arise，rise, raise
[辨析]
arise (arose, arisen) vi. 呈现, 出现；发生， 产生；起身，起立。无被动语态。常用短语：arise from / out of sth. 由……引起；因……产生。 如：
How did the quarrel arise?
争吵是怎么引起的？
They are talking about problems arising out of the lack of communication.
他们正在谈论由于缺乏交流而产生的问题。
rise（rose, risen）vi. 上升，升起, 升高；上涨；站起来。说明主语自身移向较高位置，常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、蒸汽、河水、温度、物价以及人的职位等，无被动语态。 如：
The moon has risen above the hills.
月亮已经从山上升起。
The river has risen by several meters. 河水上涨了好几米。
raise vt. 举起，提起；抬高；筹集。说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其它事物的，往往有使物体达到其应有的高度的含义。可用于被动语态。如：
Heavy rain raised the river stage.
暴雨使河水水位升高。
The boss promised to raise her salary.
老板答应要给她加薪水。
[小试]
I. 用上述动词的正确形式完成下列句子。
1. He ______ and walked to the window.
2. He ______ his hat to me as a sign of respect.
3. The birds also attack crops when the opportunity ______.
4. The people’s living standard has greatly been ______.
5. Her temperature is still ______.
II. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The prices are ______ fast these days. Nobody can get the prices ______.
A. going down; to bring down
B. rising; bring down
C. raising; bring down
D. rising; brought down.
2. They’ve ______ up to 20,000 yuan for the Hope Project.
A. rose B. raise C. raised D. risen
3. When the question ______ at the meeting, no one could answer it.
A. rose B. arose C. came D. raised
Keys:
I. 1. arose / rose 2. raised 3. arises
4. raised 5. rising
II. 1-3 DCB
EXPRESSIONS
as a result
【寓词于境】 阅读下列句子，并试着总结as a result在句中的含义及用法。
1. He didn’t study hard. As a result he failed the exam.
2. He made one big mistake, and lost his job as a result.
【自我归纳】 as a result意为：_____，可用于句首，也可用于句末。
【拓展】 as a result of ... 意为“由于……的结果”，后跟名词或代词。如：
Mary was late as a result of the snow.
【即学即练】 选用以上合适的短语完成下列句子。
1. Jackson couldn’t work any longer _____ the car accident.
2. We helped each other in studies, and _____ we became good friends.
in a way
[观察] 阅读下列各句，观察in a way在句中的用法。
1. In a way, I like this new textbook very much.
2. In a way I like Betty, but I wouldn’t really trust her.
[点拨] in a way = in one way = in some ways 从某种程度上说，从某方面说；有点儿，有几分。
[拓展]
in the way 或in one’s way 挡道，碍事。反义词组：out of the way
in any way 无论如何，不管怎样
in no way 决不。注意：置于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序。如：
You’ll have to move — you are in my way.
Please keep out of the way.
I must finish the work today in any way.
Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice.
In no way did he admit that he was wrong.
[即学即练] 用way的相关短语填空。
1. Perhaps he should have said nothing, but _____ it was his duty.
2. I’m sorry but your leg is _____.
3. I got caught in the heavy rain _____ home.
4. We shall go to Sichuan _____ Shanxi.
[小试] 请用以上短语把下列各句翻译成英语。
1. 从某方面来看，你的文章写的不错。
2. 恐怕你的汽车挡道了。
3. 我决不会继续为那个老板工作了。
4. 我们无论如何要在天黑前到那儿。
deal with
[语境展示] 阅读下列句子，注意deal with的意思和用法。
1. The meeting will deal with these problems.
2. I have a matter of importance to deal with.
3. I don’t know how to deal with these bad children.
4. I’ll deal with you when I get home from the office!
[自我归纳] deal with意为_____时，后常接表示人的宾语；deal with意为_____时，后常接表示事物的宾语。
[拓展] deal with和do with
deal with和do with表示“处理”时，do with常与what连用, 而deal with常与how连用。如：
What will you do with these green apples?
你用这些青苹果做什么？
I don’t know how to deal with these boring problems.
我不知道如何处理这些烦人的问题。
[即学即练] 翻译下列句子。
1. 那位新老师不知道如何对待班上的学生。
2. 她不知应该如何处理她父亲留下的东西。
Keys:
as a result
【自我归纳】 结果
【即学即练】 1. as a result of 2. as a result
in a way
[即学即练] 1. in a way 2. in the way 3. on the way 4. by way of
[小试]
1. Your article is well written in a way.
2. I’m afraid your car is in the way.
3. I will in no way go on working for that boss.
4. In any way we must arrive there before dark.
deal with
[自我归纳] 对付、对待、收拾；处理
[即学即练]
1. The new teacher didn’t know how to deal with the students in the class.
2. She didn’t know what to do with the things her father had left.
GRAMMAR
现在完成时的被动语态
【归纳】
★ 现在完成时的被动语态的谓语构成形式：
肯定式：have / has（has只用于第三人称单数，其余人称用have） + been + 及物动词的过去分词。如：
The results of their experiments have already been published.
