课件174张PPT。Unit 3 The world of science
Developing ideasⅠ. 根据语境及汉语提示写出正确的单词
1. present perfect _______(被动的)
2. _______(无法……) recognition
3. for ________(例子)
4. the most _________(重要的) success
5. a turtle _______(受伤的) in a forest firepassivebeyondinstancesignificantinjured6. as ________(精确的) as the Gregorian calendar
7. a ________(聪颖的) physicist
8. number ______(理论)
9. the most common ______(精神的) disease
10. no ____(药剂) for Alzheimer’s
11. Benjamin Franklin’s famous __________(实验)
with lightningaccuratebrillianttheorymentalcureexperiment12. a _____(金属) key
13. be ________(系) to the string
14. _______(传导) through the string to the key
15. ________(科学的) experiment
16. _______(完全地) true
17. more than one _______(记述)
18. the ______(起源) of lifemetalattachedconductscientificentirelyaccountoriginⅡ. 选词填空
1. Although it has been proved that Franklin’s
experiment _________, more than one scientist has
questioned what really happened. ?for instance, be known for, due to, be regarded as, be
attached to, take place, die from, come up with, in
fact, even iftook place2. That sounds rather simple, but ______it’s very
difficult. ?
3. She ____also ___________a brilliant physicist, and
was again awarded the Nobel Prize in 1911 for the
isolation of pure radium. ?in factwasregarded as4. Children can do a lot of housework, ___________,
clean their rooms and wash the clothes. ?
5. But in science, facts should be proved by
experiments and research, and we should not always
believe everything we read or hear— ______it is a
great story. ?for instanceeven if6. Some have even questioned the story about the
apple that fell on Newton’s head and led him to
____________his theory of gravity. ?
7. The French _____________their love of their
language. ?come up withare known for8. This hospital ____________the medical college
nearby. ?
9. Two of them _________apparently unrelated
causes. ?
10. In the book he explains changes in species take
place ______natural selection. ?is attached todied fromdue toⅠ. 文本整体理解: 理清文章架构Ⅱ. 文本细节理解: 探寻语篇细节信息
1. What is the text mainly about?
A. The story of Franklin’s experiment is true or not.
B. The aim of Franklin’s experiment.
C. The procedure of Franklin’s experiment.
D. The effect of Franklin’s experiment. 2. What does the author think have more inspired
people?
A. The story of Scientists’ experiments.
B. The result of Scientists’ experiments.
C. The scientists’ spirit of scientific exploration.
D. The fact of scientific exploration. 3. What is the effect of the experiment?
A. It has introduced generations of children to science.
B. It proved that lightning is a form of electricity.
C. It is important to establish the truth.
D. All of above. 4. Why do scientists question accepted ideas?
A. To find what took place.
B. To prove what is true.
C. To establish the facts.
D. To inspire people to do scientific exploration.
答案: 1～4. ACDCⅢ. 文本素养提升: 阅读技能综合运用
1. 根据课文语境与语句知识细致解构语句译文: _______________就是这位美国开国元勋和科学
家在1752年的一次暴风雨中_______________。这个著名的故事放飞了一只风筝译文: 有些(科学家)甚至质疑关于落在牛顿头上,
___________________的苹果的故事。促使他提出重力理论2. 根据课文完成短文。
New research suggests that the story (1)____
Franklin’s famous experiment with lightning may be
fiction instead of fact. More than one generation of
school children has been amazed by his bravery and
his (2)________ (science) approach to (3)_______ (look) thatscientificlookingfor the truth. However, neither the story nor the
details of the experiment are entirely true. Although it
has been proved that Franklin’s experiment (4)____
(take) place, more than one scientist has questioned
what really happened. (5)____ detail about the string
and the key is true. But (6)________ (science) all agree
that if he had (7)_______ (actual) touched the key, he tookThescientistsactuallywould certainly have died from the electric shock.
Fiction is (8) _______________(interesting) than the
truth. People have been more inspired by Franklin’s
spirit of scientific (9)__________ (explore) than by the
facts themselves. But in science, facts should be
proved (10)___ experiments and research. ?more interestingexplorationby3. 阅读主题活动
(1)Do you think the stories about some great scientists
are true?
____________________________________________
______________________________________________
____________________________________?I think some parts of the stories are true, and someare not, because they don’t follow the common sense,for example, Franklin touching lightning.(2)What will you learn from the stories about the
great scientists?
_____________________________________
__________________________I will learn the scientists’ spirit of scientificexploration from the stories. ?【阅读微技巧】1. beyond prep. 无法……
*Within the next 80 years, our lives may be changed
beyond recognition by 3D printing. 在接下来的80年
里, 我们的生活可能被3D打印完全改变模样。
*The scenery there was beautiful beyond expression.
那儿的风景美丽得无法形容。*(2019·天津高考)I’ve never exchanged words with
those moms beyond small talk, but they wanted to help.
除了闲聊之外, 我从来没有和那些妈妈们说过话, 但她
们想帮忙。
*The road continues beyond the village up into the
hills.
这条路绵延不断越过村子直入山中。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)The situation is _________________. ?
我们已无法控制这一局面。
(2)The bicycle was beyond repair.
译: _______________________。beyond our control自行车已损坏得无法修理2. injure v. 使受伤; 弄伤
*And it is not just humans who are benefiting—in
Brazil, people have given a new 3D-printed shell to a
turtle injured in a forest fire!
而且不仅仅是人类受益——在巴西, 人们给了一只在
森林大火中受伤的乌龟一个新的3D打印的贝壳! *The injured passengers were rushed to the hospital.
受伤的乘客被急忙送到医院。
*(2019·天津高考)A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison.
一次战争伤使他的左手丧失功能, 而且他经常入狱。【导图理词】【易混辨析】【即学活用】
语法填空
①She was _______(injure) badly in the accident.
②The _______(injure) are receiving treatment.
③The two passengers escaped without ______(injure). injuredinjuredinjury3. cure n. 药剂; 疗法 vt. 治愈
*Currently, there’s no cure for Alzheimer’s, but
scientists are researching ways to improve the quality
of life for people living with the disease.
目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默氏症的方法, 但是科学家
们正在研究如何提高患有这种疾病的人的生活质量。*The doctor claimed to have discovered a cure for the disease.
这个医生声称找到治愈那种疾病的疗法。
*Time cured him of his grief.
时光的流逝治愈了他的悲伤。【导图理词】【易混辨析】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①There is no effective cure ___colds except rest.
②Doctors are now able to cure people __many
diseases which in former times would have killed them.
(2)TB is a serious illness, but it ___________. ?
肺结核虽然是一种严重的疾病, 但可治愈。forofcan be cured(3)The condition ___________________drugs and a
strict diet. ?
这种病通常用药物和严格控制饮食进行治疗。is usually treated with4. attach v. 系, 绑; 贴
*A metal key was attached to the string.
在绳子上系上一个金属钥匙。
*Please attach these labels to your hand luggage.
请把这些标签系在您的手提行李上。*(2019·浙江高考)But at Union Station in Los Angeles
last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached
to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You
Can, Take What You Need. ”但是上个月在洛杉矶的
联合车站, 一块牌子上别针别满了美元, 上面写着“给
予你所能给予的, 拿走你所需要的”。*This middle school is attached to a normal college.
这所中学附属于一所师范院校。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①He attached his horse __a tree.
②Is there a dining car ________(attach) to the train?
(2)He ________labels __his luggage.
他把标签贴在行李上。toattachedattachedto5. account v. 记述; 描述
*She gave an accurate account of the case.
她对这次事件做了准确的描述。*(2019·天津高考)The professor warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class.
这位教授警告学生们, 在他的课堂上, 决不应该使用手机。
*He has been asked to account for his conduct.
他被要求解释他的行为。
*We should take the interests of the whole into account.
我们要顾全大局。【名师点津】
为加强语气而把短语on no account(决不, 绝对不)放在句首时, 句子要倒装。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①His illness accounts ___his absence.
②Whether you go or stay is __little account.
③One must take the audience ____account when
making speeches. forofinto(2)I believe you gave ____________________what
happened. ?
我相信你对事情发生的经过做了很好的描述。
(3) He has a bad name ____________his dishonesty. ?
他因不诚实而声名狼藉。a very good account ofon account of6. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has
inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments
are important in order to establish the truth and to
contribute towards later scientific discoveries and
inventions. 富兰克林和其他许多科学家激励我们、教
导我们, 科学实验对于确定真相和为以后的科学发现
和发明作出贡献是重要的。?【句式解构】
本句是主从复合句, 其中that引导宾语从句。has
inspired和taught是主句的并列谓语。
*He, along with his friends, is going shopping.
他和朋友要去购物。
*We started early in order to arrive before dark.
为了在天黑前到达, 我们很早就动身了。【名师点津】
(1)主谓一致的“就前原则”:
由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to等引起的结构跟前面的主语保持一致。(2)动词不定式作目的状语:
①不定式作目的状语可使用以下形式: to do, only to do, in order to do, so as to do, so/ such. . . as to do。②不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置, 一是在句首, 二是在句末。一般说来, 用于句首属于强调性用法, 即强调动词的目的。有时为了特别强调目的状语, 可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as, 即构成in order to do sth. 和so as to do sth. 结构, 但so as to do不能用于句首。(3)不定式作目的状语可以置于句首, 并且当需要强调时, 通常会置于句首。但位于句首的不定式不一定是目的状语。
*To cooperate with others is important. (作主语)
同他人合作很重要。【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①My mother, as well as my father, ___(have) a key to
the room.
②_______(save) class time, our teacher has us
students do half of the exercises in class and complete
the other half for our homework. ?hasTo save(2)__ _____ __ ____ the life of the injured man,
doctors worked through the night.
医生彻夜工作以拯救伤者的生命。Inordertosave7. However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely true. 然而, 这个故事和这个实验的细节都不完全是真的。【句式解构】
(1)本句是简单句, 句中neither. . . nor. . . 结构连接并
列主语, 主谓一致适用于“就近原则”。
(2)neither. . . nor. . . 结构也可连接其他句子成分, 表
示对两者的全部否定, 意为“既不……也不……”。
*Neither Anna nor I am interested in high finance.
安娜和我对巨额融资都不感兴趣。*Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我, 就是他们要对那件事的结果负责。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
没有动力, 你制订不了目标, 也达不到目标。*I have neither time nor money for pop festivals.
我既没时间也没钱来参加流行音乐节。【名师点津】主谓一致的“就近原则”
这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与最近作主语的词语保持一致, 常出现在这类句子中的连词有: or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . 及there be句型中。【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①Neither I nor he __(be)to blame. 世纪金榜导学号
②Not only he but also all his family ___(be) fond of
music.
③There __(be) a pen, a knife and several books on the
desk. isareis(2)He can ___________________. ?
他既不会读也不会写。neither read nor write【要点拾遗】
1. instance n. 例子, 实例
*For instance, some restaurants in London have served 3D-printed hamburgers to customers.
例如, 伦敦的一些餐馆已经为顾客提供了3D打印的汉堡。*(2019·天津高考)Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.
例如, 大多数食物网络是由许多薄弱环节, 而不是几个强力环节组成的。
*This is only one instance out of many.
这不过是许多例子中的一个。【语块积累】
for instance 例如, 比如
in the first instance 首先, 最初【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①In most ________(instance) the pain soon goes away.
②Can you give ___instance of the boy’s ability?
③You can’t rely on her, ___instance, she arrived an
hour late for an important meeting yesterday. instancesanfor(2)This problem seemed to be complex _________
________, but they could solve it easily. ?
这个问题初看起来复杂, 但是他们能够轻易解决它。in the firstinstance2. origin n. 起源; 起因
*British biologist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is best
known for his work On the Origin of Species, in which
he explains changes in species due to natural selection.
英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文(1809-1882)因他的著作
《物种起源》而出名, 在书中他解释了自然选择导致
物种变化。*Many words in English language are French in origin.
英语中的许多词源于法语。*(2019·天津高考)And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover.
当一种猎物变少时, 如果掠食者可以以另一种更容易找到的猎物为食, 这个转变让原来的猎物数量得以恢复。*We originally intended to stay for just a few days.
我们起初只打算待几天。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①I think you should go back to your _______(origin)
plan.
②He _________(original) need not buy such big house.
(2)What’s ___ ______ __your anxiety?
你焦虑的根源是什么? originaloriginallytheoriginof3. declaration n. 声明, 宣告
*Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the
Founding Father of the United States and helped draft
the Declaration of Independence.
本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790)是美国的开国元勋之一,
他帮助起草了《独立宣言》。*The declaration was published in August 1687.
这份宣言是1687年8月公布的。
*These events led to the declaration of war.
这些事件导致了宣战。*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime
Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had
no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
在领回“终身成就奖”后, 自豪的艾琳宣布, 她没有打算
从从事了36年的事业中退休。
*Britain declared war on Germany in 1914.
英国在1914年向德国宣战。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①She read the __________(declare) aloud for
everyone to hear it clearly.
②The students declared _______cheating. declarationagainst(2)He had a third examination and ____________unfit
for duty. ?
