专题十 动词的时态
重难点分析
高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查（常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查）。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是10种（也是本专题需要讲解的10种）。
一、动词的基本形式一览表
形式
变化规则
构成方法
例词
原形
see, finish, teach, touch
现在时第三人称单数形式
一般情况
加-s
look—looks, write—writes
以ch, sh, s, x结尾
加-es
teach—teaches, finish—finishes, guess—guesses, mix—mixes
以o结尾
加-es
do—does, go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i，加-es
try—tries, cry—cries
过去式、过去分词规则变化
一般情况
加-ed
stay—stayed, look—looked
以不发音e结尾
直接加-d
decide—decided, hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写这个辅音字母再加-ed
stop—stopped, admit—admitted
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i，加-ed
carry—carried, try—tried
现在分词
一般情况
加-ing
go—going, read—reading
以不发音e结尾
去e，再加-ing
have—having, write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写这个辅音字母再加-ing
cut—cutting, run—running
二、常用的10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表
时态
构成
常用时间状语
一般现在时
动词原形(第三人称单数)
always, usually, often, sometimes, every等
一般过去时
动词过去式
yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, last…, …ago等
一般将来时
will(shall)+动词原形
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next…, in…day等
be going to+动词原形
be about to+动词原形
过去将来时
would+动词原形
多用于间接引语的宾语从句中
现在进行时
am(is, are)+现在分词
now, during these days等
过去进行时
was(were)+现在分词
at eight yesterday, at this time yesterday等
将来进行时
will(shall)+be+现在分词
at eight tomorrow, at this time tomorrow等
现在完成时
have(has)+过去分词
already, just, yet, since, for等
过去完成时
had+过去分词
by…, before等
现在完成进行时
have(has)+been+现在分词
for…, since…等
三、注意以下几种时态的区别
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时
(1) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，常和表过去的时间状语连用，即仅谈过去，不谈现在。如：
I wrote a letter this morning. 今天早上我写了一封信。(只说明写过一封信的事实，现在不是早上了)
(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态，但和现在有联系，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。不能和表过去的时间状语连用，译成汉语时可加“已经”。如：
I have written a letter this morning. 今天早上我已经写了一封信。(已经写了一封信，有继续写第二封的可能，现在还是早上)
2. 一般过去时和过去进行时
(1) 一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。如：
It rained heavily last night. 昨晚下的雨很大。(强调下雨，并不强调持续时间)
(2) 过去进行时侧重于强调在过去某个特定时间某动作的持续过程或表示动作正在进行。如：
It was raining cats and dogs last night. 昨晚一直在下倾盆大雨。(强调没停，一直持续)
3. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
(1) 现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。如：
I have read the book. 我已经读了那本书。(已读完)
(2) 现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。如：
I have been reading that book all the morning. 今天早上我一直在读那本书。(还没读完)
考点练透
一、单句填空 用所给动词或根据汉语提示填入动词的正确形式。
1. (1) — Remember the first time we __________ (meet)?
— Of course. You __________ (study) in Beijing University then.
(2) Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __________ (study) English for a year.
2. (1) The government __________ two factories in this region since the end of last year.
(2) The government __________ two factories in this region by the end of this year. (build)
3. (1) It __________ ten years since we left school.
(2) It __________ two years before we leave school. (be)
4. They __________ (work) on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we __________ (still work) on it as no good results have come out so far.
5. The pen I __________ (think) I __________ (lose) is on my desk, right under my nose.
6. If their marketing plans succeed, they __________ (increase) their sales by 20 percent.
7. She said that it __________ (be) the second time she __________ (see) the film.
8. I don’t really work here. I __________ (just help) out until the new secretary arrives.
9. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 2039 __________ (take) off at 18:40.
10. — How are you today?
— Oh, I __________ (not feel) as ill as I do now for a very long time.
11. (1) My good friend __________ from Guangdong.
