第一部分 语法专题突破
专题一 名词
知识导图
考 点 精 讲 练
考点 1 名词词义辨析(必考:每年1-3道)
分析柳州近6年中考真题可知,名词词义辨析仅在完形填空中考查,包括同类名词词义辨析(6年9考)和不同类名词词义辨析(6年4考)。
6年真题精选
1. (2019北部湾经济区34题)In China,the color red is the ________ of good luck.
A. dream B. way C. symbol D. reason
2. (2018北部湾经济区32题)My uncle works in a hospital. He is a/an ________.
A. singer B. farmer C. actor D. doctor
3. (2016贵港32题)—Can I help you?
—Yes, please. I need a pair of ________.
A. shoes B. T-shirts C. sweaters D. bags
增补训练
4. It's rainy outside. You'd better take a(n) ________ with you.
A. coats B. umbrella C. scarf
5. I live near a big ________. It gets very noisy on match days.
A. hospital B. store C. playground
6. Being honest is the first ________ if you want to make friends with others.
A. step B. time C. style
考点 2 名词的数(必考:每年1道)
分析近6年柳州真题可知,单选中每年必考1道“可数名词与不可数名词的辨析”,且多集中在35题考查,其空前均有修饰词,如some(2018,35,2016.35,2014.35), a(2017.35,2015.32), much(2019.39)。题干的句型都比较简单,3次在there be句型中考查。考生在解答此类试题时,首先判定是可数名词还是不可数名词;如果是可数名词,还要判定用单数还是用复数。
1. 可数名词(6年3考)
(1)含义:可以用数目来计算的个体名词和集体名词,称为可数名词。
①个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体。如:apple, desk, cup等。
②集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体。如:family, clothes, police等。
(2)判定:可数名词有单数和复数之分。
①单数形式:表示单一的概念,前面通常有不定冠词a/an修饰。
②复数形式:表示两个或两个以上的概念,前面通常有表示复数概念的限定词修饰,如数词(除one之外的基数词)、代词(our, their, these, those)、不定代词(many, some, a few, few)等。
(3)可数名词复数的变化规则
①规则变化
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
词尾加-s
book→books egg→eggs
doctor →doctors
panda→pandas
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词
加-s
monkey→monkeys
holiday→holidays
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词
先变y为i,再加-es
baby→babies
country→countries
hobby→hobbies factory→factories
以s,x,sh,ch等结尾的词
词尾加-es
bus→buses box→boxes
wish→wishes watch→watches
注意:
①当-ch读/k/时,其复数加-s。如:stomach→stomachs;
②当以th结尾时,词尾加-s。如:mouth→mouths month→months
以f或fe结尾的词
变f或fe为v,再加-es
leaf→leaves half→halves
self→selves wife→wives
knife→knives shelf→shelves
life→lives wolf→wolves
thief→thieves
以f或fe
结尾的词
f结尾的名词直接加-s
roof→roofs chief→chiefs
serf→serfs belief→beliefs
proof→proofs
以“辅音字母 +o”结尾的词
表示有生命的名词加-es
Negro→Negroes hero→heroes
potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
表示无生命的名词加-s
photo→photos
piano→pianos
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词
加-s
radio→radios zoo→zoos
video→videos
②不规则变化
情况
例词
元音字母发生变化
改-a为-e型
man→men woman→women
注意:German→Germans
human→humans
改-oo为-ee型
tooth→teeth foot→feet
goose→geese
单复数同形
sheep→sheep deer→deep
fish→fish
有些名词常以复数形式出现
trousers socks gloves glasses pants noodles scissors chopsticks
注意:表示数量时,常借助pair一词。如:a pair of trousers 一条裤子
复合名词将主体词变为复数
passer-by→passers-by
book worm→book worms
表示
“某国人”,
单复数
同形
a Chinese→two Chinese
a Japanese→two Japanese
词尾加-s
a German→two Germans
an American→two Americans
变man为men(复合名词)
an English→two Englishmen
a Frenchman→two Frenchmen
其他特殊形式
a mouse→two mice
a child→ two children
拓展
当名词作定语时,数的变化主要分为两种情况:
(1)当man和woman作定语时,其本身的单复数形式要与被修饰词的单复数一致。如:
a man teacher→three men teachers
(2)当不是man或woman修饰时,只把被修饰的名词变为复数。如:
a girl student→two girl students
注意:也有名词复数作定语的特殊情况。如:sports meeting运动会
2. 不可数名词(2019.39,2018.35)
(1)含义:不能用数字来进行计算的物质名词和抽象名词,称为不可数名词。
(2)判定:不可数名词通常没有复数形式,不能被不定冠词(a/an)和基数词直接修饰,但可通过some, much, a
little/little, a lot of /lots of, plenty of等,以及量词短语来修饰。如:three glasses of milk三杯牛奶。
(3)不可数名词的量化表达
情况
方法
示例
具体的量
数词+表数量的名词+of+不可数名词
a piece of paper一张纸
three kilos of rice三公斤大米
大概的量
表示数量的限定词+不可数名词(用some, much, a little/little, a lot of /lots of, plenty of等表示)
some water一些水
a little money一点儿钱
注意:可数名词也可以用量化来表达,需要注意,可数名词的单复数根据其实际表达的意义来确定。如:
a piece of leaf→two pieces of leaves
a box of apples→two boxes of apples
3. 既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词(2016.35)
(1)常见修饰语(既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词的):
some/any一些 all全部的 most大多数的
enough足够的 a lot of/lots of/plenty of许多
(2)有些名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,但意义不同。
例词
可数
不可数
例词
可数
不可数
chicken
小鸡
鸡肉
orange
橙子
橙汁
exercise
练习,训练
锻炼
paper
报纸,文件
纸
experience
经历
经验
room
房间
空间
fish
鱼的种类
鱼肉
time
次数,倍数
时间
glass
玻璃杯
玻璃
wood
树林
木头,木材
light
电灯
光线,光
work
作品
工作
【现学现用】
柳州6年真题面对面(2014~2019)
7. (2019柳州39题)I'm not hungry at all because I have just had much ________.
