第一部分 语法专题突破
专题十三 句子种类及简单句
知识导图
考 点 精 讲 练
考点 1 句子成分及五大基本句型
1. 句子成分
一个句子是由一个或者若干个单词,按照语法的规则和结构组成的。句子的组成部分叫作句子成分,也叫句法成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。在英语中,句子的组成成分有:主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。其中,主语、谓语构成句子的主干部分,表语、宾语和宾语补足语组成谓语部分,定语和状语则是对句子的内容进行的补充成分。
成分
作用
位置
组成部分
主语
句子说明的人或事物
用在句首,动词之前
名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等
谓语
是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态
主语后
及物动词、不及物动词、系动词等
宾语
动词的对象或承受者
动词或介词后
名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式(短语)、名词性从句等,宾语分直接宾语(指物)和间接宾语(指人)
宾语补足语
对宾语的补充
宾语后
名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词等
表语
表示主语的性质、状态和特征
系动词之后
名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语、形容词化的分词、表语从句等
定语
修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子
放在所修饰的成分之前,不定式、短语或从句放在所修饰 的成分后
名词、名词所有格、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式短语、定语从句等
状语
表示动词的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子
一般修饰形容词或副词放在其前,修饰动词放在其前后均可
副词、介词短语、词组、不定式短语、分词短语或从句等
2. 简单句的基本结构——五大基本句型
只有一个主语或并列主语和只有一个谓语或并列谓语组成的句子叫简单句。柳州中考不单独考查有关句子的试题,但考生应掌握五大基本句型结构,有助于在写作中正确运用各种句型。根据简单句的基本结构,可分为五大基本句型:
S(主)+Vi.(谓)
谓语动词为不及物动词,能表达完整的意思。不及物动词后可接状语进行修饰。
I(S) agree(V).
They(S) arrived(V).
S(主)+V.(系)+P (表)
谓语动词为连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,后需加表语,意义才能完整。
This kind of food (S) tastes (V)delicious(P).(表特征)
It(S)is getting (V) warmer and warmer(P).(表变化)
S(主)+Vt.(谓)+O (宾)
谓语动词为及物动词,必须跟动作的承受者(宾语),意义才能完整。
She(S)plans(V)to swim(O)on Monday.
Tom(S)enjoys(V)playing football(O).
S(主)+Vt.(谓)+IO (间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语)
谓语动词须跟两个宾语才能表达完整意思。两个宾语中,一个是动作的直接承受者,一个是动作的间接承受者。
My father (S) bought (V) me (IO) a pen (DO).
The cinema (S) will show (V) us (IO) a new movie(DO).
常见跟双宾语的动词。
buy, pass, lend, give, teach, show, bring, send
S(主)+Vt.(谓)+O (宾)+C(宾补)
补充说明宾语的特点、身份等。
You(S) should keep(V) the room(O) clean(C).
通过感观知道宾语做了某事或让宾语去完成某个动作。
Dad(S)saw(V)Tom(O)playing_basketball(C).
考点 2 陈述句
陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 陈述句包括肯定句和否定句两种形式。句末通常用句点,读降调。
1. 陈述句的肯定形式:主语+谓语+其他
They have lots of storybooks.他们有很多故事书。
2. 陈述句的否定形式
(1)be的否定式
①be作系动词用时,结构为:主语+be+not+表语+其他。如:She is not a teacher. 她不是一位老师。
②be用作助动词,用于be doing/be going to do/be done等时态或被动语态中,结构为:主语+be+not+动词的现在分词或过去分词+其他。如:Jim isn't playing football.吉姆没有在踢足球。
(2)助动词、情态动词的否定式
如:The boy doesn't do housework at home.这个男孩在家不做家务。
(3)除not 外,其他否定词也可以构成否定句
①用no表示,no= not any/a。如:He has no sister.=He doesn't have any sister.他没有姐妹。
②never绝不,从不。如:I have never seen such a man.我从没见过这样的人。
③little, few几乎没有。如:There are few students in the classroom.教室里几乎没有学生。
④no one/nobody没有人。如:Nobody is interested in the book.没有人对这本书感兴趣。
⑤nothing没有东西,没有事情。如:There is nothing wrong with you.你没有什么问题。
⑥neither of...两者之中没有一个;none of...三者或三者以上之中没有一个。如:Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.他们两个都没有去过北京。
None of these pens works.这些钢笔没有一支能用。
⑦seldom很少;hardly几乎不;rarely很少
⑧too...to...太……以至于不能……
考点 3 疑问句(6年4考)
疑问句通常包含一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种形式。具体内容如下:
1. 一般疑问句:表示询问事物或某种情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定(yes)或否定(no)的回答。
形式
例句
Be+主语+其他?
