被动语态，故A项是正确的。
一、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
【2019·湖北高三月考】When it comes to climate change, language does count. In March, the Guardian changed 1. (it) wording – using “global heating” instead of “global warming”, after scientists found that Earth’s temperature is set 2. (rise) from between 2.5℃ and 4.5℃. And on May 1, the UK parliament declared a “climate emergency”, 3. (become) the first parliament to do so.
If with “global warming”, we’re still inside our comfort zone of handling the situation, entering the state of “global heating” is like heading to a point 4. the delicate balance of nature is disturbed so much that there is no turning back. Everything will be changing: Coral will die, polar bears will lose their habitats completely, and extreme 5. (weather) like droughts and heavy storms will happen at a higher 6. (frequent). There is no denying that we’re entering a climate emergency.
Decades ago when the science on the climate issue was first increasing, the impacts could be seen as an issue for future generations,” but now it’s 7. (definite) our issue, 8. shift we all are living together.
However, getting these messages 9. is far from enough. It depends on each to find a solution – if there are any solutions left to find. The UK’s Labor leader Jeremy urged that “we 10. (take) rapid and dramatic action now”.
Indeed, language matters. But action matters even more.
【答案】
1. its
2. to rise
3. becoming
4. where
5. weathers/weather
6. frequency
7. definitely
8. the
9. through/across
10. (should) take
【解题思路】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了在气候变化这一问题上，语言十分重要。今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。
1. 考查代词。句意：今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。文中表示“它的措辞”，所以填its。
2. 考查固定短语。句意：今年3月，在科学家发现地球温度将上升2.5到4.5摄氏度后，《卫报》改变了它的措辞——使用“全球变热”而不是“全球变暖”。set to do开始做，该用法是固定用法，所以填to rise。
3. 考查非谓语动词。句意：5月1日，英国议会宣布进入“气候紧急状态”，成为第一个这样做的议会。“become”的逻辑主语是“the UK parliament”，它们之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语，所以填becoming。
4. 考查定语从句。句意：如果在“全球变暖”的情况下，我们仍然是在自己的舒适区处理这种情况，而一旦进入“全球变热”的状态，就像走向一个临界点，大自然的微妙平衡被严重破坏，无法自我恢复。“___4___the delicate balance of nature is disturbed so much that there is no turning back.”是一个定语从句，先行词是“a point”，关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以填关系副词where。
5. 考查名词。句意：珊瑚将会死亡，北极熊将完全失去它们的栖息地，干旱和暴风雨等极端天气将会以更高的频率发生。该空作句子主语用名词，单数或复数均可，所以填weathers/weather。
6. 考查名词。句意：珊瑚将会死亡，北极熊将完全失去它们的栖息地，干旱和暴风雨等极端天气将会以更高的频率发生。介词之后，用名词，所以填frequency。
7. 考查副词。句意：几十年前，当气候问题的科学研究刚刚起步时，这些影响会被视为只是未来几代人的问题，如今这无疑成为我们要面对的问题，我们都生活在这场变化中。修饰整个句子，用副词，所以填definitely。
8. 考查冠词。句意：几十年前，当气候问题的科学研究刚刚起步时，这些影响会被视为只是未来几代人的问题，如今这无疑成为我们要面对的问题，我们都生活在这场变化中。特指“这个转变”，用定冠词，所以填the。
9. 考查固定短语。句意：然而，仅仅理解这些信息是远远不够的。get through/across理解，该短语是固定短语，所以填through/across。
10. 考查虚拟语气。“that we___10___(take) rapid and dramatic action now.”是一个宾语从句，“urge”后跟that引导的宾语从句，用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可以被省略，所以填(should)take。
1. The violence in Hong Kong has threatened its stability. We would rather it ________ its former order soon.
A. would restore B. restored C. will restore D. had restored
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：香港的暴力行为已经威胁到它的稳定。我们希望香港尽快恢复以前的秩序。would rather的意思是“希望”“宁愿”。后接句子时，句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气，若从句内容涉及的是对现在或将来情况的希望，则从句谓语用一般过去时。根据“soon”一词，从句的谓语动词应使用restored，故选B。
2. Just my luck! _____ my umbrella this morning, I wouldn’t be trapped here now.
A. Should I take B. Had I taken C. Were I to take D. Would I take
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气的倒装。句意：我太倒霉了！如果我今天早上带了雨伞，我现在就不会被困在这儿了。根据句意可知，该句是虚拟语气，根据“this morning”判断从句是对过去情况的虚拟，从句应用过去完成时had done表达，又因为从句中省略了if，故将助动词had提前，构成部分倒装句；完整结构是if I had taken ,省略之后是had I taken。故选B项。
