第二十八讲 虚拟语气（2）
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
虚拟语气在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都可能出现，是历年高考中的必考内容，每年的命题形式也有所不同。教师在辅导学生进行虚拟语气复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把虚拟语气部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
由于虚拟语气部分的语法项目内容较多，而且对我们中国学生来说相对略有复杂。因此，虚拟语气部分的语法项目将分为两部分完成。本讲为第二部分，第一部分--虚拟语气的基本用法已经在第二十七讲中复习过了；在这一讲中，我们着重复习虚拟语气在各种不同情况下的应用。
I. 虚拟语气的不同用法
我们对虚拟语气的基本语法和用法已经在上一讲中进行了比较详细的复习，从三类语气的概述到虚拟语气的基本形式、虚拟条件句的用法以及与真实条件句的区别都做了比较详尽的总结。然而，在虚拟语气中，常常会有一些特殊句式与特殊的表达方法。比如：虚拟语气常会出现在目的状语中，出现在wish后面的宾语从句中，出现在表示坚持后面的宾语从句中，出现在表示命令、建议、要求、提议、投票、敦促、安排、希望、打算、指示等后面的宾语从句中，虚拟语气有时还会出现在定语从句中。在上面所提到的虚拟语气的情况中，有些最常用的已经在上一讲做过简单的介绍，这一讲中，我们要详细对以上情况进行梳理。
1. 虚拟语气在目的状语中的用法
1）在for fear that，in case，lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为（should）+ do；should可以省略，for fear that，in case，lest不能省略。
She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。
He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.
他早早地就出发了以防迟到。
2）在so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为can / could / may / might / will / would /should + do。其中can / may / will / + do一般表示的是能实现的；could / might / would /should + do一般表示实现的可能性不太大。
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1）wish后的宾语从句
动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时（be动词用were）；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could + have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done（这里的情态动词不能用should）；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望用would (could) + 动词原形。
I wish I could be of some use.
我希望我能有什么用处。
We wish he didn’t smoke.
我们希望他不吸烟。
I wish prices would come down.
我希望物价能降下来。
I wish the train would come.
我希望火车将会来。
2）表示“坚持”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。
I insisted that he (should) stay.
我坚持要他留下。
Rose insisted that he be present.
罗斯坚持要他出席。
3）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指order，command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中，通常可以省略。
He ordered that it (should) be sent back.
他命令把它送回去。
The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.
法官命令被告还押。
The King ordered that the man be released.
国王命令释放那人。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once.
他命令我们立即发起进攻。
4）表示“建议”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指advise，suggest，propose，recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should通常可以省略。
They recommend that this tax be abolished.
他们建议取消这种税。
The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected.
委员会建议推选戴先生。
The doctor advised that he (should) not smoke.
医生建议他不要抽烟。
He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman.
他提议奥列利先生担任主席。
She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements.
她建议我来负责进行安排。
5）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指ask，demand，require，request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
They require that I go at once.
他们要求我立刻走。
I demand that John (should) go there at once.
我要求约翰立即到那里去。
He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately.
他要求把信息立即带给夫人。
6）表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指move，vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
Mr. Chairman，I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned.
主席先生，我提议休会。
Congress has voted that the present law be maintained.
国会投票决定维持现 在这条法律。
7）表示“敦促”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， should可省略。
He urges that the restrictions be lifted.
他敦促取消这些限制。
He urged that the matter should go to arbitration.
他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。
They urged that relief work should be given priority.
他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。
8）表示“安排”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
He arranged that I should go abroad.
他安排我去国外。
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring.
已安排好他们第二年春天离开。
They’ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting.
他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。
9）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词desire，intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可以省略。
I desire the patient should have a bath every day.
我希望病人每天洗澡。
They intended that the news (should) be suppressed.
他们打算封锁这条消息。
10）表示“指示”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， should可以省略。
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.
将军指示释放那些俘虏。
3. It is ... that +主语从句的句型用法
1）表示情绪、观点的形容词或名词要用虚拟语气：
表示情绪、观点的形容词或名词常用的有necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity、the shame、no wonder等，一般都要用虚拟语气。其句型是：It is ... that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词常用should+原形，should是否省略要看情况而定。
Do you think it is necessary that he (should) be sent to Daqing.
你认为有必要把他送到大庆吗？
（should表示“建议”的语气可省略。）
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
（should表示“竟然”的语气不可省略。）
2）礼貌委婉地表达情况的紧迫性可用虚拟语气：
表示紧迫的形容词如：advisable，best，critical，desirable，essential，imperative，important，necessary，urgent，vital等。其句型是：It is ... +主语从句。
It's vital that you (should) make a decision right now.
你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。
It is necessary that he ( should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
有必要的是，他明天就来参加我们的会议。
It is advisable that we ( should) stay at home instead of going to the movie.
我们还是不去看电影，呆在家里好。
It is important that you ( should) learn pronunciation well.
学好发音对你来说非常重要
4. 虚拟语气在It is/was (high) time that +完整句子（定语从句）中的应用
表示“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略（注意：此处要与宾语从句中的用法区别），而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is (high) time that we should go to school
现在是我们该去上学的时候了。（言外之音是：早就该去上学了，还没去呢。）
这个句子的从句也可以用过去时态：It is (high）time that we went to school.
It is high time that a doctor were sent for.
早就该让人去请医生了。
It is high time that we should make a decision.
我们的确该做个决定了。
It is high time that we developed our industry and agriculture.
