【专题讲义】2020年中考英语一轮复习
专题42 阅读理解之议论文知识点、考点及考题专题精讲（学生版）
议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。
二、解题方法：
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。
A
Some English words have more than one meaning. These are called multi-meaning words. Multi-meaning words have the same pronunciation with different meanings. For example, let’s look at the word ＂ball＂. You could have a ＂ball＂ which means you would have a good time. You could toss a ＂ball＂ which means you throw an object. You could be on the ＂ball＂ which means you know what is happening. You could go to a ＂ball＂ which means a dance.
_______________ Take the word ＂can＂. You ＂can＂ ride a bike which means you are able to ride a bike. You have a ＂can＂ of soup which means the soup is in a round-shaped holder. You can do the ＂can-can＂ which is a dance from the 1920s. And you might get ＂canned＂ if you do a poor job at work, which means you might lose your job.
How about ＂fly＂? You can ＂fly＂ an airplane or you can hit a ＂fly＂ that is on your food in your house. Or, you can ＂fly by the seat of your pants＂ which means you don’t make a plan before taking an action. And, you know that the ＂fly＂ of a zipper is the top part of the zipper.
There are hundreds of words that are multi-meaning words. The word ＂set＂ has more meanings than any other word in the English language. When you have time, why don’t you try to think of all the ways the word ＂set＂ is used?
If, you look at the title of this book Can a Fly, Fly? you know that the answer is ＂Yes＂ because you have seen an insect named a ＂fly＂ go up in the air and move around through the air which is what ＂fly＂ means. Can a Fly, Fly? Of course, it can!
1. If Tom is often late for work and fails to finish his tasks, he will .
A. do the can-can B. get canned
C. be on the ball D. go to a ball
2. Which of the following is the best sentence to fill in the blank in Paragraph 2?
A. Let’s try another word. B. Let’s make a word list.
C. Here’s a survey report. D. Here’s the guessing game.
3. The writer writes the passage in order to ______.
A. tell a story about learning English words
B. introduce a book on learning English words
C. share an experience in learning English words
D. present different pronunciations of the same word
B
Smartphone, poor sight
Look around and you’ll see people busy on their smart phones. Smart phones do make our lives easier. But have you ever thought about what they mean to your eyes?
According to a study, half of British people own smart phones and they spend an average of two hours a day using them. There has been a 35% increase in the number of people in the UK who suffer from shortsightedness since smart phones were introduced there in 1997.
Staring at smart phones for a long time gives you dry eyes. When looking at something in the distance, your eyes automatically blink a certain number of times. However, when you look at things closer to your face, the blinking slows down. This reduces the amount of tears and causes discomfort in your eyes. Another bad habit is using smart phones in dark rooms before going to sleep. If you look at a bright screen while your pupils become larger, too much light enters your eyes. This can do harm to the eyes and cause a disease called glaucoma.
While you’re probably not going to stop using to your smart phone, there are a few things you can do to protect your eyes. Hold your phone at least 30 continues away from your eyes when using it. Take a break every hour and try the following: look at something at least five meters from you and then focus on the tip of your nose. Repeat this several times. It should reduce the discomfort in your eyes.
1. The article is mainly about ________.
A. the rules to obey when using smart phones
B. the harm that smart phones do to users’ eyes
C. the reason why teenager get shortsightedness
D. advantages and disadvantages of smart phones
2. From Paragraph 2, we learn that _______.
A. half of the British people began to use smart phones 17 years ago
B. each of the British people spends two hours a day on smart phones
C. more British people have suffered from shortsightedness since 1997
D. the number of British people who own smart phones increases by 35%
3. According to Paragraph 3, using smart phones improperly may cause _______.
A. too many blinks B. more tears in the eyes
C. smaller pupils D. dry eyes and glaucoma
4. Which of the following is suggested by the writer?
A. Don’t use the phone for over an hour without a break.
B. Hold the phone at learn half a meter away from the eyes.
C. Turn off your phone for a couple of hours every day.
D. Look at something green far away for several minutes.
5. This article is written to advise people_______.
A. not to buy smart phones B. to stop using smart phones
C. to make full use of smart phones D. to use smart phones properly
(一)【2019 ? 重庆市中考A卷】
Fights at school sometimes happen. But how can you keep away from a fight? Here’s something you can do.
Be calm(冷静). Sometimes, you feel so angry that you really want to teach somebody a lesson. But being angry can’t solve problems. Neither can a fight. Instead, it may bring you more problems. In the school, everyone involved(卷入) in a fight will be punished, no matter who started it. There are winners in a fight.
Shout loudly. If you know someone is coming up behind you to attack, turn toward the person with your hands up in front of your body and loudly say ＂stop＂ before walking away. Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. If the person doesn’t stop, cry for help by calling out the name of a teacher whose office is nearby.
____ Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no. Helping him fight is not really helpful to him. If you really want to give him a hand, try to ask him to give it up. Also, you can tell him if he gets involved in a fight, he may get hurt and be punished. Then, try to learn why he wants a fight and help him find a right way to deal with the problem.
