三言
两语
1.With great determination and perseverance, she is committed to helping the blind and deaf children, which will make a great contribution to charity.
2．After 1965, she was engaged in charity and became a famous person both at home and abroad.
3．Owing to the fact that she can do whatever she has chosen to with great perseverance, she has made great achievements in many fields.
1.总之，居里夫人被认为是世界上第一位两次获得诺贝尔奖的伟大科学家。
In a word, Madame Curie is regarded as the great scientist who is the first in the world to win two Nobel Prizes．
2．由于她对世界的巨大贡献，她已经成为第一个获得最高奖的女士。
Due to her great contribution to the world, she has become the first woman to win the highest award.
[单词 拼写应用]
核
心
单
词
1.generation n．一代；一辈
2．support n．& vt.支持；拥护
3．crowd n．人群；观众
vt.挤满；使拥挤
4．campaign n．运动；战役
vi.作战；参加运动
5．deliver vt.递送；生(小孩儿)；接生；发表(演说等)
6．worthwhile adj.值得的；值得做的
7．childhood n．童年；幼年时代
8．audience n．观众；听众；读者
9．respect vt.&n.尊敬；尊重；敬意
[语境运用] 用所给词的适当形式填空
1．Having a large family to_support (support), he took up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
2．This is quite an old house—my family have lived in it for generations(generation)．
3．The headmaster delivered(deliver) an important speech at the meeting yesterday，which left a deep impression on his students.
4．It was freezing cold and we all crowded(crowd) around the stove to keep warm.
5．Joe is widely respected (respect) as he always sticks to his principle.
拓
展
单
词
1.achieve vt.完成；达到→ achievement n．成就；功绩
2．connect vt.连接→ connection n．连接；关系
3．organize vt.组织→organization n．组织；机构；团体
4．behave vt.& vi.举动；(举止或行为)表现→behavio(u)r n．行为；举止；习性
5．observe vt.观察；观测；遵守→ observation n．观察；观测
6．argue vt.& vi.讨论；辩论；争论→ argument n．争论；争辩；争吵
7．inspire vt.鼓舞；激发；启示→ inspired adj.受到鼓舞的；有灵感的→ inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的→inspiration n．鼓舞；灵感
8．refer vi.谈到；查阅；参考→ reference n．提及；涉及；参考；查阅
9．intend vt.计划；打算→ intention n．打算；目的；意图
10．consider v．考虑；认为→ considerate adj.考虑周到的→ consideration n．考虑；体谅→ considering prep.考虑到
[语境运用] 用所给词的适当形式填空
1．I hold the firm belief that you are bound to achieve your dream of being admitted to a key university, which will give you a wonderful sense of achievement．(achieve)
2．The rich man went abroad with the intention of trying his fortune, while the poor man intended to learn some skills of earning money.(intend)
3．The child behaved so well in class that the teacher praised his good behaviour in front of others.(behave)
4．He argued against smoking, and insisted that it was beyond argument that smoking was harmful to people's health.At last, he argued us out of smoking.(argue)
5．Listening to his inspiring speech, we were inspired to make great efforts.It gave us not only hope but also inspiration．(inspire)
6．It is considerate of you to take her illness into consideration．(consider)
阅
读
单
词
1.specialist n. 专家；专业工作者
2．welfare n．福利；福利事业
3．modest adj.谦虚的；谦让的；适度的
4．project n．项目；工程；规划
5.shade n．荫；阴凉处
vt.遮住光线
6．bond n．联系；关系；结合；纽带
7．outspoken adj.直言的；坦诚
8．career n．事业，生涯
9.entertainment n．款待；娱乐；娱乐表演
10．rate n．比率；速度
11．emergency n．突发事件；紧急情况
12．determination n．决心；果断
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials.特色菜
2．(天津卷)After that，the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description.对……作出评价
[短语 多维应用]
高频短语
1.move off离开；起程；出发
2．lead/live a(n) ...life过着……的生活
3．crowd in (想法、问题等)涌上心头；涌入脑海
4．look down upon/on蔑视；瞧不起
5．come across(偶然)遇见；碰见
[语境运用] (填入一个适当的词)
The other day，I came ①across an old friend in the street，who is leading ②a hard life.Both of his parents died in the accident when he was four.His uncle brought him up，who is worried about being looked down ③upon if he didn't do so.