The party has been planned since the new year.
否定式：have / has + not + been +及物动词的过去分词。如：
They haven’t been told about it yet.
一般疑问句形式：Have / Has +主语+ been +及物动词的过去分词。如：
—Have his books been sold out?
—Yes. So you can’t buy one now.
特殊疑问句形式：疑问词 + have / has + been +及物动词的过去分词。如：
How many experiments have been done by the students this month?
★ 现在完成时的被动语态通常有以下两种情况：
① 表示过去开始的被动动作一直持续到现在，常与之连用的时间状语有：for +一段时间，since +时间状语（从句），these days, so far, up to now, in the last / past few years等。
This class have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years.
His Chinese has been improved a lot since he came to China.
JK Rowling’s novels have been translated into many foreign languages so far.
② 表示某被动动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, yet, just, ever, never, recently等连用。
The bike has not been repaired yet.
I have already been introduced to Mr. Smith.
【即学即练】
I.?将下面句子中的主动语态变为被动语态。
1. Nobody has heard of Susan since she moved to America.??
_____________________________________________________________________
2. They won't finish the experiment before ten o'clock.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. We haven't given them anything to eat.???
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Have you fed the pigs yet???
_____________________________________________________________________
5. We have already discussed this question.???
_____________________________________________________________________
II.?用括号内动词的正确形式填空。
1. The same mistake ________ (make) many times.
2. More than 100 famous films ________ (show) in the city since July.
3. For his tenth birthday, Carl wanted a bicycle but ________ (give) a guitar by his parents.
4. Although it ________ (play) many times, he still loves it.?
5. Three new schools ________ (open) in our city in the past 5 years.
参考答案：
【自我归纳】?been
【即学即练】
I. 1. Susan hasn't been heard of since she moved to America.
2. The experiment won't be finished before ten o'clock.
3. They haven't been given anything to eat.
4. Have the pigs been fed yet?
5. This question has already been discussed.
II. 1. has been made???? ? 2. have been shown? ??
3. was given??? ?? 4. has been played????????
5. have been opened
如何写想象类作文
【写作任务】
假设你校英语俱乐部将就“Future home robots”这一话题进行讨论。请你围绕该话题写一篇发言稿，从外表、功能等方面描述一下你心中的未来家用机器人。
注意：1. 词数120左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。
Good morning, everyone!
That’s all. Thank you.
【写作指导】
一、审题定调
这篇习作在体裁上是一篇发言稿，在内容上是一篇想象类作文。
想象类作文是作者根据已有的生活经验和知识，超越现实生活来勾画出不曾出现过的生活图景的文章。
写想象类作文需要有创造性的思维和丰富的想象力，但想象也要合理，想象的内容要具体。介绍时要条理清晰，层次分明，语言简练，用词准确。时态主要使用一般将来时和一般现在时，人称一般使用第三人称和第一人称。
二、谋篇布局
本篇习作的开头和结尾已给出，主体内容可分三部分来写：
第一部分：引入话题；
第二部分：具体描述；
第三部分：总结全文。
三、组织语言
1. 第一部分：引入话题，总体介绍。
普通表达
高级表达
★ As society develops, home robots will play an important role in our life.
★ As society develops, more and more robots will appear and do housework for us.
With the development of science and technology, new types of home robots will be invented.
★ ... will be able to do many things for us.
★ They will be very smart and able to help us in many ways.
★ ... will be made so perfectly that ... will be able to do almost everything for us.
★ ... will be so smart that they will be able to help us in many ways.
2. 第二部分：具体描述（包括未来家用机器人的外表、功能等）。
外表
普通表达
高级表达
★ ... will be similar to a human being in many ways.
★ ... will have a square face, two big eyes and a small mouth.
★ ... will have a round face, two small eyes and a big mouth.
★ ... will be about 120 centimeters tall with a lovely face and bright eyes.
★ In appearance, ... may look more like real human beings than machines.
功能
普通表达
高级表达
★ ... will be able to help mothers do housework, play with children and sometimes help students solve difficult problems.
★ ... will be able to do many things, including helping people with all their housework, sending pupils to school and fetching them from school.