我们早该发展工农业了。
5. 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用
1）由even if，even though所引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况，从句用过去式。表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though；even though；whatever；however；so long as等，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
Even if he were here himself，he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
2）在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever，wherever，however，no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：
指现在或将来用may +do
指过去用may + have done
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
6. 在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气
一般在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
与现在事实不相符用过去时（be动词用were ）
与将来事实不相符用过去时（be动词用were ）
与过去事实不相符用had + done
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
7. 在简单句中的虚拟语气
1）说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + do。
Would you mind my shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗？
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may +主语+ do。
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形（do）。
God bless us.
上帝保佑。
4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗？
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③ 提出劝告或建议。
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤ 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。
其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词+ have done。
You should have got here earlier.
你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him.
你早该把它还给他了。
1. wish后的宾语从句需注意的问题：
表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；
表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could + have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done；
表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望用would (could) + 动词原形。
如果将wish改为过去式wished，后面that从句中动词形式不变（同wish）。
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
但愿我没有花这么多钱。
I wished the prices would come down.
我希望物价能降下来。
I wished the train would come at that time.
我当时真希望火车会来。
2. 在insist，suggest后的宾语从句需注意的问题：
1）在insist的宾语从句中，从句谓语一般用虚拟语气，由“should+动词原形”构成。但是，insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别在于：谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生或尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气；谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生或已经成为事实，要用陈述语气。
当insist意为“坚持某种动作”用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点、某个事实”时不用虚拟语气。
He insisted that I had read his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。
He insisted that he should have a look.
他坚持要查看。
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。（表示的是事实，因此不能使用虚拟语气。）
My family insisted that I should not give in, but stay and fight
家里人坚持认为我不应让步，而应该留下来继续抗争。（坚持动作，用虚拟语气）
2）与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”（既：当suggest意为“建议”时要用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”或“表明”时不用虚拟语气）。
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.
他建议我们留下吃饭。（尚未成事实，虚拟语气）
What he said suggested that he was a cheat.
他说的话表明他是个骗子。（既成事实，陈述语气）
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.
我觉得你与他心照不宣。（既成事实，陈述语气）
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情表明了他很担心。（这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没用虚拟语气。）
I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now.
我建议我们现在就吃午饭。（表示“建议”用虚拟语气。）
3. 在下面的情况一般要用“should + do”：
在一想要(desire；一宁愿 (prefer)；一坚持 (insist)；二命令 (order，command)；三建议 (advise，suggest，propose/recommend)；四要求 (demand，require，request，ask)中，无论主句谓语动词是何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用“should + do”，should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他建议我们采纳老师的建议。
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他坚持要我们采纳老师的建议
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他要求我们采纳老师的建议。
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他命令我们采纳老师的建议。
4. It is/was time that +从句与It is/was the first time that +从句的区别
It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略，而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
It is high time that the old plane was scrapped.
这架旧飞机该报废了。
但是该句型略微调整成It is或was the first time that +从句（first也可能是其他序数词)，这个句子的谓语动词就不再采用上述形式。具体结构形式如下：
1）若主句是is，that后面句子的谓语动词部分用现在完成时（have/has done）；
2）若主句是was，that后面句子的谓语动词部分用过去完成时（had done)。
It is the first time that I have spoken to a foreigner.
这是我首次和一位外国人交谈。
For most students, we guess, it is the first time that they have been away from home.
我们猜测，对于大部分学生来说，这是他们第一次离家在外。
It is the first time that she has ever lived in a city in her entire life.
这是第一次她完全的生活在城市里。
It was the first time that I had been criticized in public.
那是我第一次当众挨批。
It was the first time that I had seen such a moving movie.
这是我第一次看到一部如此感人的电影。
He said that it was the first time that he had met such a strange person.
他说他还是第一次遇到这么奇怪的人。
It was the first time that I had seen such a beautiful place.
那是我第一次见到这么美的地方。
知识点一 wish后的宾语从句须注意的情况
例1：Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I _________ as well as her.
A. dance B. will dance C. had danced D. danced
【答案】D
【解析】句意：艾伦是个出色的舞蹈演员，但愿我能够和她跳得一样好。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，和现在相反用一般过去时，答案C符合（注意：虚拟语气表示一些事与愿违或和事实不符的情况。有一些规则要记忆，如一些固定句型，还有要记住这些句型中动词的形式）。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，与现在相反用一般过去时，所以选择答案为D。
变式训练1：
1）I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
2）How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try
知识点二 表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后的宾语从句
例2：The detective insisted that he ________ a look.
A. has B. has had C. (should) have D. have had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：警探坚持要查看。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成，should可以省略。故选择答案C。
变式训练2：
1）He insisted that I _________ with them.
A. will go B. would go C. will be going D. should go
2）She suggested that I _________ responsible for the arrangements.
A. had been B. was C. (should) be D. were
知识点三 由as if/as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气
例3：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生，所以用虚拟语气。根据虚拟语气的基本结构，答案A、B、C和D的时态都符合，但是虚拟语气中，be动词不用was，所以排除答案B；“好像去过很多次”是对与过去事实相反的描述，所以谓语动词用had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
变式训练3：
1）Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
2）The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
知识点四 It is/was time that +从句与It is/was the first time that +从句的区别
例4：She agreed that it was high time that he _________ what was in the box.
should know B. knows C. known D. would know
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她同意打开鞋盒，是到他知道鞋盒里是什么东西的时候了。It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略，而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。故选择答案A。
变式训练4：
1）It was the first time that I _________ a head of an office.
A. become B. will become C. have become D. had become
2）It is high time that we ________ trees there.
A. plan B. should plant C. are planning D. would plan
知识点五 would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望而使用虚拟语气
例5：I would rather she _________ me the bad news.
