第二十七讲 虚拟语气（1）
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
虚拟语气在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都可能出现，是历年高考中的必考内容，每年的命题形式也有所不同。教师在辅导学生进行虚拟语气复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把虚拟语气部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
由于虚拟语气部分的语法项目内容较多，而且对我们中国学生来说相对略有复杂。因此，虚拟语气部分的语法项目将分为两部分完成。本讲为第一部分，这一部分将要复习虚拟语气的基本用法；在下一讲中，会着重复习虚拟语气在各种不同情况下如何应用。
I. 语气概述
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。陈述语气表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。祈使语气表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气由句子中谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来。
1. 陈述语气
陈述语气表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的。
They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony.
他们飞往那里以便能及时参加开幕典礼。（肯定句）
He won’t come to the party because he will go to attend the lecture by professor Wang.
他不会来参加聚会，因为他要去听王教授的讲座。（否定句）
Who was it that they want to help?
他们想要帮忙的人到底是谁呀？（疑问句）
How interesting a lecture was given by the speaker!
演说者作了一次多么生动的演讲！（感叹句）
2. 祈使语气
Please come over here.
请到这边来。
Would you be so kind as to lend me a hand?
请帮个忙好吗？
Watch your steps!
走路当心！
Never be late again!
再也不要迟到了。
3. 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、建议、请求、意图、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况, 或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况, 而不表示客观存在的现实，主要用来表示假设，而非客观存在的事实，所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表现，这些特殊形式与谓语动词的某些时态相同，但它们只表示语气，而不表示时态，而且含有一定的时间概念。
If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.
我希望我能通过考试。
If there were no air，people would die.
如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（地球上不可能没有空气。非真实，事实相反）
If only we had been college students last year!
要是去年我们是大学生就好了！（虚拟语气，事实上去年不是）
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.
我建议我们明天走。（suggest后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气）
If you dropped the glass, it would break.
假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它会打碎的。（虚拟语气，掉在地上的可能性很小或者不能掉在地上）
II. 虚拟语气
1. 虚拟语气与条件句
条件句有两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句就是我们通常说的虚拟语气，所表示的是假设的情况，或发生的可能性不大，甚至完全不可能发生。从下面的例句可以辨别出真实条件句与非真实条件句。
If he doesn't hurry up，he will miss the bus.
如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)
If he is free，he will ask me to tell stories.
如果他有空，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）
If I were you，I would go at once.
如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）
If there were no air，people would die.
如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）。
2. 虚拟语气的基本类型
1）与现在事实相反：从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If we left now, we should arrive in good time.
假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。
2）与过去事实相反：条件从句的谓语用过去完成时（had+过去分词），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
If he had been in that train then, he might have been killed in that accident.
如果当时他也在那列火车上，他可能就死于那场车祸了。
3）与将来事实相反：条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If he went, would you go too?
如果他去，你也去吗?（他不大可能会去）
If I asked him, I’m sure he’d help us.
如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。（实际上我不打算这样做）
3. 虚拟语气的基本用法
1）虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用 一般过去式，be动词用were；
If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你）
② 表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用 had +过去分词；
If I had got there earlier，I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（与过去事实相反，事实是去晚了）
③ 表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用 would /might/could +动词原形。
If he should come here tomorrow，I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（与将来事实相反，事实上来的可能性很小，不可能）
2）表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
If I knew his telephone number，I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实是不知道）
If I had any money with me，I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实上没有带钱）
If there were no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实是地球上既有空气也有水)
If he studied harder，he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实上没有努力）
If I were you， I'd wear a shirt and tie.
如果我是你，我就会穿衬衫和领带。(事实上我并不是你）
3）表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If+主语+ had + done
主句：主语+should/would/might/could + have done
If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实是没有听我的话）
4）表示与将来事实相反
从句：① if+主语+were to do
② if+主语+should +do
③ if+主语+动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday，we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实是下雪可能性很小，不可能）
If she were to be here next Monday，I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实是来的可能性很小，或者不可能来）
4. 虚拟语气的某些特殊用法
1）虚拟语气中的错综条件句
在虚拟条件句中，如果主句和从句的谓语动作不是同时发生的，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
① 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。
If I had worked hard at school，I would be an engineer now.
如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在就是一个工程师了
If they had informed us，we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
② 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
If he were free today，we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her，he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
2）从句谓语动词的省略情况
在虚拟语气中，从句的谓语动词又是可以省略，当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。
Should he agree to go there，we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。
Were she here，she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learned about computers，we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
3）含蓄条件句：非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为......）等。
But for his help，we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction，I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number，otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
4）表示强烈情感的虚拟条件句：在虚拟条件语气的从句中，有时可以省略主句或从句中的一个，以此来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
① 省略从句
He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam.
你本能通过这次考试的。
② 省略主句
If I were at home now.
要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it.
我要是得到它了该多好啊。
【温馨提示】虚拟语气中从句be动词的使用：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
If I were you，I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。
1. 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件句是虚拟语气中最普通的方式。
1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if?从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式，特别注意的是be动词一般用were，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
If I were in your position I would marry her.
如果我处在你的位置，我就娶她。
2）表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时，had+过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。所表示的是过去如果……，而事实相反。
If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
要不是昨天雨下得这么大，我们本来可以打网球的。
2. 在虚拟条件句中，有时条件和后果一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反。
If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not be so painful now.
