人教版高一英语必修三Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars Grammar课件（44张）

课件44张PPT。Unit 4Unit 4
Astronomy:
the science of the starsTo learn the noun clauses as the subjectWhat is subject?a noun, noun phrase or pronoun representing the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, about which something is stated or, in a passive sentence, that is affected by the action of the verbI sat down.The house is very old.The tree was blown down in the storm.①②③David arrived last night.
Who is speaking, please?
Two will be enough.
Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.
To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.
How to do well is an important question.
What has happened proves that our policy is right. Underline the subjects in the following sentences. n. pron. num. to do v.-ingphrasesentencesubject clause Find all the examples in the reading passage where noun clauses are used as the subject.()()()()(()()())()()通过发现练习, 我们已经对本课的语法内容有了一定的了解。下面就进一步选择讲解该语法项的重难点。
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。引导主语从句的词有：
从属连词: that, whether, if；
连接代词: who, whoever, whom, what, whatever, whose, which；
连接副词: when, where, how, why等。观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语
从句及引导词:
1. What is needed for a long trip is careful preparation.
该句中主语从句是 __________________ _________，引导词为 _____。What is needed for a whatlong trip2. That Jay Zhou will come to my city excites everybody.
该句中主语从句是 _________________
______________，引导词为_____。
3. Whether we will travel abroad or not has not been decided.
该句中主语从句是 _________________
__________________，引导词为 _________。That Jay Zhou willWhether we willcome to my city thattravel abroad or notwhether4. Whoever knows the secret mustn’t tell others.
该句中主语从句是__________________
______，引导词为________。
5. It remains a puzzle why dinosaurs died out suddenly long time ago.
该句中主语从句是_________________
_______________________，引导词为 _____。Whoever knows the whoeverwhy dinosaurs diedwhysecretout suddenly long time ago【观察总结】
通过分析上面例句，同学们可能会发现上面第5句中的主语从句似乎比较隐蔽。其实，这也是主语从句的一种呈现方式，即：当一个句子主语过长时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语或主语从句后移至句子末尾，以保持句子的平衡。注意观察下列例句中的划线部分：It is not clear how the accident happened.
It is not hard to understand why he did so at that time.
It is a pity that you should have made such a careless mistake.
It is reported that more than thirty deaths were caused in the accident.不难看出，虽然上面例句中都用it作形式主语，但句子结构却不尽相同。现将常见的由it作形式主语的句型总结如下：
1. It be + n. + that从句
2. It be + adj. + that从句，常见此类形容 词有：important, necessary, clear, certain, natural, strange, obvious, likely, impossible, possible等。3. It+不及物动词+that从句
It seems / appears ... that ...
似乎……
It happened (to sb.) that ...
（某人）碰巧……
4. It + be + v.-ed + 主语从句
It is said / reported / believed / suggested / known / proved that ...【要点精讲】
1. what与that引导主语从句
观察下列例句，试着翻译例句并总结 其规律。
(1) What you lack is self-confidence.
译为：_________________________你所缺乏的是自信。(2) That more and more students are admitted into universities is true.
译为：___________________________
___________________________
(3) What is needed for the program is more wisdom.
译为：_____________________________这个项目所需要的是更多的智慧。越来越多的学生将被大学录取的消息是真实的。从上面例句可以看出，that引导主语从句时，在句中具有“两不”原则：
一、不作句子成分；
二、没有实际意义。
当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，that可以省略。而what引导的从句则恰恰相反，what在从句中的作用为：
一、作句子成分；
二、除了起到引导从句的作用外还要承
担具体的意义。【巩固练习】
用what或that填空。
(1) _____ he told us this morning was just a lie.
(2) _____ is important to us is enough time.
(3) It worries my mom _____ she is beginning to get a little fat.
(4) _____ we can’t get seems better than _____ we have.WhatWhatthatWhatwhat2. whether与if引导主语从句
whether与if引导主语从句位于句中有时可换用。但在下列情况下用whether不用if：
(1) 主语从句位于句首时；
(2) 从句后有or或紧跟or not时。【巩固练习】
用whether或if填空。
(1) It doesn’t matter ___________ he will come or not.
