(共11张PPT)
框架语义与完形填空
Frame Semantics and Cloze
九江县一中 夏志建
语义是个以“典型”为中心向四周辐射的框架，于是，形成典型与边缘（非典型）的框架。
妈妈
代孕妈
奶妈
继母
岳母
干妈
干爹
王妈
祖国母亲
母亲河
框架语义
1.典型意义：背景情境跟定义的原型相匹配
2.它是一种认知结构，是一种与某些经常重复发生的情景相关的知识和观念，是某个物体或事件的典型与非典型、中心与边缘的级阶变化体系。（typicality）
3.对一个词的理解就是激发某个场景的联想，从而在整个场景的网络体系中确定该词的具体位置，理解它的精确意义。
启发：语义与背景紧密相联系、是个以典型为中心的体系范畴，即多个词能表达相同的意义,在不同语境下，同一词可以表达不同意义。
在词义提取过程中“典型（原型）”优先性导致做题时难以取舍
1.In the store, I asked each of my kids to pick something they thought our “friend” there would 46 .
46.A.order B. supply C. appreciate D. disorder
2.We were 48 on cash ourselves, but...well,
sometimes giving from our need instead of our
abundance is just what we need to do.（2015全国卷1）
48.A. easy B. low C. soft D. loose
When I was about twelve, I used to visit this elderly gentle-
man who was a volunteer counselor(辅导员）for the boy
Scouts(童子军. He would give us __41_____ until he
thought we were skilled in a given subject. I did not know
him long, but I __42_him for giving so much to the
neighborhood, even when he was in poor health.
41.A. show B. task C. reports D. promises
42.A. believed B. followed C. admired D. missed
(英语周报20152016第13期）
词义转换的过程表现为：旧的框架被打破新的框架建立；框架之间的等值交换
1.He (the homeless man) spends every day getting ignored by people
who are not to make eye contact with him so that they don’t feel bad not
giving him money. Yet he didn’t even hesitate to risk his life when
meeting with danger. Hero do exist in the most____60__.
A. unsafe B. unlikely C. unfair D. unimportant(英语双语报2015-2016第
13期)
2. When Anton passed his driving test, I was truly happy for him, but he
turned to me and said, “It’s OK, Dad. You can take your hand off my
shoulder now.”
He knew , as I knew, that we had both crossed into a __50___discovered
country….
A. immediately B. easily C. newly D. eventually
词义的拓展方向：原型（典型）-非典型，具体-抽象，有特殊-一般
1.My husband comforted me that he would buy me a new
one. But I turned down his nice 14 , as the necklace
couldn’t be replaced. It was my dad who had found a
special way to give me that precious necklace.
14. A. gesture B. invitation C. assistance D. comment
2.If you expect to connect more with others, but feel too shy
or nervous about the possibility of being_____, step out of
your shell and offer your kindness sincerely.(accept)
（2015-2016双语报第32期能力提升）
.A. ignored B. rejected C. criticized D. entertained
文章主题的 “唯一”性（one topic principle)为词义准确定位提供了依据
1. If you are married, relationship satisfaction and happy kids are more strongly related to flexibility in the face of life’s challenges than any particular way of organizing families. The most functional families are ones that can bend. Don’t think that one partner should support their families and the other should take responsibility for the house and children. So is being equally tough about non-traditional divisions of labor. It’s okay to have ideas about how to organize your family but your best bet for happiness is to be flexible.
2.While all these talents are impressive, they pale compared to its ability to “disappear” from plain sight.
(双语报15-16第九期）
1.Depending on the way we bring up our children, we decide our own future. It is vital that in the formative years we give them quality time and attention. We teach them to discriminate between the good, bad and the ugly. We have to teach them to use positive emotions like love and compassion and teach them actions of kindness and generosity. (2016年高校招生全国统一考试 模拟信息卷二)
借助one topic原则构建语义框架（semantic frame)
It’s been shown that having a pet is good for our
health, protecting us from heart attacks…….
For me, this is bottom line: I love that little pet of
mine.