A. bread B. pears C. eggs
8. (2018柳州35题)—I'm thirsty.
—There is some ________ in the glass. You can drink it.
A. bananas B. water C. pears
9. (2017柳州35题)There is a ________ in our zoo.
A. pigs B. panda C. dogs
10. (2016柳州35题)Help yourself to some ________, Jim.
A. potato B. fish C. egg
11. (2015柳州32题)There is a ________ on the desk.
A. cups B. book C. rulers
12. (2014柳州35题)There are some ________ in the box.
A. eggs B. bread C. milk
6年真题精选
13. (2019梧州27题)—Would you like something to drink?
—Yes. Some________, please.
A. potatoes B. water C. bread D. apples
14. (2019桂林31题)Americans always use ________ to have meals while Chinese use chopsticks.
A. knife B. bowl C. forks
增补训练
15. There is some ________ in the fridge.
A. tomatoes B. eggs C. beef
16. Don't eat too much ________. It's bad for your stomach.
A. juice B. meat C. dumplings
考点 3 名词所有格(2016.41)
分析近6年柳州真题可知,名词所有格仅在2016年单项选择中考查了1次双重所有格。名词所有格用于表示名词之间的所属关系,常翻译为“……的”,主要分为三类:'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1. ’s类所有格
一般指有生命的人或动物的名词所有格,以及表示时间、距离、国家的所有格。具体如下:
类别
构成方法
示例
有生命的
单数名词
加's
my son's pen 我儿子的钢笔
有生命的
复数名词
以s结尾加'
the teachers' office老师们的办公室
不以s结尾加's
women's work 妇女的工作
表示几个人
共同拥有
在最后一个名词后加's
Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆共同的房间
表示每个人
各自拥有
在每个名词后加's
Mike's and John's desks迈克和约翰各自的书桌
表示时间、
距离、
国家等的
名词
单数加's
an hour's walk步行一小时的路程
China's products中国的产品
复数加'
five minutes' walk步行五分钟的路程
拓展
(1)基数词+连字符+可数名词单数,一般用作定语修饰名词, 它相当于“基数词+名词所有格”。如:a two-day trip =a two days' trip
(2)在表示“店铺”、“某某家”、“诊所”、“办公室”的名词所有格后,一般省去被修饰的表示地点的名词。如: go to my uncle's(去我叔叔家); at the doctor's(在诊所)
(3)很多节日的表达都用的是's所有格形式。如:
Children's Day儿童节 Women's Day妇女节
Teachers' Day教师节 Father's Day父亲节
Mother's Day母亲节
April Fools' Day/April Fool's Day愚人节
2. of所有格
通常指无生命事物的名词的所属关系,一般常用“名词+of+名词”来表示。如:
a map of China一张中国地图; the gate of the school学校的大门
注意:of所有格有时也用于人或有生命的东西,表示所属关系,特别是当这些所有者有较长的定语时。如:the name of the brave young man这个勇敢的年轻人的名字
3. 双重所有格(2016.41)
通常主要用来表示整体中的一部分,它主要有两种构成形式:
①of+名词所有格('s),如:a friend of my brother's我哥哥的一个朋友[2016柳州41题]
②of+名词性物主代词,如:a photo of mine我的一张照片
注意:双重所有格和一般所有格的意义不同。如:
a photo of Mary's(照片属于玛丽,但照片上的人不一定是玛丽)
a photo of Mary(照片上的人是玛丽本人)
【现学现用】
柳州6年真题面对面(2014~2019)
17. (2016柳州41题)Paul is a friend of ________.
A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brother's
广西其他地市6年真题精选
18. (2019河池26题)June 1st is ________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A. Women's B. Fathers'
C. Teachers' D. Children's
19. (2015百色32题)I feel a bit tired for I saw a two ________ film last night.
A. hour B. hours C. hour's D. hours'
20. (2014钦州32题)—Whose bag is this? Is it yours, Jack?