如果你听从了医生的话，你现在就不会那么疼了。
（虚拟条件句是发生在过去，主句是现在。实际情况是过去没有听医生的话。）
If I had taken your advice, I wouldn't be in such trouble now.
如果我听你的劝告，我现在就不会有这样的麻烦了。
（事实上是过去没有听你的劝告，现在有了这样的麻烦。）
If you were fine, I should not have sent him to go there.
如果你现在病好了，我当时就不会派他去。
（但事实是你现在病没有好，我当时也已经派他了。）
需要注意的是：如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件句就必须是虚拟语气。不可以后果是虚拟语气，而条件句却用了陈述语气。
3. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测
由于是将来还没有发生的事情，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。
Jenny doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
珍妮不想马上工作，因为她认为如果她找份工作，她可能就不会经常见到她朋友。
4. 省略if的情况
有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但在考试中常会出现。
If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. →
Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
要不是昨天雨下得这么大，我们本来可以打网球的。
通过介词表达虚拟语气的情况
虚拟语气也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，或者用副词otherwise等表达。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
需要注意的是：在包含but for的句子中，谓语动词一定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
蕴含在用but引导的从句里的虚拟语气
有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句。
I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.
我本来可以挂断你的电话，但是电话坏了。
在这样的句子里，主句用虚拟语气，从句不用虚拟语气。
知识点一 真实条件句与非真实条件句
例1：“If he ________, he ________ to the party.” He said to me.
A. were free；will come B. is free；would come
C. is free；will come D. is free；should come
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果他有空闲，他会来参加晚会的。直接引语中是真是条件句，答案C符合真是条件句的结构。答案A和B既不符合真实条件句。也不符合虚拟条件句，A的条件句是虚拟的，结果的谓语动词是陈述句形式；B的条件是陈述句形式，谓语动词是虚拟形式。答案D同样不符合。所以选择答案为C。
变式训练1：
1）If I _________ you, I _________ travel abroad with them.
A. am；will B. were；would C. was；would D. were；will
If he _________，he would miss the train.
A. didn't hurry up B. doesn't hurry up C. hurried up D. hurries up
知识点二 虚拟语气（虚拟条件句）的基本结构
例2：If only he _________ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie
【答案】C
【解析】句意：要是他按照医生的指示安静地躺着，他现在就不会那么难受了。
该句子的条件从句表达的是与过去实施相反的假设，根据虚拟语气的基本结构，表示与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用 had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
② 表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If + 主语 + had + done
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + have done
③ 表示与将来事实相反
从句：① if + 主语 + were to do
② if + 主语 + should +do
③ if + 主语 + 动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do
变式训练2：
1）You did not let me drive. If we _______ in turn, you _______ so tired
A. drove；didn’t get B. drove；wouldn’t get
C. were driving；wouldn’t get D. had driven；wouldn’t have got
2）I did not see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my
brother.
A. has come B. did come C. come D. had come
知识点三 省略形式的虚拟语气
例3：_________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和C。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案B的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
变式训练3：
1）__________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
2）__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
知识点四 介词或副词表达的虚拟语气
例4：I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
would have taken part in B. took part in
C. had taken part in D. would take part in
【答案】A
【解析】句意：那天我病了，否则我会参加运动会的。该句子是与过去事实相反的假设，表示如果我那天没病，我就会参加的。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done。故选择答案A。
变式训练4：
1）Without electricity, human life ____________ quite difficult today
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
2） But for water, we ________ impossible to live in the earth
A. is B. would be C. were D. wouldn’t be
知识点五 由as if/as though引导的从句常会用到虚拟语气
例5：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生，所以用虚拟语气。根据虚拟语气的基本结构，答案A、B、C和D的时态都符合，但是虚拟语气中，be动词不用was，所以排除答案B；“好像去过很多次”是对与过去事实相反的描述，所以谓语动词用had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
2）The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
1.（2019 天津卷 单项填空 14）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ___________ the task in half the time.?
A.?accomplished? B.?had?accomplished?
C.?would?accomplish? D.?would?have?accomplished?
2.（2019 江苏卷 单项填空 31）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.
? A. had ???????????? B. will have ???????C. would have had ???????????? D. had had
3.（2018 天津卷 单项填空 10）I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left C. might leave D. could have left
4.（2018 天津卷 单项填空 15）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
5.（2018 江苏卷 单项填空 24） It’s strange that he ________ have taken the book without winner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. If there ________ no air or water，there ________ no living things on the earth.
A. is；will be B. was；will be C. was；would be D. were；would be
2. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
3. If my lawyer ________ here last Sunday, he ________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented
4. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Were he to leave B. If he had left
C. Did he to leave D. Had he left
5. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.