A. have not told B. didn’t told C. had not told D. would not told
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我真希望她没有告诉我这个不幸的消息啊！在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气；其结构为：与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）I would rather I _________ to the theatre than stayed home night.
A. had gone B. have gone C. didn’t go C. would go
2）I ________ you had told me the truth.
A. will rather B. would rather C. have rather D. will sooner
1.（2018 北京卷 单项填空 13）They might have found a better hotel if they ________ a few more kilometers.
? A. drove ???????? B. would drive ???????C. were to drive ???????? D. had drive
2.（2019 天津模拟卷 单项填空）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ___________ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t write C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have write
3.（2018 江苏卷 单项填空 27）There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to be come more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
4.（2029 北京市模拟卷 单项填空）If I ___________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
5.（2018 北京卷 单项填空 11）Without his support, ___________ we wouldn’t be we are now.
A.?how? B.?when ?C.?where D.?why
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
2. I wish I _________ here then.
A. was B. had been C. were D. would be
3. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
4. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
5. We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay
6. If I __________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
7. It was suggested that he _________ the club activities.
A. would join B. has joined C. should join D. had joined
8. I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been
9. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
10. It is lucky we booked a room, or we _________ nowhere to stay now.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
11. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
12. It is essential that you _________ the voters’ hearts.
A. would win B. has wined C. win D. will win
13. The thief closed his eyes ________ he _________ dying.
A. as if；was B. though； would be
C. even；had been D.as if； were
14. If I _________ you, I _________ travel abroad with them.
A. am；will B. were；would C. was；would D. were；will
15. Without electricity, human life ____________ quite difficult today
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
16. _________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
17. If my lawyer ________ here last Sunday, he ________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented
18. The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
19. He ________ busy yesterday, or he ________ you with your experiment.
A. was；had helped B. was；would have helped
C. had been；would have helped D. were；would have helped
20. We ________ last night, but we went to the cinema instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. would study D. would have studied
第二十八讲 虚拟语气（2）
(解析卷)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
虚拟语气在历年的高考试题中都占有较大比例，涉及范围较广，是高考试卷中非常重要语法项目，无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都可能出现，是历年高考中的必考内容，每年的命题形式也有所不同。教师在辅导学生进行虚拟语气复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把虚拟语气部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
由于虚拟语气部分的语法项目内容较多，而且对我们中国学生来说相对略有复杂。因此，虚拟语气部分的语法项目将分为两部分完成。本讲为第二部分，第一部分--虚拟语气的基本用法已经在第二十七讲中复习过了；在这一讲中，我们着重复习虚拟语气在各种不同情况下的应用。
I. 虚拟语气的不同用法
我们对虚拟语气的基本语法和用法已经在上一讲中进行了比较详细的复习，从三类语气的概述到虚拟语气的基本形式、虚拟条件句的用法以及与真实条件句的区别都做了比较详尽的总结。然而，在虚拟语气中，常常会有一些特殊句式与特殊的表达方法。比如：虚拟语气常会出现在目的状语中，出现在wish后面的宾语从句中，出现在表示坚持后面的宾语从句中，出现在表示命令、建议、要求、提议、投票、敦促、安排、希望、打算、指示等后面的宾语从句中，虚拟语气有时还会出现在定语从句中。在上面所提到的虚拟语气的情况中，有些最常用的已经在上一讲做过简单的介绍，这一讲中，我们要详细对以上情况进行梳理。
1. 虚拟语气在目的状语中的用法
1）在for fear that，in case，lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为（should）+ do；should可以省略，for fear that，in case，lest不能省略。
She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。
He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.
他早早地就出发了以防迟到。
2）在so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为can / could / may / might / will / would /should + do。其中can / may / will / + do一般表示的是能实现的；could / might / would /should + do一般表示实现的可能性不太大。
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。
2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1）wish后的宾语从句
动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时（be动词用were）；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could + have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done（这里的情态动词不能用should）；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望用would (could) + 动词原形。
I wish I could be of some use.
我希望我能有什么用处。
We wish he didn’t smoke.
我们希望他不吸烟。
I wish prices would come down.
我希望物价能降下来。
I wish the train would come.
我希望火车将会来。
2）表示“坚持”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。
I insisted that he (should) stay.
我坚持要他留下。
Rose insisted that he be present.
罗斯坚持要他出席。
3）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指order，command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中，通常可以省略。
He ordered that it (should) be sent back.
他命令把它送回去。
The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.
法官命令被告还押。
The King ordered that the man be released.
国王命令释放那人。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once.
他命令我们立即发起进攻。
4）表示“建议”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指advise，suggest，propose，recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should通常可以省略。
They recommend that this tax be abolished.
他们建议取消这种税。
The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected.
委员会建议推选戴先生。
The doctor advised that he (should) not smoke.
医生建议他不要抽烟。
He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman.
他提议奥列利先生担任主席。
She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements.
她建议我来负责进行安排。
5）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指ask，demand，require，request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
They require that I go at once.
他们要求我立刻走。
I demand that John (should) go there at once.
我要求约翰立即到那里去。
He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately.
他要求把信息立即带给夫人。
6）表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指move，vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
Mr. Chairman，I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned.
主席先生，我提议休会。
Congress has voted that the present law be maintained.
国会投票决定维持现 在这条法律。
7）表示“敦促”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， should可省略。
He urges that the restrictions be lifted.
他敦促取消这些限制。
He urged that the matter should go to arbitration.
他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。
They urged that relief work should be given priority.
他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。
8）表示“安排”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。
He arranged that I should go abroad.
他安排我去国外。
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring.