1. The underlined word ＂attack＂ in Paragraph 3 means ＂_________＂ in Chinese.
A. 拥抱 B. 攻击 C. 阻止 D. 吸引
2. Which of the following sentences can be put in the _________?
A. Face bravely. B. Join in a fight.
C. Learn to refuse. D. Talk to someone.
3. The passage is written to _________.
A. help students keep away from fights B. warn students not to fight
C. advise students to help each other D. encourage students to work hard
4. The passage is written in a/an _________ tone(语气).
A. sad B. angry C. serious D. crazy
(二)【2019 ? 浙江省金华、义乌、丽水市】
In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why?
Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. It’s the social proof(社会认同感) that works.
The scientist Asch carried out an experiment. It shows how social proof can influence us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines(A, B, C). A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B. Then, five other man enter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as they were told to. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C. Asch got the same result many times among different subjects(实验对象).
Why do we act like this? Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep away from danger. Suppose that 5000 years ago you were hunting(打猎) with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants(后代) of those who copied others’ action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now.
Social proof has special power. The advertising industry, for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product is ＂the most popular＂.
5. At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by _________.
A. telling a story B. giving examples
C. answering questions D. showing a map
6. According to Paragraph 3, the experiment by Asch shows _________.
A. following others is always right
B. social proof may change people’s ideas
C. it’s difficult to carry out the experiment
D. people can study better if they are alone
7. The underlined word ＂It＂ in Paragraph 4 refers to _________.
A. running with others B. hunting with friends
C. copying others’ action D. doing something different
8. According to the passage, we can infer(推断) that _________.
A. it’s important to run with others anytime
B. products in the advertisement are the best
C. we mustn’t copy others’ action to keep safe
D. we need to think twice before following others
(三)【2019 ? 浙江省衢州市】
Texting while driving is against the law in 47 states. But what about texting while walking? A 2018 study reported that more than 2, 500 people in the US ended up in hospitals resulting from using a mobile device(设备) while walking.
Hawaii passed a law making it illegal(违法的) to text or look down at a mobile device while crossing the street. It is the first state with a law like this. Do people think more places should accept such a law? The LA Times did a survey. Here are some replies they received.
Rena Jose, 2, New York
Which is more important, texting or safety? If you are looking at your phone while walking, you might not see a car come or traffic lights turn red. It can be very dangerous. For example, in Japan, one person fell into a lake and another got her leg stuck in a hole, because both had their mind on their phone. We should make texting while crossing the street illegal in more cities.
Andy Selvam, 55, California
People do many things that cause injury to themselves but are not illegal, such as climbing mountains, driving cars, swimming and so on. People might get hurt from texting and walking if they’re not paying attention. But I still think they should have a choice.
Bob Madigan, 45, Oregon
As humans, we can make our own decisions. I’m not saying it’s safe, but we don’t need the government to babysit us. If we want to learn to make smart decisions, the government needs to stop telling us what to do. After all, this is a free country.
Andrew Black, 34, Alaska
This law is a good idea—compare this protection with seat belts. If this law is passed all over US, people will be worried. But is there really a way to please everyone? This would not be for fun. It would be safe and good for all Americans.
9. According to the passage, in _________, it is against the law if people text while crossing the street.
A. Alaska B. California C. Hawaii D. New York
10. The LA Times did the survey most probably to _________.
A. win the hearts of more readers
B. encourage more states to pass the law
C. ask readers if they agree with texting while driving
D. learn about people’s opinions on texting while walking
11. In Rena’s reply, she showed the danger of texting while walking by _________.
A. using numbers B. giving examples
C. asking questions D. telling stories
12. Which of the following is Andrew Black’s opinion?
A. Texting is more important than safety.
B. The law would help to keep Americans safe.
C. It’s easy to please everyone when passing a law.
D. Whether to text or not while walking is people’s own choice.
(四)
(2018 ? 四川广安市中考)Different weather makes people feel different. It influences health, intelligence(智力) and feelings.
In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.
The weather can also influence intelligence. For example, in a scientific report, IQ(智商) of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came, but after the strong wind, their IQ was 10% below. The wind can help people have more intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand(另一方面), can make it lower. Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year (July and August).
Weather also has a strong influence on people’s feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during cold weather. But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer. At about 18 ℃, people become stronger.
Low air pressure(气压) may make people forgetful People leave more bags on buses and in shops on low-pressure days. There is a "good weather" for health. People feel best at a temperature of about 18℃.
Are you feeling sad, tired, forgetful, or unhappy today? It may be the weather’s problem.
31. What kind of weather can have a bad effect(影响) on health?
A. Hot and wet weather. B. Good weather.
C. Warm weather. D. High intelligence.
32. When may people have more intelligence?
A. When a rain comes. B. When very hot weather comes.
C. When a strong wind comes. D. When low air pressure comes.
33. How may low air pressure make people feel?
A. Forgetful. B. Sad. C. Angry. D. Tired.
34. What will happen to people in "good weather" of 18℃?
A. People are very forgetful. B. People can’t do their work well.
C. Thin people feel cold. D. People are in better health.
35. What does the writer want to tell us?
A. Hot and cold weather influences all people in the same way.
B. Weather influences people’s lives.
C. IQ never changes during weather changes.
D. There is a good kind of weather for people’s work and health.
A
(江苏省苏州市张家港市2016-2017学年初三英语期末调研)In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from that in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western guests sometimes look rude in the eyes of Chinese guests.