A. are all right B. were all right
C. would be all right D. would have been all right
6. He ________ busy yesterday, or he ________ you with your experiment.
A. was；had helped B. was；would have helped
C. had been；would have helped D. were；would have helped
7. If it ________for the snow, we ________ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not；could have climb B. were not；could climb
C. had not been；could have climbed D. hadn’t been；could climb
8. The thief closed his eyes ________ he _________ dying.
A. as if；was B. though； would be
C. even；had been D.as if； were
9. I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try
11. I wish I _________ here then.
A. was B. had been C. were D. would be
12. You ________ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
13. If it _________ the snow, we ________ the Tai Mountain last week.
A. were not；could have climbed B. were not；could climb
C. had not been；could have climbed D. had not been；could climb
14. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
15. We ________ last night, but we went to the cinema instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. would study D. would have studied
16. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
17. Don't handle the vase as if it ________ made of steel.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
18. If we _________ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.
A. haven't made B. wouldn't make C. didn't make D. hadn't made
19. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had
We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _________ us a ride home.
didn't offer B. wouldn't offer C. hasn't offered D. hadn't offered
第二十七讲 虚拟语气（1）
(解析卷)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
虚拟语气在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都可能出现，是历年高考中的必考内容，每年的命题形式也有所不同。教师在辅导学生进行虚拟语气复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把虚拟语气部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
由于虚拟语气部分的语法项目内容较多，而且对我们中国学生来说相对略有复杂。因此，虚拟语气部分的语法项目将分为两部分完成。本讲为第一部分，这一部分将要复习虚拟语气的基本用法；在下一讲中，会着重复习虚拟语气在各种不同情况下如何应用。
I. 语气概述
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。陈述语气表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。祈使语气表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气由句子中谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来。
1. 陈述语气
陈述语气表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的。
They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony.
他们飞往那里以便能及时参加开幕典礼。（肯定句）
He won’t come to the party because he will go to attend the lecture by professor Wang.
他不会来参加聚会，因为他要去听王教授的讲座。（否定句）
Who was it that they want to help?
他们想要帮忙的人到底是谁呀？（疑问句）
How interesting a lecture was given by the speaker!
演说者作了一次多么生动的演讲！（感叹句）
2. 祈使语气
Please come over here.
请到这边来。
Would you be so kind as to lend me a hand?
请帮个忙好吗？
Watch your steps!
走路当心！
Never be late again!
再也不要迟到了。
3. 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、建议、请求、意图、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况, 或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况, 而不表示客观存在的现实，主要用来表示假设，而非客观存在的事实，所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表现，这些特殊形式与谓语动词的某些时态相同，但它们只表示语气，而不表示时态，而且含有一定的时间概念。
If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.
我希望我能通过考试。
If there were no air，people would die.
如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（地球上不可能没有空气。非真实，事实相反）
If only we had been college students last year!
要是去年我们是大学生就好了！（虚拟语气，事实上去年不是）
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.
我建议我们明天走。（suggest后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气）
If you dropped the glass, it would break.
假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它会打碎的。（虚拟语气，掉在地上的可能性很小或者不能掉在地上）
II. 虚拟语气
1. 虚拟语气与条件句
条件句有两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句就是我们通常说的虚拟语气，所表示的是假设的情况，或发生的可能性不大，甚至完全不可能发生。从下面的例句可以辨别出真实条件句与非真实条件句。
If he doesn't hurry up，he will miss the bus.
如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)
If he is free，he will ask me to tell stories.
如果他有空，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）
If I were you，I would go at once.
如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）
If there were no air，people would die.
如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）。
2. 虚拟语气的基本类型
1）与现在事实相反：从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If we left now, we should arrive in good time.
假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。
2）与过去事实相反：条件从句的谓语用过去完成时（had+过去分词），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
If he had been in that train then, he might have been killed in that accident.
如果当时他也在那列火车上，他可能就死于那场车祸了。
3）与将来事实相反：条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If he went, would you go too?
如果他去，你也去吗?（他不大可能会去）
If I asked him, I’m sure he’d help us.
如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。（实际上我不打算这样做）
3. 虚拟语气的基本用法
1）虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用 一般过去式，be动词用were；
If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你）
② 表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用 had +过去分词；
If I had got there earlier，I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（与过去事实相反，事实是去晚了）
③ 表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用 would /might/could +动词原形。
If he should come here tomorrow，I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（与将来事实相反，事实上来的可能性很小，不可能）
2）表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
If I knew his telephone number，I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实是不知道）
If I had any money with me，I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实上没有带钱）
If there were no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实是地球上既有空气也有水)
If he studied harder，he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实上没有努力）
If I were you， I'd wear a shirt and tie.
如果我是你，我就会穿衬衫和领带。(事实上我并不是你）
3）表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If+主语+ had + done
主句：主语+should/would/might/could + have done
If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实是没有听我的话）
4）表示与将来事实相反
从句：① if+主语+were to do
② if+主语+should +do
③ if+主语+动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday，we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实是下雪可能性很小，不可能）
If she were to be here next Monday，I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实是来的可能性很小，或者不可能来）
4. 虚拟语气的某些特殊用法
1）虚拟语气中的错综条件句
在虚拟条件句中，如果主句和从句的谓语动作不是同时发生的，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
① 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。
If I had worked hard at school，I would be an engineer now.
如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在就是一个工程师了
If they had informed us，we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
② 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
If he were free today，we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her，he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
2）从句谓语动词的省略情况
在虚拟语气中，从句的谓语动词又是可以省略，当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。
Should he agree to go there，we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。
Were she here，she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learned about computers，we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
3）含蓄条件句：非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为......）等。
But for his help，we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction，I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number，otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
4）表示强烈情感的虚拟条件句：在虚拟条件语气的从句中，有时可以省略主句或从句中的一个，以此来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
① 省略从句
He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam.
你本能通过这次考试的。
② 省略主句
If I were at home now.
要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it.
