2020年广西中考英语备考语法专题系列导学案：动词和动词短语

第一部分 语法专题突破
专题八　动词和动词短语
知识导图
动词和动词短语
考 点 精 讲 练
考点 动词的用法及辨析(必考：每年2－3道)
根据意义和在句中的功能，动词可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。
1. 实义动词
说明动作或状态，能独立作谓语的动词。按照句法作用及动词后是否带有宾语，分为及物动词和不及
物动词。
分类
意义
所用句子结构
例词
例句
及物动词
本身意义不完整，需要接宾语
①动词＋宾语
②动词＋宾语＋宾补
③动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
accept
borrow
return
buy
find
I can borrow two books this week.
不及物动词
本身意义完整，无需接宾语
①主语＋谓语
②主语＋谓语＋状语(时间、地点、方式等)
happen
come
go
run
The battle happened at a place called Marathon.
2. 连系动词
指连接主语和表语的动词，用以说明主语的身份、性质、特征及状态，只有主动形式。可分为以下四种类别：
(1)“存在”类：表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。只有be动词。如： She is a clever student.她是一个聪明的学生。[八(上)Module 12 P103]
(2)“持续”类：表示某种情况或状态的持续。常见的有：remain, keep, stay, stand等。如：She always keeps silent whenever I see her. 不管我什么时候看见她，她总是保持沉默。
(3)“变化”类：表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。常见的有：become, turn, grow, go, get等。如：The pollution problem is becoming more and more serious.污染问题日趋严重。
(4)感官系动词：后跟形容词作表语
词汇
含义
所接形容词
sound
意为“听起来……”。指听觉。
good, wonderful，interesting, boring
look
意为“看起来……”。指视觉。
beautiful, ugly，young, old
taste
意为“尝起来……”。指味觉。
delicious, salty，sweet, sour
smell
意为“闻起来……”。指嗅觉。
nice, good, bad
feel
意为“感觉，摸起来……”。指触觉。
soft, smooth, comfortable
3. 助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词，被协助的动词称作主要动词。
(1)分类及其变化形式
分类
常见的变形
be
am, is, are; was, were; been; being
do
does, did, done, doing
will
would
shall
should
have
has, had, having
(2)功能
①表示时态。如： She is washing clothes. 她正在洗衣服。
②表示语态。如： He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
③构成疑问句。如： Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
④与否定副词not连用，构成否定句。如： She doesn't like apples. 她不喜欢苹果。
⑤加强语气，表示强调。如：He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
4. 情态动词(具体讲解见专题九)
【现学现用】
广西其他地市6年真题精选
1. (2019贵港33题)—Joe, don't eat too much ice-cream.
—OK, mom. But it ________ really good.
A. feels B. looks C. tastes D. sounds
2. (2018贵港34题)—Have you finished your homework, Sue?
—Yes. It ________ me an hour to do it.
A. spent B. took C. cost D. paid
3. (2016北海40题)—Excuse me, do you know the way to the post office?
—Yes. Follow me and I'll ________ you the way.
A. call B. pick C. show D. give
4. (2015百色39题)—Sorry, Mr. Green, I ________ my notebook at home.
—That's OK, but don't forget next time.
A. forgot B. missed C. left D. kept
增补训练
5. Miss Yang usually sets out early in order to ________ the morning rush hour.
A. choose B. cause C. avoid
6. It sounds like a good plan, but you should ________ it with your parents first.
A. expect B. learn C. discuss
7. This red coat ________ more fashionable. I want to buy it.
A. looks B. sounds C. smells
8. Lucy is a very kind girl. She never ________ badly of others.
A. speaks B. says C. talks
考点 2 动词填空——针对单词拼写(必考：每年1－2道)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
分析近6年柳州中考真题可知，单词拼写中对动词共考查了7次，且均填动词原形。针对此类试题，考生首先应该分析句子结构，判断空处是否缺少谓语，若缺少，则填动词，然后再结合所给汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。如何判断空格处填动词原形，主要有以下几种方法：
(1)在动词不定式之后(2019.77，2016.85)。如：Tomorrow morning they are going to interview a great scientist.
(2)一般现在时中，非第三人称单数的主语后(2017.77，2014.82)。如：I have a toy cat.
(3)在情态动词之后(2019.80，2018.80)。如：Very few people can pronounce my name correctly.