6.refer to查阅；参考；谈到
7．by chance碰巧；凑巧
8．carry on继续；坚持
9．devote...to...献身于……；专心于……
10．work out 解决；锻炼身体；结果是
[语境运用] (填入一个适当的词)
Devoting herself ④to her career，Mary，my best friend，has little time to spend with her family.When she is faced with difficulties in her studies，she would prefer ⑤to relevant learning materials or web pages rather than lose heart.If she carries ⑥on doing like this，I hold the firm belief that she will succeed in time.
[句式 结构仿写]
教材原句背诵
句式仿写应用
1.“only＋状语”置于句首的倒装句
Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)只有你了解一些中国的餐桌礼仪你才能表现得体。
Only you have a better understanding of Chinese table manners can you behave properly.
2.once引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦”
Once I stop，it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.
一旦学会了利用失败，那么失败就能对你的生活起到积极的作用。
Failure can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to make use of it.
3.It hits/hit sb.＋从句，表示“某人突然想起……”
Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.
(全国卷Ⅲ)我突然想到我忘记我们的约定了。
It suddenly hit me that I had forgotten our appointment.
4.强调句型：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
俗话说，熟能生巧。只有这样我们才能提高我们的英语口语水平。
Practice makes perfect, as the old saying goes.It is only in this way that we can improve our oral English.
1.observe vt.观察；观测；遵守；庆祝
observe sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
observe sb.do sth.看到某人做了某事
observe sb./sth.done看到某人/物被……
[基础练习]——写出下列句中observe的含义
①(2019·天津卷)We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways.观察
②(江苏卷)Rules should be worked out and strictly observed.遵守
③(2017·浙江卷)I'd like to tell you something about how we observe the Spring Festival.庆祝
[链接写作]——完成句子
①当我经过他的房子时，我看到他正在院子里玩耍。
When I passed by his house，I observed him playing in the yard.
②警方注意到那个可疑男子走进了银行。
The suspicious man was observed to enter the bank by the police.
[名师点津] observe sb.do sth.结构如果改成被动语态，应补上省略的to，即sb.be observed to do sth.。
2.respect vt. & n．尊敬；尊重；敬意；方面
(1)respect sb.for...因……尊敬某人
(2)show/have respect for对……表示尊重/尊敬
give/send one's respects to代某人向……问候
(3)out of respect for出于对……的尊敬；顾及
win the respect of the students赢得同学们的尊重
respect other people's right to privacy尊重别人的隐私权
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①a.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)In China, we attach great importance to showing respect for the elderly.
b．Chinese children grow up with warnings not to waste any food, out of respect for farmers' labour.
②She has always been honest with me, and I respect her for that.
③a.China is developing very rapidly in all respects (respect) and we're all proud of our motherland.
b．Please send them my respects (respect) when you write to your family.
[链接写作]——句式升级
(普通表达)Because the old professor was respected by everyone, he decided to make great contributions to the country.
(高级表达)With everyone respecting him，the old professor decided to make great contributions to the country.(with复合结构)
3.argue vt.& vi.讨论；辩论；争论
argue with sb.about/over sth.与某人争论某事
argue sb.into/out of doing sth.
说服某人做某事/不做某事
argue that...提出……，认为……
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①It's no use arguing(argue) with him about the question for he won't change his mind.
②(福建卷)When this happens, the important thing is to try not to let a calm discussion turn into a heated argument(argue).
[链接写作]——完成句子
我们尝试了很多办法劝说他接受我们的建议，但都是徒然。
We tried many ways to argue him into accepting our advice，but in vain.
[名师点津] 表示“说服某人做某事”的其他表达形式：persuade sb.to do sth.；persuade/talk sb.into doing sth.；convince sb.to do sth.等。
4.intend vt.计划；打算
(1)intend to do/doing sth.打算做某事
intend sb.to do sth.打算让某人做某事
(2)be intended for...专为……而设计的；为……打算或设计的
be intended to do 为打算做……而设计的
(3)had intended to do sth.本打算做某事但没有做成
(4)intention n．意图；目的；打算
with an/the intention of打算……
the books intended for children给孩子们读的书
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①I intended going/to go (go) to the park, but my son intended that I (should) accompany (accompany) him to the bookstore.