In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.
My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest，and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask, ＂Is it OK if I smoke?＂ But, don’t be surprised if they say, ＂No, you can’t smoke. ＂ In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they don’t allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.
Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your home, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.
In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.
1. When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often .
A. buys some fruit B. feels like a god
C. wants some gifts D. takes a cup of tea
2. If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?
A. It’s OK if you smoke here. B. Let’s smoke together.
C. Sorry, you can’t smoke here. D. Smoking is a bad habit.
3. What is the meaning of the underlined phrase ＂adapt to＂ in the passage?
A. think back to B. get used to
C. look forward to D. keep close to
4. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Foreigners should learn from Chinese.
B. Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.
C. Western hosts are always nice to guests.
D. People should understand cultural differences.
B
(2017济南市历城区九年级期末模拟)All living things on Earth need water to live. Yet humans are facing serious water problems. According to the United Nations, today over 663 million people live without a safe water supply close to home.
To remind people of the importance of water, the UN first set up World Water Day in 1993. It is on Mar 22 each year. From Mar 22 to 28 is also the China Water Week. The first year’s theme is ＂Waste water＂. It tried to call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it.
In Australia people make good use of waste water. Most Australians have a grass lawn around their home instead of washing the car in the street. Many of them wash it on the lawn to keep the grass longer so that it covers the ground and reduce evaporation.
Rainwater may seem useless to you. But you can also reuse it. People in Germany collect rainwater to wash their toilets. Most houses in the country that are built in the last few years have rainwater collection devices(设备). Rainwater is collected from the root, and then linked to the toilet. But if you don’t have the device just put a bucket(桶)under your roof when it rains.
Water makes up 71 percent of Earth’s surface. But we can only use a very small part of it. Only about 3 percent of the world’s water is fresh water. It’s in lakes, rivers and underground.
Over 80 percent of the waste water in the world goes back into the nature. It has not been cleaned and pollutes the rivers and lakes. Unsafe water makes around 842,000 people die each year.
By 2030, about half of the world’s population could be facing water problem. By 2050, as many as seven billion people across the world could not have enough water supplies. The world’s population might be 9.3 billion by then.
1. From Paragraph 1, we can learn that___________.
A. people around the world are facing serious water problems
B. water is always the most important in our school lives
C. saving water can help us better improve the environment
D. people in different places have different habits to use water.
2. The China Water Week in 2017 tries to___________.
A. collect rainwater to wash their toilets
B. remind people of the importance of water
C. put a bucket under your roof when it rains.
D. call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it.
3. The word ＂reduce＂ in Paragraph 3 most probably means ＂___________ .＂.
A. sit down B. cut down C. put down D. write down
4. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?
A. To share his rich knowledge about water.
B. To warn more people to save water.
C. To show how water problems change the world.
D. To tell people how to discover safe water supply.
5. Which of the following would be the title of the passage?
A. Water in the world has become less and less.
B. Unsafe water makes so many people die.
C. Our planet will face serious water problems.
D. Learning to save water to protect our planet.
C
Popeye the Sailor first became a popular cartoon in the 1930s. The sailor in that cartoon ate lots of spinach(菠菜)to make him strong. People watched him, and they began to buy and eat a lot more spinach. Popeye helped sell 33 percent more spinach than before! Spinach became a necessary part of many people’s diets. Even some children who hated the taste began to eat the vegetable.
Many people thought that the iron in spinach made Popeye strong, but this is not true. Spinach does not have any more iron than any other green vegetable.
People only thought spinach had a lot of iron because the people who studied the food made a mistake. In the 1890s, a group of people studied what was inside vegetables. This group said that spinach had ten times more iron than it did. The group wrote the number wrong, and everyone accepted it.
Today, we know that the little into there is in spinach cannot make a difference in how strong a person is. However, SPINACH DOES HAVE SOMETHING ELSE WHICH THE BODY NEEDS--FOLICACID.(叶酸)
It is interesting to point out that folic acid can help make a person strong. Maybe it was really the folic acid that made Popeye strong all along.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
A. Popeye the Sailor B. A Mistake with Numbers
C. Folic Acid Makes You Strong D. The Truth about Spinach
2. Why did many people eat spinach after they saw Popeye the Sailor?
A. Because they thought spinach made them strong.
B. Because they thought Popeye was funny.
C. Because spinach had a lot of iron.
D. Because people liked folic acid.
3. The reading passage says that perhaps Popeye got his strength from .
A. iron B. spinach C. folic acid D. exercise
4. Folic acid is _______ .
A. something in food B. a vegetable
C. dangerous D. a certain kind of spinach
【专题讲义】2020年中考英语一轮复习
专题42 阅读理解之议论文知识点、考点及考题专题精讲（解析版）
议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。
二、解题方法：
一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨
标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。
二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解
除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。
三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图
做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。
四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧
由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。
总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。
A
Some English words have more than one meaning. These are called multi-meaning words. Multi-meaning words have the same pronunciation with different meanings. For example, let’s look at the word ＂ball＂. You could have a ＂ball＂ which means you would have a good time. You could toss a ＂ball＂ which means you throw an object. You could be on the ＂ball＂ which means you know what is happening. You could go to a ＂ball＂ which means a dance.