(2) My good friend __________ from Guangdong last week. (come)
12. (1) Where __________ (be) you? (你在哪儿？)
(2) Where __________ you __________? (be) (你去了哪？)
(3) Where __________ he __________? (go) (他去哪了？)
13. (1) Mr. John __________ (teach) English in China for two years. (不在中国了)
(2) Mr. John __________ (teach) English in China for two years. (也许仍在中国)
14. (1) I __________ (read) that novel. (读过那本小说了)
(2) I __________ (read) that novel all the morning. (一直在读那本小说)
15. (1) When I got there, he __________ the work. (做完那工作了)
(2) When I got there, he __________ the work carefully. (正在认真地做工作)
(3) When I got there, he __________ the work. (刚要做工作)
二、语篇填空 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
When he was a little boy, Christopher Cockerell once watched his mother turning the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand.
“Wouldn’t it work quickly if a machine 1 (turn) the wheel for you?” he asked.
“I suppose I would,” said his mother, without paying any attention to him.
Christopher 2 (know) she always had a lot of work, and he wanted to help. In his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 3 (buy) him as a gift. “I 4 (make) better use of it,” little Christopher said to himself. So, when his mother 5 (not use) her sewing machine, he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it. When the job 6 (finish), he was quite pleased, thinking his mother 7 (like) it.
“Very clever,” his mother said, when she saw it. Then she sad down and went on turning the wheel by hand. “I 8 (work) like this for too many years,” she explained.
This taught Christopher the lesson that anyone who 9 (try) to improve anything 10 (have) to learn: Many people don’t like new ideas.
三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Every student will be faced with the same question when he passes the College Entrance Examination: should he choose a good major 1 a good university? Different people will come up 2 different answers.
Some students 3 (choose) a good major. What they really care is what they like most. To their mind, 4 or not the university is famous doesn’t matter — as long as he works hard, he can learn well in any university, and 5 bright future is awaiting him.
Other students pay more attention to the fame and quality of the universities. They pay great attention to the university 6 a good university is a symbol of good job prospects. How can you have a broad horizon if you receive your 7 (high) education at a small college or in a little town?
In my personal opinion, the best 8 (choose) is a good major at a good university. 9 is known to all, only if we try our best to study can we get the chance. If we cannot obtain 10 , I think the first thing to consider is a good major itself.
助读词汇
await vt. 等待 fame n. 名声
obtain vt. 获得 to one’s mind 依某人来看
pay more attention to 更加注意 job prospect 工作前景
broad horizon 广阔的视野 College Entrance Examination 高考
参考答案
考点练透
一、单句填空
1. met, were studying; has been studying 2. has built; will have built 3. has been; will be 4. had been working; are still working 5. thought; had lost 6. will increase 7. was; had seen 8. am just helping 9. takes 10. haven’t felt 11. comes; came 12. are; have, been; has, gone 13. taught; has taught 14. have read; have been reading 15. had done; was doing; was about to do
二、语篇填空
1. turned 2. knew 3. had bought 4. will/shall make 5. was not using 6. was finished 7. would like 8. have been working 9. tries 10. has
三、语法填空
高考后所有学生都面临一个问题——到底是选专业还是选学校？对此，不同的人有不同的看法。作者认为在好的大学读好的专业是最好的，如果不能二者兼之，那么还是先考虑专业。
1. or 根据文章主题和第二、三段首句可知此处是填表“选择”关系的并列连词。
2. with 习惯搭配come up with意为“提出、想出”。
3. will choose 根据首段Every student will be faced with和Different people will come up 2 different answers.可知，文章是针对即将高中毕业的高中生所写。根据空后的a good major可知是此处指大学阶段，故此题用一般将来时。
4. whether 根据空后的or not可知，whether在此引导主语从句。
5. a 不定冠词的最基本用法，在此意为“一个(灿烂的未来)”。
6. because 空的前后是两个分句，故填连接词。根据两句间的关系可知， 6 a good university is a symbol of good job prospects表原因，故填because引导原因状语从句。