已安排好他们第二年春天离开。
They’ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting.
他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。
9）表示“命令”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词desire，intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，should可以省略。
I desire the patient should have a bath every day.
我希望病人每天洗澡。
They intended that the news (should) be suppressed.
他们打算封锁这条消息。
10）表示“指示”后的宾语从句
这里主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， should可以省略。
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.
将军指示释放那些俘虏。
3. It is ... that +主语从句的句型用法
1）表示情绪、观点的形容词或名词要用虚拟语气：
表示情绪、观点的形容词或名词常用的有necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity、the shame、no wonder等，一般都要用虚拟语气。其句型是：It is ... that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词常用should+原形，should是否省略要看情况而定。
Do you think it is necessary that he (should) be sent to Daqing.
你认为有必要把他送到大庆吗？
（should表示“建议”的语气可省略。）
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
（should表示“竟然”的语气不可省略。）
2）礼貌委婉地表达情况的紧迫性可用虚拟语气：
表示紧迫的形容词如：advisable，best，critical，desirable，essential，imperative，important，necessary，urgent，vital等。其句型是：It is ... +主语从句。
It's vital that you (should) make a decision right now.
你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。
It is necessary that he ( should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
有必要的是，他明天就来参加我们的会议。
It is advisable that we ( should) stay at home instead of going to the movie.
我们还是不去看电影，呆在家里好。
It is important that you ( should) learn pronunciation well.
学好发音对你来说非常重要
4. 虚拟语气在It is/was (high) time that +完整句子（定语从句）中的应用
表示“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略（注意：此处要与宾语从句中的用法区别），而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is (high) time that we should go to school
现在是我们该去上学的时候了。（言外之音是：早就该去上学了，还没去呢。）
这个句子的从句也可以用过去时态：It is (high）time that we went to school.
It is high time that a doctor were sent for.
早就该让人去请医生了。
It is high time that we should make a decision.
我们的确该做个决定了。
It is high time that we developed our industry and agriculture.
我们早该发展工农业了。
5. 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用
1）由even if，even though所引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况，从句用过去式。表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though；even though；whatever；however；so long as等，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
Even if he were here himself，he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
2）在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever，wherever，however，no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：
指现在或将来用may +do
指过去用may + have done
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
6. 在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气
一般在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
与现在事实不相符用过去时（be动词用were ）
与将来事实不相符用过去时（be动词用were ）
与过去事实不相符用had + done
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
7. 在简单句中的虚拟语气
1）说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + do。
Would you mind my shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗？
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may +主语+ do。
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形（do）。
God bless us.
上帝保佑。
4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗？
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③ 提出劝告或建议。
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤ 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。
其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词+ have done。
You should have got here earlier.
你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him.
你早该把它还给他了。
1. wish后的宾语从句需注意的问题：
表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；
表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could + have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done；
表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望用would (could) + 动词原形。
如果将wish改为过去式wished，后面that从句中动词形式不变（同wish）。
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
但愿我没有花这么多钱。
I wished the prices would come down.
我希望物价能降下来。
I wished the train would come at that time.
我当时真希望火车会来。
2. 在insist，suggest后的宾语从句需注意的问题：
1）在insist的宾语从句中，从句谓语一般用虚拟语气，由“should+动词原形”构成。但是，insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别在于：谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生或尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气；谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生或已经成为事实，要用陈述语气。
当insist意为“坚持某种动作”用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点、某个事实”时不用虚拟语气。
He insisted that I had read his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。
He insisted that he should have a look.
他坚持要查看。
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。（表示的是事实，因此不能使用虚拟语气。）
My family insisted that I should not give in, but stay and fight
家里人坚持认为我不应让步，而应该留下来继续抗争。（坚持动作，用虚拟语气）
2）与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”（既：当suggest意为“建议”时要用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”或“表明”时不用虚拟语气）。
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.
他建议我们留下吃饭。（尚未成事实，虚拟语气）
What he said suggested that he was a cheat.
他说的话表明他是个骗子。（既成事实，陈述语气）
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.
我觉得你与他心照不宣。（既成事实，陈述语气）
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情表明了他很担心。（这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没用虚拟语气。）
I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now.
我建议我们现在就吃午饭。（表示“建议”用虚拟语气。）
3. 在下面的情况一般要用“should + do”：
在一想要(desire；一宁愿 (prefer)；一坚持 (insist)；二命令 (order，command)；三建议 (advise，suggest，propose/recommend)；四要求 (demand，require，request，ask)中，无论主句谓语动词是何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用“should + do”，should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他建议我们采纳老师的建议。
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他坚持要我们采纳老师的建议
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他要求我们采纳老师的建议。
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
他命令我们采纳老师的建议。
4. It is/was time that +从句与It is/was the first time that +从句的区别
It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略，而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
It is high time that the old plane was scrapped.
这架旧飞机该报废了。
但是该句型略微调整成It is或was the first time that +从句（first也可能是其他序数词)，这个句子的谓语动词就不再采用上述形式。具体结构形式如下：
1）若主句是is，that后面句子的谓语动词部分用现在完成时（have/has done）；
2）若主句是was，that后面句子的谓语动词部分用过去完成时（had done)。
It is the first time that I have spoken to a foreigner.
这是我首次和一位外国人交谈。
For most students, we guess, it is the first time that they have been away from home.
我们猜测，对于大部分学生来说，这是他们第一次离家在外。
It is the first time that she has ever lived in a city in her entire life.
这是第一次她完全的生活在城市里。
It was the first time that I had been criticized in public.
那是我第一次当众挨批。
It was the first time that I had seen such a moving movie.
