2020年高中英语二轮复习非谓语动词专题---独立主格结构完全解析与提升训练（含答案）

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高中英语一轮复习非谓语动词专题---独立主格结构完全解析与提升训练

一、概念
定义：非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中作状语，这种结构属于独立主格结构。

二、结构及特点
结构：名词/代词+非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语
特点：
非谓语动词前后两部分有逻辑上的主谓关系，作为逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。
with也可看作独立主格结构的一种形式。
独立主格本身不是句子，在句子中作时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语等。
独立主格结构可修饰整个句子，位置灵活，可置于主句前、主句中或主句末，常用逗号将其与主句分开。
结构 含义 例句
名词/代词+现在分词 表示正在进行的动作或状态 Weather permitting, we’re going to visit you tomorrow.
名词/代词+过去分词 表示已完成的行为 The test finished, we’ll have our summer vacation.
名词/代词+不定式 表示没有发生/即将发生的动作或状态 No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class
名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语 表示一种状态 The little girl entered the room, her face red with cold.
with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语 表示一种状态 With the floor wet, I had to stay outside.
with/without+名词/代词+不定式 表示未发生的动作，主动可表被动 With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave easily tomorrow.
with/without+名词/代词+现在分词 表示主动动作已完成或正在进行 Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.
with/without+名词/代词+过去分词 表示被动动作已完成 The boy was crying with the toy broken.

三、特殊情况
但有时我们遇到这种情况：分词的主语既不与句子主语一致，分词本身又非独立主格结构，如：
Going up the hill，the statue of Lincoln struck my eye．
在登上山时，林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
Tired but happy，the bus whisked us home．
我们虽然疲乏，但很高兴，公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家
上面两个句子中的分词结构在句子中找不到他们的逻辑主语，因而处于一种“垂悬”状态，即“无依着”状态，因而在语法上这种分词被称作垂悬分词（Dangling Participle），也叫“无依着分词”或者“荡空分词”。垂悬分词从起源上来说，是语言的错误使用（Performance Error），即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系，从而产生垂悬分词，所以有人又叫它错关联分词（Misrelated Participle）。

§垂悬分词多数为现在分词，少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。
1．当分词主语是不定人称时，如：
When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required．
2．当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时，如：
Being Christmas，the government offices were closed．
3．当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时，如：
Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary．
4．在正式科技文章中，分词前常常带有连词，其主语通常与I，we，you等同，如：
When installing a boiler，the floor space which is available is very important．
5．垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语（style disjunction），表明说话人说话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法，这种用法可细分为以下几种情况： a．说话者用垂悬分词引出话题，如：talking of，getting back to，coming to等，意思为“谈到……，关于……，回到……”等，请看例句：
Getting back to our story，the princess was killed．
Coming to this question，I say no．
b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式，如：
putting it mildly（说轻点），frankly speaking，generally speaking，roughly speaking，broadly speaking，biologically speaking等，请看例句：
Putting it mildly，you have caused us some inconvenience．
Generally speaking，dogs are more faithful to men than cats．
c．有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角，如：judging from，according to，considering，viewing it from，seeing，例如：
Judging from his expression，he is in a bad mood．
According to Barthes，the author had died．
Considering the low price，the car is worth buying．
d．有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件，如：providing（that）， provided（that），supposing，given，意思为“if或 with”，wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如：
Provided that a film entertains，few people care about its other merits．
Given patience，anybody can achieve something．
Supposing this to be true，he is certainly the murderer．
e．表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有：admitting that，allowed that，allowing for，considering（that），assuming that，seeing that，granting that，granted that，notwithstanding（尽管， 还是），请看例句：
Allowing for（＝Considering）the deficiencies，the show is a success．
Granted（＝Granting）that you are right， you should not get angry．
Admitting（＝Assuming ＝Allowing）that he is drunk，that is no excuse．
f．有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况，如：barring，bating，excepting，excepted，saving that，意思为“除了……”；including，counting，setting aside， leaving．．．to one side，意思为“包括；除了……还有……”等，请看例句：
Barring（＝bating）this point，I agree with you．
There are fifteen students counting me．
Setting aside the question of capital，this business has many other problems．
§另外，从词性角度来看，有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词，失去了动词的本性，已演变成介词或连词。
被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有：considering，counting，including，barring，bating，excepting，excepted， concerning，regarding，respecting，touching， wanting，failing，pending，saving等等，例如：
Considering its cost，this machine is not worth buying．
He asked me questions concerning my health．
I know nothing respecting that girl．
已变成连词的垂悬分词有：providing（that），provided（that），saving，notwithstanding，seeing，considering，granting， granted，admitting，assuming，allowing，supposing等等。例句：
He was prudent（善于经营的） notwithstanding that he was young．