7. higher 分析句子成分可知， 7 (high) education作宾语，因此括号中的high 既不作动词也不是词类转化，只能是形容词的比较等级。higher education意为“高等教育”。
8. choice 作主语用名词形式。
9. As 此处As引导的是定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代后面only if we try our best to study can we get the chance整个情况。
10. both 根据句意可知，此处是指如果不能二者兼之(a good major和a good university)，故填不定代词both。
专题十一 动词的语态
重难点分析
在英语中，被动语态使用得比汉语要多、要普遍，但大多数句子都使用主动语态。被动语态在英语中极为重要。高考中通常把时态和语态结合起来考查。
动词的语态有两种：主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
People speak English all over the world. 全世界的人都在讲英语。(the active voice)
English is spoken by people all over the world. (the passive voice)
一、动词的被动语态构成一览表(以ask为例)
常用被动语态
构成
常用被动语态
构成
一般现在时
am/is/are asked
现在完成时
have/has been asked
一般过去时
was/were asked
过去完成时
had been asked
一般将来时
will/shall be asked
过去将来时
would/should be asked
现在进行时
am/is/are being asked
过去将来完成时
would/should have been asked
过去进行时
was/were being asked
含有情态动词
can/must/may…be asked
注意事项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后面加not；短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介、副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动语态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。如：We are not allowed to smoke. 不允许我们抽烟。/ He is often made fun of by his classmates. 他经常被他的同班同学捉弄。/ Newspaper used to be sent here at 10 a.m. 过去报纸常常是上午10点被送到的。
据说类动词，如：It is said/believed/supposed/reported that…, It is generally considered that…, It is well known that…等，及It must be admitted/pointed out that…等结构常以被动形式出现。
以下主动形式常表被动意义：The bike needs/wants/requires repairing. 这辆自行车需要修理。/ The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。/ The door won’t shut/open. 这门不能关/开。/ The play won’t act. 这部戏不能演。/ The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。/ The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。/ The dish tastes delicious. 这份菜尝起来很美味。/ Water feels very cold. 水摸上去很冷。
不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词)：appear, die, disappear, end, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等
不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等
系动词无被动语态(“keep”除外)：be, appear, become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等
二、被动语态和系表结构的区别
1. 被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如：
The cup was broken by a boy. 这个杯子是被一个男孩打破的。(被动语态)
The cup is broken. 这杯子是破的。(系表结构)
2. 前者可有多种时态，而后者通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时。如：
My bike is being / will be / was repaired. (被动语态) 我的自行车正在被修理/将被修理/被修理过了。
He is/was interested in his work. (系表结构) 他对他的工作感兴趣。
3. 被动语态可跟by短语，表动作的执行者。如：
The dress was made by my mother. 这件衣服是我妈妈做的。
考点练透
一、单句填空 用括号中所给动词或动词短语的适当形式填空。
1. When money __________(spend), we can earn it back, but when time is lost, it will never return.
2. Customers are asked to make sure that they __________(give) the right change before leaving the shop.
3. Great changes __________(take place) in the city, and a lot of factories __________(set up).
4. The police found that the house __________(break into) and a lot of things __________(steal).
5. The discussion __________(come) alive when an interesting topic was brought in.
6. The head teacher says that all the preparations for the party __________(complete) by Friday.
7. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold frost __________(expect) to arrive.
8. The careless driver is __________(blame) for the traffic accident that __________(happen) yesterday.
9. Flowers usually __________(sell) well on Valentine’s Day, so their flowers __________(sell) in no time that day.
10. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I __________(tell) the cloth __________(wash) well.
11. Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) __________(say) to have bought birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
12. — Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?
— Yes, I have. I guess it __________(grade) now.
13. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what __________(discover) in science and technology.