他接受了第三次检查, 被告知不宜上班。
was declared4. conduct v. 传导(热、电)
*A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was
conducted through the string to the key.
一道闪电击中了风筝, 电流通过绳子传到钥匙上。
*Most metals can conduct electricity.
大多数金属能导电。*The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.
导游引导我们游览了古城废墟。
*Who is conducting the orchestra tonight?
谁指挥今晚的管弦乐队呢? 【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①Conduct me __your teacher.
②Heat losses from the reservoir by heat __________
(conduct) cannot be prevented.
③She knows why the metal is the good _________
(conduct). toconductionconductor(2)Metal ________ ____ ______than wood.
金属传热性能比木头好。
(3)He conducted himself far better than expected.
译: _________________________。conductsheatbetter他表现得比预料得要好得多5. Although it has been proved that Franklin’s experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned what really happened. 尽管已经证明富兰克林做过这个实验, 但不止一个科学家质疑到底发生了什么。?【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。Although it. . . took place是although引导的让步状语从句, 该从句也是主从复合句, 其中that Franklin’s experiment took place是that引导的主语从句, 前面的it是形式主语; take place是固定短语, 意为“发生”。(2)more than one scientist has questioned是“more
than one + 单数名词”结构, 适用于主谓一致原则中的
“形式一致”原则; what really happened是what引导的
宾语从句, 并在宾语从句中作主语。
*Although my uncle is old, he looks very strong and
healthy.
我的叔叔虽然老了, 但他看上去还是很健壮。*It has been proved that the practice can only do good.
事实证明这样做只有好处。
*Where does the conversation take place?
这个对话发生在哪里?
*More than one person was absent.
不止一个人缺席。*They’ve done what they can to help her.
他们已经做了他们能做到一切去帮助她。【名师点津】
由“more than one + 单数名词”或“many a + 单数名词作主语”形式作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数形式。【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①It was soon proved ____he was the guilty man.
②An accident ____(take) place at this cross three
years ago. thattook③More than one student __________(pass) the
examination up to now. ?
④Do you know _____is wrong with him?
has passedwhat(2)(2019·北京高考) Although she founded her
company early on in life, she wasn’t driven primarily
by profit.
译: __________________________________________
_____________。虽然她很早就建立了自己的公司, 但是她并不是为利润所驱使6. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock. 但是科学家们一致认为如果富兰克林确实接触过钥匙的话, 他肯定就被电击致死了。?【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中that. . . the electric shock是that引导的宾语从句; 该从句也是主从复合句, 其中if Franklin. . . the key是条件状语从句, 该从句及其主句he would certainly have died from the electric shock都使用了虚拟语气。(2)die from是固定短语, 意为“死于”。
*If I had got there earlier, I would have met her.
如果我早到那儿, 我就会见到她。
*If I were a bird, I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟, 我就能在空中飞行。*If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话, 我就跟他谈谈。
*Every winter some old people die from hypothermia.
每年冬天都有些老人死于体温过低。
【拓展延伸】 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实, 或难以实现的情况, 甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时, 也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表示。(1)表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句: If+ 主语+ did/ were
主句: 主语+ should/ would/ might/ could do
*If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你, 我会带把伞。(事实: 我不可能是你)(2)表示与过去事实相反的情况:
从句: If+ 主语+ had done
主句: 主语+ should/would/ might/ could have done
*If he had taken my advice, he would not have made
such a mistake.
如果他听我的建议的话, 就不会犯这样的错误了。 (事
实: 没有听我的建议)(3)表示与将来事实相反:
从句: ①if+ 主语+ were to do
②if+ 主语+ should do
③if+ 主语+did/ were
主句: 主语+ should/ would/ might/ could do*If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her
about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话, 我就会告诉她这件事的始
末。(事实: 来的可能性很小, 不可能)
*If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
如果明天下雨, 我们就待在家里。(事实: 下雨的可能
性很小, 不可能)*If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪, 我们就去滑冰。(事实: 下雪可能性很小, 不可能)
【即学活用】
(1) She ______________________if she hadn’t allowed
herself some fun. ?
她若是没给自己找点乐趣的话, 早就崩溃了。
(2)___________, I would start looking for another
job. ?
我要是你, 就会去另找工作了。would have broken downIf I were you7. In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof that it hit him on the head. 事实上, 不止一个记载表明, 尽管牛顿肯定是受到一个落下的苹果的启发, 但没有证据表明苹果打中了他的头部。?【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中that while Newton. . . on the head是that引导的宾语从句; 该从句也是主从复合句, 其中while Newton. . . a falling apple是while引导的让步状语从句; that it hit him on the head是that引导的同位语从句。(2)句中的in fact是固定短语, 意为“事实上”。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It clearly showed that while
likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status
has just the opposite effect on us.
这清楚地表明, 尽管受人爱戴可以促进健康的调整, 但
地位高却对我们产生相反的影响。*(2019·天津高考)My husband answered it while I was on the phone in the dining room.
我在餐厅里接电话时, 我丈夫去应门。【拓展延伸】
while作连词的用法:
(1)引导让步状语从句, 意思是“虽然, 尽管”, 只能用于
句首。
(2)引导时间状语从句, 表示“在……(过程)中, 在……
期间”。
(3)连接并列句, 表示对比关系时, 意思是“而, 然而”。【即学活用】
(1)指出下列句中while的含义和作用
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While the sun’s rays can age and
harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.
( )“尽管, 虽然”, 引导让步状语从句②(2019·浙江高考)Berlin has been the easiest while
the most difficult was the Czech town of Pilsen.
( )
③While Mary was writing a letter, the children were
playing outside. ( )“然而”, 连接并列句“当……时候”, 引导时间状语从句(2)______ _ ______ ____ _____ ___ _________, I don’t
agree that they cannot be solved.
虽然我承认有问题存在, 但我不同意说这些问题不能
解决。
(3)You have to admit that you are, __ ____, in
difficulties. ?
你不得不承认, 你事实上是陷入了困境。WhileIadmitthatthereareproblemsinfact如何写科学实验报告
【范例点评】
Aim
To remove the shell from an egg without breaking it.
Materials
·A glass
·a small saucepan
·some water
·an egg
·about 250ml vinegar
Procedure
1. Boil the egg for about fifteen minutes in the
saucepan filled with water.
2. Place the egg in the glass and cover it with
vinegar.
3. Leave the egg in the vinegar for 24 hours. Result
24 hours later, the shell disappears completely.
Conclusion
The shell is mostly made of CaCO3 and the
vinegar includes acids. The egg shell dissolves because
CaCO3 reacts with acid to form the gas, CO2. 【布局】
【文体解读】
1. 话题特点
实验报告是把实验目的、方法、过程、结果等记录下来, 经过整理写成的书面汇总材料。实验报告要明确体现实验目的、步骤和结果, 对具体实验现象的描述要客观准确, 分析要全面具体, 语言要简洁质朴、通俗易懂。2. 话题词汇
①do/ carry out/ conduct an experiment 做实验
②aim 目的; 目标 ③material材料
④procedure步骤 ⑤stage 阶段
⑥result 结果 ⑦draw/ come to a conclusion 得出结论3. 话题句式(试着替换方框中的黑体部分, 变成你需要
表达的意思)
(1)描述实验目的、材料、结果、结论:
①The aim of the experiment is to find out the
temperature and what happens when water is boiling .
实验的目的是观察水沸腾的温度和现象。②To do/ carry out/ conduct the experiment, you need
the following materials: beaker, thermometer, alcohol
lamp andmatch .
为了做实验, 你需要下列材料: 烧杯、温度计、酒精和
火柴。③Some time later, bubbles begin to appear when the
temperature reaches 100 Centigrade .
一段时间之后, 温度到达100℃时开始出现气泡。
④We can draw a conclusion that water boils when the
temperature reaches 100℃ .
我们可以得出结论: 水在温度达到100℃时沸腾。(2)描述实验步骤:
①First, fill the beaker with about 100g water .
第一, 在烧杯里盛100g左右的水。
②Then, put a thermometer in the water .
然后, 在水中放入温度计。③Next, heat the water in the beaker and watch the
readings of thermometer .
接下来, 加热杯中的水, 并观察温度计的读数。
④Finally, write down the temperature when bubbles
begin to appear . 最后, 气泡开始出现时记下温度。【迁移训练】
英语课堂上, 老师要求写一篇英语实验报告。请根据以下要点, 完成此项任务。
实验目的: 验证冰在融化后体积是否变化。
实验材料: 一个玻璃杯, 一块冰, 一些水。实验步骤: 把冰放在玻璃杯中, 杯中倒满水, 让冰浮在
水上面; 等待几分钟直到冰融化, 观察是否有水从杯子
里流出或杯子里的水是否有所减少。
实验结论: 水并没有从杯子里流出反而有所减少, 故冰
在融化后体积减少。
注意: 词数80左右, 可适当增加细节。
词汇: 体积volume; 减少decrease【遣词】
1. 冰的体积 _______________?
2. 融化 ____
3. 一块冰 ___________?
4. 杯中装满水 ____________________?
5. 漂在水上 ________________?the volume of icemelta piece of icefill the glass with waterfloat on the water6. 等几分钟 ________________?
7. 减少 ________
8. 增长 _______
wait a few minutesdecreaseincrease【造句】
1. 完成句子
(1)在杯子里放上冰。
Put the ice __________. ?
(2)杯子里放满水。
Fill the glass __________. ?in the glasswith water(3)冰会浮在水上。
The ice will ________________. ?
(4)等几分钟直到冰融化。
Wait a few minutes ___________________. ?
(5)水的体积减少。
The volume of water _________. float on the watertill/ until the ice meltsdecreases(6)冰融化了。
The ice _____. melts2. 句式升级
(7)用and合并(2)、(3)句。
____________________________________________
_______
(8)用when引导的时间状语从句合并(5)、(6)句。
___________________________________________?Fill the glass with water and the ice will float on thewater. ?The volume of water decreases when the ice melts.【成篇】
Aim
To find out whether the volume of ice changes
when it melts.
Materials
·A glass
·a piece of ice
·some waterProcedure
1. Put the ice in the glass.
2. Fill the glass with water, and the ice will float on the water.
3. Wait a few minutes till the ice melts. Result
The volume of water decreases when the ice melts.
Conclusion
The volume of ice does not increase but decreases when it melts. The topic: The change of the Telephone
Pros:
The telephone is a great invention.
It has changed into the smart cellphone.
It has many functions.
It is more convenient to people. . . .
The Change of Some Objects
Cons:
It costs up too much money.
It has brought much trouble.
Many people are addicted to playing with it. It makes people unhealthy.
. . .
What do you think of the change of the telephone? Why? Your opinion: ________________________________
_________________?
I think the change of the telephone isbeneficial to people.The reason: ___________________________________
_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________Because the change of the telephone hasmade it more advanced and more intelligent. Todayusing the smart cellphone, we can not only play games,listen to music, see a film, buy something but alsocommunicate with friends and even deal with ourwork. If only we use it properly and aren’t addicted toit, we can make our life wonderful. ?【导语】《弗兰克斯坦》作者为玛丽·雪莱, 就是雪莱的夫人。它是1818年创作的文学史上第一部科幻小说。主人公弗兰克斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究的学者, 他创造了一个面目可憎、奇丑无比的怪物。Frankenstein(excerpt)
After two years I had discovered many things
and I built a scientific machine that was better than
anything in the university. My machine would help
me answer the most important question of all. How
does life begin? Is it possible to put life into dead
things? To answer these questions about life I had to learn first about death. I had to watch bodies from the moment when they died and the warm life left them. In the hospital and in the university, I watched the dying and dead. Day after day, month after month, I followed death. It was a dark and terrible time.
Then one day, the answer came to me. Suddenly I was sure that I knew the secret of life. I knew that I could put life into a body that was not alive. I worked harder and harder now. I slept for only
a short time each night, and I did not eat much food. I
wrote to my family less often. But they loved me and
did not stop writing to me. They said they understood
how busy I was. They did not want me to stop work to
write or see them. They would wait until I had more
time. They hoped to see me very soon. The professors realized that I was doing very important work, and so they gave me my own laboratory. There was a small flat above the laboratory, where I lived, and sometime I stayed inside the building for a week and did not go out. Above the laboratory I built a very tall mast. It
was 150 metres high, and higher than the tallest
building in the city. The mast could catch lightning
and could send the electricity down to my machine in
the laboratory. I had never forgotten the lightning
that had destroyed the tree. There had been so much
power in the electricity of that lightning. I believed I could use that electricity to give life to things that were dead.
I will say no more than that. The secret of my machine must die with me. I was a very clever scientist, but I did not realize then what a terrible mistake I was making. In my laboratory I made a body. I bought or
stole all the pieces of human body that I needed, and
slowly and carefully, I put them all together.