②We had intended (intend) to arrive at our destination at 9 o'clock, but we didn't because of the traffic jam.
③We are happy to see that many laws intended(intend) for protecting the young kids from the bad effect of the Internet have been made.
[链接写作]——句式升级
(普通表达)The program was set up and it was intended to help the homeless.
(高级表达)The program, which was intended to help the homeless, was set up.(非限制性定语从句)
(高级表达)The program, intended to help the homeless, was set up.(过去分词短语作定语)
(高级表达) The program was set up with the intention of helping the homeless．(with复合结构)
5.look down upon/on蔑视；瞧不起
look into 向……里面看去；调查
look through 浏览；仔细查看
look up 查找
look up to 仰慕；尊敬某人
look forward to盼望；期待
look back (on sth.)回首(往事)；回忆；回顾
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(四川卷)I often look up the words I don't know in the dictionary or on the Internet.
②(湖北卷)Would you please look through the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?
③(江西卷)It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children.
[链接写作]——完成句子
①(广东卷)我们没有理由轻视普通的工作。
There is no reason for us to look down upon/on ordinary jobs.
②(2019·南宁高三模拟)我喜欢回顾我的中学时代，那是我生命中最快乐的时光。
I like to look back on my high school days，which were the happiest in my life.
6.refer to查阅；参考；谈到
refer to...as...
将……称为……
reference n.
提及；参考；查阅
[基础练习]——写出下列句中refer to的含义
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Who does “I” refer to in the text？指的是
②If necessary，you may refer to your notes while making a speech.查阅
③The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech.提到
[链接写作]——完成句子/句式升级
①李宁被称为中国最伟大的运动员之一。
Li Ning is referred to as one of the greatest athletes in China.
②新闻里提到的那个人是李宁。
The person referred to in the news is Li Ning.
③用非限制性定语从句连接①②句
The person referred to in the news is Li Ning，who is referred to as one of the greatest athletes in China.
[名师点津] “查词典”，表达方式为： refer to a dictionary，look sth.up in the dictionary，consult a dictionary
7.[教材佳句]Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.突然我想起在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难啊。
[句法句式]句中 It hit(s) me＋从句，意为“我突然想到……”，it在句中作形式主语。
类似的句型：
It suddenly occurs to sb.that...某人突然想到……
It strikes/hits sb.that...某人突然想到……
It happens that... 碰巧……
[金句推送] It hit me that I forgot to turn off the light before leaving the laboratory.我突然想到，我在离开实验室之前，忘记关灯了。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①It hits (hit)him that nothing is more precious than health after he recovered from a severe illness.
②It happened that they spent their childhood in the same village.
[链接写作]——一句多译
他突然想到第二天上午他要参加一个重要的会议。
①It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(occur)
②It hit him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(hit)
③It struck him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(strike)
多维训练——夯实基础
维度1——用所给词的正确形式填空
1．The international agreement, intended (intend) to encourage children not to smoke and help people kick the habit, was signed on February.
2．—Is there any news for the missing boy?
—Yes, he was observed playing (play) computer games at 8 o'clock yesterday.
3．What really surprised us was that the president spoke at the meeting for nearly two hours without referring (refer)to his notes.
4．The little boy's bad behaviour (behave) at the party made his parents upset.
5．You'd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future reference (refer)．
维度2——在空白处填入一个适当的词
6．(陕西卷)Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.
7．(天津卷)I hate it when she calls me at work — I'm always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.
8．On his way to the airport, it hit him all of a sudden that he had forgotten his passport.
9．My English teacher is such a great man that all of us show our respect for him.
10．It is considerate of you not to make any noise while the others are having a rest.
维度3——查缺补漏
11．(2018·天津卷)The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore(explore) the outer space.
12．The woman scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for those great achievements (achievement)．
13．It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.
14．With our teacher supporting (support) us in English, we feel quite encouraged.
15．He has decided to get a look at the house and see if it might be worthwhile buying/to buy (buy) it.