—Is she from England?她来自英格兰吗?
—Yes, she is./No, she isn't. 是的,她是。/不,她不是。
助动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他?
—Do you like playing basketball?你喜欢打篮球吗?
—Yes, I do./No, I don't. 是的,我喜欢。/不,我不喜欢。
情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?
—Must I finish the report today?我必须今天完成这份报告吗?
—Yes, you must. 是的,你必须(今天完成)。
注:使用一般疑问句时,应特别注意问句或答句在人称、数和时态上的一致。
2. 特殊疑问句(2019.49, 2015.36):以特殊疑问词开头,对陈述句中的某一部分进行提问的句子。
(1)疑问代词(2015.36):可以对主语、表语、宾语、定语提问。
疑问词
用法
例句
what(2015.36)
询问职业、身份、观点、看法、事物名等
What's her job?她的工作是什么?
who
询问身份
Who is the girl over there?那边的那个女孩是谁?
which
询问特定的人或物
Which color is your favorite?哪种颜色是你最喜欢的?
whose
询问所属关系
Whose book is it?这是谁的书?
whom
询问人
Whom do you like best in your family?在你的家里你最喜欢谁?
(2)疑问副词(2019.49):对状语提问。
疑问词
用法
例句
when
询问时间
When did you go to Shanghai last month?你上个月什么时候去上海的?
where
询问地点、位置
Where do you want to go this winter?这个冬天你想去哪儿?
why(2019.49)
询问原因
Why were you late for the meeting this morning?今天早上你为什么开会迟到?
how
询问方式
How do you go to school every day?你每天怎么去上学?
(3) 疑问词组(How词组)
How词组
含义
用法
How many
多少
提问数量,后跟可数名词复数
How much
多少(钱)
提问数量,后跟不可数名词;提问价格
How old
多大
提问年龄
How long
多长(时间)
提问持续的时间,答语用“for+一段时间”或“since+过去时间点”;提问某物体的长度
How soon
多久
提问将来的时间,答语用“in+一段时间”
How far
多远
提问距离
How often
多久一次
提问频率
3. 选择疑问句:提供两种或者两种以上的情况供对方选择回答的疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。通常划分为两种:
分类
形式
例句
一般选择疑问句
一般疑问句+or+被选择的部分?
—Do you like traditional Western music or pop music,Betty? 贝蒂,你喜欢传统西方音乐还是流行音乐?
—Well, I like both.哦,两个我都喜欢。
特殊选择疑问句
特殊疑问句, A or B?
—Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? 咖啡和茶,你更喜欢哪一个?
—Tea.茶。
4. 反意疑问句(2016.42, 2015.38)(附加疑问句):附加在陈述句后的简单问句。
(1)结构:陈述句+附加疑问部分(be动词/助动词/情态动词+陈述句主语对应的代词)
(2)原则:“前肯后否,前否后肯”(人称和时态前后保持一致)。如:
You are from Australia, aren't you?
肯定 否定
Jack doesn't live in Guilin, does he?