I did not let anybody enter my laboratory or
my flat while I was doing this awful work. I was
afraid to tell anybody my terrible secret. I had wanted to make a beautiful man, but the face of the creature was horrible. Its skin was thin and yellow, and its eyes were as yellow as its skin. Its long black hair and white teeth were almost beautiful, but the rest of the face was very ugly. Its legs and arms were the right shape, but they were huge. I had to use big pieces because it was too difficult to join small pieces together. My creature was two and a half metres tall. For a year I had worked to make this creature, but now it looked terrible and frightening. I almost decided to destroy it. But I could not. I had to know if I could put life into it.
I joined the body to the wires from my machine.
More wires joined the machine to the mast. I was sure
that my machine could use electricity from lightning
to give life to the body. I watched and waited. Two
days later I saw dark clouds in the sky, and I knew
that a storm was coming. At about one o’clock in the morning the lightning came. My mast began to do its work immediately, and the electricity from the lightning travelled down the mast to my machine. Would the machine work?
At first nothing happened. But after a few minutes I saw the creature’s body begin to move. Slowly, terribly, the body came alive. His arms and legs began to move, and slowly he sat up. The dead body had been an ugly thing, but alive, he was much more horrible. Suddenly I wanted to escape from him. I ran out of the laboratory and locked the door. I was filled with fear at what I had done.
For hours I walked up and down in my flat. At last I
lay down on my bed, and fell asleep. But my sleep was full
of terrible dreams, and I woke up suddenly. The horrible
thing that I had created was standing by my bed. His
yellow eyes were looking at me; his mouth opened and he
made strange sounds at me. On his yellow face there was
an awful smile. One of his huge hands reached towards
me. . . 译文:
弗兰克斯坦(节选)
两年后我发现了很多的事物并建造了一台比大学
里的任何机器都好的科学机器。我的机器能帮助我回
答最重要的问题。生命是如何开始的? 可以把生命注
入无生命的东西中去吗? 要回答有关生命的这些问题
我首先得了解死亡。我得从他们刚死、滚热的生命离开人体的那一刹那起进行观察。在医院里和大学里, 我观察着垂死的人和已死的人。日复一日、月复一月, 我都在跟踪死亡。那是黑暗和恐惧的日子。
后来有一天我得到了答案。我突然间确信自己懂得了生命的奥秘。我知道我能将生命注入一个无生命的身体中去。 现在我工作越来越努力。每天晚上我只睡很短的时间, 吃的东西也很少。我给家里写的信更加少了。但是家里的人爱我, 他们没有停止给我写信。他们说他们理解我有多忙。他们不想让我停止工作而去给他们写信或是去看望他们。他们愿意等到我有时间的时候再说。他们希望很快见到我。 教授们意识到我在从事一项重要的工作, 因而给了我一间实验室。实验室的上面有一个小的套房, 我就住在里面; 有时候我一个星期都待在那座建筑物里不出去。 我在实验室的上方建起了一个很高的杆子。它有150米高, 比全城最高的建筑物都要高。那个杆子能够“捕获”闪电并把电送到我实验室的机器上。我从未忘记摧毁那棵树的闪电。那次闪电中的电曾有那么大的力量。我相信我可以利用电给无生命的东西注以生命。 我不想再多说什么了。我的机器的秘密必须随我一起消亡。我是个很聪明的科学家, 可我那时没有意识到我在犯多么可怕的错误。
我在我的实验室中造了一个人体。我所需要的人体各部分均是我买来或偷来的, 然后我缓慢而细心地把它们拼凑到了一起。 在做这项可怕的工作时, 我没有让任何人进入我的实验室和我的住处。我不敢告诉任何人我那可怕的秘密。
我曾想造一个漂亮的男人, 但这个家伙的脸非常可怕: 皮肤又薄又黄, 眼睛同皮肤一样黄。黑长的头发和白色的牙齿倒也漂亮, 脸上的其余部分却很丑陋。 它的腿和胳膊的形状是对的, 但它们太大了。因为拼接小片的人体太困难了, 我只得用大片的去拼接。我创造的这个东西2. 5米高。
我曾为制造这个东西工作了一年时间, 但现在它却看上去恐怖吓人。我几乎要决定毁了它。但我做不到。我必须知道我是否能将生命植入其中。 我把那个身体同我机器上的那些电线连接起来。
更多的电线再把机器和杆子连接起来。我确信我的机
器可以用闪电中的电给那个身体生命。我观察着、等
待着。两天后我看到天上有了乌云, 知道将有一场暴
风雨来临。大约在凌晨1点钟闪电闪了一下。我的杆子立即开始工作, 闪电中的电通过杆子传到了我的机
器上。机器会管用吗? 起先没有发生什么。但是几分钟过后我看见那个东西的躯体在动。那具躯体缓慢而可怕地变活了。他的胳膊和腿开始移动, 而且他慢慢地坐了起来。
那个无生命的躯体本来就可怕, 而现在变成活的就更加恐怖了。突然间我想逃开。我跑出实验室并且锁上了门。我对我所做的一切充满了恐惧。 有好几个小时我都在我的房间里走来走去。最后我躺倒在床上并睡着了。可是噩梦萦绕着我, 我便猛然醒了过来。我所创造的那个可怕的东西正站在我的床边。他的黄色的眼睛正看着我。他的嘴张着并对我发出奇怪的声音。他的黄色的脸庞上露出可怕的笑容。他的一只大手伸向了我……课件107张PPT。Unit 3 The world of science
Starting out & Understanding ideasⅠ. 根据语境及汉语提示写出正确的单词
1. _____(按) the lever
2. a faint blue light _____(射出)
3. ______(虚拟的) reality
4. the _______(易弯曲的) _______(电池)pressshootvirtualflexiblebattery5. be _______(有能力的) of using GPS technology
6. impressive ____(东西)
7. have an incredible ______(渴望)capablestuffdesireⅡ. 选词填空
1. As long as there is a ray of hope, we will make every
effort and ______________. ?think of, virtual reality, wearable tech, as well as, in addition, thanks to, in terms of, be capable of, lead to, never say nevernever say never2. _________your explanation, it’s clear to me now. ?
3. He’s broken his leg and, __________, he’s caught a
cold. ?
4. Now, reduced energy supplies and environmental
pollution have _____more advances in the technology
of new energy vehicles. ?Thanks toin additionled to5. ________the four great inventions in Ancient China:
gunpowder, papermaking, printing and compass. ?
6. For example, advances in virtual reality and
wearable tech, ________the flexible battery, mean we
should soon be seeing further developments. ?Think ofas well as7. __________the environment, it is now possible to
create an intelligent walking house. ?
8. Get the latest in ____________, including smart
watches, exercise trackers, VR headsets and more. ?
9. The larger firm ___________providing a better
range of services. ?In terms ofwearable techis capable of10. This article discusses the ____________technology
in the display of goods. ?virtual realityⅠ. 文本整体理解: 理清文章架构Ⅱ. 文本细节理解: 探寻语篇细节信息
1. What is the theme of the text about?
A. The book The New Age of Invention has been
published.
B. The present day is a new age for inventions.
C. The great age of invention is over.
D. There have been the golden ages of invention
throughout history. 2. What does Dr Richard Fairhurst think of the future
development of invention?
A. He thinks it promising.
B. He thinks it will be developed slowly.
C. He thinks it is hard to predict.
D. He thinks it is difficult to invent new things. 3. What does Dr Richard Fairhurst think inspires
people to invent things?
A. Solving a problem. B. Enjoying the life.
C. Winning a prize. D. Building up the confident. 4. When will a time machine be invented according to
Dr Richard Fairhurst?
A. A long time ago. B. A short time ago.
C. In the near future. D. In the distant future.
答案: 1～4. BAADⅢ. 文本素养提升: 阅读技能综合运用
1. 根据课文语境与语句知识细致解构语句。译文: ___________, 现在创造一个智能行走的房子是
可能的。就环境而言译文: _____________________, 它能用GPS技术到不
同的地方去。用计算技术控制它的腿2. 根据课文完成短文。
Dr Richard Fairhurst, (1) ______new book The
New Age of Invention has just been published, is an (2)
________(invent) himself. He thinks there have been
golden ages of (3)_________ (invent) throughout
history and the present day is (4)__ new age for
inventions. Most of the new great inventions arewhoseinventorinventiona(5) _____(base) on advances in virtual reality,
wearable tech, the flexible battery, madicine and (6)
____________ (environment) science. 3D printers
have been used to make replacement hearts and bone
parts. (7)___terms of the environment, it is now
possible (8) ________(create) an intelligent walking
house. It is capable of using GPS technology to travel basedenvironmentalIn to createto different places, with computing technology
(9)__________ (control) its “legs”. Solar technology
can be eco-friendly, too. Most inventions start with
recognising a problem that (10)_____ (need) a solution.
That people have an incredible desire to think and
create, and that is the real spirit of invention. ?controllingneeds3. 阅读主题活动
(1)Do you think the present day is a new age for
inventions? Why?
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________
_______________Yes. Because advances in science around us are hugeand great, such as virtual reality, wearable tech,flexible battery. ?(2)How should you do in the new age of invention?
______________________________________________
________________________________?I will try my best to solve the problem in the scientificways, like inventing some new things.【阅读微技巧】1. press v. 按
*Presently I am going to press the lever, and off the machine will go. 现在我要按下操纵杆, 松开手机器就开动了。*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. 通过分析用户打字的力量和按键之间的时间, 键盘可以提供一个强大的安全层。*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.
这种智能键盘精确地测量打字的节奏和手指对每个键的压力。【熟词生义】
*The press are/is interested in sports.
新闻界对体育运动感兴趣。 ( )n. 新闻界【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①She pressed her face _______the glass.
②The grass had been pressed _____in the place where
people had been lying.
③My father suffers from high blood ________(press). againstdownpressure(2)_____ ____ ______in case of fire.
遇火灾时按下此钮。Pressthisbutton2. shoot v. 射出(光、亮等), 放射
*A faint blue light shot across it, darkening to purple,
and presently she could see the image of her son, who
lived on the other side of the earth, and he could see
her.
一道微弱的蓝光从中射出, 加深变成紫色, 不久她就看
到儿子的影像, 住在地球的另一边的儿子看到了她。*The sun shoots its beam through the mist.
太阳透过薄雾射出光芒。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Jeff had hunted in Lowa before Thanksgiving with his dog, Rosie, but the gun shots had scared the dog off. 杰夫在感恩节之前和他的狗罗西在洛瓦打猎, 但是枪声把狗吓跑了。*He shot at the target, but missed it.
他开枪打靶, 但没有打中。
*They had shot down five planes by dark.
到天黑的时候, 他们已击落了5架飞机。【熟词生义】
*The film was shot over six months beginning in the
spring of 2017 in and around Montreal.
从2017年春季开始, 这部电影开始在蒙特利尔拍摄, 整
个拍摄周期大约为6个月。 ( )v. 拍摄【名师点津】巧记shoot
shoot表示“射死”, 是及物动词, 后面直接跟宾语; 而shoot at. . . 表示“向……开枪”, 这时shoot是不及物动词, 介词at不能换成to。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①He is looking for an opportunity to shoot __the goal.
②The aeroplanes were shot _____in flames.
(2)The policeman ____ ___ ____ ____.
警察射杀了那只疯狗。atdownshotthemaddog(3)The guards were ordered to shoot on sight anyone
trying to escape.
译: ________________________________________。卫兵接到命令, 看见有谁企图逃跑就立即开枪3. in addition 除此之外, 另外
*In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power. 此外, 由于计算机能力的提高, 医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。*(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
此外, 大多数报纸的内容很少能吸引广大读者。
*In addition to the names on the list there are six other applicants. 除此名单上的名字之外, 还有六个申请人。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①I make a mistake in ________(add).
②In addition __a diet, she pursues various exercises on
TV.
③ The blanket will provide _________(addition)
warmth and comfort in bed. additiontoadditional(2)There’s a postage and packing fee in addition to the
repair charge.
译: _____________________________。
除修理费之外还有邮寄和包装费4. capable adj. 有能力的
*Though he was affected by gradual blindness soon
after the performance, Henry was still capable of
writing. 尽管演出之后不久亨利就受到逐渐失明的影
响, 他仍然能作曲。
*He had no capability to deal with the matter.
他没有能力处理那件事。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)They _____________________. ?
他们有能力做这工作。
(2) ______________________________, thank you. ?
谢谢, 我能自己照顾自己。are capable of the workI’m capable of looking after myself(3) The society was looking for ________________
_______. ?
该协会在物色一位有能力的研究人员。
a capable researchworker5. desire n. 渴望, 欲望
*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)First, you need to evaluate yourself,
your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your
achievements, your desires, etc.
首先, 你需要评估你自己, 你的价值观、你的优点、你
的弱点、你的成就、你的欲望等。*They seem to have lost their desire for life.
他们似乎已丧失了对生活的热望。
*(2019·天津高考)Reading satisfies my desire to keep
learning. 阅读满足了我持续学习的愿望。
*Everyone desires to live in a world free of worries
and pains.
每个人都向往生活在一个无忧无虑的世界里。【导图理词】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①She expressed a desire ___living with us.
②He had a strong desire _____(go) on holiday. ?
③He passionately desired __________(continue) his
career. ?forto goto continue④ The medicine did not achieve the _______
(desire)effect.