这是我第一次看到一部如此感人的电影。
He said that it was the first time that he had met such a strange person.
他说他还是第一次遇到这么奇怪的人。
It was the first time that I had seen such a beautiful place.
那是我第一次见到这么美的地方。
知识点一 wish后的宾语从句须注意的情况
例1：Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I _________ as well as her.
A. dance B. will dance C. had danced D. danced
【答案】D
【解析】句意：艾伦是个出色的舞蹈演员，但愿我能够和她跳得一样好。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，和现在相反用一般过去时，答案C符合（注意：虚拟语气表示一些事与愿违或和事实不符的情况。有一些规则要记忆，如一些固定句型，还有要记住这些句型中动词的形式）。I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，与现在相反用一般过去时，所以选择答案为D。
变式训练1：
1）I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我真希望你头痛得没有这么严重，因为我确信你会喜欢这场音乐会。事实上是头痛的很严重。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。从该句主句的谓语动词（ would have enjoyed ）可以看出句子所表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以谓语动词用过去完成式。故选择C。
2）How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我多么希望我没有尝试过修这块表啊！我只是让它变得更糟了。wish在这里引导宾语从句表示的是与事实相反的假设，事实上是修了这块表，而且把这块表修坏了。答案A所表示的是我希望我修理过，但是后面的句子告诉我们已经修坏了，所以答案A所表示的是事实，不符合wish引出的虚拟语气的句子结构。hadn’t tried to repair表示的是过去没有修理过，联系前面的wish可以分析出希望没有修理过；故选择答案B。
知识点二 表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后的宾语从句
例2：The detective insisted that he ________ a look.
A. has B. has had C. (should) have D. have had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：警探坚持要查看。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成，should可以省略。故选择答案C。
变式训练2：
1）He insisted that I _________ with them.
A. will go B. would go C. will be going D. should go
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他坚持要我同他们一起去。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成。故选择答案D。
2）She suggested that I _________ responsible for the arrangements.
A. had been B. was C. (should) be D. were
【答案】C
【解析】句意：她建议我来负责进行安排。动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”。谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明、认为”。当suggest意为“建议”时要用虚拟语气，意为“暗示、表明”时不用虚拟语气。该句子中的动作是表示建议，尚未成事实，用虚拟语气。故选择答案C。
知识点三 由as if/as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气
例3：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生，所以用虚拟语气。根据虚拟语气的基本结构，答案A、B、C和D的时态都符合，但是虚拟语气中，be动词不用was，所以排除答案B；“好像去过很多次”是对与过去事实相反的描述，所以谓语动词用had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
变式训练3：
1）Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
【答案】A
【解析】句意：刘勇现在穿着一件蓝色的夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气，还是用陈述语气，需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，通常用虚拟语气。而且在虚拟语气中，be动词用were。故选择答案A。
2）The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
【答案】B
【解析】句意：云在聚集。看来要下雨了。该句子所描述的是即将发生的事实，所以要注意：as if（或as though）引导的从句与事实相符的时候，从句要用陈述语气。故选择答案B。
知识点四 It is/was time that +从句与It is/was the first time that +从句的区别
例4：She agreed that it was high time that he _________ what was in the box.
should know B. knows C. known D. would know
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她同意打开鞋盒，是到他知道鞋盒里是什么东西的时候了。It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略，而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。故选择答案A。
变式训练4：
1）It was the first time that I _________ a head of an office.
A. become B. will become C. have become D. had become
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这是我第一次成为一个部门的领导。该句型与It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do不同，已经调整成It is或was the first time that +完整句子（first也可能是其他序数词)。当主句系动词用的是is，则that后面的句子的谓语动词部分用现在完成时（have/has done）：若主句用的是was，则that后面的句子的谓语动词部分用过去完成时（had done)。故选择答案D。
2）It is high time that we ________ trees there.
A. plan B. should plant C. are planning D. would plan
【答案】B
【解析】句意：是到我们在那儿种树的时候了。It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do。should不可省略，而且要优先使用动词过去式，即从句用虚拟过去式。故选择答案B。
知识点五 would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望而使用虚拟语气
例5：I would rather she _________ me the bad news.
A. have not told B. didn’t told C. had not told D. would not told
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我真希望她没有告诉我这个不幸的消息啊！在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气；其结构为：与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）I would rather I _________ to the theatre than stayed home night.
A. had gone B. have gone C. didn’t go C. would go
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。在would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气；其结构为：与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done。故选择答案A。
2）I ________ you had told me the truth.
A. will rather B. would rather C. have rather D. will sooner
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。would rather，had rather，would sooner都表示宁愿，宁可；但是它们略有一些差别。在它们之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气。其结构为：与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done。故选择答案为B。
1.（2018 北京卷 单项填空 13）They might have found a better hotel if they ________ a few more kilometers.
? A. drove ???????? B. would drive ???????C. were to drive ???????? D. had drive
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果再多开几公里，他们可能会找到更好的旅馆。事实上，他们没有再多开几公里；这是对过去发生的事情的假设，用虚拟语气。与过去事实相反：If从句是if +主语+过去完成时态，主句是主语+should（would, could, might）+现在完成时态。所以选择答案D。
2.（2019 天津模拟卷 单项填空）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ___________ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t write C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have write
【答案】D
【解析】句意：海明威没有战时的经历，就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了武器》。根据Without his wartime experiences没有战时的经历可知时表示对过去的否定猜测，所以用would have done；故选答案D。
3.（2018 江苏卷 单项填空 27）There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to be come more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
【答案】A
【解析】句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多地参与。wish引导的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，从句用一般过去时态；所以选择答案A。
【温馨提示】wish引导的宾语从句表示对将来的愿望，用would / could /might +动词原形；wish引导的宾语从句对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，用had done或者could / would have done。该句子中的There is a good social life in the village的时态时一般现在时，wish引导的宾语从句时对现在的事实表示的一种不可能实现的愿望。
4.（2029 北京市模拟卷 单项填空）If I ___________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信的。根据后半句wouldn’t have believed it可知是对过去情况的虚拟。所以，从句用If + 主语+had done形式。
所以选择答案D。
5.（2018 北京卷 单项填空 11）Without his support, ___________ we wouldn’t be we are now.