我要是得到它了该多好啊。
【温馨提示】虚拟语气中从句be动词的使用：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
If I were you，I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。
1. 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件句是虚拟语气中最普通的方式。
1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if?从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式，特别注意的是be动词一般用were，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
If I were in your position I would marry her.
如果我处在你的位置，我就娶她。
2）表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时，had+过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。所表示的是过去如果……，而事实相反。
If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
要不是昨天雨下得这么大，我们本来可以打网球的。
2. 在虚拟条件句中，有时条件和后果一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反。
If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not be so painful now.
如果你听从了医生的话，你现在就不会那么疼了。
（虚拟条件句是发生在过去，主句是现在。实际情况是过去没有听医生的话。）
If I had taken your advice, I wouldn't be in such trouble now.
如果我听你的劝告，我现在就不会有这样的麻烦了。
（事实上是过去没有听你的劝告，现在有了这样的麻烦。）
If you were fine, I should not have sent him to go there.
如果你现在病好了，我当时就不会派他去。
（但事实是你现在病没有好，我当时也已经派他了。）
需要注意的是：如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件句就必须是虚拟语气。不可以后果是虚拟语气，而条件句却用了陈述语气。
3. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测
由于是将来还没有发生的事情，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。
Jenny doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
珍妮不想马上工作，因为她认为如果她找份工作，她可能就不会经常见到她朋友。
4. 省略if的情况
有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但在考试中常会出现。
If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. →
Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
要不是昨天雨下得这么大，我们本来可以打网球的。
通过介词表达虚拟语气的情况
虚拟语气也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，或者用副词otherwise等表达。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
需要注意的是：在包含but for的句子中，谓语动词一定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
蕴含在用but引导的从句里的虚拟语气
有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句。
I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.
我本来可以挂断你的电话，但是电话坏了。
在这样的句子里，主句用虚拟语气，从句不用虚拟语气。
知识点一 真实条件句与非真实条件句
例1：“If he ________, he ________ to the party.” He said to me.
A. were free；will come B. is free；would come
C. is free；will come D. is free；should come
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果他有空闲，他会来参加晚会的。直接引语中是真是条件句，答案C符合真是条件句的结构。答案A和B既不符合真实条件句。也不符合虚拟条件句，A的条件句是虚拟的，结果的谓语动词是陈述句形式；B的条件是陈述句形式，谓语动词是虚拟形式。答案D同样不符合。所以选择答案为C。
变式训练1：
1）If I _________ you, I _________ travel abroad with them.
A. am；will B. were；would C. was；would D. were；will
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果我是你，我会和他们一起出国旅游。这是一个虚拟条件句，因为我不可能是你，此处只是一个不可能实现的假设，因此要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气if从句要用过去时态，主句用would+动词原形；所以首先排除答案A和D；再看答案C的be动词用的是was，实际上应该用were，虚拟语气要求be动词都用were。故选择答案为B。
If he _________，he would miss the train.
A. didn't hurry up B. doesn't hurry up C. hurried up D. hurries up
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果他没快点的话，他就会赶不上火车了。从主句的谓语动词可以看出这是一个虚拟条件句，事实上因为他当时动作快，而赶上火车了。虚拟条件句的if从句的谓语动词用过去时态，主句用过去将来时态。故选择答案A。
知识点二 虚拟语气（虚拟条件句）的基本结构
例2：If only he _________ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie
【答案】C
【解析】句意：要是他按照医生的指示安静地躺着，他现在就不会那么难受了。
该句子的条件从句表达的是与过去实施相反的假设，根据虚拟语气的基本结构，表示与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用 had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
② 表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If + 主语 + had + done
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + have done
③ 表示与将来事实相反
从句：① if + 主语 + were to do
② if + 主语 + should +do
③ if + 主语 + 动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do
变式训练2：
1）You did not let me drive. If we _______ in turn, you _______ so tired
A. drove；didn’t get B. drove；wouldn’t get
C. were driving；wouldn’t get D. had driven；wouldn’t have got
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你没让我开车。如果我们轮流开车，你就不会这么累了。这是与过去事实相反的假设，假如当时我们轮流开车的话，事实上没有轮流开车。在表示与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟条件句中，从句用If +主语+ had + done；主句用主语+ should/would/might/could + have done。故选择答案D。
2）I did not see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my
brother.