(2)We ____________________________within one
month. ?
我们希望你在一个月内完成这项工作。desireddesire you to complete the work6. So what is it that inspires us to invent things? ?
那么是什么激励我们发明东西呢? 【句式解构】
(1)本句是强调句型的特殊疑问句。强调句型的基本结构: It is +被强调的部分+ that/ who + 其他。该句中被强调的部分是特殊疑问词what。被强调的部分指物时, 其后只能用that; 当被强调的部分指人时, 其后用that/ who均可。(2)句中的inspires us to invent things是inspire sb. to
do sth. 结构, 意为“激励某人做某事”。
*When and where was it that you were born?
你是何时何地出生的?
*It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
他是昨天遇见李平的。*Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
他是昨天遇见李平的吗?
*It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
直到妻子回来, 他才去睡觉。【名师点津】强调句型小结
1. 2. 辨析强调句型和定语从句:
(1)强调句中的It没有实际意义, It be与that可同时被省略; 而定语从句中的It是主语, It be与that不可同时省略。(2)强调句句子中的that不能省略, 并且即使前面的名词是事物时, 也不能将that换成which或其他词; 而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略, 并且当先行词是事物时可用which或其他词代替。*It was the English book that I bought yesterday.
昨天我所买的就是这本英语书。(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中the English book进行强调)* It is the English book (that/ which) I bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的英语书。(本句是对What is that? 问句的回答, that/ which引导的是定语从句, that/ which可被省略)【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①It was in the small house __________was built with
stones by his father ____he spent his childhood. 世纪
金榜导学号?
②It is the young man they looked for ________
caught the murderer. that/ whichthatwho/that③__ was not until 2016 that he returned to his
motherland.
(2)__ ____ at eight o’clock ____we arrived.
我们是八点到的。ItItwasthat7. But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and that’s the real spirit of invention. 但仍然重要的是, 我们有一种思考和创造的强烈渴望, 这才是真正的发明精神。?【句式解构】
本句是主从复合句。其中what remains important是what引导的主语从句, what在从句中作主语; that we have. . . to think and create是that引导的表语从句, that在表语从句中不作成分。*What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因还不清楚。
*His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是, 我们应该保持冷静。【名师点津】主语从句与表语从句1. 主语从句:
(1)引导词位于句首不能省略。
(2)主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数。(3)为了防止句子头重脚轻, 常把形式主语it放在句首, 真正主语置于句末。如:
*It is certain that he will win the match.
他一定会赢得这场比赛的。
(4)what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分, 如主语、宾语、表语, 而that 则不能。2. 表语从句:
that引导表语从句时不充当句子成分, 但不能省略。【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①_____we need is time.
②_____I told him was ____I would find him a good
play.
③The memory of his father inspired him _______
(write) his greatest poetry. ?WhatWhatthatto write(2)__ __ ______ __ ___ ____ the gunpowder was
invented by the Chinese. 词汇复现
众所周知火药是中国人发明的。It isknowntoallthat【一语闻天下】
1. We must press ahead with a sense of urgency and perseverance to achieve our goals.
我们既要有只争朝夕的精神, 更要有持之以恒的坚守。2. A 3D printed Facebook logo is seen on representations of the Bitcoin virtual currency in this illustration picture.
这张图片呈现的是在比特币上的一个3D打印的脸书标志。
3. Many paper and plastic cups look the same, but by
introducing the ability to squeeze the objects and to
know whether it’s flexible or not—we are able to go
one step beyond what today’s methods can do. 许多纸
杯和塑料杯看起来是一样的, 但是通过引入挤压物体
的能力, 并辨别它是否有弹性、可弯曲, 我们则能够超
越现有的方法。4. Controlled with a smartphone app, it’s capable of heating or cooling the wearer via the Peltier effect.
在智能手机应用的控制下, 它可以通过珀尔帖效应让穿着者感到温暖或凉爽。5. An answer that shows a desire to improve behavior and continuously learn and grow is important.
一个表现出提升自己和不断学习成长意愿的答案是很重要的。【要点拾遗】
1. virtual adj. 虚拟的, 模拟的
*For example, advances in virtual reality and
wearable tech, as well as the flexible battery, mean we
should be seeing further developments.
例如, 虚拟现实、可穿戴技术以及可弯曲的电池都意
味着我们可以预见将来的发展。*In a Virtual space, students can “dissect” a human
body, “visit” ancient battlefields, or “talk” with
Shakespeare.
在虚拟的空间中, 学生们可以“解剖”一个人的身体, 参
观古代战场或与莎士比亚“对话”。
*Our deputy manager is the virtual head of the business.
我们的副经理是公司的实际负责人。*It is virtually impossible to predict the future accurately.
精确预言未来的事实际上是办不到的。【语块积累】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①The job was ________(virtual) completed by the
end of the week.
②At _________(virtual), we have a network of
physical virtual reality units in New York.
virtuallyvirtuality(2) _____________is a technology which enables the
user to experience a simulated world. ?
虚拟现实是一种能使用户体验模拟世界的技术。Virtual reality2. flexible adj. 易弯曲的, 柔韧的
*Leather and rubber are flexible, but glass and iron are not.
皮革和橡胶都是易弯曲的, 玻璃和铁则不然。
*This tube is flexible but tough.
这管子柔软但很坚固。*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Remember that goals are flexible.
记住目标很灵活。
*The school is flexibly organized to allow maximum
cooperation between research groups.
该学校组织灵活, 可以使研究团队之间最大程度地进
行合作。【语块积累】【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①You can deal with it _______(flexible).
②He enjoyed the _________(flexible) of his working
arrangement.
(2)We need __ _____ _______ ______.
我们需要一个更为灵活的制度。flexiblyflexibilityamoreflexiblesystem3. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. 今天晚上, 我会对理查德·费尔赫斯特博士进行访谈, 他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。?【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中whose new book. . . has just been published是whose引导的非限制性定语从句, whose在从句中作定语, 修饰名词book。(2)new book和The New Age of Invention是同位语, 共同作从句的主语。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so cool.
首先, 我想成为一名消防员, 他的制服看起来很酷。*Mr King, whose legs/ the legs of whom/ of whom the
legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital.
金先生腿受重伤, 被送进了医院。
*They live in a room whose window/ the window of
which/ of which the window opens to the south.
他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里。*Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
*The news that our team has won the match is true.
我们队赢得比赛的消息是真的。*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in
Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings
around human settlements, leading to a belief that
populations are increasing.
最近几年, 努纳武特的一些因纽特人报告说, 在人类居
住地附近观察到熊的数量增加了, 这使人们相信, 熊的
数量正在增加。【拓展延伸】
1. whose引导定语从句:
(1)whose是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词, 它是关系代词who的所有格, 在从句中作定语, 也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系, 表达“……的”意思时, 用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。(2)它既可以指代人, 也可以指代物, 既可引导限制性定语从句, 也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)whose引导定语从句时, 常可与of which/of whom引导的定语从句进行转换。2. 同位语:
(1)一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明, 这个名词就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致, 并常常紧挨在一起。(2)某些名词后面, 可以跟that或连接代词或副词引起的从句作同位语, 说明其内容, 该从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词有: idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, promise, truth, agreement, decision等。【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①The professor ______daughter has gone abroad is
very famous in China.
②I made a table, ______surface is quite smooth.
③She is the woman the name of ______is known all
over the country. whosewhosewhom(2)The book _________________________is mine. ?
那本封面丢了的书是我的。
(3)The idea __________________________without
thinking is quite wrong. ?
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这项工作的想法是相当错误
的。of which the cover is missingthat you can do this work well4. Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution. ?
大多数发明源于认识到一个需要解决的难题。【句式解构】
(1)本句是主从复合句。其中that needs a solution是that引导的限制性定语从句, 修饰先行词problem, that在从句中作主语。(2)start with是固定短语, 意为“以……开始”, start也
可以换成begin。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy
themselves in the historical environment that/which is
created for them.
在咖啡馆里, 顾客会在为他们创造的历史环境中尽情
享受。*The old man that/ who/ whom I visited yesterday is
my teacher.
我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。
*(2019·天津高考)The passage starts with the story of
Cervantes to show that age is not a barrier to
achieving one’s goal. 文章以塞万提斯的故事开始, 说
明年龄并不是实现目标的障碍。*(2019·浙江高考)His effort to reunite families with
lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his
mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G.
Piccoli, found in an antique shop.
他努力使一些家庭找回失去的勋章源于他母亲送给他
的一件圣诞礼物, 那是一枚在一家古董店里找到的紫
心勋章, 有科拉多A. G. 皮科利的名字。【拓展延伸】
that引导定语从句:
(1)关系代词that可以引导限制性定语从句, 修饰代表人或事物的先行词, 但不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、 宾语、 表语。(2)在先行词是事物的限制性定语从句中, that和which一般可互换。that引导限制性定语从句修饰表示人的先行词时, 通常可以与who换用; 不紧跟在介词后的whom和that通常可以换用(紧跟在介词后的whom不可以被that代替)。【即学活用】
语法填空
(1)The bag __________lies on the ground is hers.
(2)The visitor ________came yesterday is Tom.
(3)The man ______________I saw is called Smith.
(4)I have to start ____an apology. that/whichthat/whothat/who/whomwith课件29张PPT。Unit 3 The world of science
Using language现在完成时的被动语态
【语用功能】
现在完成时的被动语态强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 但主语为动作的承受者, 表示“……已经被……”。【情境探究】
根据课文内容, 用所给词完成下列句子, 并把句子翻译
成汉语, 体会句中使用的时态和语态。
1. This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard
Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention
___just _____ _________(publish). hasbeenpublished_____________________________________________
___________________________________
今天晚上, 我会对理查德·费尔赫斯特博士进行访谈,他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。2. I guess you _____ _____ _____(ask) about the title
of your book before.
___________________________________________havebeenasked我想你以前已经被问过关于你的书题目的问题。3. In addition, important advances _____ _____ _____
(make) in medicine and environmental science thanks
to increasing computer power.
_______________________________________________
_____________havebeenmade此外, 由于计算机能力的提高, 医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。4. New inventions like 3D printers _____ _____ ____
(use) to make replacement hearts and bone parts.
_____________________________________________
_______________
5. I _____also _____ ____(tell) that you’re an inventor
yourself.
_________________________________havebeenused像3D打印机这样的新发明已经被用来制造替换的心脏和骨骼部分。havebeentold我也被告知你本人就是一位发明家。6. Nothing like this ___ _____ ________ (invent) yet
and I’d say we’re a long way from an invention like
that at the moment!
______________________________________________
___________________________hasbeeninvented还没有像这样的东西被发明, 而且我得说目前我们离这样的发明还有很长一段路。【要义详析】
现在完成时被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合, 即“have/ has been done”。
一、现在完成时态的被动语态的具体构成:
1. 现在完成时的被动语态的肯定式: have/ has been done。2. 完成时的被动语态的否定式: have/ has not been done。
3. 现在完成时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将have/has提到主语的前面, 即Have/ Has+ 主语+ been done。
4. 现在完成时的被动语态的特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+ have/ has been done。*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied.
由于对全球北极熊种群的研究不足, 因此很难确定其数量。* They have been told many times not to make noises.
他们被多次告知不要喧哗。
*Has his bike been repaired?
他的自行车修好了吗?
*Who has been invited?
谁受到了邀请? 【即学活用】
(1)The experiment ___ _____ _____successfully.
这个实验做得很成功。
(2)The books _____ ___ _____ _________by the
students.
那些书还没有被学生们借走。hasbeendonehavenotbeenborrowed(3)____ the sports meeting _____ ___ ___until next
Friday?
运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗? 世纪金榜导学号
(4)So even the olive wreath ___ _____ ________.
就连橄榄枝花环也被取代了。Hasbeenputoffhasbeenreplaced二、现在完成时态的被动语态的用法:
1. 现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样, 强调
过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 通常与 already,
yet, just, never, recently等副词连用。
*The room has already been cleaned.
房间已经被清扫干净了。(意为“已不用清扫办公室
了”)* The doctor hasn’t been sent for yet.
还没有派人去请医生。(意为“应派人去请医生”)
*The office has just been cleaned.
办公室刚被打扫过。(意为“已不用清扫房间了”)
*Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事以前从未听说过。(意为“现在才听说”) *Recently the price of TV sets has been cut.
近来电视机降价了。(意为“电视机的价格现在比以前低了”)2. 表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去, 常与for或since等引导的时间状语连用, 或用于How long. . . ? 句型中。
*The machine has been repaired for two hours.
这台机器已修了两小时了。*(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar
bear populations have been employed only since the
mid-1980s.
追踪北极熊数量的现代方法自从20世纪80年代中期才
被采用。
*How long has the project been carried out?
这项工程已被实施多长时间了? 【即学活用】
(1)Professor James will give us a lecture on the
Western culture, but when and where ______ _____
_______yet.
詹姆斯教授将要给我们作西方文化的演讲, 但是时间
和地点还没有决定。hasn’tbeendecided(2)The watch ___just _____ _______ ____ ________.