提升训练
一、单项选择
1．His food ______, the man had to come out of his hiding place.
A．run out B．was run out
C．running out D．using up
2．A total of 19 Golden Rooster Awards ______, The Wandering Earth took home the award the Best Picture.
A．to present B．having presented C．being presented D．presented
3．—Oh! Dear! It's so dark here.
—Take my hand, eyes_______, and you will not get lost.
A．being closed B．closed C．to close D．are closed
4．Recently, violent crimes of beating, looting and burning in Hong Kong broke out, ______ an innocent old man and with more than 80 ______.
A．killed; wounded B．killing; injured C．killed; injuring D．killing; hurt
5．The country has sent up three manned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.
A．has been launched B．being launched C．having been launched D．to be launched
6．—Hey, Jenny, my online car-hailing service is unavailable. Could you reserve a car for tomorrow?
—Sorry, the upgrade ________, my phone has been bricked—it’s stuck in emergency mode and won’t start up.
A．not to complete B．not completing
C．not completed D．not having completed
7．With some infrastructure (基础设施) in Hong Kong __________ due to the riot (骚乱) of some people in the past few months, it has caused inconvenience for average people.
A．having damaged B．to be damaged C．damaged D．damaging
8．Much to their delight, their new project ______ at the conference, the excited scholars decided to have a barbecue to celebrate the fantastic moment.
A．to approve B．being approved C．having approved D．having been approved
9．________two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A．Besides B．With C．As D．Because of
10．There________ something wrong with the engine of the car, we had to go to the park by taxi.
A．having been B．Being C．is D．was
11．The smartphone _____ to be the best ever, users all over the world claim they love it.
A．is judged B．judged C．having judged D．to be judged
12．Located in the center of Melbourne, Australia, are two tall towers designed by building architect Phil Rowe, both of ________ shaped like massive tree houses rather than skyscrapers.
A．who B．them C．which D．whom
13．______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of English is poor.
A．Other things being?equal B．Other things be?equal
C．To be?equal?to other things D．Other things to be?equal
14．Five firms ______ for the contract on the new buildings, the competition was fierce.
A．to be bid B．bid C．Bidding D．had bid
15．I glanced sideways and noticed that the previous author was standing silently, with his eyes?________??on me.
A．fixing B． fixed C．to be fixing D．to be fixed
16．_______ our food running out, we had to walk to a village for help.
A．Since B． Because C．With D．For
17．Time ______, I’ll pay a visit to you while I am in your hometown.
A．permitting B．permits C．permitted D．will permit
18．No agreement______, the representatives wanted another round of talk.
A．reaching B．reached C．to reach D．to be reached
19．Abraham set himself up in front of his daughter, hands ________ her hair, and was close to tears, reluctant to tear himself from her.
A．to toy with B．toyed with C．toying with D．being toyed with
20．He was lying on the grass, his hands _____ under his head.
A．crossing B． crossed C．to cross D．having crossed
21．Much to their delight, their new project _____ at the conference, the excited scholars decided to have a barbecue in honour of the fantastic moment.
A．to approve B．being approved
C．having approved D．having been approved
22．The college announced the students exchange program, most of ______ students having submitted their application forms.
A．them B．which C．whose D．its
23．Located in the center of Melbourne, Australia, are two tall towers designed by building architect Phil Rowe, both of shaped like massive tree houses rather than skyscrapers.
A．who B．whom C．which D．them
24．Huawei is a global leader in telecoms with a great range of smart products to offer, many of __________exported abroad.
A．them B． which C．it D．whom
25．He has lots of friends, only a few of ____ invited to his wedding.
A．whom B． them C．which D．who
二、用所给词的正确形式填空
①The boy sat at his desk, his right hand ________________(raise).
②________________ (praise) by his teacher, Tom worked even harder.
③The cup fell down to the ground, ________________ (break).
④________________ (face) with this situation, they felt both joy and fear.
⑤Young students should go and work where ________________ (need).
⑥________________ (taste) delicious, the bread in this shop was sold out soon.
⑦________________ (seat) at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
⑧________________ (grow) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.

三、单句改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改句子，请你修改你同桌写的以下句子。每个句子都有一处错误，错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(Λ)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：每处错误及其修改均仅限一词
1．It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measure over 90 metres.
2．We were prevented attending Professor Li’s lecture by the heavy rain.
3．This is suggested that the meeting be put off until next week.
4．The news made us excited whether the national team had won the game.
5．The teacher told us that light traveled faster than sound.
6．I want to own as larger a house as hers.
7．The train left that night and arrived in Montreal at the dawn the next morning.
8．Danny was going to take his friends and baggages to catch the train.
9．That it was to become was uncertain in the beginning.
10．When you stand on top of the mountain, the whole city can be see clearly.




参考答案
一、单项选择
1-5．CDBBC 6-10．CCDBB 11-15．BBACB
16-20．CABCB 21-25．DDDAB

二、用所给词的正确形式填空
raised Praised broken Faced needed Tasting Seated Grown

三、单句改错
27．measure改measuring
28．prevented后加from
29．This改It
30．whether改that
31．traveled改travels
32．larger改large
33．删掉dawn前的the
34．baggages改baggage
35．That改What
36．see改seen








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