A. has come B. did come C. come D. had come
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我没有在会上见到你妹妹。如果她来了，她会遇到我弟弟。从全句看，第二句是一个含有虚拟语气的句子，前一句交代了没有见到你妹妹，所以可以分析出，事实上你妹妹没来，不会见到我弟弟。与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟条件句中，从句用If +主语+ had + done；主句用主语+ should/would/might/could + have done。故选择答案D。
知识点三 省略形式的虚拟语气
例3：_________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和C。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案B的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
变式训练3：
1）__________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果明天下雨，我们就不得不推迟参观杨浦大桥。这个句子在没有省略前应该是if it should rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. 所表达的是明天很可能会下雨，我们只好推迟参观杨浦大桥这个活动。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
2）__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。这个句子也是一个带有省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
知识点四 介词或副词表达的虚拟语气
例4：I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
would have taken part in B. took part in
C. had taken part in D. would take part in
【答案】A
【解析】句意：那天我病了，否则我会参加运动会的。该句子是与过去事实相反的假设，表示如果我那天没病，我就会参加的。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done。故选择答案A。
变式训练4：
1）Without electricity, human life ____________ quite difficult today
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果没有电，今天的人类生活就会十分艰难。根据虚拟语气也可以通过介词without或者介词短语but for来表达，这个句子就是通过介词without引出的虚拟条件句。因为是虚拟语气，所以先排除答案A和B；再则，所表达的是于现在事实相反的假设，因此要用would be，而答案C表达的是与过去事实相反的假设。故选择答案D。
2） But for water, we ________ impossible to live in the earth
A. is B. would be C. were D. wouldn’t be
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果没有水，我们就不可能生活在地球上。虚拟语气可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达。在有but for的句子中，谓语动词一定要用虚拟形式。因为句子中有but for，所以要用虚拟语气，因此排除答案A和C。答案D错用了否定形式，主句中 impossible已经表达了否定的意思。故选择答案B。
知识点五 由as if/as though引导的从句常会用到虚拟语气
例5：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生，所以用虚拟语气。根据虚拟语气的基本结构，答案A、B、C和D的时态都符合，但是虚拟语气中，be动词不用was，所以排除答案B；“好像去过很多次”是对与过去事实相反的描述，所以谓语动词用had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
【答案】A
【解析】句意：刘勇现在穿着一件蓝色的夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气，还是用陈述语气，需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，通常用虚拟语气。而且在虚拟语气中，be动词用were。故选择答案A。
2）The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
【答案】B
【解析】句意：云在聚集。看来要下雨了。该句子所描述的是即将发生的事实，所以要注意：as if（或as though）引导的从句与事实相符的时候，从句要用陈述语气。故选择答案B。
1.（2019 天津卷 单项填空 14）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ___________ the task in half the time.?
A.?accomplished? B.?had?accomplished?
C.?would?accomplish? D.?would?have?accomplished?
【答案】D
【解析】句意：工人们没有更好的组织号，要不然的话，他们会在一半的时间内就完成任务了。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，表示的是：过去没有组织好，如果组织好的话就会早完成了。与过去事实相反，主句用would have done（既：would, could, might + 现在完成时态）。因此选择答案D。
2.（2019 江苏卷 单项填空 31）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.
? A. had ???????????? B. will have ???????C. would have had ???????????? D. had had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快的时光的。 对过去事情的假设，用虚拟语气；与过去事实相反：If从句是：if +主语+过去完成时态，主句是：主语+should（would, could, might）+现在完成时态。所以选择答案C。
3.（2018 天津卷 单项填空 10）I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我找不到我的钱包了。有可能我昨天把它落在超市了，但我不确定。根据时间状语yesterday得知是对过去所发生事情的推测，所以要用情态动词+have done；在根据I’m not sure可知此推测是不能肯定的推测，用could表示可能。所以选择答案D。
4.（2018 天津卷 单项填空 15）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果我们昨天赶上了飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，所以用had +过去分词（had done）。根据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间，一般要保持一致，但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。该题是错综条件虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反，故用had + done，主句与现在事实相反。故选答案A。
5.（2018 江苏卷 单项填空 24） It’s strange that he ________ have taken the book without winner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解析】句意：真奇怪，她竟然没有得到主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在It is important / necessary/ strange /impossible / natural that .... 中，由that 引导的主语从句通常用should + 动词原形（虚拟语气形式），而且，should可以省略。所以选择答案B。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. If there ________ no air or water，there ________ no living things on the earth.
A. is；will be B. was；will be C. was；would be D. were；would be
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。（而事实上，地球上既有空气，也有水。）这个句子是与事实相反的假设，要用虚拟条件句的结构。
附：虚拟条件句基本结构的三种形式：
① 从句是if +主语+动词的过去式（be 用were）；主句是主语+ would（should，could，might）)+ 动词原形。
② 从句是if +主语+ had +过去完成式动词；主句是主语+ would（should，could，might）+ have +过去完成式动词。
③ 从句是：if +主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形；主句是主语+ would（should，could，might）)+ 动词原形。故选择D。
2. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我多么希望每个家庭都有一座有漂亮花园的大房子。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。该句子所表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，谓语动词用过去式。故答案为B。
3. If my lawyer ________ here last Sunday, he ________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented
【答案】A
【解析】 句意：如果我的律师上星期天来过这里，他会阻止我去的。与过去事实相反的假设，从句是If+主语+had+done；主句是主语+ should / would / might / could + have done。故选择答案A。
4. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Were he to leave B. If he had left
C. Did he to leave D. Had he left
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果他今天出发，在星期五之前他就会到达那里。从主句的谓语动词可以看出这是一个与现在事实相反的假设，说明他今天不太可能出发。其非省略形式应该是：If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 此时，if从句中的If可以省略。因为当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。答案B和D时态形式所表达的不是与现在事实相反的假设；答案C用的是 Did，明显的语法用词错误，因为be to do所表示的是即将发生的事情，虚拟语气是were to do。故选择答案A。
5. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.