这只手表刚刚被清理和修理过。
(3)_____ the letters _____ ______?
信已经寄出去了吗?
(4)_____ ____ _____ the machine _____ ________?
这个机器被修了多长时间了? hasbeencleanedandrepairedHavebeenpostedHowlonghavebeenrepaired(5)They _____ _____ ______ by us for two weeks.
他们得到我们帮助有两周了。
(6)The party ___ _____ _______ since the New Year.
自从新年就计划这次聚会了。havebeenhelpedhasbeenplanned 【易错精点】
使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题:
1. 现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词, 即 have/has和been, 两者缺一不可。
2. 现在完成时的被动语态与一般过去时的被动语态的区别: 一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过
去某个时候, 其结果对现在没有影响; 而现在完成时的
被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去, 但侧重说明
该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。
*The house was built last year.
这房子是去年建造的。
*The house has been built. 这房子已经建好了。3. 由finish, buy, start, begin, post, return, borrow, join, marry, open等非延续性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days, how long等连用, 而要改换动词或时态。但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程, 具有延续性, 因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。*这本书买了多久了?
误: How long has this book been bought?
正: How long ago was this book bought?
*No books have been bought since last week.
自上周以来, 没有人来买过书。【即学活用】语法填空
(1)The bridge ________(build) last year. ?
(2)The case _____________(try) recently. ?
(3)Great changes __________(take) place in my
hometown. ?
(4)So far, many villages _______________(visit)?was builthas been triedhave takenhave been visited课件37张PPT。Unit 3 The world of science Drones Could Help Biologists Tally Birds
Ecologists crouching quietly amidst
vegetation, using binoculars to tally birds in a roost,
may soon be a charming relic of the past. Because a
new study shows that, when it comes to getting an
accurate avian head count, aerial drones can do better. In recent years, scientists who study wild
populations are increasingly turning to remotely
piloted aircraft. . . otherwise known as drones. . . to
monitor their animal of interest. For example, drones
are being used to track pods of whales. . . or to keep
an eye on African elephant herds and watch for signs
of poaching. Such remote surveys are generally considered
highly cost-effective. But it wasn’t clear whether they
are as accurate as old-fashioned, feet-on-the-ground
expert evaluations.
To find out the answer, researchers in Australia
set up a test. “And so what we did was make some replica
seabird colonies where we knew the true number of
individuals in each colony. ”
Jarrod Hodgson of the University of Adelaide led
the study. Using decoy-sized rubber ducks, the researchers
laid out 10 colonies ranging in size from about 500 to
more than 1, 000 individuals.
“We then had experienced ground counters make
independent counts of those birds from nearby, from
the optimum vantage point. At the same time, we flew
a drone overhead capturing photographs at different
heights above the colony. ” The drone data were then analyzed two ways.
First, a gaggle of citizen–scientists was tasked with
adding up the number of birds they could see in each
scene.
The results of that approach: “We found that on average the drone-derived
data or the drone-derived counts made by humans
counting the images were between 43 percent and 96
percent more accurate than the traditional ground-
based counts. ”
The better the image, the more accurate the
count. Then, Hodgson and his team developed a semi-
automated computer program to do the counting for
them. And they found:
“. . . there was no statistical difference between
those counts and the counts completed by our
volunteers using exactly the same imagery. ”无人机可以帮助生物学家记录鸟类
生态学家安静地蹲伏在植被中间, 用双筒望远镜观察并记录栖息地中的鸟类数量, 这种方法可能很快就会成为迷人的“老古董”。因为一项新研究表明, 在获得鸟类的准确数量方面, 空中无人机可以做得更好。 近年来, 研究野生种群的科学家逐渐使用遥控飞
机, 即无人机, 来监测他们感兴趣的动物。例如: 无人
机现在被用来追踪鲸群, 或观察非洲象群并密切注意
偷猎迹象。
这种远程调查通常被认为具有很高的性价比。但
是并不清楚这种方法是否像老式的实地专家评估那样
准确。 为了找到答案, 澳大利亚研究人员进行了一项测
试。
“我们所做的就是复制一些海鸟种群, 我们知道每
个种群真实的个体数量。”
阿德莱德大学的杰罗德·霍奇森领导了这项研
究。
研究人员用假鸟大小的橡皮鸭铺开10块聚居地,
每块区域的橡皮鸭数量从约500只到1000多只不等。 “然后, 我们请经验丰富的地面计数员在最佳地点
独立计算鸭子数量。同时, 我们放飞一架无人机在聚
居地上空不同高度拍摄照片。”
无人机数据用两种方式进行分析。首先, 一组公
民科学家把他们在每个照片场景中看到的鸭子数量合
计起来。 该方法的结果是:
“我们发现, 平均来说, 无人机得出的数据, 或者说
人工统计无人机所拍摄图片中鸭子数量的准确率, 比
传统的地面计数方法高43%到96%。” 照片拍得越好, 计数越准确。
随后, 霍奇森和团队开发了一种半自动化电脑程
序来计算鸭子数量。他们发现:
“……电脑程序的统计结果与志愿者用完全相同
的照片所得出的计数结果没有差异。”【导语】 The Big Bang Theory是电视剧The Big Bang Theory(《生活大爆炸》)的主题曲, 该剧是一部以“科学天才”为背景的情景喜剧。? 注: 听音填空
The Big Bang Theory
Our whole universe was in a hot dense state,
Then nearly fourteen billion years ago expansion started. Wait. . .
The Earth began to cool,
The autotrophs began to drool, Neanderthals ①______________, ?
We built a wall (we built the pyramids),
Math, science, history, unraveling the mysteries,
That all started with ②___________! ?
“Since the dawn of man” is really not that long,
As every galaxy was formed in less time than it takes
to sing this song. developed toolsthe big bangA fraction of a second and the elements were made.
The bipeds ③_______________, ?
The dinosaurs all met their fate,
They ④___________but they were late, ?
And they all died (they froze their asses off),
The oceans and pangeastood up straighttried to leapSee ya, wouldn’t wanna be ya
Set in motion by the same big bang!
It all started with the big bang!
It’s expanding ever outward but one day
It will cause the stars to go the other way,
Collapsing ever inward, we won’t be here, it won’t be hurt, Our best and brightest figure that it’ll make an even
bigger bang!
Australopithecus would really have been sick of us,
Debating out while here they’re catching deer (we’re
catching viruses)
Religion or astronomy, Encarta, Deuteronomy
It all started with the big bang! Music and mythology, Einstein and astrology
It all started with the big bang!
It all started with the big BANG! 【词海拾贝】【听力微语系列】
失去爆破
英语音标中的6个爆破音: /p/, /b/, /k/, /g/, /t/, /d/,
当一个爆破音跟另一个爆破音相遇时往往失去爆破。
此时, 第一个爆破音不必发出, 只需做出发音的准备,
但并不发音, 稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。如歌曲中a
hot dense state的hot和dense; Our best and brightest
figure中的brightest和figure等。【即时训练】
听下面材料, 回答问题。
1. What will the speakers
have for dinner tonight?
A. Chinese food.
B. Italian food.
C. American food. 2. What will the woman do?
A. Go swimming with Ray.
B. Take a walk around the lake.
C. Have lunch with the man. 3. What does the man worry about?
A. He can’t go to the exhibition.
B. Some famous paintings would be destroyed.
C. He can’t understand the guides’ language.
答案: 1～3. BAC【听力原文】
Text 1
W: He doesn’t want to eat Italian food tonight.
M: So what? He doesn’t have to come to dinner with us. We can meet up with him later at the bar. Text 2
M: Hi, Nancy. It’s Paul. The weather is so great
today. How about taking a walk around the lake?
W: Well, I wish you had asked me this morning. Ray
just asked me to hang out during lunch. I’m supposed
to go swimming with him. Text 3
W: Hey, the Metropolitan Museum is holding a special exhibition this week.
M: What’s the exhibit? W: 44 paintings by Monet, Gauguin, and Van Gogh
that set the world on fire! Do you want to go there
with me?
M: Sure, it sounds like fun. I hope there are some
tour guides that can speak Chinese, though. 【歌曲译文】
宇宙一度又烫又稠密
140亿年前终于爆了炸 等着瞧……
地球开始降温
自养生物来起哄
尼安德特人发展了工具
我们建长城(我们建金字塔)数学 自然科学 历史 揭开神秘
一切由大爆炸开始
其实人类历史没有多久
星系形成时间比唱完这支歌还要短
元素在微秒间便形成了
两足动物直立行走恐龙都得认命了
想要突变 没来得及
就死光光了(屁股都冻成了化石)
大洋和泛古陆
拜拜 才不想学你
都是爆炸惹的祸
一切从大爆炸开始宇宙向外膨胀 但有一天
星球会反方向运动
向内坍塌 反正我们不在了 不会觉得疼
我们美好光辉的形象将引发一场更大的爆炸
南方古猿肯定不爽我们
在他们捉鹿时唧唧歪歪 (我们现在捉电脑病毒了)宗教 天文 e百科 旧约申命记
一切从大爆炸开始
音乐 神话 爱因斯坦 占星术
一切从大爆炸开始
一切从大爆炸开始温馨提示：
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课时检测·素养达标
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. In the railway accident 300 people were injured (injure).
2. I prefer your original (origin) plan to these.
3. In this situation, a liver transplant(肝脏移植) may be the only cure for liver failure.
4. The picture is attached to the wall by a nail.
5. Following is an account of how the Long March had come about and ended in victory.
6. There are a number of improvements; for instance, both mouse buttons can now be used.
7. We read the declaration (declare) posted on the board.
8. Rubber is not a conductor (conduct), and neither are plastics.
9. A year later I found out the true significance (significant) of the name.
10. The test can accurately (accurate) predict what a bigger explosion would do.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
格林先生和他的妻子及孩子已经来到中国。
2. Neither he nor I am able to understand her.
我和他都不能够了解她。
3. Although they can swim, the polar bears are terrestrial animals.
北极熊虽然会游泳, 但也是陆栖动物。
4. More than one boy has read the story.
不止一个孩子已经读过这个故事。
5. He doesn’t know what she likes.
他不知道她喜欢什么。
Ⅲ. 结合课文主题使用本单元词汇与句型, 根据提示写一篇50词左右的短文。
1. 那位老师和一些学生在参观一家工厂。(along with)
2. 工厂墙上的开关孩子们是够不到的。(beyond one’s reach)
3. 在那里他们看到一个能精确控制温度的装置, 这个装置附带有使用说明书。(accurately, attach)
4. 说明书提醒人们不要让那个装置伤到自己。(injure)
The teacher, along with some students is visiting a factory. The switch on the wall of the factory was beyond the children’s reach. They saw a device that can accurately control the temperature, to which the directions were attached they remind people not to injure themselves with it. ?
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课时检测·素养达标
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. The researchers develop the smart keyboard to reduce pressure (press) on keys.
2. The hunter shot at the lion.
3. Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses (compass) to help them navigate.
4. It’s not an agreement, but it will have virtually (virtual) the same effect.
5. She designs wearable(wear) clothes to suit modern women’s lifestyles.
6. We can use his method flexibly (flexible), we shall cure for diseases.
7. Lithium-ion batteries (battery) are used for emergency power supply.
8. In addition to an album, I gave him a pen and a pencil.
9. He is most capable of teaching.
10. Everyone has a strong desire to express (express) themselves. ?
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. Is there anyone here whose name is Li Hua?
这儿有叫李华的人吗?
2. It is necessary for people to learn team spirit.
人们很有必要学习团队精神。
3. It was not until he came to China that he realized the great change in recent decades.
直到他来到中国, 他才意识到最近几十年的巨大变化。
4. (2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that/ which gives off light in the dark. ?
在夹克的边缘, 有一块在黑暗中发光的布。
5. That is what I want to tell you.
那就是我想要告诉你的。
Ⅲ. 结合课文主题使用本单元词汇与句型, 根据提示写一篇50词左右的短文。
1. 他们按下电钮, 机器就运转了。(press)
2. 他们用这种方式把飞船发射上天。(shoot)
3. 另外, 他们还制造了一个能懂口头指令的机器人。它的电池充电大约需要两个小时, 可以续航90分钟。(in addition, capable, battery)
4. 他们使用可穿戴技术, 因为它很灵活。(wearable technology, flexible)
5. 他们还参加计算学习课。(compute)
They pressed the button, and the machine worked. In this way, they shot the spaceship up into the sky. In addition, they built a robot capable of understanding spoken commands whose battery took around two hours to charge and lasts about 90 minutes. They used wearable technology because it was flexible and they also took classes in computing. ?
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课时检测·素养达标
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Many new bridges have been built (built) since 2010. ?
2. Our classroom has been cleaned (clean); you needn’t clean it now. ?
3. All possible means have been tried (try), but nothing can prevent the buildings from being pulled down. ?
4. Many a new measure has been put (put) forward to reduce air pollution so far. ?
5. The construction of the two railway lines has been completed (complete) by now. ?
6. —Why do you look so worried?
—My computer broke down and my essay has been left (leave) unfinished since. ?