★ ... will be able to play beautiful music to make people happy when they are sad.
★ ... are supposed to do boring or difficult jobs that humans can’t do or don’t want to do.
★ Not only will ... be able to do all kinds of housework but ... will also be able to communicate in any language.
★ We can imagine a future in which robots will be able to care for our children and develop friendships with us.
★ ... will be able to understand how we feel, so ... will be able to tell some funny stories to make us laugh if we are sad.
3. 第三部分：总结全文。
普通表达
高级表达
★ All in all, with the help of home robots, we will be able to deal with everything without difficulty and our life will become happier.
★ In short, home robots in the future will help make us live more happily.
★ I believe my dream robot will appear soon.
★ In short, home robots in the future will be of great help to us and I strongly believe that my dream will come true one day.
★ In my opinion, the dream of having an ideal robot will become a reality one day.
★ With the breakthrough of technology, I strongly believe that my dream robot will appear soon.
【范文展示】
普通范文
Good morning, everyone!
①As society develops, home robots will play an important role in our life. ②They will be able to do many things for us.
③The home robot in my mind will have a square face, two big eyes and a small mouth. ④It will be able to do many things, including helping people with all their housework, sending pupils to school and fetching them from school. ⑤What’s more, my dream home robot will be able to play the piano, so it will be able to play beautiful music to make people happy when they’re sad.
⑥All in all, with the help of home robots, we will be able to deal with everything without difficulty and our life will become happier.
That’s all. Thank you.
高级范文
Good morning, everyone!
①With the development of science and technology, new types of home robots will be invented. ②I think home robots in the future will be made so perfectly that they will be able to help us in many ways.
③In appearance, they may look more like real human beings than machines. ④Not only will they be able to do all kinds of housework but they will also be able to communicate in any language. ⑤Besides, they will be able to understand how we feel, so they will be able to tell some funny stories to make us laugh if we are sad.
⑥In short, home robots in the future will be of great help to us and I believe my dream will come true one day.
That’s all. Thank you.
温馨提示：同学们，仔细阅读两篇文章之后，你会发现相同标号的内容采用了不同的表达方式来表达相同或相近的含义。因此，大家在平时的写作中，应该多使用一些复杂结构或高级词汇，同时，也应学会使用简单词汇或句式来表达复杂的意思。
【实战演练】
某英语报社向中学生征文，主题是“Our future life”。请你用英语写一篇短文，通过合理想象，畅想你心中的未来生活。
注意：词数100左右（题目已给出，但不计入总词数）。
Our future life
答案
One possible version:
Our future life
I always dream about life in the future. What will it be like?
Perhaps some people will go to the moon for a holiday, and some people may live under the sea or in space. Besides, probably there’ll be more educational programs on the Internet, and therefore, students will be able to study at home instead of going to school every day. What’s more, maybe in the future each family will have a robot, which will be able to do whatever it is told to, such as going shopping, doing housework, etc.
With the breakthrough of technology, I believe that our life will certainly become easier, happier and more colourful.
PATTERNS
1. I wonder if...
[原句展示] By the 1940s I had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger. (P18)
[点拨] 句中的I wonder if ... 是一个常用句型，意为“我想知道是否……”，常用来委婉地提出疑问或请求，也可用whether代替if。如：
This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if / whether you can pick out my father.
这张照片是很久以前拍的。我想知道你是否能辨认出我的父亲。
As time went on, Mary began to wonder if / whether John had forgotten their date.
随着时间的推移，玛丽开始想约翰是不是忘了他们的约会。
[仿写] _________________________________
（我想知道，我是否可以去汶川。)
2. so ... that ...
[原句展示] Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told!(P18)
[点拨] 句中的so ... that ... 意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。so后通常跟形容词或副词，在非正式语体中that常被省去。如：
She felt so sad that tears came to her eyes.
她非常难过，以至于泪水盈眶。
John was so drunk (that) he could not stand still.
约翰醉得站也站不稳了。
[拓展] so ... that ... 有时可与too ... to ... 和enough ... to ... 句型互换。如：
My brother is so young that he can’t go to school. = My brother is too young to go to school. = My brother is not old enough to go to school.