A. are all right B. were all right
C. would be all right D. would have been all right
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果你听医生的话，你现在就会完全好了。Had引出的含有虚拟语气的倒装句，从句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，而主句强调的是现在的情况。故选择答案C。
6. He ________ busy yesterday, or he ________ you with your experiment.
A. was；had helped B. was；would have helped
C. had been；would have helped D. were；would have helped
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他昨天很忙，否则他会帮你做实验的。or =otherwise，要不然的话……，后面与事实相反，事实是因为忙，没能帮上。or后面用虚拟语气来委婉表达自己的想法愿望，前面部分陈述昨天的事实，后面部分用虚拟语气表达对过去的愿望和想法，对过去的假设用would have done。故选择答案B。
7. If it ________for the snow, we ________ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not；could have climb B. were not；could climb
C. had not been；could have climbed D. hadn’t been；could climb
【答案】C
【解析】句意：要不是因为下雪，昨天我们就能爬山了。与过去事实相反的假设，事实上昨天下雪了。与过去事实相反，从句用If+主语+had+done；主句用主语+ should /would/might/could+have done。故选择答案C。
8. The thief closed his eyes ________ he _________ dying.
A. as if；was B. though； would be
C. even；had been D.as if； were
【答案】D
【解析】句意：小偷闭上了眼睛，就好像要死了一样。从全句子看，小偷把眼睛闭上，好像要死去了一样，事实上不是真的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情都要用虚拟语气。在所给答案中，先排除答案B和C；而答案A中的be动词错误，虚拟语气be动词用were；所以只有答案D符合。故选择答案D。
9. I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我真希望你头痛得没有这么严重，因为我确信你会喜欢这场音乐会。事实上是头痛的很严重。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。从该句主句的谓语动词（ would have enjoyed ）可以看出句子所表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以谓语动词用过去完成式。故选择C。
How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我多么希望我没有尝试着修这块表啊！我只是让它变得更糟了。wish在这里引导宾语从句表示的是与事实相反的假设，事实上是修了这块表，而且把这块表修坏了。答案A所表示的是我希望我修理过，但是后面的句子告诉我们已经修坏了，所以答案A所表示的是事实，不符合wish引出的虚拟语气的句子结构。hadn’t tried to repair表示的是过去没有修理过，联系前面的wish可以分析出希望没有修理过；故选择答案B。
11. I wish I _________ here then.
A. was B. had been C. were D. would be
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我多么希望那时候我会在这里。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。该句子是对将来事情的假设，所以用would + be。故选择答案D。
12. You ________ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果你听从他的建议，就不会犯这么严重的错误了。事实上没有听从建议，所以犯错误了，与过去试试相反的假设，从句用If+主语+had+done；
主句用主语 + should/would/might/could not + have done。故选择答案D。
13. If it _________ the snow, we ________ the Tai Mountain last week.
A. were not；could have climbed B. were not；could climb
C. had not been；could have climbed D. had not been；could climb
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果不是下雪，我们上周就可以爬泰山了。表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用If+主语+had+done；主句用主语+should/would/might/could+have done。故选答案C。
14. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
【答案】B
【解析】句意：她看起来好像做了一件大事。as if引导表语从句，一般是与事实相反的、或者不太可能实现的假设，所以从句的谓语要用虚拟语气；但是如果从句的假设可以实现或者即将成为事实，可以用陈述句语序。从该从句的句意看，她看上去好像做了一件大事，暗含着不是的意思，所以用虚拟语气。故选择B。
15. We ________ last night, but we went to the cinema instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. would study D. would have studied
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们昨晚本来可以学习的，但取而代之的是我们去看电影了。故有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，这个句子就是蕴含在用but引导的从句里的虚拟语气；该句子所表达的是对过去发生事情的假设，故选择答案D。
16. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们在那个小村庄迷路了，要不然我们昨天会参观更多的名胜古迹。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done。故选择答案D。
17. Don't handle the vase as if it ________ made of steel.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
【答案】 B
【解析】句意：不要把花瓶当作钢制的一样拿着。由as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气；该句子as if后引出的虚拟语气，意思是花瓶不是钢制的，要小心。另外在虚拟语气中，be动词用were。故选择答案B。
18. If we _________ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.
A. haven't made B. wouldn't make C. didn't make D. hadn't made
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议就不会这么成功。该句子所表示的是与过去试试相反的假设，事实上做了充分的准备。与过去事实相反的假设，if从句用过去完成时态；故选择答案D。
19. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had
【答案】 D
【解析】句意：如果他们知道接下来会发生什么，他们也许会重新考虑。这个句子的if从句用的是省略形式，没省略之前的句子是：If they had known what was coming next, ... 所以主句用might have done。故选择答案D。
We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _________ us a ride home.
A. didn't offer B. wouldn't offer C. hasn't offered D. hadn't offered
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果哈罗德不让我们搭车回家，我们昨天就会叫出租车。该句子所表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，事实上是哈罗德让我们搭车回家的；与过去试试相反的假设，if从句用过去完成时态；故选择答案D。
课件33张PPT。第二十七讲 虚拟语气（1）考纲解读1. 梳理虚拟语气的语言知识，夯实基础知识，掌握其核心内容。
2. 避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教把虚拟语气的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通。
3. 夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，形成虚拟语气的网络构架，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。
4. 熟练掌握虚拟语气的用法，列出学生出容易出现错误的问题。
5. 通过典型例句讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。典例精讲知识点一 真实条件句与非真实条件句
典例1：“If he ________, he ________ to the party.” He said to me.
A. were free；will come B. is free；would come
C. is free；will come D. is free；should come 【句意】如果他有空闲，他会来参加晚会的。C 条件句是虚拟的，谓
语动词是陈述句形式直接引语中是真是条件句，答案A和B既不符合真实条件句，也不符合虚拟条件句。排除A与B条件是陈述句形式谓
语动词是虚拟形式真实条件句
符合句意同样不符合虚拟语气的语法规则变式训练 考向一 虚拟语气中，be动词用were
变式训练 1-1．If I _________ you, I _________ travel abroad with them.