(2) ________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
(3) It was doubtful ___________ Tom really saw Sharon.
(4) ________ Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful.whether / ifWhetherwhether / ifWhether3. 其它引导词
连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的具体意义，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等；whoever, whatever, whichever在意义上更为强调，常译为“无论……”；连接副词when, where, why, how等也有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作状语。【常见错误展示】
下列各句均有一处错误，请改正并分析错误的原因。
1. Light travels faster than sound is common knowledge.Thatthat虽无词义但引导主语从句位于句首时不能省略。if, whether都可表示“是否”, 但if不能引导句首主语从句。2. If she’s coming or not doesn’t matter much.Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t3. What were your problems a year ago has now become mine.has要改为have。主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语要用复数形式。have4. That the professor said is of great importance.
5. Where will the trees be planted has
not been decided.Whatthat引导主语从句时无词义。What the professor said表示“教授所说的”。将will置于trees之后。主语从句要用陈述句语序。6. No matter who breaks the rule will be punished.
7. When and where the meeting will be held still remain a question.引导让步状语从句时二者可互换，但引导名词性从句时只能用whoever。Whoever 主语从句表示单一概念时，谓语要用单数形式。remainsRewrite the following sentences with noun clauses as the subject.
1. His discovery has not yet been proved.
2. Do the other astronomers accept his
ideas? It remains a question.What has not yet been proved is his discovery.
Whether the other astronomers accept his ideas remains a question.3. The first appearance of life on earth is
still a mystery to scientists.
4. Why is the earth becoming warmer? It
is an important topic for research.How life first appeared on earth is still a mystery to scientists.
Why the earth is becoming warmer is an important topic for research.5. Stephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero
gravity during a flight. It amazed
everybody.
6. Pluto is no longer considered a planet in
our solar system. What a surprise!It amazed everybody that Stephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight.
It is a surprise that Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system.All of life is an act of letting go, but what hurts the most is not taking a moment to say goodbye.
人生就是不断地放下，
但最令人痛心的是，
我们来不及好好告别。Line from the film ‘Life of Pi’ Enjoy more clauses used as the subject.subject clauseIt’s rare that I find someone so non-patronizing.Line from the film ‘Zootopia’ subject clauseWhat pains us trains us.
What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.
What hurts us the most teaches us the best.
使我们痛苦的东西在真正锻造我们。
那些杀不死我们的，只会让我们更强大。
伤害我们最深的教会我们最多。subject clauses主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。
引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。I.?用适当的连接词填空。
1. ________ he will come has kept us all excited the whole day.
2. ________ we will go camping or not tomorrow depends on the weather.
3. ________ he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.ThatWhetherWhat4. It is suggested ________ we should eat more vegetables and do more exercise.
5. He didn’t explain, but ________ he won’t go there is clear to all of us.
6. It’s uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.that?whywhetherII. 用适当的连接词补全下面的对话。
Lucy: Why are you looking so happy?
Jenny: I’ve just attended a lecture. ________ the speaker said made me excited.
Lucy: What was it about?
Jenny: About health. It seems ______ a lot of people don’t know how to keep healthy.What?that??Lucy: Sounds great. ________ I’m concerned about is my health condition at the moment. But what should I do to be healthy?
Jenny: ________ you will stay healthy depends on two factors — exercise and diet.
Lucy: ?You know I always do some running on the road every night.What?WhetherJenny: Whether you take exercise is one thing, but ________ you take exercise is quite another. You shouldn’t run at night because it will affect your sleep. Besides, ________ you do your running isn’t favorable. You should run in the park instead of on the road.when??where?Lucy: I see. I can see it is important ______ now I have to change my bad habits.
Jenny: Also, you must be careful with your diet. It’s well-known ______ we are what we eat. So you should eat more vegetables.
Lucy: You’re right. In fact I always eat too much meat. But I will change myself.that?that??Finish exercise 3 on page 29.
Finish Using Structures on page 64 of the Workbook.