_______________ Take the word ＂can＂. You ＂can＂ ride a bike which means you are able to ride a bike. You have a ＂can＂ of soup which means the soup is in a round-shaped holder. You can do the ＂can-can＂ which is a dance from the 1920s. And you might get ＂canned＂ if you do a poor job at work, which means you might lose your job.
How about ＂fly＂? You can ＂fly＂ an airplane or you can hit a ＂fly＂ that is on your food in your house. Or, you can ＂fly by the seat of your pants＂ which means you don’t make a plan before taking an action. And, you know that the ＂fly＂ of a zipper is the top part of the zipper.
There are hundreds of words that are multi-meaning words. The word ＂set＂ has more meanings than any other word in the English language. When you have time, why don’t you try to think of all the ways the word ＂set＂ is used?
If, you look at the title of this book Can a Fly, Fly? you know that the answer is ＂Yes＂ because you have seen an insect named a ＂fly＂ go up in the air and move around through the air which is what ＂fly＂ means. Can a Fly, Fly? Of course, it can!
1. If Tom is often late for work and fails to finish his tasks, he will .
A. do the can-can B. get canned
C. be on the ball D. go to a ball
2. Which of the following is the best sentence to fill in the blank in Paragraph 2?
A. Let’s try another word. B. Let’s make a word list.
C. Here’s a survey report. D. Here’s the guessing game.
3. The writer writes the passage in order to ______.
A. tell a story about learning English words
B. introduce a book on learning English words
C. share an experience in learning English words
D. present different pronunciations of the same word
B
Smartphone, poor sight
Look around and you’ll see people busy on their smart phones. Smart phones do make our lives easier. But have you ever thought about what they mean to your eyes?
According to a study, half of British people own smart phones and they spend an average of two hours a day using them. There has been a 35% increase in the number of people in the UK who suffer from shortsightedness since smart phones were introduced there in 1997.
Staring at smart phones for a long time gives you dry eyes. When looking at something in the distance, your eyes automatically blink a certain number of times. However, when you look at things closer to your face, the blinking slows down. This reduces the amount of tears and causes discomfort in your eyes. Another bad habit is using smart phones in dark rooms before going to sleep. If you look at a bright screen while your pupils become larger, too much light enters your eyes. This can do harm to the eyes and cause a disease called glaucoma.
While you’re probably not going to stop using to your smart phone, there are a few things you can do to protect your eyes. Hold your phone at least 30 continues away from your eyes when using it. Take a break every hour and try the following: look at something at least five meters from you and then focus on the tip of your nose. Repeat this several times. It should reduce the discomfort in your eyes.
1. The article is mainly about ________.
A. the rules to obey when using smart phones
B. the harm that smart phones do to users’ eyes
C. the reason why teenager get shortsightedness
D. advantages and disadvantages of smart phones
2. From Paragraph 2, we learn that _______.
A. half of the British people began to use smart phones 17 years ago
B. each of the British people spends two hours a day on smart phones
C. more British people have suffered from shortsightedness since 1997
D. the number of British people who own smart phones increases by 35%
3. According to Paragraph 3, using smart phones improperly may cause _______.
A. too many blinks B. more tears in the eyes
C. smaller pupils D. dry eyes and glaucoma
4. Which of the following is suggested by the writer?
A. Don’t use the phone for over an hour without a break.
B. Hold the phone at learn half a meter away from the eyes.
C. Turn off your phone for a couple of hours every day.
D. Look at something green far away for several minutes.
5. This article is written to advise people_______.
A. not to buy smart phones B. to stop using smart phones
C. to make full use of smart phones D. to use smart phones properly
(一)【2019 ? 重庆市中考A卷】
Fights at school sometimes happen. But how can you keep away from a fight? Here’s something you can do.
Be calm(冷静). Sometimes, you feel so angry that you really want to teach somebody a lesson. But being angry can’t solve problems. Neither can a fight. Instead, it may bring you more problems. In the school, everyone involved(卷入) in a fight will be punished, no matter who started it. There are winners in a fight.
Shout loudly. If you know someone is coming up behind you to attack, turn toward the person with your hands up in front of your body and loudly say ＂stop＂ before walking away. Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. If the person doesn’t stop, cry for help by calling out the name of a teacher whose office is nearby.
____ Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no. Helping him fight is not really helpful to him. If you really want to give him a hand, try to ask him to give it up. Also, you can tell him if he gets involved in a fight, he may get hurt and be punished. Then, try to learn why he wants a fight and help him find a right way to deal with the problem.