A. am；will B. were；would C. was；would D. were；will【句意】 ：如果我是你，我会和他们一起出国旅游。B 从句用过去时态，主句用would+动词原形，排除AD符合虚拟条件句虚拟语气be动词要用were这是虚拟条件句，因为我不可能是你
不可能实现的假设，要用虚拟语气变式训练考向二 if 从句用过去时态，主句用过去将来时态
变式训练 1-2. 2）If he _________，he would miss the train.
A. didn't hurry up B. doesn't hurry up C. hurried up D. hurries up 【句意】如果他没快点的话，他就会赶不上火车了。A 虚拟条件句的 if 从句的谓语动词用过去时态，主句用过去将来时态从主句的谓语动词可看出是一个虚拟条件句事实上因为他当时动作快而赶上火车了典例精讲知识点二 虚拟语气（虚拟条件句）的基本结构
典例2： If only he _________ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lieC 句意：要是他按照医生的指示安静地躺着，他现在就不会那么难受了。条件从句表达的是与过去实施相反的假设 与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用 had +过去分词 虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
② 表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If + 主语 + had + done
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + have done
③ 表示与将来事实相反
从句：
① if + 主语 + were to do
② if + 主语 + should +do
③ if + 主语 + 动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do变式训练 考向一 与过去事实相反的假设
变式训练 2-1. You did not let me drive. If we _______ in turn, you _______ so tired A. drove；didn't get B. drove；wouldn't get
C. were driving；wouldn't get D. had driven；wouldn't have got句意：你没让我开车。如果我们轮流开车，你就不会这么累了。D 与过去事实相反的假设，假如当时我们轮流开车的话，事实上没有轮流开车与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟条件句中，从句用If +主语+ had + done；主句用主语 + should/would/might/could + have done变式训练考向二 从句：If + had done；主句: would+ have done
变式训练 2-2. I did not see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my
brother. A. has come B. did come C. come D. had come句意：我没有在会上见到你妹妹。如果她来了，她会遇到我弟弟。D与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟条件句中，从句用If +主语+ had + done；主句用主语+ should/would/might/could + have done第二句是一个含有虚拟语气的句子，前一句交代了没有见到你妹妹，所以可以分析出，事实上你妹妹没来，不会见到我弟弟典例精讲知识点三 省略形式的虚拟语气
典例3：_________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
A.Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not forD 句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。如果天上不是云，显然表达不清是省略if的倒装句,从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和C强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云典例精讲考向一 含有were，should，had，用倒装语序
变式训练 3-1．__________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 【句意】如果明天下雨，我们就不得不推迟参观杨浦大桥。B 谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可省略，并用倒装语序。
即把were，should，had等词置于句首省略句，省略前是if it should rain tomorrow, we would have to put off... 明天很可能会下雨，我们只好推迟......变式训练考向二 含有were，should，had时，省略if
变式训练 3-2. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
A.If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work? 句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。B 省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam.从句谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首典例精讲知识点四 介词或副词表达的虚拟语气
典例4：I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
A.would have taken part in B. took part in
C. had taken part in D. would take part inA 句意：那天我病了，否则我会参加运动会的。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反
的假设，主句用would have done 这是与过去事实相反的假设，表示如果我那天没病，我就会参加的。虚拟语气可通过副词otherwise表达变式训练考向一 without; but for引出虚拟语气
变式训练 4-1. Without electricity, human life ____________ quite difficult today
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be句意：我想用几天些工具。D 二者不是虚拟语气，排除 虚拟语气也可以通过介词without或者介词短语but for来表达，这个句子就是通过介词without引出的虚拟条件句用于与过去事实相反的假设用于与现在事实相反的假设变式训练考向二 but for的句中，谓语动词用虚拟形式
变式训练 4-2. But for water, we ________ impossible to live in the earth
A. is B. would be C. were D. wouldn’t be 句意：如果没有水，我们就不可能生活在地球上。 虚拟语气可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达。在有but for的句子中，谓语动词一定要用虚拟形式B but for要用虚拟
语气，排除A和C符合虚拟语气用法错用了否定形式，
主句中impossible
表达了否定的意思典例精讲知识点五 由as if/as though引导的从句常会用到虚拟语气
典例5：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would beC句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。与过去事实相反
用had+过去分词“好像去过很多次”是
对与过去事实相反
要用had+过去分词用于主句由as if/as though引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气应该用were变式训练考向一 与事实完全相反，或纯粹是假设，用虚拟语气
变式训练 5-1．Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be句意：刘勇现在穿着一件蓝色的夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。A 由as if（或者as though）引导的从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，用虚拟语气 虚拟语气中，be动词用were变式训练考向二 描述的事情与事实相符或即将发生，用虚拟语气
变式训练5-2. The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained 句意：云在聚集。看来要下雨了。B描述的事情即将发生
用陈述句语序as if（或as though）引导的从句与事实相符的，从句要用陈述语气。该句子所描述的是即将发生的事实2019天津卷 14
1. The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ___________ the task in half the time.?
A.?accomplished? B.?had?accomplished?