A.?how? B.?when ?C.?where D.?why
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果没有他的支持，我们就不会是现在这样。与现在事实相反的假设，主句用would+动词原形。where表示我们现在所处的境况。因此选择答案D。 注意：此句虽然考查的不是虚拟语气，但是通过对该句子的解答，可以强化without引出的虚拟语气的形式及其用法。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。这个句子也是一个带有省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
2. I wish I _________ here then.
A. was B. had been C. were D. would be
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我多么希望那时候我会在这里。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。该句子是对将来事情的假设，所以用would + be。故选择答案D。
3. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
【答案】B
【解析】句意：她看起来好像做了一件大事。as if引导表语从句，一般是与事实相反的、或者不太可能实现的假设，所以从句的谓语要用虚拟语气；但是如果从句的假设可以实现或者即将成为事实，可以用陈述句语气。从该从句的句意看，她看上去好像做了一件大事，暗含着不是的意思，所以用虚拟语气。故选择B。
4. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我多么希望每个家庭都有一座有漂亮花园的大房子。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。该句子所表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，谓语动词用过去式。故答案为B。
5. We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们宁愿我们的女儿和我们呆在家里，但这是她的选择，她不再是一个孩子了。would rather表示宁愿，宁可；其后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气。其结构为：与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done。该句子是于现在事实不符合，所以用过去时态；故答案为C。
6. If I __________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。当有if引导时，首先要根据句意和句子结构判断是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句，如果符合虚拟的结构，就可以根据句子中的时间和语意判断应该用哪种虚拟语气。根据后半句wouldn’t have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是if +主语 + had + done的形式。故选择答案D。
7. It was suggested that he _________ the club activities.
A. would join B. has joined C. should join D. had joined
【答案】C
【解析】句意：有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的词后面的从句一般用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) + 动词原形。suggested表示建议，故选择答案C。
8. I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been
【答案】D
【解析】句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。这是由wish引导的宾语从句，从时间状语last Tuesday可以判断出wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望。表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had + 过去分词，答案D符合。由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气：① wish表示对现在的愿望时，从句谓语动词为过去式（be动词用were）；② wish表示对将来的愿望时，从句中谓语动词形式为：would，could，might + 动词原形；③ wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，从句中的谓语动词形式为had + 动词过去分词或could，would + have + 动词过去分词。故选择答案D。
9. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们在那个小村庄迷路了，要不然我们昨天会参观更多的名胜古迹。虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达。该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done。故选择答案D。
10. It is lucky we booked a room, or we _________ nowhere to stay now.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们很幸运地订到了房间，否则的话，我们现在就会无处可去了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，or后面是主句，相当于if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now. 根据now可知，是对现在情况的假设，所以用would + 动词原形符合该句。本题考查含蓄虚拟语气和错综时间虚拟语气，由otherwise，or，without等引出的相反的情况被称为含蓄虚拟语气。or引出相反的情况，对过去虚拟，主句用would + have done，但是主句中有now，表示与现在相反，因此用would + 动词原形。故选择答案C。
11. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
【答案】D
【解析】句意：海明威没有他战时的经验，他就不可能写出著名小说《永别了，武器》。这是一个虚拟语气的句子，所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实，是对过去的虚拟猜测；根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历，可知所表示是对于过去的否定猜测，所以主句用would have done，故选择答案D。
12. It is essential that you _________ the voters’ hearts.
A. would win B. has wined C. win D. will win
【答案】C
【解析】句意：赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的词后面的从句一般用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) + 动词原形。常这样用的形容词有appropriate适当的advisable适当的，合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的 imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的，较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的；故选择答案C。
13. The thief closed his eyes ________ he _________ dying.
A. as if；was B. though； would be
C. even；had been D.as if； were
【答案】D
【解析】句意：小偷闭上了眼睛，就好像要死了一样。从全句子看，小偷把眼睛闭上，好像要死去了一样，事实上不是真的。由as if（或者as though）引导的从句中，与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情都要用虚拟语气。在所给答案中，先排除答案B和C；而答案A中的be动词错误，虚拟语气be动词用were；所以只有答案D符合。故选择答案D。
14. If I _________ you, I _________ travel abroad with them.
A. am；will B. were；would C. was；would D. were；will
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果我是你，我会和他们一起出国旅游。这是一个虚拟条件句，因为我不可能是你，此处只是一个不可能实现的假设，因此要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气if从句要用过去时态，主句用would+动词原形；所以首先排除答案A和D；再看答案C的be动词用的是was，实际上应该用were，虚拟语气要求be动词都用were。
15. Without electricity, human life ____________ quite difficult today
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果没有电，今天的人类生活就会十分艰难。根据虚拟语气也可以通过介词without或者介词短语but for来表达，这个句子就是通过介词without引出的虚拟条件句。因为是虚拟语气，所以先排除答案A和B；再则，所表达的是于现在事实相反的假设，因此要用would be，而答案C表达的是与过去事实相反的假设。故选择答案D。
16. _________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和D。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
17. If my lawyer ________ here last Sunday, he ________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented
【答案】A
【解析】 句意：如果我的律师上星期天来过这里，他会阻止我去的。与过去事实相反的假设，从句是If+主语+had+done；主句是主语+ should / would / might / could + have done。故选择答案A。
18. The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
【答案】B
【解析】句意：云在聚集。看来要下雨了。该句子所描述的是即将发生的事实，所以要注意：as if（或as though）引导的从句与事实相符的时候，从句要用陈述语气。故选择答案B。