Health benefit 58 ,our dog Desi is just/simply fun to have
around…
58. A. alone B. again C. aside D. ahead
(双语报15-16第九期）
总结：完形填空解题技巧与教学指导
1.阅读训练中多用one topic principle打通理解的上的梗塞，学会跨越不能理解词汇，语句。
2.在语言实践中，多关注典型（原型）词义的偏移。
3.借助one topic principle勾勒语义框架，创立由中心-边缘、典型（原型）-非典型、具体-抽象的语义体系。换言之，即弄明白该空所要表达的意思，而后在该语义框架内展开搜索。
利用框架语义理论，结合主题唯一性原则解题
1.The Singaporean artist’s work is so 22 that if he makes a single mistake he starts all over again.
The 33-year-old father-of-two said: “basically, the brief was to show the precision and control of the pens in a 26 ,powerful way? Inspired by line-art drawings, we thought we could present ‘precision and control’ in a simple idea that involved only one single line.”
22. A. successful B. precise C. strict D. flexible
26. A. traditional B. simple C. direct D. pure
(利用one topic principle解题)
2.Depending on the way we bring up our children, we decide our own future. It is vital that in the formative years we give them quality time and attention. We teach them to discriminate between the good, bad and the ugly. We have to teach them to use positive emotions like love and compassion and teach them actions of kindness and generosity.（依据one topic principle, 架构框架，构建语义框架体系，定位词义）
3.One day while I was on the road, I passed by a corner with flowers and a flag where somebody special got 42 . A. hurt B.injured C.killed D.died
（将“杀人kill”纳入“死“的框架内）
4.“Furthermore, already I can see your portrait. So I insist that while I work your portrait stay____48________even from you!”(南昌一模)
48.A.lonely B.safe C.cool D.private
5.A week passed. “How is it coming?” asked the(earger)_____51_______Bartoli.
51.A.anxious B.hopeful C.careful D.serious
6.Bartoli stared at the masterpiece and his mouth____58________ open.(surprised)
58.A.remained B.felt C.fell D.kept（架构框架，搜索框架内词义）
7.He cast his eyes about him and find nothing strange.(cast a glance/smile)
8.Etiquette, or good manners, used to be glue that held society together
9.With their heads glued to the cellphones, the tennagers are easy to keep silent.
10.He was adopted as the mayor of our city owing to his many years of contribution.
11.If you are married, relationship satisfaction and happy kids are more strongly related to flexibility in the face of life’s challenges than any particular way of organizing families. The most functional families are ones that can bend. Don’t think that one partner should support their families and the other should take responsibility for the house and children. So is being equally tough about non-traditional divisions of labor. It’s okay to have ideas about how to organize your family but your best bet for happiness is to be flexible.
12.While all these talents are impressive, they pale compared to its ability to “disappear” from plain sight.
13.If you expect to connect more with others, but feel too shy or nervous about the possibility of being_____, step out of your shell and offer your kindness sincerely.
.A. ignored B. rejected C. criticized D. entertained
14.My husband comforted me that he would buy me a new one. But I turned down his nice 14 , as necklace couldn’t be replaced. It was my dad who had found a special way to give me that precious necklace. A. gesture B. invitation C. assistance D. comment
15. It’s been shown that having a pet is good for our health, protecting us from heart attacks…….
For me, this is bottom line: I love that little pet of mine.
Health benefit 58 ,our dog Desi is just/simply fun to have around…
58. A. alone B. again C. aside D. ahead
16.Sports packages usually 46 tickets to several different matches
46.A. limit B. represent C. cover D. collect
17.He managed to raise $350, which seemed like a ____to him at that time.
A. fortune B. business C. favor D. moment
18.In 2018,Bilaal set up an organization _______Canadian children to raise a minimum $100 each to achieve a(n) total goal of $1million.
A. holding B. allowing C. urging D. treating
19.The last three years have been a challenging, but equally__43______, journey for Enzo, a Coca-Cola employee since 1996. He has gone through great pain, relearned everyday talks and got used to life in a wheelchair.
43. A. comfortable B. dangerous C. boring D. rewarding
20.Many people who seemingly have everything are____55______, while some of the___56____people in the world are deeply happy.