否定 肯定
(3)对反意疑问句的回答
对反意疑问句的回答,不管陈述部分是肯定句还是否定句,若事实是肯定的,答语就要用yes;事实是否定的,答语就要用no。注意在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句的答语中,yes意为“不”,no意为“是的”。如:
—He didn't go to the meeting, did he?他没有参加这次会议,是吗?
—Yes, he did.不, 他参加了。
【现学现用】
柳州6年真题(2014~2019)
1. (2015柳州36题)—________ are you in?
—I am in Class One.
A. Which school B. Which class C. Which grade
2. (2016柳州42题)You don't like this colour, ________ you?
A. will B. are C. do
3. (2015柳州38题)—It is hot today, ________?
—Yes, it is.
A. aren't they B. don't you C. isn't it
广西6年真题精选
4. (2018梧州30题)—________ students are there in your class?
—Fifty.
A. How many B. How much
C. How long D. How far
5. (2015崇左28题)—________ is this notebook?
—It must be Anna's. Her name is on it.
A. Whose B. Who C. Whom D. Which
6. (2014北海37题)—Hey, Jack. ________ gave you the gift?
—My father.
A. What B. When C. Who D. Why
7. (2014南宁28题)She doesn't like pop music, ________?
A. does she B. is she
C. doesn't she D. isn't she
增补训练
8. —________ is your father?
—A cook. He works in a restaurant near our home.
A. Who B. What C. Which
9. —________ do people like swimming?
—Because it is good for their health.
A. When B. Where C. Why
10. He has few friends in his new school, ________?
A. hasn't he B. does he C. is he
11. Her brother has washed all the clothes by himself, ________?
A. doesn't he B. does he C. hasn't he
12. —Jim is never late for school, ________?
—No, he is used to getting to school early.
A. has he B. is he C. isn't he
考点 4 祈使句
祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。考生可掌握以下两种形式。
1. 肯定形式
结构
例句
动词原形+其他成分
Give them more personal space.[七(下)Module 11 P70]
Be+adj.
Be careful! Be quiet, please!
Let sb.+动词原形
Let's go to school!
2. 否定形式
结构
例句
Don't+动词原形+其他成分
Don't stand too close to North Americans.[七(下)Module 11 P70]
Let's/Let sb.+not+动词原形+其他成分
Let's not make noise here.
Let Mary not come here.
No+名词/v.-ing
No smoking! No photos!
(常用于公共场合的提示语中)
Never+动词原形
Never be late for school!
注意:(1)祈使句的回答用一般将来时。如:
—Please remember to take my notebook to school.请记得把我的笔记本带去学校。
—OK, I will.好的,我会的。
(2)祈使句+and/or+句子,可以转换成if引导的条件状语从句。如:
Hurry up, or you'll be late for class.快点,否则你上课会迟到。=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late for class.如果你不快点,你上课就会迟到。
【现学现用】
广西其他地市6年真题精选
13. (2015北海41题)________ silent, please. The baby is sleeping.
A. Keep B. Kept C. To keep D. Keeping
14. (2015崇左37题)________ quiet please. My baby is sleeping.
A. Be B. Being C. Is D. Are
增补训练
15. ________ me a chance and I'll bring you a surprise.
A. Give B. Giving C. To give
16. Please ________ the rubbish into different litter bins according to the signs.
A. puts B. put C. putting
17. —________ too much sweet. It's bad for your teeth.
—Yes, you are right.
A. Don't eating B. Don't eat C. No eat
考点 5 感叹句(2016.38)
感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个不定式短语、一个由短语构成的独立句,也可以是由what或how引导的句子。其具体的形式如下:
形式
结构
例句
What引导
What+ a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
What a beautiful city!多么美丽的一座城市啊![七(下)Module 12 P76]
What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!
What interesting books(they are)!多么有趣的书啊!
What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
What nice music(it is)!多么美妙的音乐啊!
How
引导
How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语)!