3. I ________ my dream to be a pianist, but for the encouragement from that music teacher.
A. might have abandoned B. would abandon
C. should have abandoned D. were to abandon
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是来自音乐老师的鼓励，我可能会放弃成为钢琴家的梦想。表达的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以用的是might have + done。故选A。
4. The Greens’ travel to India ________ enjoyable but Mrs. Green was too particular about the accommodation.
A. could be B. should be C. must have been D. could have been
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：格林一家去印度的旅行本可以很享受的，但格林女士对住宿太挑剔了。本句运用了虚拟语气，表示本可以做某事（而未做成），其固定用法是could have done。故选D项。
5. Lucas failed his driving test again. ________ harder, he ______ the test now.
A. If he practiced; would pass
B. Had he practiced; would pass
C. Did he practiced; would have passed
D. Should he practice; would have passed
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：卢卡斯又没通过驾驶考试。如果他再努力些，他现在就能通过考试了。此处是省略if的非真实条件句，从句与过去事实相反，用过去完成时态；主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。故选B。
6. —What courses are you going to learn next term?
—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.
A. I’d decide B. I decided
C. I decide D. I’m deciding
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——下学期你打算学习什么课程？——不知道。不过，是时候我该做决定了。在“It’s(high/about) time＋that从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时或者should+动词原形。故选B。
7. —Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No. If so, he _____his car to our college yesterday.
A. would drive B. drove
C. would have driven D. had driven
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——你认为乔治通过驾照考试了吗？——没有。如果通过了，他昨天就驾车来我们学校了。根据句意，如果这样的话（乔治已经通过驾照考试），他昨天就驾车来我们学校了，可知是对过去的虚拟。If so=If he had passed the driving test，主句使用情态动词+have done。故答案选C。
8. Mary often shares her deepest thoughts and fears with friends through WeChat, as if they chatting in her living room.
A. were B. are C. had been D. has been
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：玛丽经常通过微信与朋友分享她最深的想法和恐惧，就像她们正在她的客厅里聊天一样。根据句意，“他们正在她的客厅聊天”是不可能发生的，要用虚拟语气，根据前面的“shares”可知这里是对现在的虚拟，as if从句中的谓语动词要用一般去过时，其中be动词只能用were，故选A项。
9. I did better, but I still wasn’t as focused as I ________.
A. should do B. should have been
C. should be D. should have done
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：我做得更好了，但我仍然不和我应该做的那样专注（我本该更专注）。根据句意和“did better”可知表示对过去的虚拟语气，排除A、C选项；should have done意为"本应该做某事而没有做"，且根据短语be focused on“集中于；专注”，故选B。
10. The government required that every effort ____to bring down house prices.
A. should make B. would be made C. be made D. must be made
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：政府紧急督促要尽一切努力降低房价。此处“require”后宾语从句用should+动词原形形式，should被省略；宾语从句还是“make every effort to do sth.”被动形式。故选C。
11. He ordered that the house __________.
A. was sold B. is sold C. would be sold D. be sold
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：他命令把房子卖掉。order表示“命令”接从句时，从句用(should)do，且本句中“sell”与“house”构成被动关系，故应为(should)be sold，should可以省略。故选D。
12. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have
C. must have had D. might have had
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们知道接下来会发生什么，他们会再想一想的。本句是一个倒装句，可还原为：if they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thought。根据“had known”提示，可知是与过去事实相反，因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would/might have done，故选D。
13. —Sorry for having kept you waiting. But for the traffic jam，I________________ 20 minutes earlier.
—Never mind, I haven’t been waiting that long.
A. arrived B. would have arrived
C. would arrive D. had arrived
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——很抱歉让你久等了，要不是堵车，20分钟前我就到了。——没关系，我没等那么长时间。根据句意可知此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would+have done的形式，故B项正确。
14. —How do you find the health club?
—I would rather I ______ it. I feel its management is going from bad to worse.
A. haven’t joined B. hadn’t joined
C. didn’t join D. had joined
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：——你认为这家健身俱乐部怎么样？——我宁愿没有参加这个俱乐部。我感觉这个俱乐部的管理越来越差了。本句是对过去的情况的虚拟。would rather后面所带的从句一般用虚拟语气，如果“宁愿过去做过某事”，从句要用过去完成时，根据语境可知，是说“宁愿过去没有参加过”，故用hadn’t joined，因此选B。
15. He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing ______.
A. had happened B. happened
C. would happen D. would have happened
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：他把这个项目搞砸了，但他表现的若无其事。as if引导的从句表示与事实相反的情况时，应用虚拟语气。该句表示对过去的虚拟，该处应用过去完成时态。故A选项正确。