7. For a long time we have been told (tell) that going to university and getting a degree will ensure a financially stable future. ?
8. Up to now, large quantities of food have been sent (send) to Africa to save the starving people. ?
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what have been marked.
当你把纸拿回来的时候, 要特别注意标记了的东西。
2. Paper money has been used for over one thousand years.
纸币已被使用了1, 000多年了。
3. —How many times have you been told not to play with fire?
—I’m sorry. I’ll never do that again.
——有多少次你被告知不要玩火?
——我很抱歉我再也不会那样做了。
4. In the last few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.
在过去的几年里, 世界各地已经制作了数千部电影。
5. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I have been told the cloth washes well.
我想买那种布, 因为有人告诉我这种布洗得很好。
6. You can go home as soon as your task has been finished.
你的任务一完成就可以回家。
7. Have the new booking systems for tickets been used?
新的订票制度已在使用中了吗?
【语法主题应用】
用现在完成时的被动语态描述现代科学发展的一些情况。
1. 到目前为止, 很多城市的地铁建设已经完成, 人们会享受快捷、便利的城市地下旅行。
2. 很多人造卫星已经被很多国家发射到太空。
3. 很多宇航员已经被送上太空。
4. 科学家们已经发明了各种智能机器人。
5. 如果牛顿生活在今天, 他一定会对科学技术方面的发现感到惊讶。
The subway construction in many cities has been completed so far and people will enjoy a fast and convenient trip under the city. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries and many astronauts have been sent up into space. All kinds of intelligent robots have been invented by the scientists. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what has been discovered in science and technology. ?
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课时素养评价
七 Unit 3 Starting out & Understanding ideas
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure (press), and put people into a better mood.
2. He shot (shoot) at a bird and missed it.
3. Lanier invented the term “virtual reality(real)” and pioneered its early development.
4. Wearable (wear) technology is getting a lot of attention these days.
5. Online education gives students enough flexibility (flexible).
6. He is always ready to help others, desiring (desire) nothing.
7. Additional (addition) courses may be taken if desired.
8. Kids don’t understand how technology can be applied to careers in addition to computing (compute).
9. The car was capable of 110 miles per hour.
10. But Fred was bored and desired to go(go)home. ?
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. ?
乔治·奥威尔, 本名艾瑞克·亚瑟, 写过许多政治小说和散文。
2. It is not easy to become a doctor in the United States. ?
在美国成为一名医生很不容易。
3. It was on Monday night that all this happened. ?
所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
4. The news that/which you told me yesterday is true. ?
昨天你告诉我的消息是真的。
5. That was why he failed to pass the exam. ?
那就是他考试不及格的原因。
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
(2019·长春高一检测)
Alexa is a form of artificial intelligence, or AI for short. Many people start their mornings by asking Alexa for the weather forecast or the latest news. A device (设备) that houses Alexa can also play music from your favorite playlists, keep a shopping list, order takeout food, answer questions, send messages and even run “smart” home controls.
Training AI systems to respond to problems with human-like intelligence and learn from their mistakes can take months, or even years. Consider Alexa and similar software, such as Apple’s Siri. To do the tasks its human owners ask, these systems must make sense of and then respond to sentences such as, “Alexa, play my Ed Sheeran playlist” or “Siri, what is the capital of India? ”
Computers can’t understand language as it is spoken by people. So AI researchers must find a way to help humans communicate with computers. The technology used to get computers to “understand” human speech or text is known as natural language processing. By natural language, computer scientists refer to the way people naturally talk or write. To teach an AI system a task like comprehending (理解) a sentence or responding to a person’s last move in a board game, scientists need to feed it lots of examples.
AlphaGo is an AI system designed by Google that has beaten a human champion, Lee Sedol, at the strategy (策略) board game Go. To train AlphaGo, Google had to show it 30 million Go moves that people had made while playing the game. Then AlphaGo used what it learned to analyze those plays as it played against different versions (版本) of itself. During this practice, the program came up with new moves—ones never seen in games between people.
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文, 文章介绍了AI可以在我们的生活中发挥很重要的作用, 同时还介绍了科学家对AI技术的研究和探索。
1. What does the example of Alexa show?
A. AI may replace humans one day.
B. AI is playing a role in our modern life.
C. AI has been widely used around the world.
D. AI has totally changed people’s bad habits.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“A device that houses Alexa can also play music from your favorite playlists, keep a shopping list, order takeout food, answer questions, send messages and even run “smart” home controls. ”可知这些运用Alexa的例子主要是为了告诉我们AI在我们的现代生活中起着很重要的作用。
2. How do scientists train AI systems?
A. By testing them thousands of times.
B. By teaching them almost everything.
C. By giving them quite a lot of tasks to do.
D. By providing them with large amounts of data.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“To teach an AI system a task like comprehending a sentence or responding to a person’s last move in a board game, scientists need to feed it lots of examples. ”可知研究人员给AI系统很多例子, 使其理解相关的含义。也就是说科学家给AI系统提供了很多的数据。
3. What can we learn about AlphaGo?
A. It has become very skillful and intelligent.
B. It is the most convenient AI system.
C. It avoids making any mistakes.
D. It just follows human orders.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“AlphaGo is an AI system designed by Google that has beaten a human champion, Lee Sedol, at the strategy board game Go. ”可知AlphaGo在围棋棋艺上很出色, 甚至击败了世界冠军李世石, 说明它棋艺纯熟, 特别聪明。
B
Teenagers in America know that they’ll possibly need technical skills to find good jobs, but a new survey reveals that interest in technology-related careers may be decreasing.
The percentage of boys aged 13 to 17 who are interested in science, technology, engineering and math or STEM careers dropped from 36 percent in 2017 to 24 percent this year, according to a survey by Junior Achievement USA. The amount of girls interested in STEM careers stayed unchanged.
But the 1, 000 survey participants still named technology as one of two key skills that will be necessary to prepare them for their future careers.
“Kids don’t understand how technology can be applied to careers in addition to computers, and maybe robotics, ”said Tammera L. Holmes, president of aviation consulting firm AeroStar Consulting(航空咨询公司). “That’s all they know, so they can’t really translate that interest to career pathways. ”
When Holmes was in high school, her mom sent her to an event that featured (以……为专题) the pilots from World War Ⅱ. One of the pilots took her for a ride and let her take the wheel. “Immediately that was the career for me, ”she said.
Women remain outnumbered (超过) by men in fields like technology. For people working to increase the number of women in these areas, the lack of growth in girls, interest in STEM careers is concerning.
Teenage girls are more interested than their male classmates in running after careers in which they can help others, said Ed Grocholski from Junior Achievement. Even with all the programs aimed at increasing girls’ interest in STEM, “I don’t think we really talk that much about how we improve people’s lives through STEM, ” Grocholski said.
Society needs to do better at making those connections for kids, said Katherine Latham, founder of an engineering firm. She used civil engineering as an example of a career that will continue to be important.
However, the fact that students know they will need tech skills in their future careers is encouraging.
The second skill they said they need is relationship-building.
“That’s going to be the new type of engineers, ” Latham said.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 调查显示人们对科技相关职业的兴趣正在下降, 本文分析了造成这一结果的原因。
4. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Some successful examples of kids choosing tech careers.
B. Reasons behind teenagers, decreasing interest in tech careers.
C. The difference in choice of jobs between boys and girls in America.
D. The popularity of tech careers among kids and its reasons.
【解析】选B。主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“but a new survey reveals that interest in technology-related careers may be decreasing”可知, 调查显示人们对科技相关职业的兴趣正在下降, 本文分析了造成这一结果的原因, 故B项正确。
5. What is the reason behind kids’ losing interest in tech careers?
A. They see tech careers as boring.
B. They find tech skills less important than before.
C. They don’t think tech careers can bring rewards.
D. They can’t connect their tech interest with future careers.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第四段中的“so they can’t really translate that interest to career pathways”可知, 孩子们对科技相关职业失去兴趣的原因是他们无法将那种兴趣转化为职业道路。
6. What can we learn from Grocholski’s words?
A. STEM careers have nothing to do with people’s lives.
B. Teenage girls are interested in running after STEM careers.
C. The relationship between STEM careers and the improvement of people’s lives isn’t explained enough.
D. Teenagers don’t know how to improve people’s lives through STEM.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第七段中的“I don’t think we really talk that much about how we improve people’s lives through STEM”可知, 我们并没有过多地谈论如何通过科技来改善人们的生活, 也就是说科技相关职业与人们生活改善之间的关系并没有得到充分的解释。
7. What aroused Holmes’ interest in her career?
A. A summer camp for pilots.
B. Her parents’ wish for her.
C. A report about the life of pilots.
D. Her flight experience with a pilot.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第五段中的“One of the pilots took her for a ride and let her take the wheel ‘Immediately that was the career for me, ’she said. ”可知, 一个飞行员带她兜风的经历让她决定从事飞行职业, 这次飞行经历引起了她对这个职业的兴趣, 故D项正确。
【名师点津】
主旨大意题的难度较大, 抓住文章主题是关键, 报道类的文章一般开篇就点明主题, 例如本篇第4题, 根据第一段中的“but a new survey reveals that interest in technology-related careers may be decreasing”可知, 调查显示人们对科技相关职业的兴趣正在下降, 下文分析了造成这一结果的原因。
Ⅱ. 阅读填句
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
(2019·南通高一检测)
Ambition (志向, 抱负) is a necessary quality in life. It is the force which drives us on to use whatever talent we have got 1 , these talents will not be used for our own and others’ benefit. Without ambition we are just jellyfish that flop though life. We only react to events: we don’t try to control them. ?
2 . First of all, it can be unrealistic. We may not be able to see the limits of our own abilities, so we do ambitious things that are completely beyond us. Some people can see our good qualities and our limitations objectively. They may tell us that we haven’t the ability. We refuse to take their evaluation. We keep on trying. Many years and many disappointments later we are forced to accept their judgment. But what a waste of time our ill-founded ambition has caused us! ?
Besides, our ambition can be too concentrated. We devote our attention to one narrow aim, such as getting distinctions in our science subjects. Everything that may draw us away from this aim is cut out of our lives. In the end we get our distinctions. But we are isolated beings who only care about particular examinations. And we probably won’t make good scientists 3 . ?
And our ambition can be limited to lifeless objectives. 4 Persons who feel inferior try to make up by seeking the respect of others through owning these artificial signs of worth. ?
5 But, like all blind forces, it must be directed if not to cause disaster. ?
A. Still, ambition can have several disadvantages
B. Because our ambition may make us among selfish people
C. Unless we have got some degree of ambition
D. since we don’t have the breadth of view necessary for greater success
E. Ambition is necessary in the lives of individuals
F. As long as tightly controlled by the head and the heart
G. We want to gain money, or power, or membership of some circles
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了虽然抱负在个人生活中是必要的, 但是它也有缺点。
1. 【解析】选C。根据本空后的“these talents will not be used for our own and others’ benefit”可知, 否则这些才能不会被用于我们自己和他人的利益, 此处需要提到一个条件, 故C项(除非我们有某种程度的抱负)符合语境。
2. 【解析】选A。根据下文内容可知, 下文介绍了抱负的几个缺点, 故A项(然而, 抱负也有几个缺点)符合语境。
3. 【解析】选D。根据本空前的“But we are isolated beings who only care about particular examinations. And we probably won’t make good scientists”可知, 我们只关心特定的考试, 我们可能不会成为优秀的科学家, 此处说的是有关限制我们成功的内容, 故D项(因为我们的视野不够开阔, 不足以取得更大的成功)符合语境。
4. 【解析】选G。根据本空后的“Persons who feel inferior try to make up by seeking the respect of others through owning these artificial signs of worth. ”可知, 自卑的人试图通过拥有这些虚假的价值的标志赢得别人的尊重, 此处应该会提到几个虚假的价值的标志, these artificial signs of worth 指代的就是G项中的money, or power, or membership of some circles, 故G项(我们想要得到金钱、权力或者成为某些圈子的一员)符合语境。
5. 【解析】选E。根据本空后的“But, like all blind forces, it must be directed if not to cause disaster. ”可知, 但是, 像所有盲目的武装力量一样, 想要不造成灾难, 也需要加以指导, 前后是转折关系, 此处应该提到抱负值得肯定的方面, 故E项(抱负在个人生活中是必要的)符合语境。
【名师点津】在七选五的解题过程中, 上下文中出现的具有转折关系的连词是重要线索, 例如本篇第5题, But表明前后是转折关系, 后面说想要不造成灾难, 也需要加以指导, 前面应该提到抱负值得肯定的方面, 由此可知, E项(抱负在个人生活中是必要的)符合语境。
【阅读多维训练】
根据阅读理解A完成下列习题
1. 句式仿写
A device that houses Alexa can also play music from your favorite playlists, keep a shopping list, order takeout food, answer questions, send messages and even run “smart” home controls. ?
安装了Alexa的设备还可以播放你最喜欢的播放列表中的音乐、保留购物清单、订购外卖、回答问题、发送信息, 甚至运行“智能”家庭控件。
句式仿写:
昨天你告诉我的消息很令人兴奋。
The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting. ?