(4)在固定句型中(2015.85)。如：I'm glad to see my students succeed.
(5)在祈使句中；let等使役动词后。如：Please take out the rubbish.
(6)在助动词do/does/did/will及其否定形式之后。如：I will send him a message.
(7)and连接前后的谓语动词形式保持一致。如：They often have breakfast and then go for a walk together.
【现学现用】
9. John often lies to others, so it's hard to ________(相信) what he said.
10. My parents always ________(鼓励) me to take up my hobby in my free time.
11. It's good for children to ________(培养) good habits at a young age.
12. The government has taken several measures to ________(保护) the pandas in this area.
13. Don't feel nervous at the meeting. You can ________(表达) yourself freely.
14. It will be windy tonight. ________(记住) to close the windows when you leave.
答案：believe encourage form protect show Remember
考点 2 用所给动词的适当形式填空——针对选词填空(必考：每年1－3道)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
选词填空题型自2018年开始5个词中有3个变形；2014－2017年不变形。具体考情如下：
(1)2018－2019年：动词原形2次，每年必考1道，动词→名词(2019.82)和动词→形容词(2019.84)；
(2)2014－2017年：动词原形4次，每年必考1道。
针对此类试题，考生首先应根据语法结构分析挖空处所作的成分来确定词性，在选词填空中缺少谓语，可判断填动词，再结合语境选择正确的词；在词形变换中若填动词，需结合时态、语态和非谓语来进行变形，不填动词则考虑动词变为哪种词性及如何变形。
1. 填原形(6年6考)(详见本专题考点2)
2. 动词→过去式
(1)有明显的表示过去的时间状语的标志词：yesterday, just now, two days ago, last night/week/month/year。如：He went to Beijing yesterday.
(2)主从句时态一致，当从句为一般过去时，主句通常也用过去的时态。如：When I arrived at the hotel, it was midnight.
(3)动词过去式＋and/or＋动词过去式。如：He sat down and began to read.
(4)根据上下文语境。
3. 动词→过去分词
(1)be＋过去分词，表示被动。如：Lingling was chosen as our monitor.
(2)与have/has构成现在完成时。如：He has given me a new look in recent years.
4. 动词→第三人称单数
(1)数词＋kilometers/meters等作主语。如：Two kilometers is enough.
(2)主语为第三人称单数，且句中有一般现在时的时间标志词：often, sometimes, usually, always, on Sundays, every day/week/month/year等。如： He often runs after class.
(3)指示代词(it/this/that)作主语。如：It sounds great.
(4)主谓一致：the number of修饰主语。如： The number of people in the meeting hall is about 3，000.
(5)复合不定代词作主语。 如： Everything is OK.
(6)不可数名词作主语。如：His experience in dealing with this problem is worth learning.
【知识必备】
动词的基本形式及变形
形式
构成
示例
动词原形
没有经过任何变形，就是词典中一般给出的形式
be, do, have, come
第三人称单数
一般在动词原形后直接加-s
serve→serves
read→reads
以s, o, x, z, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加-es
go→goes　wash→washes
第三人称单数
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i，再加-es
fly→flies
study→studies
过去式与过去分词
一般在动词原形后直接加-ed
work→worked
enter→entered
以不发音的e结尾的动词后只加-d
like→liked
arrive→arrived
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y变为i，再加-ed
study→studied
carry→carried
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写此辅音字母再加-ed
stop→stopped
plan→planned
动名词/现在分词
一般在动词原形后直接加-ing
turn→turning
play→playing
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing
smile→smiling
write→writing
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写此辅音字母再加-ing
sit→sitting
plan→planning
少数以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加-ing
die→dying　 lie→lying
5. 填名词
(1)形容词＋名词(2019.82)。如：different meanings。
(2)位于介词后作宾语。如：They are worried about the pollution of the environment.
(3)冠词＋名词。如：a solution。
(4)在句中作主语。如：My English teacher is very patient.
(5)one of the/a few＋可数名词复数。如：one of the directors in China.
(6)句子缺少表语，通常位于be动词后。如：He is a dancer.