1. The underlined word ＂attack＂ in Paragraph 3 means ＂_________＂ in Chinese.
A. 拥抱 B. 攻击 C. 阻止 D. 吸引
2. Which of the following sentences can be put in the _________?
A. Face bravely. B. Join in a fight.
C. Learn to refuse. D. Talk to someone.
3. The passage is written to _________.
A. help students keep away from fights B. warn students not to fight
C. advise students to help each other D. encourage students to work hard
4. The passage is written in a/an _________ tone(语气).
A. sad B. angry C. serious D. crazy
(二)【2019 ? 浙江省金华、义乌、丽水市】
In the park, you see a group of people, all looking up at the sky. Without thinking about it, you look upwards, too. Why? In the concert, someone begins to clap and suddenly the whole room joins in. You do, too. Why?
Sometimes we feel we are acting correctly when we do the same as others. The more people follow an idea, the better or truer we think the idea is. It’s the social proof(社会认同感) that works.
The scientist Asch carried out an experiment. It shows how social proof can influence us. In a room, a man is shown Line 1, and next to it are three lines(A, B, C). A is longer, C is shorter and B is as long as Line 1. He must tell which of the three lines is as long as Line 1. When the man is alone, he gives the correct answer B. Then, five other man enter the room, and each of them gives the answer C as they were told to. Now the man changes his idea and gives the answer C. Asch got the same result many times among different subjects(实验对象).
Why do we act like this? Well, in the past, following others was a way to keep away from danger. Suppose that 5000 years ago you were hunting(打猎) with friends. Suddenly, they all ran away. What would you have done? Would you have stayed? No, you would have run, too. We are descendants(后代) of those who copied others’ action. It is so deeply planted in our mind that we still use it now.
Social proof has special power. The advertising industry, for example, often makes use of it. So be careful whenever a company says its product is ＂the most popular＂.
5. At the beginning of the passage, the writer leads in the topic by _________.
A. telling a story B. giving examples
C. answering questions D. showing a map
6. According to Paragraph 3, the experiment by Asch shows _________.
A. following others is always right
B. social proof may change people’s ideas
C. it’s difficult to carry out the experiment
D. people can study better if they are alone
7. The underlined word ＂It＂ in Paragraph 4 refers to _________.
A. running with others B. hunting with friends
C. copying others’ action D. doing something different
8. According to the passage, we can infer(推断) that _________.
A. it’s important to run with others anytime
B. products in the advertisement are the best
C. we mustn’t copy others’ action to keep safe
D. we need to think twice before following others
(三)【2019 ? 浙江省衢州市】
Texting while driving is against the law in 47 states. But what about texting while walking? A 2018 study reported that more than 2, 500 people in the US ended up in hospitals resulting from using a mobile device(设备) while walking.
Hawaii passed a law making it illegal(违法的) to text or look down at a mobile device while crossing the street. It is the first state with a law like this. Do people think more places should accept such a law? The LA Times did a survey. Here are some replies they received.
Rena Jose, 2, New York
Which is more important, texting or safety? If you are looking at your phone while walking, you might not see a car come or traffic lights turn red. It can be very dangerous. For example, in Japan, one person fell into a lake and another got her leg stuck in a hole, because both had their mind on their phone. We should make texting while crossing the street illegal in more cities.
Andy Selvam, 55, California
People do many things that cause injury to themselves but are not illegal, such as climbing mountains, driving cars, swimming and so on. People might get hurt from texting and walking if they’re not paying attention. But I still think they should have a choice.
Bob Madigan, 45, Oregon
As humans, we can make our own decisions. I’m not saying it’s safe, but we don’t need the government to babysit us. If we want to learn to make smart decisions, the government needs to stop telling us what to do. After all, this is a free country.
Andrew Black, 34, Alaska
This law is a good idea—compare this protection with seat belts. If this law is passed all over US, people will be worried. But is there really a way to please everyone? This would not be for fun. It would be safe and good for all Americans.
9. According to the passage, in _________, it is against the law if people text while crossing the street.
A. Alaska B. California C. Hawaii D. New York
10. The LA Times did the survey most probably to _________.
A. win the hearts of more readers
B. encourage more states to pass the law
C. ask readers if they agree with texting while driving
D. learn about people’s opinions on texting while walking
11. In Rena’s reply, she showed the danger of texting while walking by _________.
A. using numbers B. giving examples
C. asking questions D. telling stories
12. Which of the following is Andrew Black’s opinion?
A. Texting is more important than safety.
B. The law would help to keep Americans safe.
C. It’s easy to please everyone when passing a law.
D. Whether to text or not while walking is people’s own choice.
(四)
(2018 ? 四川广安市中考)Different weather makes people feel different. It influences health, intelligence(智力) and feelings.
In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.
The weather can also influence intelligence. For example, in a scientific report, IQ(智商) of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came, but after the strong wind, their IQ was 10% below. The wind can help people have more intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand(另一方面), can make it lower. Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year (July and August).
Weather also has a strong influence on people’s feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during cold weather. But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer. At about 18 ℃, people become stronger.
Low air pressure(气压) may make people forgetful People leave more bags on buses and in shops on low-pressure days. There is a "good weather" for health. People feel best at a temperature of about 18℃.