55. A. excited B. pitiful C. careful D. tired
56. A. wisest B. poorest C. prettiest D. busiest
21.When I was about twelve I used to visit this elderly gentleman who was a volunteer counselor(辅导员）for the boy Scouts(童子军）. He would give us __41_____ until he thought we were skilled in a given subject. I did not know him long, but I __42_him for giving so much to the neighborhood, even when he was in poor health.
41.A. show B. task C. reports D. promises
42.A. believed B. followed C. admired D. missed
22.His wife_47__ the door and I made an apology immediately, but I could tell that something was__49_____.
47.A. locked B. answered C. held D. closed
49. A. special B. wrong C. strange D. funny(语境理解）
23.My friend said that my not being there was probably meant to be,_58___
the situation would have been too painful for me. Hearing her say that was like a huge
wave hitting me and lifting this heavy weight I’d been carrying for years.
）58. A. unless B. since C.if D. so
24.He (the homeless man) spends every day getting ignored by people who are not to make
eye contact with him so that they don’t feel bad not giving him money. Yet he didn’t even
hesitate to risk his life when meeting with danger. Hero do exist in the most____60__.
60.A. unsafe B. unlikely C. unfair D. unimportant
25.When Anton passed his driving test, I was truly happy for him, but he turned to me and said, “It’s OK, Dad. You can take your hand off my shoulder now.”
He knew , as I knew, that we had both crossed into__50___ discovered country….
50.A. immediately B. easily C. newly D. eventually
26. As if operating independently of the rest of my___54___ ,my hand put the key into his.
54.A. mind B. body C. plan D. attitude
27.But the door wouldn’t move. The earlier “click” now ___42_____. Max, another dog had hit the ____43______ mechanism when jumping onto the door!（自动词）
42.A. made sense B. made out C. made it D. made up
43. A. opening B. locking C. escaping D. trapping （语境）
28.I neither kept a key ____44____outside nor one for the neighbor for such emergency.
44. A. equipped B. applied C. lost D. hidden （语境）
29. As I changed my ragged clothing and placed a bag of ice on my backside to _____59____the pain from my sudden landing, a sharp bark ___60____ me: Caesar wanted his teat!
59. A. cure B. suffer C. ease D. earn（构词法）
60. A. amazed B. impressed C. warned D. interrupted（语境
30.Always believe in yourself no matter what happens. It is the__41__of life that is useful for everyone. I think that if people want to lead a happy life, they must believe in and__42__ themselves.
41. A. nature B. rule C. condition D. length
42. A. choose B. admire C. accept D.control
31.Well, this company had charged me $100 more than the price they had___7__on their wibesite.
I called the credit card company and tried to let it take off my bill. But their representative asked me,”What is their refund____9___”
7. A. explained B. advertised C. read D. announced
9. A. policy B. benefit C. belief D. cost
32.In the first class, I said to myself,” I am probably not going to _1_ her.” However, my attitude from the first day to the last day in her class definitely has changed so much. Now I could not see myself show any disrespect to her.
…Reflecting on everything we did in the year, I find her teaching method is good and very easy to be understood. She likes to use many examples to show us how to do something. After learning, I can relate my work to these examples and have something to____16__.
1. A. follow B. admire C.find D. notice
16. A. refer to B. aim at C. deal with D. worry about
33.Susie thought seriously about this challenge and how she could do her____47____ in caring for Mrs Smith.
47.A. Job B. work C.part D.best
34.Susie noticed that Mrs Smith didn’t have that familiar musical______49________about her voice when she greeted someone.
49.A. Sound B. quality C. gift D. note
35.She was wearing a new Speedo swimsuit with a matching swim cap and goggles（护目镜）but she did not know who bought the_____54________for her.
54.A.objects B. tools C. goggles D. equipments
Tool: an instrument that you hold in your hand and use for making things, repairing things,etc.
Equipment:the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity
36.My heart sank. I felt powerless, thinking I could never connect with him. So you can imagine my____49________when I see him again in another alley.