语篇练习——提升能力
提能一 单元话题语篇练
根据P2教材课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
Jane Goodall had wanted to work with animals in their own environment since she was a child.But this was not easy.1.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960，it was 2.unusual (usual) for a woman to live in the forest.However, 3.with the help of her mother，she began her work with the chimps，which changed the way 4.that people think about chimps.Spending years observing and recording their daily 5.activities (activity), Jane discovered that chimps hunt and eat meat，against what people used 6.to think(think)．She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other.7.Working (work) with the chimps for years, Jane has argued that wild animals should 8.be left (leave) in the wild and not used for 9.entertainment (entertain) or advertisements.She has achieved everything she wanted to do, but more 10.importantly (important), she has got the world to understand and respect the life of chimps.
提能二 单元话题写作练
1．补全要点句(加黑体部分请利用本单元所学词汇)
①琼斯是一个取得巨大成就的人。她的一生都奉献给了无家可归的儿童， 她的行为赢得了所有人的尊重。
Jones is a woman of great achievements．She has devoted all her life to homeless children and her behaviour has won the respect of all.
②最近，琼斯被邀请在哈佛大学毕业典礼上发表演讲。
Recently, Jones was asked to deliver a speech at the graduation in Harvard University.
③她说：“照顾孩子是平凡的工作， 但是你不要瞧不起平凡的工作。”
She said, “Caring for children is an ordinary job, but you don't look down upon ordinary jobs.”
④一旦开始做一件事情， 你就必须坚持下去， 否则你将一事无成。
Once you begin to do something, you must carry on with it, otherwise you will never achieve anything.
⑤只有当你年老回首往事你能够说你已经全力以赴时， 你才会对你的一生感到满足。
You will be content with your life only when you are old looking back and saying that you have tried your best.
2．升级平淡句
(1)用定语从句升级句①
Jones is a woman of great achievements, who has devoted all her life to homeless children and whose behaviour has won respect of all.
(2)用“only＋状语”位于句首引起倒装句改写句⑤
Only when you are old looking back and saying that you have tried your best will you be content with your life.
3．衔接成美文(注意利用适当的过渡衔接词汇：once, only)
Jones is a woman of great achievements, who has devoted all her life to homeless children and whose behaviour has won respect of all. Recently, Jones was asked to deliver a speech at the graduation in Harvard University. She said，“Caring for children is an ordinary job, but you don't look down upon ordinary jobs. Once you begin to do something, you must carry on with it, otherwise you will never achieve anything. Only when you are old looking back and saying that you have tried your best will you be content with your life.”
课件70张PPT。必修4 Unit 1 Women of achievement诵读话题经典to win two Nobel PrizesDue to her great contribution to 构建知识体系generation support crowd campaign deliver worthwhile childhood audience respect to support generations delivered crowded respected achievement connection organization behavio(u)r observation argument inspired inspiring inspiration reference intention considerate consideration considering achieve achievement intention intended behaved behaviour argued argument argued inspiring inspired inspiration considerate consideration 专家；专业工作者 福利；福利事业 谦虚的；谦让的；适度的 项目；工程；规划 荫；阴凉处 遮住光线 联系；关系；结合；纽带 直言的；坦诚 事业，生涯 款待；娱乐；娱乐表演 比率；速度 突发事件；紧急情况 决心；果断 特色菜 对……作出评价move offlead/live a(n) ...life crowd in look down upon/on come across across a upon refer to by chance carry on devote...to... work out to to on can youbehave properlyonce youlearn to make use of it It suddenly hit me that It is only in this way that 突破思维瓶颈观察 遵守 庆祝 observed him playing was observed to enter the bank for for for respects respects With everyone respecting him arguing about argument to argue him into accepting our advice going/to go (should) accompany had intended intended which was intended to help the homeless intended to help the homeless with the intention of helping the homeless up through into to look down upon/on to look back on 指的是 查阅 提到 is referred to as referred to The person referred to in the news is Li Ning，who is referred toas one of the greatest athletes in China. hits It It occurred to him that It hit him that It struck him that 强化运用技能intended playing referring behaviour reference about on it for of to explore achievements that supporting buying/to buy When unusual with that activities to think Working be left entertainment importantly great achievements has devoted all her life to her behaviour has won the respect deliver a speech look down upon Once you begin to do something carry on with be content with Jones is a woman of great achievements, who has devoted all her life to homeless children and whose behaviour has won respect of all. Only when you are old looking back and saying that you have tried your best will you be content with your life. Jones is a woman of great achievements, who has devoted all her life to homeless children and whose behaviour has won respect of all. Recently, Jones was asked to deliver a speech at the graduation in Harvard University. She said，“Caring for children is an ordinary job, but you don't look down upon ordinary jobs. Once you begin to do something, you must carry on with it, otherwise you will never achieve anything. Only when you are old looking back and saying that you have tried your best will you be content with your life.”点击右图进入…Thank you for watching !课时提能练(十六)
必修4 Unit 1 Women of achievement
课时作业A：基础层面
Ⅰ.语境语法填空
A