19. He ________ busy yesterday, or he ________ you with your experiment.
A. was；had helped B. was；would have helped
C. had been；would have helped D. were；would have helped
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他昨天很忙，否则他会帮你做实验的。or =otherwise，要不然的话……，后面与事实相反，事实是因为忙，没能帮上。or后面用虚拟语气来委婉表达自己的想法愿望，前面部分陈述昨天的事实，后面部分用虚拟语气表达对过去的愿望和想法，对过去的假设用would have done。故选择答案B。
20. We ________ last night, but we went to the cinema instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. would study D. would have studied
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们昨晚本来可以学习的，但取而代之的是我们去看电影了。故有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，这个句子就是蕴含在用but引导的从句里的虚拟语气；该句子所表达的是对过去发生事情的假设，故选择答案D。
课件33张PPT。第二十八讲 虚拟语气（2）考纲解读1. 梳理虚拟语气的语言知识，夯实基础知识，掌握其核心内容。
2. 避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教把虚拟语气的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通。
3. 夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，形成虚拟语气的网络构架，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。
4. 熟练掌握虚拟语气的用法，列出学生出容易出现错误的问题。
5. 通过典型例句讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。典例精讲知识点一 wish后的宾语从句须注意的情况
典例1：Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I _________ as well as her.
A. dance B. will dance C. had danced D. danced 【句意】艾伦是个出色的舞蹈演员，但愿我能够和她跳得一样好。D I wish“但愿”后面接宾语从句用虚拟语气，和现在相反用一般过去时从句用虚拟语气，与现在
相反用一般过去时变式训练 考向一 与过去事实相反用过去完成式
变式训练 1-1．I wish that you __________ such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
A. had not B. did not have had C. hadn't had D. hadn't have【句意】 ：我真希望你头痛得没这么重，因为我确信你会喜欢这场音乐会。C 主句的谓语动词（ would have enjoyed ）
可知句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设
所以谓语动词用过去完成式事实上是头痛的很严重。wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气变式训练考向二 希望过去没做，实际做了用过去完成时
变式训练 1-2. How I wish I _________ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.
A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try【句意】我多么希望我没有尝试过修这块表啊！我只是让它变得更糟了。B表示的是事实
事实上修了 表示希望过去没有修理过不符合虚拟语气形式 wish在这里引导宾语从句表示的是与事实相反的假设，事实上修了这块表，而且把这块表修坏了典例精讲知识点二 表示：坚持、命令、建议等后的宾语从句
典例2： The detective insisted that he ________ a look.
A. has B. has had C. (should) have D. have hadC 句意：警探坚持要查看。在表示坚持、命令、建议等后的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成，should可以省略should + 动词原形（should可省）变式训练 考向一 insisted that+主语+should + 动词原形
变式训练 2-1. He insisted that I _________ with them.
A. will go B. would go C. will be going D. should go句意：他坚持要我同他们一起去。D 谓语用should + 动词原形在表示坚持、命令、建议等后的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成变式训练考向二 suggest后的宾语从句
变式训练 2-2. She suggested that I _________ responsible for the arrangements.
A. had been B. was C. (should) be D. were句意：她建议我来负责进行安排。C 虚拟语气，因没成为事实，表示建议。
suggest后接的宾语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气表示“建议”；用陈述语气表示“表明、认为”suggest后接宾语从句:谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气典例精讲知识点三 由as if/as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气
典例3：The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would beC 句意：这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮，就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生，
所以用虚拟语气；对与过去事实相反的描述用had +过去分词由as if/as though引导的从句中，与事实相反的或不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气变式训练考向一 从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，用虚拟语气
变式训练 3-1．Liu Yong is now in a blue jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be句意：刘勇现在穿着一件蓝色的夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。A由as if/as though引导的从句：如从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，用虚拟语气。虚拟语气中，be动词用were变式训练考向二 与事实相符用陈述语气
变式训练 3-2. The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained ? 句意：云在聚集。看来要下雨了。B as if（或as though）引导的从句与事实相符的时候，从句要用陈述语气雨马上就要下了，与事实
相符用陈述句语序典例精讲知识点四 It is/was time that + 从句 与
It is/was the first time that +从句的区别
典例4：She agreed that it was high time that he _________ what was in the box.
A.should know B. knows C. known D. would knowA 句意：她同意打开鞋盒，是到他知道鞋盒里是什么东西的时候了。It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式
或should + do。should不可省略It is/was time that +从句：表示“早该做某事了”；从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气变式训练考向一 主句系动词是is，that后是have/has done
主句系动词是was，that后是had done
变式训练 4-1. It was the first time that I _________ a head of an office.
A. become B. will become C. have become D. had become句意：这是我第一次成为一个部门的领导。D 主句系动词是is，that后句子的谓语动词用现在完成时
（have/has done）：若主句用的是was，
that后面的句子的谓语动词部分用过去完成时（had done) 该句型与It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式或should + do不同，已经调整成It is或was the first time that +完整句子变式训练考向二 It is/was time that 该做某事了
变式训练 4-2. It is high time that we ________ trees there.