49.A.surprise B.scare C.terror D.fright
37.I told him if he waited there I could get him some more bottles. He said smilingly, “That would be very much__56____”
56.A. valued B.appreciated C.enjoyed D.stressed
38.I handed the bag of the empty bottles to him and______57______that it wasn’t too much. And then with another large bright smile he said,”Every little bit helps”
57.A. apologized B.discovered C.realized D.regretted
39.You may also find it difficult to get to sleep if you have a problem or something else on your mind………
40.…..You can also get up and read, but be sure to choose a book that is not too difficult.._____________, you may get so interesting that you won’t want to go to sleep even when you feel sleepy.
A. However B.Therefore C.Although D.Otherwise
41.Abbaye had drawn to his heart’s 60 for 20 feet tall. Perhaps Bartoli couldn’t tolerate his abstract expression, which Picsso would have been proud of.（语境）
60. A.power B.design C. confidence D.content
42. I needn’t have worried of course as it turned out to be a wonderful day. We learned “action” songs, decorated biscuits and played memory games. I say “we” because I rediscovered my inner 54 and joined in all the activities.
54. A.world B.voice C.child D.feeling
43. As I said goodbye to my group, one of the children___60______and said “can we do it again in the next holiday, Miss?” My response was, “Sure, why not?”
60. A. turned B.passed C.refused D.shared
44.I was back in my car with my one-year-old son, Haris, getting ready to leave, when the news broke about a second plane hitting the World Trade Center. That’s when____45_____ flooded through me.—my husband Steven, worked in Tower One.(语境)
44.A.Panic B.plan C.pain D.pace
45. （After her husband died）None of them knew what to _____52_______ to me on that day or the days that followed.But they instinctively knew what to do.（语境）
52.A. do B. say C.get D.make
46. After a few minutes, my son decided it was all over for us. They’re taking us to a lonely place, and that will be the end,” he said____51______.(语境)
A.uneasily B.happily C.frequently D.gradually
47．What the lady said was____48________ and I thought I had even heard it somewhere before, but this time it______49_______me and lit up a lamp in my head. I repeated the tape over and over again to______50_______the 16words she said, “For things to change, you must get a picture of what you want them to become.” I couldn’t believe it was so simple. I was always looking for something__53_______ and I didn’t think I could find my living_____54________on a $1 tape.
48.A.interestingB.strange C.funny D.common
49. .A.warned B.reminded C.stopped D.attracted
50.A.choose from B.make up C.reflect on D.search for
53.A.convenient B.flexible C.comfortable D.complex
54A.storyB.proofC.truthD.memory
48.I was still looking back and longing for the way things used to be. So I stopped trying to live___12______ and simply settled for “existing”.
12.A.more honestly B.more freelyC.better D.clearer
49.When I _____15______took my eyes off the past, I could happily live in the present and look to the future with hope.
15.A. finally B early C. partly D.usually
50.So, where’s your focus today? If it’s in the past, it’s time to_____17________it to the future.
17.A.permit B. develop C. limit D. shift
51.Now, every time I listen to the music, it_____17______what happened that day.
17.A. brings back B. takes down C. leads to D.puts off
52. Therapy(治疗) arrived at the right time to ______50________them to conquer their sadness. They healed and renewed their active life by sharing their story with friends and others.
50. A. help B. affect C. allow D. remind
52. She remarked on her boyfriend’s inability to see the beauty of the night sky: he looked, but he couldn’t see the stars.
While listening, I felt a sudden____54_______. How often had I looked, but not seen?
54.A. knock B. sink C. pain D.sound
53.Seeing the confusion on my face, she then realized that she’d mistaken me for another neighbor she knew. She walked arossed the street and said, ‘You sounded so ____54______that I thought...” we both laughed.
A.friendly B.humorous C.generous D.lovely
54．I said”Hello” to a neighbour named June, who was sweeping the sidewalk. She___50________my greetings and asked”What’s wrong with your hair?” I touched my hair and ____51_____________what might have gone wrong.
50.A.returned B.appreciated C.accepted D.refused
51.A.believed B.doubted C. asked D. Wondered
55. I walked to the streets I normally wouldn’t pass through if I was in a hurry, and ____58_______a tiny free library on the sidewalk. I began to question if I had really lived in a town all these years.
A.discovered B.visited C.built D.learnt