A convincing speech 1.was delivered (deliver) by a psychologist at yesterday's conference 2.arguing (argue) about how parenting styles affect children's 3.behavior(behave). In his opinion, children must be punished when they fail 4.to observe (observe) public rules and regulations. If a child behaves well, he deserves to be praised and rewarded then and there. There are many experts 5.supporting (support) his viewpoint, saying that kids won't learn right from wrong if parents don't intend 6.to punish(punish)．
B
The library door is opened at 7 p．m. and the students come crowding 7.in. When evening falls, many students enter the library to read books 8.in connection with their courses. Some choose to refer 9.to reference books or dictionaries when they come 10.across problems in their studies. Some even carry 11.on their studies in the library till late into the night. They know success doesn't happen 12.by chance. Only by working hard now can they possibly avoid being looked down 13.upon and lead 14.an easy life in the future.
C
A man came 15.flying (fly) round the corner and bumped into me. He looked so familiar that I must have seen him somewhere. Suddenly 16.it hit me that he was just the criminal the police had wanted. What should I do? Trying to stop or catch him meant 17.putting (put) my life at risk. Fortunately, two policemen arrived soon and the man was arrested. Only then 18.did I feel my heart beating fast and my legs trembling slightly.
Ⅱ.根据提示补全句子
1．一旦你理解了规则，物理就不难学了。(once)
Physics is easy to learn once you understand the rules.
2．在那么重要的考试中他竟然查阅笔记，真是太愚蠢了。(refer to)
It was too foolish of him to refer to his notes during that important test.
3．你把钱花在有价值的事业上是明智的。(worthwhile)
It is wise of you to spend the money on a worthwhile career．
4．我忽然想起来忘了锁门了。(hit)
It hit me that I had left the door unlocked.
5．就我看来，只有通过努力学习你才能在学习上取得进步。
①As far as I'm concerned, only by studying hard will you make progress in your study. (倒装句)
②As far as I'm concerned, it is only by studying hard that you will make progress in your study. (强调句)
课时作业B：能力层面
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·昆明市诊断测试)Who're happier, men or women? Research shows it's a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn't really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.
Women's happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender (性别) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the difference.
Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.
Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons (镜像神经元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people's view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.
Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women's happiness is more dependent on relationships than men's.
【语篇解读】 本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面介绍了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。
1．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?
A．Warmth. B．Depression.
C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.
D [细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表现更多的是生气、骄傲和无礼，故选D。]
2．What factors cause women to share feelings more openly?
A．Psychological factors.
B．Biological factors.
C．Educational factors.
D．Social factors.
A [细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，本段从心理方面介绍了男性和女性在处理和表达感情方面的不同：与男性相比，女性更加公开地表露自己内心的情感。]
3．One can probably read the text from ．
A．a science fiction
B．a culture brochure
C．a nursery guide
D．a health magazine
D [推理判断题。根据本文内容可知，本文主要从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康杂志，故选D项。]
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.
B．Men and women experience happiness differently.
C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.
D．Women's happiness has declined in the past years.
B [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异，故B项最符合文意。]
B
(2019·成都市毕业班摸底测试)As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energy-consuming brains? The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology(生态)．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding? This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems?
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios(可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn't necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don't they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to human-sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others' suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a human-sized brain.
Will the human brain expand further? The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，人类大脑的大小是由生态环境和文化知识的积累的共同作用决定的；大脑并非越大越好，如果大脑过大，则人类将无法适应社会交往活动。
5．In most people's view, what makes human evolve large brains?
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
A [细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社会交往活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。]
6．What's the problem of the common approach?
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn't tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn't find brain size is connected with problems.
B [细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。]
7．Why don't many animals have large brains?
A．They don't learn from each other.
B．They don't face hard ecological problems.
C．They don't need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don't keep learning tough skills as they grow.