2. 句式分析
To train AlphaGo, Google had to show it 30 million Go moves that people had made while playing the game.
分析: 本句是主从复合句。其中To train AlphaGo是动词不定式作目的状语; show it 30 million Go moves是show接双宾语; that people had made是that引导的定语从句, 修饰moves; while playing the game是时间状语从句while they were playing the game的省略形式。
译文: 为了训练Alphago, 谷歌不得不向它输入人们在下围棋时所走的3 000万步棋。?
3. 文章结构分析
Theme
The effect of AI
Part 1 (Para. 1):
Introduce Alexa—a form of AI
Alexa is a form of artificial intelligence. A device that houses Alexa can do many things.
Part 2 (Para. 2 and Para. 3 ): How to train AI systems
Training AI systems to respond to problems with human-like intelligence and learn from their mistakes can take months, or even years. By natural language, computer scientists refer to the way people naturally talk or write.
Part 3 (Para. 4): Another example of AI—AlphaGo
AlphaGo is an AI system designed by Google that has beaten a human champion, Lee Sedol, at the strategy board game Go.
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课时素养评价
九 Unit 3 Developing ideas
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Peel fell from his horse and was badly injured (injure).
2. The original (origin) picture is worth 1, 000 dollars.
3. The cure for stress lies in learning to relax.
4. A horse was attached to a post.
5. The book opens with an account of the ins and the outs of the event.
6. In the first instance your child will be seen by an ear, nose, and throat specialist.
7. The workers declared for the offer of increased pay and holidays.
8. Who is the conductor (conduct) of tonight’s concert?
9. These figures give a view of the significance (significant) for the local economy.
10. Measure the room as accurately (accurate) as possible.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. The teacher, along with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与所有学生一起去野餐。
2. Anne raised her voice in order to be heard.
为了让人能听得见, 安妮提高了嗓门。
3. Neither you nor he knows the answer.
你和他都不知道答案。
4. Although he is rich, he is not happy.
他虽然有钱, 但并不快乐。
5. I just wonder what makes him so excited.
我只是想知道什么使他如此兴奋。
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
(2019·南平高一检测)
US Space Agency Returns to Mars with InSight Lander
The American space agency’s lander InSight is to arrive on Mars at the end of November, 2018. Unlike NASA’s Curiosity rover, InSight will not move across the planet’s surface. Instead it will become the first spacecraft (航天器) used only for exploring underground. It will study the geography of Mars, searching for signs of Martian (火星的) quakes.
InSight is a project of U. S. and Europe. It is 6 meters long and 1. 5 meters wide. It weighs 360 kilograms. InSight’s 1. 8-meter robotic arm will put two experiments in place. Both are designed to explore underground of Mars to learn about the inside.
Bruce Banerdt is the lead scientist for InSight. He viewed the spacecraft as a robot that can take care of itself. “It’s got its own brain. It’s got an arm. It can listen and feel things. It pulls its own power out of the sun, ”he noted.
Thomas Zurbuchen, one of the heads in NASA, said the results of the InSight project could “change the way we think about the inside of our earth. ” But, first, InSight will have to land on Mars undamaged. Since Mars exploration started in the 1960s, only about 40 percent of the explorations have succeeded.
Tom Hoffman is InSight’s project manager. He said earlier successes do not lessen the concerns for each new exploration. “That we’ve done it before doesn’t mean we’re not nervous and excited about doing it again, ” he said.
InSight will enter the Martian atmosphere (大气层) traveling at 19, 800 kilometers an hour. It will slow for landing on a wide flat area on Mars. If all goes well, InSight could carry out its experiments in about 10 weeks. The InSight project is expected to continue for one Martian year, about two years on Earth.
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了美国航天局发射最新火星探测器InSight Lander, 对火星的地基结构做一个全面的分析。
1. What is the difference between InSight and NASA’s Curiosity rover ?
A. The size. B. The design.
C. The speed. D. The task.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段Unlike NASA’s Curiosity rover, InSight will not move across the planet’s surface. 与美国宇航局的好奇号探测车不同, InSight不会在火星表面移动, 可知, InSight与好奇号探测车的任务不同。
2. What can we learn from the passage?
A. InSight travels at an unchanged speed.
B. InSight is the project of America and Japan.
C. InSight has the functions (功能) of a robot.
D. InSight is mainly powered by the natural gas.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第三段He viewed the spacecraft as a robot that can take care of itself. “It’s got its own brain. It’s got an arm. It can listen and feel things. It pulls its own power out of the sun, ” he noted. 可知, InSight有自己的大脑, 有胳膊, 可以听和感觉东西, 是一个可以自己照顾自己的机器人。
3. What will be one of the contributions (贡献) of the InSight project according to Zurbuchen?
A. It will help us understand the geography of Mars.
B. It will change the way we think about the inside of the earth.
C. It will help carry out more experiments on Mars.
D. It will get more information about the reasons for Mars quakes.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第四段Thomas Zurbuchen, one of the heads in NASA, said the results of the InSight project could “change the way we think about the inside of our earth. ”可知, 托马斯·祖布臣表示, InSight项目的成果可能“改变我们思考地球内部的方式”。
4. What is Hoffman’s attitude towards this exploration of the InSight?
A. Confident. B. Satisfied.
C. Concerned. D. Frightened.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第五段Tom Hoffman is InSight’s project manager. He said earlier successes do not lessen the concerns for each new exploration. “That we’ve done it before doesn’t mean we’re not nervous and excited about doing it again, ” he said. 可知, Tom Hoffman说早期的成功并没有减轻对每一次新勘探的担忧。
B
(2019·宿迁高一检测)
Imagine a relay race. During this race, an athlete holds a stick as he runs a certain distance. Then he passes the stick to the next runner. That person runs faster, and then passes the stick to a third runner. Now imagine that the runners do not pass a stick. Instead they pass shiny silk, as well as gold, fruit, and glass. Imagine that the race does not move forward in just one direction. Instead the runners go back and forth along a road. They trade goods all along this route (路线) and at each end of it. Now imagine that the runners are businessmen. They lead caravans (商队) or lines of camels that carry things to sell. They travel on the ancient Silk Road to earn their living.
The Silk Road was a complex trade network. It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It stretched from eastern China, across central Asia and the Middle East, to the Mediterranean Sea. Businessmen traveled on the Silk Road from about 200 B. C. to about 1300 A. D. Then sea travel began to offer new routes. Some people called the Silk Road the world’s longest highway. However, the Silk Road included many routes—not just one smooth path. The routes ran through mountains and across deserts. They passed through an area that now includes 18 countries. The Silk Road had many dangers. These dangers ranged from hot sun and deep snow to thieves and wars. Only expert traders could survive.
The Silk Road got its name from its most prized goods. People used silk as money. They could pay taxes or buy goods with it. Traders carried more than just silk, though. They had gold, silver, and glass from Europe. People in the Middle East and Asia wanted these things. Businessmen also took horses from flat, grassy areas in central Asia and brought them to China and other areas. The horses changed the way people farmed and ran their armies. Indian businessmen traded salt and rare, beautiful stones. Chinese merchants traded medicine and china. They also traded paper, which quickly replaced animal skins in the west. Businessmen carried apples from central Asia to Rome. The Chinese had learned to combine different trees to create new kinds of fruit. They taught this science to others, such as the Romans. The Romans began to grow apples for food. The Silk Road led to worldwide commerce 2, 000 years before the World Wide Web.
The people along the Silk Road did not share only goods. They also shared beliefs. Monks, priests, and other faith leaders taught their religions to others. The Silk Road created pathways for knowledge, diplomacy, and religion.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了丝绸之路的历史以及意义。
5. People turned to the sea for new routes after around 1300 A. D. because ______. ?
A. the Silk Road included many routes
B. the Silk Road passed through many areas
C. people traveled on the Silk Road for too long
D. there were more dangers along the Silk Road
【解析】选D。细节理解题。答案定位在第二段The Silk Road had many dangers. These dangers ranged from hot sun and deep snow to thieves and wars. Only expert traders could survive. (丝绸之路有许多危险。这些危险从烈日和大雪到小偷和战争。只有有经验的贸易商才能生存下来。)可知公元1300年以后, 人们转向大海寻找新的航线因为丝绸之路有更多的危险, 故选D。
6. Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the word “prized” in Paragraph 3?
A. appropriate B. preserved
C. valuable D. useful
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据下文People used silk as money. They could pay taxes or buy goods with it. Traders carried more than just silk, though. They had gold, silver, and glass from Europe. 可知人们交易的都是很珍贵的商品。由此推知画线词所在的句子意思是“丝绸之路”得名于它最珍贵的商品, “prized”的意思是珍贵的, A. appropriate适当的; B. preserved保存的; C. valuable有价值的; D. useful有用的, 故选C。
7. Which of the following statements is WRONG?
A. The Silk Road helped spread religions to more people.
B. The Silk Road gave people the idea to build highways.
C. Some people probably died while travelling.
D. Westerners probably used to write on animal skins.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据最后一段They also shared beliefs. Monks, priests, and other faith leaders taught their religions to others. (他们也分享信仰。僧侣、牧师和其他宗教领袖向他人传授他们的宗教。)排除A; 根据第二段Only expert traders could survive. 可知有些人可能在旅行中死亡, 排除C; 根据第三段Chinese merchants traded medicine and china. They also traded paper, which quickly replaced animal skins in the west. (中国商人买卖药品和瓷器。他们还交换纸张, 这很快就取代了西方的兽皮。)由此推断出西方人可能曾经在兽皮上写字, 排除D, 故选B。
8. In which column of a newspaper can we most probably read the article?
A. Science. B. Travel.
C. Sports. D. Culture.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。这篇文章主要介绍了丝绸之路的历史, 所以这篇文章最可能出现在报纸的文化专栏。
Ⅱ. 阅读填句
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
(2019·张家口高一检测)
The Science of Earthquakes
1 ?
The surface of the earth is divided into different pieces. These are called tectonic plates (构造板块). When two plates suddenly slip past one another, an earthquake happens. This shakes the ground and everything on it.
What causes earthquakes and where do they happen?
2 They are inner core, outer core, mantle (地幔) and the earth’s crust (地壳). The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thick skin on the surface of the planet. But this skin is not all in one piece. It is actually made up of many tectonic plates. They are like puzzle pieces. These pieces are always sliding around and bumping into each other. Sometimes their edges get stuck together. When this happens, the rest of the plate keeps moving. Eventually the edges come unstuck. 3 . ?
Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?
Earthquakes send out waves in all directions. When they reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground. 4 The P wave squeezes and stretches the earth. The S wave shakes it up and down. ?
5 ?
Scientists use special tools to record and measure earthquakes. These tools are called seismographs. Recordings from seismographs tell scientists when and where an earthquake took place. They can also tell scientists the size of an earthquake.
A. How are earthquakes recorded?
B. That is when an earthquake happens.
C. There are different types of earthquake waves.
D. What is an earthquake?
E. The earth has four main layers (层).
F. Can scientists predict earthquakes?
G. Scientists can tell where an earthquake took place by studying the P and S waves.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。短文主要介绍了关于地震的一些知识。
1. 【解析】选D。由“The surface of the earth is divided into different pieces. These are called tectonic plates. When two plates suddenly slip past one another, an earthquake happens. This shakes the ground and everything on it. ”可知, 地球表面被分成不同的部分。这些被称为构造板块。当两个板块突然擦肩而过时, 就会发生地震。这震动了地面和上面的一切事物。所以本段在向读者解释地震是什么, 小题1是本段的标题。故D选项“地震是什么”符合句意。
2. 【解析】选E。由“They are inner core, outer core, mantle and the earth’s crust”可知, 它们是内核、外核、地幔和地壳。所以小题2要总说“地球有四个主要层”。故E选项“地球有四个主要层”符合句意。
3. 【解析】选B。由“These pieces are always sliding around and bumping into each other. Sometimes their edges get stuck together. When this happens, the rest of the plate keeps moving. Eventually the edges come unstuck. ”可知, 这些碎片总是四处移动, 互相碰撞。有时它们的边缘会卡在一起。当这种情况发生的时候, 剩下的板块继续移动。最终边缘会松脱。所以以上这些都在说明小题3所要总结性表达的内容——那就是地震发生的时候。故B选项“那就是地震发生的时候”符合句意。
4. 【解析】选C。由“The P wave squeezes and stretches the earth. The S wave shakes it up and down. ”可知, 纵波挤压并拉伸地球。横波上下摇动地球。所以小题4要总说“地震波有不同的类型”。然后再具体说明。故C选项“地震波有不同的类型”符合句意。
5. 【解析】选A。由“Scientists use special tools to record and measure earthquakes. These tools are called seismographs. Recordings from seismographs tell scientists when and where an earthquake took place. They can also tell scientists the size of an earthquake. ”可知, 科学家使用特殊工具记录和测量地震。这些工具被称为地震仪。地震仪的记录告诉科学家地震发生的时间和地点。它们还可以告诉科学家地震的强弱。所以本段主要在讨论地震是如何被记录的, 小题5是本段的标题。故A选项“地震是如何被记录的”符合句意。
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课时素养评价
八 Unit 3 Using language
单句语法填空
1. The computer has been used (use) every day since we bought it. ?
2. My MacBook Pro broke down and my paper has been left (leave) unfinished since. ?
3. My computer has just been attacked by an unknown virus.
4. These flowers have been watered (water), you can go home. ?
5. Many foreign films have been shown (show) on TV since last month. ?
6. The window has been washed (wash), you need not wash it again. ?
7. Every possible means has been used (use) to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. ?
8. Steven has been unemployed (unemploy) since he got out of work three weeks ago. ?
9. This is the first time that a woman has been appointed (appoint) to the post. ?
10. All the preparations for the task have been completed (complete), and we’re ready to start. ?
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
(2019·石家庄高一检测)
Earthquake rescue robots have experienced their final tests in Beijing. Their designers say that with these robots, rescue workers will be able to have more time to save more lives during an earthquake.