C.?would?accomplish? D.?would?have?accomplished??D 句意：工人们没有更好的组织号，要不然的话，他们会在一半的时间内就完成任务了。挑战真题与过去事实相反，主句用would have done虚拟语气虚拟语气可通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是：过去没组织好，如果组织好的话就会早完成了。2019 江苏卷 31
2. What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.
? A. had ???????????? B. will have ???????C. would have had ???????????? D. had hadC 句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快的时光的。挑战真题If从句是：if +主语+过去完成时态，主句是
主语+should（would, could, might）+现在完成时态 对过去事情的假设，用虚拟语气；与过去事实相反。or =otherwise，要不然的话……虚拟语气2018 天津卷 10
3. ?I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left C. might leave D. could have left? D句意：我找不到我的钱包了。有可能我昨天把它落在超市了，但我不确定。挑战真题均不符合1. 对过去推测用情态动词+have done
2.根据I’m not sure可知此推测是不能肯定的
不能肯定的推测用could根据时间状语yesterday得知是对过去所发生事情的推测虚拟语气2018 天津卷 15
4.If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catchA 句意：如果我们昨天赶上了飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。 挑战真题根据时间状语yesterday可知，
从句表示与过去事实相反，
要用had +过去分词均不符合根据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的是动词的虚拟时间，一般要保持一致。但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。该题是错综条件虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反虚拟语气2018 江苏卷 24
5. It’s strange that he ________ have taken the book without winner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. mightB句意：真奇怪，她竟然没有得到主人的允许就拿走了这些书。挑战真题均不符合that 引导的主语从句通常用虚拟语气形式should在It is important / necessary/ strange /impossible / natural that .... 中，由that 引导的主语从句通常用虚拟语气形式（should）虚拟语气1. If there ________ no air or water，there ________ no living things on the earth.
A. is；will be B. was；will be C. was；would be D. were；would be句意：如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。。D 巩固训练事实上，地球上既有空气，也有水。）这个句子是与事实相反的假设，要用虚拟条件句的结构 从句是 if +主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形
主句是 主语+ would（should，could，might）)+ 动词原形 虚拟语气的基本结构：
① 表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If +主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were）
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + do
② 表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If + 主语 + had + done
主句：主语 + should/would/might/could + have done
③ 表示与将来事实相反
从句：
① if + 主语 + were to do
② if + 主语 + should +do
③ if + 主语 + 动词一般过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could +do2. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 句意：我多么希望每个家庭都有一座有漂亮花园的大房子。B巩固训练该句子所表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，谓语动词用过去式wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气3. If my lawyer ________ here last Sunday, he ________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented 句意：如果我的律师上星期天来过这里，他会阻止我去的。A巩固训练 时间状语提示 发生在过去与过去事实相反的假设，从句是If+主语+had+done；主句是主语+ should / would / might / could + have done4. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Were he to leave B. If he had left
C. Did he to leave D. Had he left句意：如果他今天出发，在星期五之前他就会到达那里。A巩固训练从主句的谓语动词可看出是一个与现在事实相反的假设，说明他今天不太可能出发。其非省略形式应该是：If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 所表达的不是与
现在事实相反的假设 含有were，should，had时，if可省略，从句用倒装语序，把were，should，had等词置于句首 用 Did是明显的语法用词错误，be to do是
即将发生的事情；虚拟语气是were to do5. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.
A. are all right B. were all right
C. would be all right D. would have been all right句意：如果你听医生的话，你现在就会完全好了。C 巩固训练Had引出的含有虚拟语气的倒装句，从句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，而主句强调的是现在的情况6. He ________ busy yesterday, or he ________ you with your experiment.
A. was；had helped B. was；would have helped
C. had been；would have helped D. were；would have helped 句意：他昨天很忙，否则他会帮你做实验的。B巩固训练or后面用虚拟语气来委婉表达自己的想法愿望，前面部分陈述昨天的事实，后面部分用虚拟语气表达对过去的愿望和想法，对过去的假设用would have done or =otherwise，要不然的话……，后面与事实相反，事实是因为忙，没能帮上7. If it ________for the snow, we ________ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not；could have climb B. were not；could climb
C. had not been；could have climbed D. hadn’t been；could climb句意：要不是因为下雪，昨天我们就能爬山了。C巩固训练从句用If+主语+had+done；
主句用主语+ should /would/might/could+have done 与过去事实相反的假设，事实上昨天下雪了。与过去事实相反8. The thief closed his eyes ________ he _________ dying.
A. as if；was B. though； would be
C. even；had been D.as if； were 句意：小偷闭上了眼睛，就好像要死了一样。D巩固训练从全句子看，小偷把眼睛闭上，好像要死去了一样，事实上不是真的由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，
与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设
或者/不太可能发生的事情都要用虚拟语气be动词错误应该是were不符合虚拟语气用法9. I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have 句意：我真希望你头痛得没有这么严重，因为我确信你会喜欢这场音乐会。C 巩固训练主句的谓语动词（ would have enjoyed ）可看出：
句子所表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，
所以谓语动词用过去完成式 wish引导的从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。事实上是头痛的很严重，谓语动词要用虚拟语气10. How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try句意：我多么希望我没有尝试着修这块表啊！我只是让它变得更糟了。B巩固训练表示的是事实，不符合
wish引出的虚拟语气表示的是过去没有修理过，联系前面的
wish可以分析出希望没有修理过 wish在这里引导宾语从句表示的是与事实相反的假设，事实上是修了这块表，而且把这块表修坏了。感谢欣赏