D [推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Why don't they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to human-sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会导致人类特定大小的大脑。据此可以判断，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。]
8．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising?
A．Animals don't have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It's unclear whether human brains will expand further.
B [细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。]
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2019·石家庄市重点高中摸底考试)On my way back home I was stopped at traffic lights by some people who asked for help. A woman—in her attempt to give 1 to an ambulance—had driven her car over stony obstacles that separated the bike line from the street, and, as a result, had gotten her car 2 . She couldn't move the car in any direction without damaging it. A couple of people tried to 3 the car back but the obstacles were too high. Seeing that they couldn't do much about it, they left. The woman in the car tried to 4 some service, and was told that it would take about 45 minutes for someone to get there.
While watching the other people 5 ， I realized the woman would be on her own and I imagined how 6 that would be if I were in her shoes. After some talking, she invited me to sit inside her car.
I wasn't in a hurry, so I 7 my family that I would be later and then tried to 8 the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others trouble. But actually it wasn't too much trouble 9 they could still pass, and also there wasn't anything she could do about it 10 . We laughed and joked that all we needed was some tea for our picnic.
Finally 11 came and helped her back on the street. She 12 me and asked for my phone number so she could return the favor，but I told her it was okay. She seemed to feel much 13 when we said our goodbyes. I believe that not having to face a difficult situation 14 can make a lot of 15 ．
【语篇解读】 该文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者安慰并帮助一位在马路上因为给救护车让行而陷入困境的女士的故事。
1．A.signal B．way
C．time D．help
B [一位女士试图给一辆救护车让行。give way to...“让行”，为固定搭配。故选B。]
2．A.stuck B．broken
C．dirty D．abandoned
A [根据下文“She couldn't move the car”可推知，因为给救护车让行，这位女士的车卡(stuck)在那里不能动弹。]
3．A.lift B．hold
C．pull D．drive
A [根据上文“She couldn't move the car”以及下文“but the obstacles were too high”可推知，车子卡在那里，障碍物太高，不能被抬(lift)回来。]
4．A.offer B．seek
C．refuse D．take
B [那位女士在车里试图寻求(seek)一些服务。]
5．A.shout B．discuss
C．stand D．leave
D [根据上文中的“Seeing that they couldn't do much about it, they left”可知，当时其他人因为帮不了什么忙，都走开(leave)了。]
6．A.amazing B．pleasant
C．uneasy D．incredible
C [根据上文可知，那位女士的车被卡在障碍物上，其他人又帮不上忙，作者将心比心，觉得此情此景，那位女士一定不舒服(uneasy)，与下文“the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others trouble”呼应。]
7．A.consulted B．warned
C．advised D．informed
D [根据语境及下文“I would be later”可推知，作者告知(informed)家人一些情况。]
8．A.persuade B．comfort
C．frighten D．satisfy
B [根据空后的“the woman who seemed to feel stressed about causing others trouble”可推知，那位女士似乎感到焦虑不安，作者试图宽慰(comfort)她，这与下文“We laughed and joked that all we needed was some tea for our picnic”呼应。]
9．A.though B．until
C．since D．unless
C [根据语境可推知，此处前后内容表示逻辑上的因果关系。故since“因为”符合语境。]
10．A.anyway B．therefore
C．still D．somehow
A [根据上文“She couldn't move the car in any direction without damaging it”可推知，无论如何(anyway)，那位女士对当时那种情况也是无能为力的。]
11．A.news B．my partner
C．assistance D．an ambulance
C [根据空后的“helped her back on the street”可推知，最终援助(assistance)到了，帮那位女士回到了路上。]
12．A.greeted B．thanked
C．accepted D．attracted
B [根据语境可知，作者去安慰那位受困的女士，那位女士在最终解困后应是感谢(thanked)作者。]
13．A.nervous B．unwilling
C．disappointed D．better
D [根据语境可知，那位女士从困境中解脱出来，感觉比之前好了许多。故D项符合语境。]
14．A.alone B．bravely
C．bitterly D．directly
A [根据上文可知，由于作者的帮助和安慰，那位女士最终心情变好了许多，由此可推知，她当时不是独自(alone)面对困境的。]
15．A.decision B．fortune
C．choice D．difference
D [作者认为不用独自面对困境可以产生很大影响(difference)。]