Are you feeling sad, tired, forgetful, or unhappy today? It may be the weather’s problem.
31. What kind of weather can have a bad effect(影响) on health?
A. Hot and wet weather. B. Good weather.
C. Warm weather. D. High intelligence.
32. When may people have more intelligence?
A. When a rain comes. B. When very hot weather comes.
C. When a strong wind comes. D. When low air pressure comes.
33. How may low air pressure make people feel?
A. Forgetful. B. Sad. C. Angry. D. Tired.
34. What will happen to people in "good weather" of 18℃?
A. People are very forgetful. B. People can’t do their work well.
C. Thin people feel cold. D. People are in better health.
35. What does the writer want to tell us?
A. Hot and cold weather influences all people in the same way.
B. Weather influences people’s lives.
C. IQ never changes during weather changes.
D. There is a good kind of weather for people’s work and health.
A
(江苏省苏州市张家港市2016-2017学年初三英语期末调研)In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from that in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western guests sometimes look rude in the eyes of Chinese guests.
In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.
My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest，and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask, ＂Is it OK if I smoke?＂ But, don’t be surprised if they say, ＂No, you can’t smoke. ＂ In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they don’t allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.
Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your home, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.
In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.
1. When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often .
A. buys some fruit B. feels like a god
C. wants some gifts D. takes a cup of tea
2. If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?
A. It’s OK if you smoke here. B. Let’s smoke together.
C. Sorry, you can’t smoke here. D. Smoking is a bad habit.
3. What is the meaning of the underlined phrase ＂adapt to＂ in the passage?
A. think back to B. get used to
C. look forward to D. keep close to
4. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Foreigners should learn from Chinese.
B. Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.
C. Western hosts are always nice to guests.
D. People should understand cultural differences.
B
(2017济南市历城区九年级期末模拟)All living things on Earth need water to live. Yet humans are facing serious water problems. According to the United Nations, today over 663 million people live without a safe water supply close to home.
To remind people of the importance of water, the UN first set up World Water Day in 1993. It is on Mar 22 each year. From Mar 22 to 28 is also the China Water Week. The first year’s theme is ＂Waste water＂. It tried to call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it.
In Australia people make good use of waste water. Most Australians have a grass lawn around their home instead of washing the car in the street. Many of them wash it on the lawn to keep the grass longer so that it covers the ground and reduce evaporation.
Rainwater may seem useless to you. But you can also reuse it. People in Germany collect rainwater to wash their toilets. Most houses in the country that are built in the last few years have rainwater collection devices(设备). Rainwater is collected from the root, and then linked to the toilet. But if you don’t have the device just put a bucket(桶)under your roof when it rains.
Water makes up 71 percent of Earth’s surface. But we can only use a very small part of it. Only about 3 percent of the world’s water is fresh water. It’s in lakes, rivers and underground.
Over 80 percent of the waste water in the world goes back into the nature. It has not been cleaned and pollutes the rivers and lakes. Unsafe water makes around 842,000 people die each year.
By 2030, about half of the world’s population could be facing water problem. By 2050, as many as seven billion people across the world could not have enough water supplies. The world’s population might be 9.3 billion by then.
1. From Paragraph 1, we can learn that___________.
A. people around the world are facing serious water problems
B. water is always the most important in our school lives
C. saving water can help us better improve the environment
D. people in different places have different habits to use water.
2. The China Water Week in 2017 tries to___________.
A. collect rainwater to wash their toilets
B. remind people of the importance of water
C. put a bucket under your roof when it rains.
D. call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it.
3. The word ＂reduce＂ in Paragraph 3 most probably means ＂___________ .＂.
A. sit down B. cut down C. put down D. write down
4. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?
A. To share his rich knowledge about water.
B. To warn more people to save water.
C. To show how water problems change the world.
D. To tell people how to discover safe water supply.
5. Which of the following would be the title of the passage?
A. Water in the world has become less and less.
B. Unsafe water makes so many people die.
C. Our planet will face serious water problems.
D. Learning to save water to protect our planet.
C
Popeye the Sailor first became a popular cartoon in the 1930s. The sailor in that cartoon ate lots of spinach(菠菜)to make him strong. People watched him, and they began to buy and eat a lot more spinach. Popeye helped sell 33 percent more spinach than before! Spinach became a necessary part of many people’s diets. Even some children who hated the taste began to eat the vegetable.
Many people thought that the iron in spinach made Popeye strong, but this is not true. Spinach does not have any more iron than any other green vegetable.
People only thought spinach had a lot of iron because the people who studied the food made a mistake. In the 1890s, a group of people studied what was inside vegetables. This group said that spinach had ten times more iron than it did. The group wrote the number wrong, and everyone accepted it.
