(共26张PPT)
语法专题（一）
名 词
第二篇 语法专题突破
考点一 可数名词
1. 可数名词的复数形式
(1)规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-s map→maps bag→bags book→books
以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词 加-es bus→buses watch→watches
wish→wishes box→boxes
(特例：stomach→stomachs)
情况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 去y,再加-ies baby→babies city→cities
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词 加-s monkey→monkeys
holiday→holidays
[续表]
情况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词 表示无生命的词,加-s photo→photos piano→pianos
表示有生命的词,加-es Negro→Negroes
hero→heroes
potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
【巧学妙记】黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
[续表]
情况 构成方法 例词
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词 加-s zoo→zoos radio→radios
kangaroo→kangaroos
video→videos
以f或fe 结尾的词 大多数变f或fe为ve,再加-s shelf→shelves thief→thieves
knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolves
[续表]
【巧学妙记】
名词变复数变f/fe为ve,再加-s的单词:
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,
妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),
架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命（life）忙。
(2)不规则变化
类别 构成方法 例词
复合
名词 将主体名词变为复数 girl friend→girl friends
boy student→boy students
looker-on(旁观者)→lookers-on
man和woman作定语修饰另一个
名词时,两部分都变为复数 man doctor→men doctors
woman teacher→women teachers
sport修饰名词时,无论主体词是单
数还是复数,sport通常用复数形式 a sports club
sports shoes
类别 构成方法 例词
特殊
名词 改变单数名词中的元音字母 foot→feet tooth→teeth
man→men woman→women
mouse→mice
(特例：boot的复数形式为boots)
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen(公牛) child→children
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheep deer→deer
spacecraft→spacecraft
只有复数形式 trousers glasses(眼镜) clothes
pants jeans scissors
[续表]
类别 构成方法 例词
特殊
名词 表示“某国人”
的名词的单、复
数形式 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese
Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的man为
men Englishman→Englishmen
Frenchman→Frenchmen
词尾加-s German→Germans
Roman→Romans
American→Americans
Canadian→Canadians
【巧学妙记】中日不变,英法变, 其余-s加后面
[续表]
2. 集体名词的数
(1)集体名词以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如people(人们), police(警察)。如果要表达单数形式则要用其他名词。
一名警察 a police(×) a policeman/policewoman(√)
一个人 a people(×) a person(√)
(2)集体名词以单数形式出现, 但实为复数,如family, class, team等。它们作主语,强调整体时谓语动词用单数形式,强调整体中的各个成员时谓语动词则用复数形式。
[注意] 以s结尾但仍为单数的名词,如maths, politics, physics等学科名词(不可数名词),news(不可数名词)和the United States等。以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸名、杂志名等也视为单数。
考点二 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词的量化表达：不可数名词是不能用数量计算的名词,没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an或数词表示量。
(1)表示不定数量时,一般用some, much, a little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。
一些水 some water;一点儿牛奶 a little milk
(2)表示确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构。当数词大于1时,后面的量词要用复数形式。
一片面包 a piece of bread;两杯水 two glasses of water;三袋米 three bags of rice
[注意] a lot of, lots of, some, plenty of等既能修饰可数名词复数,又能修饰不可数名词。
[归纳] 常见的不可数名词见下表：
类别 例词
液体类 water, milk, juice, orange, coffee, tea, Coke, rain, wine
肉类 meat, fish, chicken, beef, pork, mutton
语言类 Chinese, Japanese, English, French, German
材料类 paper, glass, grass, bamboo, silk, cotton, wood, plastic, hair
其他类 snow, ice, weather, music, money, homework, housework, information, rubbish
2. 既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词既能用作可数名词又能用作不可数名词,但意义不同。
词语 可数名词意义 不可数名词意义
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
work 作品 工作
room 房间 空间
time 次数 时间
experience 经历 经验
词语 可数名词意义 不可数名词意义
fruit 各种水果 水果
food 各种食物 食物
paper 试卷;论文 纸
exercise 练习,操 锻炼
[续表]
考点三 专有名词
表示人、地方、团体、机构等名称的词叫专有名词,其首字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词,如Lu Xun, Neil Armstrong, China, Beijing等。由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词the,如the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, the United States等。
考点四 名词所有格
1. 名词所有格用于表示名词之间的所属关系,有两种形式： 一种是词尾加's;另一种是介词of后加名词。
2. 名词所有格的构成规则如下
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 一般在词尾加“'s” the boy's bag 男孩的书包
以-s, -es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'” Teachers' Day 教师节
不以-s, -es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'s” Women's Day 妇女节
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 如果两个名词并列,且分别有“'s”,则表示“分别所有”;若只在后一个名词后有“'s”,则表示“共有” Kate's and Mary's rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间(两个房间)
Kate and Mary's room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间(一个房间)
双重所有格的两种形式：of+名词所有格;of+名词性物主代词 a friend of my sister's
我姐姐的一个朋友
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
“'s”可表示店铺或某人的家,其后的名词一般可省略 at the doctor's 在诊所
at Li Lei's 在李雷家
[续表]
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命
的名词 somebody, everybody等不定代词与else连用时,“'s”加在else后面 somebody else's book
别人的书
无生命
的名词 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的事物的名词,也可加“'s”
或“'”来构成所有格 two days' holiday
两天的假期
用“名词+of+名词”的结构来构
成所有格 the title of the song
歌曲的名字
[续表]
考点五 名词的功能
1. 作主语
My sister likes reading and traveling, and I like swimming.