[仿写] _________________________________
（他说得很快，我们几乎听不清他在说什么。）
Keys:
1. I wonder if / whether I can go to Wenchuan.
2. He spoke so fast (that) we could hardly follow him．
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
1. I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. (P18)
【分析】
① 本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。
② and前的分句是一个简单句。
③ and后的分句中包含一个由before引导的时间状语从句，before在此意为“……（之后）才”。
【句意】 我发育缓慢，差不多到了两百年之后，查尔斯·巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
【仿写】 昨晚我被噪音惊醒，很长一段时间后我才又入睡。
____________________ I got to sleep again.
2. By the 1940s I had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger. (P18)
【分析】
① 本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。
② and前的分句是一个简单句。
③ and后的分句中，wonder后跟if引导的________从句。I wonder if ... 是一个常用句型，意为“我想知道是否……”。
【句意】 到二十世纪四十年代，我已经长得像一间屋子那么大，我不知道是否还会长得更大。
【仿写】 到目前为止，我已长得和我爸爸一般高了。不知道他的朋友是否还能认出我来。
____________________ his friends can recognize me.
3. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! (P18)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 此句中包含了一个由so ... that ... 引导的结果状语从句；在从句中还包含一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词________。
【句意】 随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！
【仿写】老师说得很快，我们几乎听不清他在说什么。
The teacher spoke ____________________．
4. But I was always so lonely standing there by myself, until in the early 1960s they gave me a family connected by a network. (P18)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句为I was always so lonely standing there by myself，其中standing there by myself是动词-ing形式短语作状语。
③ 从句是由________引导的时间状语从句，其中connected by a network是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰________。
【句意】 但是我总是孤孤单单地站在那里，直到二十世纪六十年代初，人们才给了我一个用网络连成的家庭。
答案
1.?【仿写】?Last night I was waken by the noise and it was a long time before
2.?【分析】?宾语
【仿写】?By now I have grown as tall as my father, and?I wonder if??
3.?【分析】?anything
【仿写】?so fast that we could hardly follow him
4.?【分析】?until; family
WORDS
solve
寓词于境】 阅读下列句子，并试着总结solve在句中的含义及用法。
1. The scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.
2. Talk to me about whatever is troubling you. I’ll help you solve it.
3. The clever child solved the riddle quickly.
【自我归纳】 solve的意思是_____，后直接跟宾语，宾语可以是名词或代词。
【拓展】 solution n. 解答，解决办法。如：
It seems to me the best solution to the problem.
【即学即练】 翻译下列句子。
1. 那个问题太难了，是不可能解决的。
2. 我们无法找出解决这个问题的办法。
explore
【寓词于境】 阅读下列句子，并试着总结explore在句中的含义及用法。
1. The scientists are exploring every part of the island.
2. No one arrived at the forest but Tom wanted to explore it.
3. We must explore all possible ways to increase food production.
【归纳总结】 explore的意思是“探索，探测，探究”，后直接跟宾语。
【拓展】 explorer n. 探险家，探测者
【即学即练】 根据括号内的提示完成下列句子。
1. Jim is a young explorer and he _____________________ (喜欢探险) very much.
2. The oceans _____________________ (尚未被充分勘探).
anyhow
【寓词于境】 阅读下列句子，并试着总结anyhow在句中的词性及含义。
1. I couldn’t think of the name of that man anyhow.
2. Anyhow I must tell the truth.
【自我归纳】 anyhow是_____词，意思是_____，可位于句首，也可位于句末。
【即学即练】 翻译下列句子。
1. 房子锁着，我无论如何也进不去。
2. 不管怎样，我们设法得到了我们想要的。
Keys:
solve
【自我归纳】 解决，解答
【即学即练】
1. The problem is so difficult that it is impossible to solve it.
2. We can’t find a solution to the problem.
explore
【即学即练】
1. loves / is fond of exploring
2. have not yet been fully explored
anyhow
【自我归纳】 副；无论如何，即使如此
【即学即练】
1. The house is locked and I cannot get in anyhow.
2. We managed to get what we wanted, anyhow.
1. have ... in common 2. compare it with your partner
3. put them in an order 4. according to the time
5. a calculating machine 6. an analytical machine
7. a technological revolution 8. artificial intelligence
9. be made to work 10. from then on
11. grow rapidly in size 12. as large as a room
13. as time went by 14. as a result
15. over time 16. share my knowledge with others
17. as well as 18. help with medical operations
19. explore the Moon 20. a life of high quality
21. be filled with happiness 22. the human race
23. work out the answer 24. be interested in computers
25. make good use of it 26. in reality
27. be crazy about radios 28. give its computers away
29. make a decision 30. an android football team
31. play a game of football 32. in fact
33. have a good shot for a goal 34. win second place
35. be determined to create an even better system 36. in a way
37. play against a human team 38. after all
39. with the help of my electronic brain 40. deal with telephone calls
41. watch over my naughty niece 42. help her with her homework
43. tell funny stories to my niece