【知识必备】
常见动词变名词
(1)v.＋-er(or/r)：
play→player　　　　　　 read→reader
win→winner report→reporter
act→actor run→runner
dance→dancer sing→singer
design→designer speak→speaker
direct→director write→writer
drive→driver teach→teacher
invent→inventor travel→travel(l)er
lead→leader visit→visitor
manage→manager wait→waiter
own→owner work→worker
(2)v.＋-ment：
achieve→achievement agree→agreement
develop→development improve→improvement
move→movement punish→punishment
require→requirement treat→treatment
(3)v.＋-(t)ion或去e＋-ion/-tion/-ation：
celebrate→celebration collect→collection
communicate→communication
discuss→discussion direct→direction
educate→education examine→examination
express→expression imagine→imagination
introduce→introduction invent→invention
invite→invitation pollute→pollution
suggest→suggestion
(4)v.＋-ing：
mean→meaning(2019.82) begin→beginning
feel→feeling meet→meeting
swim→swimming
(5)其他：
choose→choice die→death
fail→failure weigh→weight
6. 填形容词
(1)the＋形容词，表示一类人(2019.84)。如：the dead。
(2)位于系动词后，在句中作表语。如：I feel surprised when seeing him.
(3)固定搭配。如：be interested in。
(4)并列结构：形容词＋and＋形容词。如：active and creative。
(5)空后为名词。如：an amazing painting。
【知识必备】
常见动词变形容词
(1)v.＋-d/-ed/-ing或去e＋-ing
amaze→amazed/amazing
excite→excited/exciting
interest→interested/interesting
surprise→surprised/surprising
(2)v.＋-able：
accept→acceptable　　　　 enjoy→enjoyable
change→changeable comfort→comfortable
(3)v.＋-ive或去e＋-ive：
act→active create→creative
(4)其他：die→dead(2019.84) wake→awake
【现学现用】
finish　educate　laugh　stop　break
15. We don't have enough time. We should ________ our task in one hour.
16. After two hours' drive, he decided to________ and relax himself.
17. As we all know, ________ plays an important part in our society.
18. He can't help ________, because the movie is really funny.
19. Although my cup was ____________by my little sister, I didn't get angry.
20. It is raining outside. Why not________ an umbrella with you?
21. Mr. Smith always________ his class with a humorous story.
22. The discussion on whether to keep pets ________ forty minutes yesterday afternoon.
23. Everyone was ________ to see her at the party last night.
24. Don't ________ the litter here and there. We should try to be a green person.
答案：finish stop Education laughing broken
take starts lasted surprised throw
考点 4 　动词短语(6年4考)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
分析近6年柳州中考真题可知，动词短语辨析主要在单项选择和完形填空中考查，主要考查同一动词型(6年4考)，其中2019年37题考查动词短语与代词的位置关系。
1. 同一动词型(6年4考)
look短语(6年3考)
look at看　　 　　　　　 look after照顾(2018.42)
look ahead展望 look for寻找(2016.44)
look around环顾
look into向……里面看；观察
look like看起来像 look out当心
look over仔细检查 look through浏览
look up (在词典、参考书等中)查阅；抬头看(2019.37)
look down on/upon瞧不起 look forward to盼望；期待
look out(of)从……往外看 look the same看起来一样
look up to钦佩；仰慕
look up and down仔细打量
25. (2019柳州37题)—Dad, I don't know this new word.
—Well, you can ________ in the dictionary.
A. look up it B. look it up C. look it around
26. (2018北部湾经济区36题) ________ the map and tell me where Shanghai is.
A. Look around B. Look like C. Look at D. Look out
27. You'd better ________ your papers before you hand them in.
A. look through B. look into C. look over
get短语(2014.36)
get away逃离　　　　　 　　 get down下来
get back回来 get on上车
get from从……得到 get out出去
get off下车 get to到达
get over克服
get up起床(2014.36)
get away from远离
get on/along with...与……相处
get ready for...为……做准备
28. (2014柳州36题)They ________ at 6：30 in the morning.
A. get into B. get up C. get from
29. I took the subway and________ at the downtown station where I met my good friends.
A. got through B. got back C. got off
30. —Can you help me with these problems?