This robot looking like a helicopter(直升机), is called the detector-bot. It’s about 4 meters long, and it took about 4 years to develop the model. Its main functions(作用) are to collect information from the air, and send goods of up to 30 kilos, to people stuck in an earthquake.
This robot has a high quality 360 degree panoramic camera. It can work day and night and will also be able to send the latest pictures from the quake area. Dr. Qi Juntong, Chinese Academy of Science, said, “Unlike other automatic machines, the most important feature of this robot is that it doesn’t need a distant control. We just set the information of the earthquake-struck area on it, and then it takes off, and lands by itself. It flies as high as 3, 000 meters, and as fast as 100 kilometers per hour. ”
This robot has a different fun_ction—it can change as the environment changes. Its main job is to search for any signs of life in places where human rescuers are unable to go.
As well as a detector(探测器)that finds victims(遇难者)and detects poisonous gas, a camera is placed in the 40-centimeter-long robot, which can work in the dark.
Another use for the rescuers is the supply bot, with its 10-meter-long pipe. People who are caught in the ruins will be able to get supplies including oxygen and liquids.
Experts have said that the robots will enter production, and serve as part of the national earthquake rescue team as soon as next year.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了北京最新发明的地震营救机器人的详细信息。
1. Which of the following statements about the robot is true according to the passage?
A. It hasn’t been put into production so far.
B. It is a machine with a length of 10 meters.
C. It is a machine carried by a helicopter.
D. It weighs about 30 kilos.
【解析】选A 。细节理解题。由文章第二段中的介绍, 可排除B、C、D三项, 由文章最后一段可知这种机器人明年投入生产, 所以A项正确。
2. Dr. Qi Juntong thinks this robot is different from the others mainly because______. ?
A. it has more functions
B. it has a more advanced camera
C. it can change as the environment changes
D. it can work by itself once given the information
【解析】选D。细节理解题。由文章第三段“Unlike other automatic machines. . . ”描述可得出结论。
3. The underlined word “which” in paragraph 5 refers to ______. ?
A. a camera B. a detector
C. a rescuer D. a doctor
【解析】选A。代词指代题。这是一个非限制性定语从句, 主句中先行词是a camera, 由于运用了被动语态, 所以先行词和从句被分隔开, 形成了分隔式定语从句, 译为“……这个长40cm的机器人里放置有一个摄像机, 这个摄像机夜间可以工作”。
4. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The appearance of the robot.
B. An introduction to the robot.
C. The reason for making the robot.
D. Some information about earthquakes.
【解析】选B。 主旨大意题。A 、C、D均以偏概全。
Ⅱ. 完形填空
(2019·杭州高一检测)
For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to others. “While we teach, we 1 , ”said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They’re 2 why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn. ?
Researchers have found that students who teach others work harder to 3 the material, and apply it more 4 . Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who’re learning only for themselves. But how can children, 5 learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can teach younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more 6 than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. ?
Now educators are experimenting with ways to 7 this model to schoolwork. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who then 8 instruct middle school students on the topic. But the most cutting-edge tool is the “teachable agent”—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world 9 . Computer scientists have created an animated (动画的)figure called Betty’s Brain, who has been “taught” about science by middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty 10 certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and improve their understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own 11 . ?
Feedback from the teachable agent 12 improves the teachers’ learning. The agents’ questions drive student teachers to think and explain the materials in different 13 , and watching the agent solve problems allows the emotions one experiences into action. 14 , it’s the emotions one experiences in teaching that help learning. Student teachers feel 15 when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these pupils succeed as they gain pride and satisfaction from someone else’s achievement. ?
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。通过研究者的研究以及教育家的实验证明了教学是一种有效的学习方式。
1. A. learn B. doubt C. grow D. practice
【解析】选A。词汇辨析题。learn学习; doubt怀疑; grow生长; practice练习。句意: 罗马哲学家塞涅卡说: “我们一边教别人, 一边学习”。由下文“teaching is such a fruitful way to learn” 可知, 教学是一种卓有成效的学习方式, 所以, 我们要教学相长。
2. A. valuing B. proving
C. questioning D. assuming
【解析】选B。词汇辨析题。 value 评价, 重视; prove 证明; question 质疑; assume 假设, 猜想。句意: 他们正在证明为什么教学是如此富有成效的学习方式。根据下文描述可知, 科学家们所做的都是在证明这一说法。
3. A. prepare B. preserve
C. exchange D. understand
【解析】选D。词汇辨析题。 prepare 准备; preserve 保存; exchange交换; understand 理解。句意: 研究人员发现, 教别人知识的学生更努力地去理解材料, 并更有效地运用材料。学生要去教别人, 所以要努力地理解所教的材料。
4. A. officially B. effectively
C. fluently D. carefully
【解析】选B。词汇辨析题。officially 官方地; effectively 有效地; fluently 流利地; carefully 仔细地。句意: 研究人员发现, 教别人知识的学生更努力地去理解材料, 并更有效地运用材料。根据上下文可知教能促进学习, 因此会帮助学生更加有效地应用材料。
5. A. still B. even C. though D. once
【解析】选A。词汇辨析题。still 还, 仍然; even 甚至; though 然而; once 曾经。句意: “学生怎么能又自己学, 又教授他人呢? ”still意思是“还, 仍旧, 尚”。对想象中应该结束的动作或状态还在继续表示“惊讶”。本句是对自己学的同时又能教授他人感到惊讶。
6. A. curious B. energetic
C. independent D. academic
【解析】选D。词汇辨析题。 curious 好奇的; energetic 精力充沛的; independent 独立的; academic有学习天赋的 。句意: 一些研究发现第一个出生的孩子比他们后出生的兄弟姐妹更有学习天赋。由下文“their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. ”可知, 他们的高智商是因为他们花时间来教他们的兄弟姐妹。所以他们更有学习天赋。
7. A. add B. apply
C. offer D. show
【解析】选B。词汇辨析题。 add加; apply 应用; offer 主动提供; show 向某人展示……。句意: 教育家们正进行实验, 将这一模式应用到家庭作业中。apply “应用”符合句意。
8. A. as well B. at once
C. in turn D. of course
【解析】选C。短语辨析题。as well 也, 同样地; at once 立刻; in turn 轮流, 依次, 转而; of course 当然。句意: 他们聘请大学本科生为高中生教授计算机科学, 这些高中生转而给中学生进行这方面的指导。in turn 轮流, 依次, 转而; 体现出高中生从学习者变为教授者的变化。
9. A. teacher B. parent C. sibling D. pupil
【解析】选D。词汇辨析题。teacher老师; parent父母; sibling 兄弟姐妹; pupil 学生。句意: 电脑人物能够学习、尝试、犯错、提问, 就像一个现实世界中的学生。由“learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions ”可知, 电脑人物能够学习、尝试、犯错、提问, 所以电脑人物模仿的是现实世界中学生的行为。
10. A. arrange B. mark C. master D. link
【解析】选C。词汇辨析题。arrange 安排; mark 标记; master 控制, 精通(语言), 掌握; link 连接。句意: 充当老师的学生们受到鼓舞并帮助 Betty 掌握特定的材料。充当老师的学生希望能教会它, 所以要帮助 Betty 掌握特定的材料。
11. A. thinking B. reading
C. inspiration D. guidance
【解析】选A。词汇辨析题。thinking 思考, 见解; reading阅读; inspiration 灵感; guidance 指引。句意: 并且在学生们向它解释信息的时候, 他们也通过自己的思考发现了问题。发现了问题一定是通过思考的方式发现的。
12. A. shortly B. hardly
C. rather D. further
【解析】选D。词汇辨析题。shortly 立刻; hardly 几乎不; rather相当; further 进一步地。句意: 来自可教代理人的反馈又进一步促进了教师的学习。 further 是强调在程度上更深远, 强调的是深度, 这里指反馈又进一步促进了教师的学习。
13. A. ways B. cases C. places D. orders
【解析】选A。词汇辨析题。 ways方式; cases例子; places地方; orders命令。句意: 代理人的提问能促使充当老师的学生用不同的方式思考和解释材料。看着代理人解决问题让人们的情感体验转化为行动。in different ways“以不同的方式”符合句意。
14. A. In all B. After all
C. Above all D. For all
【解析】选C。短语辨析题。 in all 总共, 合计; after all 毕竟; above all 首先, 尤其; for all 对所有人来说。句意: 人们在教的过程中所体会到的情绪尤其能帮助学习。 above all 首先, 尤其, 在这里强调情绪对学习的积极作用。故选C。
15. A. satisfied B. sick
C. pleased D. upset
【解析】选D。词汇辨析题。satisfied 满意的; sick 生病的, 恶心的; pleased 愉快的; upset 沮丧的, 失望的。句意: 当代理人失败的时候, 充当老师的学生会感到沮丧。但当这些学生从别人的成就中获得骄傲和满足时, 他们会感到高兴。由“their teachable agents fail”可知, 当代理人失败的时候。所以判断出学生会感到沮丧。故选D。
Ⅲ. 语法填空
在空白处填1个单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Currently, both women and men 1. __________ (surround) by magazines and websites full of tips about dieting, exercise and fashion. Gone are the days 2. __________ all men had to think about wearing a nice suit to be smart and handsome. Things have changed. ?
Now, a survey has suggested that 80% of men admit 3. __________ (be) unhappy about their body. The biggest body issues for 4. __________ (they) were beer bellies and lack of muscles. Some think it is because 5. __________ the pressure of influence of role models we see on TV and in 6. __________(magazine). People end up with a perception of what the perfect body should look like. But not everybody wants to put in the effort to have perfect muscles like Arnold Schwarzenegger. An opportunistic designer has even invented a muscle-enhancing shirt 7. __________ (make) the buyer look more of a strong man. ?
But Joe Warner, the former editor of Men’s Fitness magazine, thinks the muscle-enhancing shirt is just 8. __________ trick. He thinks many people in the country are overweight and should accept they need to do more exercise
9. __________ (regular). Exercise is always good. But we mustn’t forget beauty is only skin deep. Character is 10. __________ (important) than appearance. ?
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项调查论证了男士越来越重视身体形象这一现象。
1. 【解析】are surrounded。考查被动语态。句意: 目前, 男性和女性都被杂志和网站的关于减肥、运动和时尚的建议所包围。结合句意, 可知句子主语both women and men 和谓语动词surround之间是一种被动关系, 且主语是复数形式, 所以句子用一般现在时态的被动语态, 故答案为are surrounded。
2. 【解析】when。考查定语从句。句意: 所有的男人都必须考虑穿一套漂亮的西装来变得聪明和英俊的日子已经过去了。此处the days是先行词, 在后面的定语从句中作时间状语, 故答案为when。
3. 【解析】being。考查固定搭配。句意: 现在, 一项调查表明, 80%的男性承认对自己的身体不满意。此处admit“承认”, 后面用动名词作宾语, 故答案为being。
4. 【解析】them。考查代词宾格。句意: 对他们来说, 最大的身体问题是啤酒肚和肌肉缺乏。结合句意可知此处用代词宾格, 故答案为them。
5. 【解析】of。考查because和because of的用法。句意: 一些人认为这是因为我们在电视和杂志上看到的榜样的影响力的压力。结合句意可知此处不是原因状语从句, 而是复合介词because of表示原因, 故答案为of。
6. 【解析】magazines。考查名词的单复数形式, 名词前没有冠词, 故应当用名词的复数形式表达泛指。
7. 【解析】to make。考查动词不定式。句意: 机会主义设计师甚至还发明了一种肌肉增强衬衫来让买方看起来更强壮。此处是动词不定式作目的状语, 故答案为to make。
8. 【解析】a。考查不定冠词。句意: 但乔·华纳, 前《男性健康》杂志的编辑, 认为肌肉增强衬衫只是一个把戏。结合句意可知此处用不定冠词, 故答案为a。
9. 【解析】regularly。句意: 他认为在这个国家许多人超重, 应该接受他们需要有规律地做更多锻炼。此处是副词修饰动词, 故答案为regularly。
10. 【解析】more important。考查比较级。根据than可知此句用比较级, 故答案为more important。
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