我姐姐喜欢阅读和旅行。我喜欢游泳。
Two hours is enough for me to finish the homework.
对我来说两个小时已经足够完成作业了。
2. 作定语
(1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式,如computer game电脑游戏, country music乡村音乐
(2)个别名词作定语,要用复数形式,如clothes store服装店, sports meeting运动会
(3)复合名词作定语,其结构为“数词+连字符+名词单数”,也可以用“数词+名词所有格”形式,如a three-day holiday=three days' holiday 为期三天的假期
1. [2019·连云港]On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the ________
110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar.?
A.man B.men
C.men's D.mens'
2. [2019·连云港]US scientist Edward T. Hall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of is done through body language.?
A.application B.pronunciation
C.introduction D.communication
对接中考专练
C
D
3. [2016·连云港]—It's useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.
—Yes, it's a major way of for them.?
A.suggestion B.vacation
C.production D.communication
4. [2014·连云港改编]—Nobody knows which team will win the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.
—Yes. That is the of the beautiful game.?
A.question B.luck
C.hope D.magic
对接中考专练
D
D
5. [2019·连云港海州二模]The project will be a to help the countries to develop, so more and more countries want to catch it.?
A.change B.chance
C.Charm D.charge
6. [2019·连云港海州一模]—What do you think of the film The Wandering Earth?
—Excellent. I've read some of it online.?
A.records B.replies
C.reviews D.rewards
对接中考专练
B
C
7. We have few in the fridge. Let's go and buy some potatoes, tomatoes and carrots. ?
A.vegetables B.fruit
C.meat D.eggs
8. —How do the British people usually start a ??
—They start it with subjects like weather and holiday.
A.conversation B.discussion
C.introduction D.instruction
对接中考专练
语法综合演练
A
A
9. —Look! Here comes Cindy! She is always full of .?
—So she is. Because she takes a lot of exercise every day.
A.courage B.pride
C.energy D.knowledge
10. —Do you have any ??
—Yes, I like chess and drama best.
A.jobs B.duties
C.hobbies D.problems
对接中考专练
C
C
语法专题训练(一) 名词
Ⅰ.单项选择
1.[2019·苏州]—Keep quiet! I need complete when I'm working.?
—Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.
A. trust B.silence
C.control D.strength
2.[2019·泰州]My mother has a poor of direction, so she is always afraid to go out alone.?
A. scene B.silence
C.service D.sense
3.[2019·南京]—Tomorrow is Mum's birthday. Let's buy some flowers for her.
—OK. I know she likes best.?
A. dresses B.rings
C.handbags D.roses
4.[2019·盐城]The number of the people using HUAWEI is getting larger and larger.?
A. cultures B.customers
C.products D.histories
5.[2019·扬州]—I'm not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.
—You should read some about the book before writing.?
A. reviews B.reasons
C.results D.rewards
6.[2019·宿迁]—Anna, how does the dress look on me?
—To tell you the , it doesn't fit you well.?
A. trade B.trust
C.truth D.treat
7.—Someone called you just now.
—I know. But I was busy at that moment. When I called back, there was no .?
A.voice B.sound
C.answer D.result
8.[2019·安徽]You can see the in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.?
A. doubt B.pride C.regret D.ability
9.[2019·重庆]We have wider in our village, so we can go out more easily now.?
A. houses B.roads
C.schools D.hospitals
10.[2019·江西]My daughter helps me cook, but she isn't old enough to be left alone in the .?
A. bedroom B.classroom
C.lab D.kitchen
11.—What do you think of the Belt and Road Initiative(一带一路倡议)?
—Great! It will help China improve the with those related countries. ?
A.relationship B.agreement
C.environment D.information
12.[2019·天津]The of this activity is to raise money for a new hospital.?
A. silence B.purpose
C.culture D.language
13.—You know? Max got the highest mark in the English test.
—Wow! He made such great . ?
A.mistakes B.decisions
C.progress D.trouble
14.[2019·天水]—Look! They are .?
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist B.women scientists
C.woman scientists D.man scientists
15.[2019·咸宁]—Creative morning are popular in our school.?
—Yes, we dance to fun music, such as the song Calorie(《卡路里》).