A. plan B. should plant C. are planning D. would plan 句意：是到我们在那儿种树的时候了。 It is/was time that +从句是表示“早该做某事了”的意思，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气B It is (high / about) time that + 主语 + 动词的过去式 或 should + do （should不可省略）典例精讲知识点五 would rather，had rather，would sooner+宾语从句
典例5：I would rather she _________ me the bad news.
A. have not told B. didn’t told C. had not told D. would not toldC句意：我真希望她没有告诉我这个不幸的消息啊！从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望用虚拟语气
与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；
与过去事实不相符用 had + done would rather，had rather，would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望变式训练考向一 would rather后与过去事实不相符
变式训练 5-1．I would rather I _________ to the theatre than stayed home night.
A. had gone B. have gone C. didn't go C. would go句意：我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。A 根据句意，与过去事实不相符
用过去完成时（had done）would rather，had rather，would sooner后的宾语从句与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时
与过去事实不相符用had + done变式训练考向二 would rather、had rather、would sooner结构
变式训练5-2. I ________ you had told me the truth.
A. will rather B. would rather C. have rather D. will sooner 句意：我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。B从后面的had told得知是与过去试试不符合
所以用would rather、had rather、would sooner结构 would rather，had rather，would sooner都表示宁愿，宁可；其后的宾语从句与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；与过去事实不相符用had + done2018 北京卷 13
1. They might have found a better hotel if they ________ a few more kilometers.
? A. drove ????? B. would drive ???C. were to drive ??????D. had driveD 句意：如果再多开几公里，他们可能会找到更好的旅馆。挑战真题If从句是if +主语+过去完成时态，主句是
主语+should (would, could, might)+现在完成时态虚拟语气这是对过去发生的事情的假设，用虚拟语气。与过去事实相反2019 天津模拟卷 单项填空
2. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ___________ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. A. didn’t write B. hadn’t write
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have writeD 句意：海明威没有战时的经历，就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了武器》。
。挑战真题Without引出的句子是对过去的
否定猜测用would have done 根据Without his wartime experiences没有战时的经历可知时表示对过去的否定猜测虚拟语气2018 江苏卷 27
3. ?There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to be come more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have hadA句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多地参与。挑战真题根据句意，与现在事实相反，对现在的事实表示
的一种不可能实现的愿望；所以用一般过去时态wish引导的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，从句用一般过去时态虚拟语气【温馨提示】wish引导的宾语从句表示对将来的愿望，用would / could /might +动词原形；wish引导的宾语从句对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，用had done或者could / would have done。2019 北京市模拟卷 单项填空
4. If I ___________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seenD 句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信的。 挑战真题从句用If + 主语+had done形式；
主句用would have done 根据后半句wouldn't have believed it可知是对过去情况的虚拟虚拟语气2018 北京卷 11
5. Without his support, ___________ we wouldn’t be we are now.
A.?how? B.?when ?C.?where D.?whyC句意：如果没有他的支持，我们就不会是现在这样。挑战真题where表示我们现在所处的境况 与现在事实相反的假设，主句用would+动词原形。虚拟语气【温馨提示】此句虽然考查的不是虚拟语气，但是通过对该句子的解答，可以强化without引出的虚拟语气的形式及其用法1. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
A.If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。B 巩固训练带省略形式的虚拟条件句，没省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，
had 时，if 可以省略，从句用倒装语序 2. I wish I _________ here then.
A. was B. had been C. were D. would be句意：我多么希望那时候我会在这里。D巩固训练该句子是对将来事情的假设，所以用would + bewish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，谓语动词要用虚拟语气3. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing 句意：她看起来好像做了一件大事。B巩固训练 as if引导表语从句常是与事实相反或不太可能实现的假设，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气；但是如果从句的假设可以实现或者即将成为事实，可以用陈述句语气从该从句的句意看，她看上去好像做了一件大事，暗含着不是的意思，所以用虚拟语气4. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden.
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had句意：我多么希望每个家庭都有一座有漂亮花园的大房子。B巩固训练wish引导宾语从句表示与事实相反的情况，或者表示将来不太可能实现的愿望要用虚拟语气该句子所表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，谓语动词用过去式5. We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay句意：— 你还没有意识到了。C 巩固训练与现在和将来事实不相符用过去时；
与过去事实不相符用had + done；
该句子是于现在事实不符合，所以用过去时态would rather表示宁愿，宁可；其后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，所以使用虚拟语气6. If I __________ it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it.
A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。D巩固训练根据后半句wouldn't have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟因此从句是：if +主语 + had + done的形式当有if引导时，首先要根据句意和句子结构判断是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句7. It was suggested that he _________ the club activities.
A. would join B. has joined C. should join D. had joined句意：有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。C 巩固训练suggested表示建议，所以用
(should) + 动词原形 用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的词后面的从句一般用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) + 动词原形8. I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been 句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。D巩固训练由wish引导的宾语从句，从时间状语last Tuesday可以判断出wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望。表示与过去事实相反的愿望
从句用had + 过去分词9. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited 句意：我们在那个小村庄迷路了，要不然我们昨天会参观更多的名胜古迹。D 巩固训练与过去事实相反的假设，主句用would have done虚拟语气可以通过副词otherwise等表达该句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设10. It is lucky we booked a room, or we _________ nowhere to stay now.
A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had句意：这个体育剧院。C巩固训练主句中有now，表示与现在相反
因此用would + 动词原形由otherwise，or，without等引出的相反的情况被称为含蓄虚拟语气。与过去相反主句用 would + have done；与现在相反用 would + 动词原形感谢欣赏