Today, we know that the little into there is in spinach cannot make a difference in how strong a person is. However, SPINACH DOES HAVE SOMETHING ELSE WHICH THE BODY NEEDS--FOLICACID.(叶酸)
It is interesting to point out that folic acid can help make a person strong. Maybe it was really the folic acid that made Popeye strong all along.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
A. Popeye the Sailor B. A Mistake with Numbers
C. Folic Acid Makes You Strong D. The Truth about Spinach
2. Why did many people eat spinach after they saw Popeye the Sailor?
A. Because they thought spinach made them strong.
B. Because they thought Popeye was funny.
C. Because spinach had a lot of iron.
D. Because people liked folic acid.
3. The reading passage says that perhaps Popeye got his strength from .
A. iron B. spinach C. folic acid D. exercise
4. Folic acid is _______ .
A. something in food B. a vegetable
C. dangerous D. a certain kind of spinach
A
【文章大意】本文作者以单词＂ball＂和＂can＂等为例谈了多义词问题。
1. B 【解析】题意：如果汤姆经常迟到且不能完成任务，他会 ______。细节理解题。A. do the can-can跳can-can舞；B. get canned解雇；C. be on the ball在舞会上；D. go to a ball去参加舞会。根据第二段最后一句And you might get ＂canned＂ if you do a poor job at work, which means you might lose your job.，可知选B。
2. A 【解析】题意：下列哪一项是填补第2段空白的最佳句子？综合理解题。A. Let’s try another word. 让我们试试另一个词。B. Let’s make a word list.让我们做一个单词表。C. Here’s a survey report. 这是一份调查报告。D. Here’s the guessing game.这是猜谜游戏。根据第二段内容，是以另外一个词＂can＂为例谈多义词问题，可知Let’s try another word.最合段意，故选A。
3. B 【解析】题意：作者写这篇文章是为了 ______。考查综合理解题。A. tell a story about learning English words讲一个学习英语单词的故事。B. introduce a book on learning English words介绍一本学习英语单词的书。C. share an experience in learning English words 分享学习英语单词的经验。D. present different pronunciations of the same word呈现同一个词的不同读音。根据最后一段中的If you look at the title of this book Can a Fly，Fly？...可以看出文章主要是为了介绍一本关于学习英语词汇的书，A、C、D三项的内容都没有提及．故选B。
B
【文章大意】本篇文章难度适中，主要讲述了使用手机的危害，并建议我们要恰当地使用手机。
1. B 【解析】根据Smartphone, poor sight以及下文描述，指的是手机对我们眼睛的危害，故选B。
2. C 【解析】根据There has been a 35% increase in the number of people in the UK who suffer from shortsightedness since smart phones were introduced there in 1997可知，越来越多的人受到了手机的危害，故选C。
3. D 【解析】根据Staring at smart phones for long time gives you dry eyes以及This can do harm to the eyes and cause a disease called glaucoma可知选D。
4. A 【解析】根据Take a break every hour and try the following可知选A。
5. D 【解析】本文主要讲述了使用手机的危害，并建议我们使用手机时每个小时都要休息一下，根据句意，故选C。
(一)
【文章大意】本文介绍了学校里有时会发生打架。但你怎么能不打架呢？本文提供了几个方法。首先要冷静。其次，当有人在身后攻击你时，要大声喊。最后当别人喊你参与打架时，你要学会拒绝并劝说不要打架。
1. B【解析】词义猜测题。根据句子Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. 大的声音通常能使攻击者平静下来。attacker是名词＂攻击者＂的意思。去掉-er就是动词＂攻击＂。句子If you know someone is coming up behind you to attack, turn toward the person with your hands up in front of your body and loudly say ＂stop＂ before walking away. 中的attack是动词；该句的语境是：如果你知道有人在你身后攻击你，那么在你离开之前，把手举到你身体前面，朝着那个人大声说＂停＂。因此单词attack，是＂攻击＂的意思。故选B。
2. C【解析】细节理解题。A. Face bravely. 勇敢地面对。B. Join in a fight. 参加打架。C. Learn to refuse. 学着拒绝。D. Talk to someone. 和某人交谈。根据Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no. Helping him fight is not really helpful to him. 你的朋友可能会要求你参加一场打架。你要学会说＂不＂。帮助他打架可能对他没有真正的帮助。可知本段是介绍了要学会拒绝打架。故选C。
3. A【解析】主旨大意题。根据Fights at school sometimes happen. But how can you keep away from a fight? Here’s something you can do. 学校里有时会发生打架。但你怎么能不打架呢？这是你能做的。可知，本文主要介绍了如何帮助学生远离打架。故选A。