A. exams B.exercises
C.examples D.expressions
16.About how to achieve a balance between hobbies and schoolwork, Justin asked me for my .?
A. position B.attention
C.suggestion D.introduction
17.Wu Wei, a young artist, has received high from the art community for his sculptures.?
A. pride B.praise
C.promise D.progress
18.Please give me some on how to spend the coming weekend.?
A. space B.advice
C.praise D.courage
19.Mrs Smith lives next to us. She is really a good because she is always ready to help people around her.?
A. visitor B.waiter
C.neighbour D.manager
20.Lights are out. The concert is to begin. The fans hold their breath for Jay Chou's .?
A. influence B.guidance
C.experience D.appearance
21.—Do you have this T-shirt in a small ??
—I'm afraid not. It only comes in medium.
A. size B.colour
C.material D.taste
22.Stephen Hawking's story gives me much to face all kinds of difficulties.?
A. chance B.wealth
C.courage D.decision
23.—What would you like to drink?
—I'd like three .?
A. bottles of waters B.bottle of waters
C.bottle of water D.bottles of water
24.The woman in a hat is aunt.?
A. Jack and John B.Jack's and John
C.Jack's and John's D.Jack and John's
25.—Your is quite good. You must be from an English-speaking country.?
—Thanks, but I'm from China.
A. pollution B.protection
C.pronunciation D.population
26.We usually have seven holiday every National Day.?
A. days B.day'
C.day's D.days'
27.—I like the named the English World very much.?
—Me, too. I have read it for many years.
A. game B.program
C.movie D.magazine
28.—I'm thirsty, Mum. I'd like something to drink.
—We only have some in the fridge.?
A. oranges B.ice cream
C.juice D.cheese
29.China has the world's largest population of university graduates, so providing them with jobs is really a for the Chinese government.?
A. challenge B.competition
C.purpose D.situation
30.One of the book is missing, so I can't learn the whole story.?
A. copy B.page
C.writer D.ready
Ⅱ.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.[2019·南京]It is reported that thousands of running friends from 25 (country) took part in 2019 Nanjing Jiangning Marathon.?
2.—I have been running into a lot of troubles these days.
—Take it easy. Problems and (worry) are normal in daily life.?
3.[2019·宿迁]The question is a little difficult. Let's have a (discuss) about it. ?
4.I'm going to be a (science)when I grow up.?
5.Too much sugar is bad for your (tooth).?
6.People in Western countries usually eat with forks and (knife).?
7.The (box) are too heavy for the little boy to carry. ?
8.John likes (strawberry) very much.?
9.When autumn comes, (leaf) of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.?
10.I like these (photo) and they can remind me of the life in the country.?
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.1.B
2.D 根据后半句语境“因此她总是害怕独自出去”确定前半句“方向感差”,sense意为“感觉;意识”。故选D。
3.D
4.C using HUAWEI products作后置定语,修饰people。故选C。
5.A 根据前句句意“我不确定在报告中写些什么关于《秘密花园》的内容。”可知,答语是表述“你应该在写之前读一些评论。”故选A。
6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.A
12.B 联系下文“为新医院筹集资金”可知,此处指“这个活动的目的”。故选B。
13.C
14.B 由前句谓语动词are可知,中心词是复数,man,woman等名词作定语时,要与后面的名词在数上保持一致,此处也要用复数,故选B。
15.B
16.C 句意:关于如何取得爱好与学业之间的平衡,贾斯汀向我征求建议。suggestion表示“建议”。故选C。
17.B pride意为“骄傲,自豪”; praise意为“赞扬,称赞”; promise意为“承诺”; progress意为“进步”。分析四个选项可知“赞扬”符合句意。故选B。
18.B space意为“空间”;advice意为“建议”;praise意为“赞扬”;courage意为“勇气”。根据后面的介词“on”以及句意可知应用“advice”表示“关于……的建议”。故选B。
19.C
20.D influence意为“影响”;guidance意为“指导”;experience意为“经历”;appearance意为“出现”。根据前句“音乐会要开始了”可知,粉丝们应该屏住呼吸等待周杰伦的出现。故选D。
21.A size意为“尺寸”;colour意为“颜色”;material意为“材料”;taste意为“风格,风味”。根据答句“comes in medium”可知此处问的是尺寸。故选A。
22.C chance意为“机会”;wealth意为“财富;财产”;courage意为“勇气”;decision意为“决定”。根据“face all kinds of difficulties”可知,他给我们带来的是面对困难的“勇气”。故选C。
23.D
24.D 考查名词的所有格。句意:这位戴帽子的女士是杰克和约翰的婶婶。说明这位女士是他们共同的婶婶,表示共同所有只需在最后一个名词后加's。故选D。
25.C 26.D 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B
Ⅱ.1.countries 2.worries 3.discussion
4.scientist 5.teeth 6.knives
7.boxes 8.strawberries 9.leaves
10.photos