—No, it isn't. It is ________.
A. Daming B. Daming's C. Jack D. Jack's
增补训练
21. Katherine was excited to receive several roses from her husband on ________ Day.
A. Woman's B. Women's C. Women
22. Look!________ grandfathers are walking slowly along the street.
A. Kelly and Joe's B. Kelly's and Joe C. Kelly's and Joe's
23. We live near the station. It's only about eight ________ walk.
A. minute's B. minute C. minutes'
考点 4 名词填空——针对单词拼写(必考:每年1-2道)
分析近6年柳州真题可知,对于名词的单词拼写每年必考,且所考词汇字母个数9-11个居多,注意所考词汇均不变形。主要考查的名词涉及:可数名词单数(5次)和不可数名词(5次,涉及固定搭配:2019.76 have a discussion)
汉语提示题目相对比较简单,具体的解题方法可分为以下两种情况:
1. 所给汉语提示为明显的名词(6年7考)
考生只需根据修饰词、固定结构等考虑所填词汇即可。
2. 所给汉语提示具备两种词性(2019.76)
首先要结合句子结构或语境判断空处是否填名词,在判定的过程中需要注意以下8点:
(1)位于句首作主语。如: Sunday is my favourite day of the week.[七(上)Revision Module A P34]
(2)位于动词或介词后作宾语。如:He usually goes to school by bike.
(3)位于系动词后作表语。如:Lucy and Tom are students.
(4)位于冠词后。如:My father is an actor.[七(上)Module 2 P11]
(5)位于数词后。如:I am the second son in my family.
(6)位于形容词性物主代词后。如: His sister is good at playing the violin.
(7)位于形容词后。如:He was the most important person on the island.
(8)位于限定词this, these, those, many, some, any, a lot of, every等后。如: This sweater feels soft.
【现学现用】
24. My aunt is a ________ (警察) and my uncle is an engineer. They met at a friend's wedding.
25. John is looking for a ________(词典) to look up the new words.
26. A terrible ________(地震) hit that area. Many people became homeless at that night.
27. If you work hard, you'll have another chance to play the violin at a ________(音乐会).
28. We should set a good ________(例子) to our younger brothers and sisters.
29. Mr. Smith was not in the office. So I left a ________(口信) on his desk.
30. In China, winter often lasts from ________(十二月) to February.
31. To our ________(惊奇), our teacher asks Lucy to be the monitor of our class.
32. Because of the heavy ________(交通), I was late for class this morning.
33. The ________(温度)dropped a lot last night because of the heavy rain.
34. Please pay more ________ (注意) to this article. It shows the society of China in the 1970s.
35. With the rapid development of economy, people's living ________(标准) has improved a lot.
参考答案:
policewoman 25. dictionary 26. earthquake 27. concert 28. example
message 30.December 31.surprise 32. traffic 33.temperature
34.attention 35. standard
考点 5 用所给名词的适当形式填空——针对选词填空(6年5考)
在2018、2019这两年,仅考查了一次“名词单数变复数”的规则变形(2018.85)。往年该题型主要涉及的形式有:填原形(3次,包含1次固定搭配:2015.90,go for a walk);填复数(2016.87)。
考生在解答此类试题时要根据句子前后关系及所填词的“可数与不可数”来判断所填词的形式。
1. 填原形
(1)不可数名词:
①根据上下文语境判断(2017.82,2014.87);
②固定搭配。如:go for a walk(walk)(2015.90)
(2)可数名词单数:
①a/an/one/this+可数名词单数;
②根据上下文语境判断。
2. 填复数
(1)谓语动词为复数。如:And doctors(doctor) say five minutes of laughing is good for you.(2018.85);
(2)结合上下文逻辑关系判断。如:We can get together with our friends(friend).(2016.87);
(3)大于1的基数词+可数名词复数。如:two factories(factory), two boxes(box);
(4)固定句型:one of +the (+形容词最高级)+可数名词复数。如:one of the national heroes(hero);
(5)some/many/several/these/those/few/a few/more+可数名词复数。如:more children(child); some books(book); a few mistakes(mistake);
(6)a pair of/all kinds of+可数名词复数, 如:all kinds of activities(activity);
(7)可数名词复数+and+可数名词复数。如:knives(knife) and forks。
【现学现用】
36. Let's talk about our dream. What do you want to be in the ________?
37. This ________ is my English teacher's. She lent it to me yesterday.
38. Give me a few ________ and I'll be ready to leave.
39. If you can give me this ________, I will be very thankful.
40. Everyone plays a ________ in making our country more beautiful.
41. The girl is good at drawing pictures, so she wants to be a(n) ________.
42. This English novel is mine. You took it away by ________.
43. He bought a pair of ________ for her mother yesterday.
44. The Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional ________ in China.
45. At the beginning of each new ________, teachers always ask us to make study plans.
参考答案:
36.future 37.book 38. minutes 39. chance 40. role
41.artist 42.shoes 43.festival 45. term