14. The work needs __________(complete) by 6 p.m.
15. The number of deaths from heart disease __________(reduce) greatly if people are persuaded to eat more vegetables.
16. We should get into the good habit of saving time and never leave what can __________(do) today until tomorrow.
17. I hold the belief that more measures will __________(take) to prevent loss of soil along the Yellow River.
18. In recent years, more and more highways and overpasses __________(build up) in Guangzhou.
19. Many man-made satellites __________(send up) into space so far by many countries.
20. Many more trees __________(plant) next year.
二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There is no doubt that the job interview is an important part of job hunting, as the impression you create during the job interview can make the interviewer feel “with you” or “against you”. The job interview is the time to “sell” 1 by giving examples of experiences you have had related to the job and 2 revealing (展现) your good point. In order to make 3 solid impression with success, you had better keep the following two rules in mind:
One is to present yourself and your 4 (able) to do the job. However, don’t exaggerate the truth; just be honest. Second, do more listening than talking. Listen carefully and get involved in 5 the interviewer is saying. A good 6 (listen) is often a considerate person and 7 (appreciate) by everyone staying with you.
8 it is important to talk about your successful experiences, don’t come on too strong and sound like a boaster (吹嘘者). 9 you are not sure what the job will require of you, ask questions to see whether you do feel qualified. Most interviewers will appreciate your questions 10 your ability to listen and respond.
助读词汇
interviewer n. 面试官 solid adj. 可靠的
present vt. 呈现；介绍 exaggerate vt. 夸大
considerate adj. 体贴的 qualified adj. 合格的
appreciate vt. 欣赏 job hunting 求职
related to 与……有关 keep…in mind 记住……
get involved in 参与 There is no doubt that… 毫无疑问……
三、佳作欣赏 下面是一篇摘自全国英语高考书面表达的范文，文中有许多精彩且灵活的语言表达，其中也包含有动词或动词短语，用心体会其用法。
No doubt every grade three student wishes to be successful in the National College Entrance Examination. Yet what should we do in order to achieve success? Here are some suggestions.
First, it’s very important to have a right attitude, for a normal state of mind and self-confidence not only helps us to relax but also enables us to overcome difficulties bravely. Meanwhile, we should have a definite goal and a correct estimation of ourselves. Only in this way will we not be easily pleased or disappointed with what we have known and done. Besides, we’d better sometimes talk with our parents, teachers or classmates, who may help us out when we’re in trouble. Finally, striking a proper balance between study and rest keeps us energetic and a healthy diet is useful as well.
With these done, I think we can greatly improve our performance.
参考答案
一、单句填空
1. is spent 2. have been given 3. have taken place; have been set up 4. had been broken into; stolen 5. came 6. will have been completed 7. is expected 8. to blame; happened 9. sell; were sold 10. have been told; washes 11. is said 12. is being graded 13. has been discovered 14. completing / to be completed 15. will be reduced 16. be done 17. be taken 18. have been built up 19. have been sent up 20. will be planted
二、语法填空本文作者就如何在工作面试时给别人留下可靠印象给读者提供建议。
1. yourself 缺少宾语填代词。根据句意可知，此处是指推销自己或推荐自己。故填反身代词yourself符合上下文语境和逻辑。
2. by 根据空后的revealing和句子成分可知，此处与前面by giving examples of experiences是两个并列成分。故填by。
3. a 不定冠词的最基本用法，在此意为“一个(可靠的印象)”。
4. ability 形容词性物主代词后用名词形式。
5. what 根据句意可知此处是指，仔细听并参与到面试官所说的东西。因此填what引导宾语从句。 6. listener 作主语填代词。根据句意可知此处是指倾听者。
7. is appreciated 分子句子成分可知，appreciate在此作谓语，故考虑时态和语态。时态是一般现在时，根据空后的by可知应该用被动语态。故填is appreciated正确。
8. Although 空后是两个分句，故填连接词。再根据句意可知，此处显然应该填一个表让步的连接词，故填Although。注意首字母要大写。
9. If 根据句意可知，you are not sure what the job will require of you是个条件，故填If。注意首字母要大写。
10. and 分析句子成分可知，your questions和your ability是两个并列宾语，且中间无句号、分号等，故一定是填并列连词，关系显然是表联合。故填and。