How fine the weather is!多么好的天气啊!How well he plays the violin!他拉小提琴拉得多好啊!
How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
How cute a cat(it is)!一只多么可爱的猫啊!
How+主语+谓语!
How time flies!时间过得真快呀!
注意:如何判断用what还是how来引导感叹句?
凡是其后直接跟a/an的,多用what;凡是形容词直接加名词的,多用what;其他一般用how。
【现学现用】
柳州6年真题面对面(2014~2019)
18. (2016柳州38题)________ delicious the soup tastes!
A. How B. What C. What a
广西6年真题精选
19. (2019桂林38题)________ nice weather it is! Let's go out for a picnic.
A. What B. How C. What a
20. (2019北部湾经济区39题)—Look at my new dress.
—Wow! ________ beautiful it is!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
21. (2015防城港34题) ________ interesting the book is! I want to buy one, too.
A. How B. What C. How an D. What an
22. (2018百色34题)—________ beautiful shoes she is wearing!
—I think so.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
增补训练
23. ______ interesting person our English teacher is!
A. How B. What C. What an
24. ________ clever a dog is! I want to have one.
A. How B. How a C. What a
25. ________ great fun it is to have a picnic on such a sunny day!
A. What a B. How a C. What
26. Look! ________ happily the children are playing over there!
A. How B. What C. How a
考点 6 There be句型
近6年柳州中考真题未考查There be句型。在写作中我们会用到此句型,以下是它的用法:
1. 结构:“There be +主语(人或物)+地点 ”,表示“在某地有某物”。
2. There be句型的不同句式
(1)否定句。在be 动词后面加not, not any, no。如:
There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里面没有水。
(2)疑问句。把be动词提前到句首,some变any,其他都不变。如:
Is there any water in the bottle?瓶子里有水吗?
3. There be句型中的be动词的数:遵循“就近原则”
be动词的单复数形式必须和There be之后的第一个主语保持一致。如果第一个主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词,be动词用单数;如果第一个主语是可数名词复数,be动词用复数。如:
(1) There on the desk.
(2) There in the bottle.
(3) There on the wall.
(4) There in the bottle.
There here.
4. There be句型的不同时态。There be句型时态的变化体现在be动词上, 而且可以和助动词或情态动词连用。
(1)一般将来时:There will be或There is/are going to be...
(2)一般过去时:There was/were/used to be...
(3)现在完成时:There has/have been...
(4)含情态动词:There+情态动词+be...
拓展
(1)辨析There be句型与have
There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人,不强调此物归谁所有;have表示某人拥有某物或某人,强调所属关系。如:
There is a tree on the hill.山上有棵树。
I have a pencil.我有一支铅笔。
当have表示包括、存在的含义时,可以与There be句型互换。如:
A week has seven days.=There are seven days in a week.一个星期有七天。
(2)There be sb. doing sth.+地点/时间。某地/某时有某人正在做某事。如:There is a baby sleeping in the room.房间里有个婴儿正在睡觉。
【现学现用】
27. (2019梧州33题)There________ a concert in our school hall next week.