—No, you should try to ________ by yourself.
get them down B. get them over C. get them out
take短语
take out拿出　　　　　　 take down写下；记下
take after与……长得像 take over接收；接管
take in吸入；吞下(体内)；欺骗
take off起飞；脱掉 take action采取行动
take up占据；开始从事 take place发生
take photos拍照 take on承担；呈现
take away带走 take part in参加
take care (告别用语)多保重；当心
take away from从……拿走
take pride in为……感到自豪
take care of照顾 take out of取出
31. (2019北部湾经济区36题)John, please________your dictionary from the schoolbag and look up the new word.
A. take away B. take up C. take off D. take out
32. —Many wild animals are in great danger.
—Let's ________ to save them.
A. take after B. take down C. take action
33. —Would you please ________ my baby brother while I'm washing clothes?
—No problem.
take care of B. take out of C. take part in
come短语
come along出现　　　　　come back回来；回想起
come across (偶然)遇见 come from来自
come down降落；落下 come on赶快，加油
come in进来 come over来访
come out出现；出版 come up with想出；提出
come true实现
34. Work hard and be patient, and your dream will ________ one day.
A. come across B. come true C. come down
35. I heard that a new student is coming to your class. Do you know where he ________?
A. comes back B. comes into C. comes from
give短语
give up放弃　　　　　　　give away捐赠
give back还给；归还；恢复(健康等)
give out分发；发放　　　 give in屈服
36. He is teaching his grandpa how to ________ “red envelope” on WeChat.
A. give away B. give up C. give out
2. 同一介词/副词型
off短语
set off出发；动身　　　　 take off起飞；脱下
get off下(飞机、火车、公共汽车等)
go off停止运动；(闹钟等)响
fall off...从……跌落 pay off付清
break off突然中止；中断 cut off砍掉；切断
give off发出(光、热等) put off推迟
show off炫耀；卖弄 shut off关闭
turn off关闭(设备)；关掉
37. (2017北部湾经济区39题)You should ________ your shoes before you enter the dance room.
A. take off B. put off C. get off D. fall off
38. The children ________ very early because they live far away from the school.
A. give off B. turn off C. set off
39. —Nobody knows Jack has bought a new car.
—Yes. He just doesn't want to ________．
A. show off B. shut off C. break off
up短语(6年2考)
cheer up (使)变得高兴；振奋起来
catch up(with)赶上　　　　 　　 wake up醒；醒来
clean up打扫(或清除)干净 get up起床(2014.36)
cut up切碎 grow up长大；成熟
give up放弃(努力) put up张贴；公布
look up查；查找(2019.37) pick up拿起；举起
make up编写；创作 stay up熬夜
set up开办；设立；创办；建立 stand up起立
show up出现；露面
take up占去(时间或空间)；开始从事
tidy up使整齐；使整洁
40. (2017贵港39题)—What should we do for the disabled children?
—You should ________ a study group to help them.
A. take up B. set up C. look up D. put up
41. When the best singer________ in our class, everyone shouted with excitement.
A. got up B. picked up C. showed up
42. I'm going to________ cooking during the summer holiday because I like eating delicious food.
A. clean up B. give up C. take up
down短语
break down出故障；坏掉　　　　 put down 放下
calm down冷静　　　　　　　　 write down写下；记下
cut down砍倒 lie down躺下
turn down把……调小；拒绝
43. We are asked to________ our names on a piece of paper on the first day of the new term.
A. turn down B. write down C. break down
out短语
break out爆发　　　　　　　　　 come out出版
check out调查；核实；查证 give out分发
find out找出；查明 hand out分发
go out出去 put out扑灭
look out当心 set out 启程；动身
run out用完 try out试验
take out取出；拿出
work out解决，计算出
44. (2019贵港39题)—The oil on the earth will ________ one day.
—I think so. We should make good use of it.
A. find out B. work out C. give out D. run out
45. Our math teacher asked the monitor to ________ the exercise books to each of us before class.
A. come out B. go out C. hand out
to短语
belong to属于 　　　　　　　　　 get to到达
compare...to...把……比作 lead to导致
listen to听 shout to对……大喊
stick to坚持 talk to和……说话
used to过去常常…… look forward to期盼
look up to钦佩；仰慕 pay attention to关注
make a difference to对……产生影响
46. (2018贵港40题)—I don't like practicing the piano.
—If you ________ it, you will play it well.
A. stick to B. get to C. talk to D. shout to
47. —Does this book ________ you?
—Yes, thanks a lot. I'm looking for it.
A. lead to B. listen to C. belong to