A. is going to have B. will have
C. will be D. is going to hold
28. Look! There________ a pair of glasses and two boxes on the table.
A. is B. are C. was
29. There ________ many trees in our school.
A. are B. is C. have
考点 7 主谓一致(6年5考)
主谓一致在近6年柳州中考真题中共考查5次,针对此类试题,考生应该找出题干中的“主语”,确定其单复数;然后结合“语法一致”、“意义一致”和“就近一致”三个原则来进行选择;最后根据所给句子的时态选出最终答案。
1. 语法一致:单数主语谓语动词用单数,复数主语谓语动词用复数。
主语成分
谓语
例句
人称代词主格(第一、三人称单数)、不可数名词或单个人名
单数
It smells delicious.它闻起来很美味。
Lily is a good student and we all like her.莉莉是一个好学生,我们都喜欢她。
动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句
单数
To learn English well isn't easy. 学好英语不容易。
What he said is very important for us all. 他所说的对我们所有人都非常重要。
one of/the number of+名词复数
单数
The number of students in our class is 32. 我们班的学生人数为32。
a number of+名词复数
复数
A number of trees were cut down. 许多树木被砍倒了。
人称代词主格(第二人称、第三人称复数)
复数
You are so clever.你真是太聪明了。
They are all interested in football.他们都对足球感兴趣。
and或both...and...连接名词
复数
Both Linda and I like learning maths.我和琳达都喜欢学数学。
主语后有with, along, like, except, besides, but, including, together with, as well as等连接的名词或代词时
取决
于主
语(名
词)
Tom with his parents is watching TV. 汤姆和他的父母正在看电视。
Nobody was late, except me.除了我,没有人迟到。[八(上)Module 4 P26]
a lot of/lots of/plenty of/most of+名词
Lots of people have been there. 很多人去过那儿。
分数或百分数+名词
Two thirds of the work has been finished. 三分之二的工作已经被完成。
2. 意义一致:根据句子主语的意义来确定谓语动词的单复数。
主语成分
谓语
例句
集体名词(如:family/class/team/group/public等)
取决于主语意义
His family is going to move to Beijing.他家将搬去北京。(作为整体时,用单数)
The whole family are watching TV.全家人正在看电视。(侧重成员时,用复数)
集合名词(如:people/police等)
复数
The police are helping the girl find her mother.警察们正在帮助这个女孩找妈妈。
the+姓氏名词复数,表示“……一家”或“……夫妇”
复数
The Blacks enjoy working in China.布莱克夫妇喜欢在中国工作。
the+某些形容词,表示一类人
复数
The young are energetic. 年轻人有活力。
and连接并列主语,表示同一个人或物时(即:and后面无冠词)
单数
A famous writer and teacher is going to have a speech in our school. 一位著名的作家兼老师将在我校进行一次演讲。
表示重量、度量、时间、长度、价格、数学运算等的词或短语
单数
Two pounds isn't so heavy. 两磅不怎么重。
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparation.有三个星期的准备时间。
3. 就近一致:谓语动词的形式与靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。
主语成分
谓语
例句
由either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...,not...but...或or连接两个并列主语
谓语动词和距离较近的主语在单复数上保持一致
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.不仅我父母,我也盼望见到我的叔叔。
There be...和Here be...这两个句式中
be动词常与最近的主语在数上保持一致
There is a table and two chairs in Tom's room.汤姆的房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。
【现学现用】
柳州6年真题(2014~2019)
30. (2016柳州31题)She ________ my sister, Meimei.
A. are B. is C. am
31. (2016柳州40题)Mr. Smith was the only one of the writers ________ invited to the meeting.
A. who was B. who were C. which was
32. (2015柳州41题)These are my parents. They ________ workers.
A. am B. are C. is
33. (2014柳州31题)The boy ________ my friend, Bill.
A. am B. is C. are
34. (2014柳州45题)Tony, as well as his parents ________ visit the company yesterday.
A. was invited to B. were invited C. invited to
广西6年真题精选
35. (2019百色35题)Neither my sister nor I________ been to Xi'an before.
A. have never B. have ever
C. has never D. has ever
36. (2016桂林31题)I ________ a middle school student.
A. am B. is C. are
37. (2016钦州33题)Lingling and her friends ________ looking forward to visiting Disneyland in Shanghai.
A. be B. is C. am D. are
38. (2015百色38题)Either you or I ________ invited to the important meeting.
A. be B. is C. am D. are
增补训练
39. Both Mike and I ________ ready for the new high school life.
A. is B. am C. are
40. Smith, along with his families, ________ visit Beijing this summer.
A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to
41. Soft and quiet music ________ me relaxed.
A. make B. makes C. making