4. C【解析】推理判断题。A. sad悲哀的；B. angry生气的；C. serious严肃的；D. crazy疯狂的。根据Be calm(冷静). 、Shout loudly.和Learn to refuse.可知，本文介绍了如何在学校里避免打架。因此语气应该是严肃的。故选C。
【点睛】
词义猜测题是阅读理解中常见的一种题型，所猜测词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。词义猜测题主要考查考生根据上下文推测词义和语义的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。常见的猜词法有：(1)利用上下文语境。猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。 (2)利用定义或解释性的线索。阅读文章中的有些生词往往在其后会有对该词进行解释说明的短语或句子，利用它们猜词义较容易 (3)利用文章的逻辑关系答题。如并列、对比、因果、转折关系等。这些逻辑关系往往通过一些相应的词或短语表达出来，如but, or, however, so, because等。(4)利用构词法知识答题。熟记一些前缀、后缀所表达的意思，不仅可以扩大词汇量，而且帮助我们猜测词义。第1小题的词义猜测题就是利用第1种解题方法。
(二)
【文章大意】本文主要通过一些社会现象以及科学家做的实验，告诉大家不要盲目随波逐流。
5. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段可知，分别讲了在公园和在音乐会上的两种现象——别人抬头看天空你也会不自觉地看天空，别人在音乐会上鼓掌，不一会儿整个屋子的人都会跟着鼓掌。通过这两个例子引出本文主题，故答案选B。
6. B【解析】细节理解题。根据文中第3段中的信息It shows how social proof can influence us. 它说明了社会认同感是如何影响我们的；故答案选B。
7. C【解析】词义猜测题。根据上文We are descendants(后代) of those who copied others’ action. 我们是那些复制他人行为的人的后代。结合本句It is so deeply planted in our mind它深深的植入了我们的思想中，＂它＂指的就是复制其他人的行为这件事；故答案选C。
8. D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章我们可以推断，在追随其他人之前，我们需要再三考虑. 恰巧这也是整篇文章的主旨，不要盲目随波逐流。故答案选D。
(三)
【文章大意】本文主要谈论过马路发短信的问题。在美国47个州，开车时发短信是违法的。一项2018年的研究报告称，美国有2500多人因走路使用了手机最终住进了医院。夏威夷通过了一项法律，规定过街时发短信或看手机是违法的。洛杉矶时报就此事做了一项调查。
9. C【解析】题意：在_______，人们在过街时发短信是违法的。考查细节理解。根据第2段第2句Hawaii passed a law making it illegal(违法的) to text or look down at a mobile device while crossing the street.(夏威夷通过了一项法律，规定过街时发短信或看手机是违法的。)可知在夏威夷，人们在过街时发短信是违法的。故选C。
10. D【解析】题意：洛杉矶时报做这项调查很可能是为了________。考查细节理解。根据第2段第3和4句Do people think more places should accept such a law? The LA Times did a survey.(人们认为更多的地方应该接受这样的法律吗？洛杉矶时报做了一项调查。)可知＂洛杉矶时报做这项调查很可能是为了了解人们对走路时发短信的看法＂；故选D。
11. B【解析】题意：在Rena的回复中，她通过_______说明了走路时发短信的危险。考查细节理解。根据表格一第4句For example, in Japan, one person fell into a lake and another got her leg stuck in a hole可知在Rena的回复中，她通过举例说明了走路时发短信的危险。故选B。
12. B【解析】题意：以下哪项是安德鲁·布莱克的观点？考查细节理解。根据表格4第5句It would be safe and good for all Americans.(这对所有美国人都是安全和有益的。)可知安德鲁·布莱克认为这项法律将有助于保护美国人的安全。故选B。
(四)
【文章大意】本文主要讲了不同的天气让人感觉与众不同，并从具体几个方面做出了介绍，讲天气是如何影响人的健康、智力和感受的。
31. A【解析】句意：什么样的天气对健康有不良影响？A.天气炎热潮湿。B. 好天气。C.温暖的天气。D.高智商。原文＂In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month.＂(8月份，美国南部地区炎热潮湿。在这个月里，那里的人有心脏病和其他类型的健康问题。)，说明天气炎热潮湿是会给健康带来不利影响的，故选A。
32. C【解析】句意：人们何时可以拥有更多智力？A.下雨的时候。B.天气很热的时候。C.当强风来临时。D.气压低时。原文＂For example, in a scientific report, IQ (智商) of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came,＂(例如，在一份科学报告中，一群学生的IQ在强风吹来时非常高)，所以强风来临人们拥有更多智力，故选C。
33. A【解析】句意：低气压让人感觉怎么样？A.健忘的。B.悲伤的。C.生气的。D.累的。原文＂Low air pressure (气压) may make people forgetful＂(低气压可能会让人健忘)，故选A。
34. D【解析】句意：在18℃的＂好天气＂中会发生什么？A.人们非常健忘。B.人们不能很好地开展工作。C.瘦人感到冷。D.人们身体健康。原文＂There is a "good weather" for health. People feel best at a temperature of about 18℃.＂(对于健康来说存在一种＂好天气＂，人们在温度约为18℃时感觉最好)，所以18度的时候人们更会身体健康。故选D。
35. B 【解析】句意：作者想告诉我们什么？A. 冷热天气以同样的方式影响所有人。B. 天气影响人们的生活。C.在天气变化时，智商永远不会改变。D. 对于人们的工作和健康，存在一种好的天气。这篇文章的主题是在讨论＂Different weather makes people feel different.＂(不同的天气让人感觉不同。)，并从具体几个方面做出了介绍，讲天气是如何影响人的健康、智力和感受的，故选B。
A
【文章大意】本文主要讲述了中西方不同的待客之道，号召人们应该理解不同文化间的差异性。
1. B 【解析】题意：当西方客人拜访中国家庭时，他经常 。细节理解题。A. buys some fruit买一些水果；B. feels like a god感觉像上帝；C. wants some gifts想要一些礼物；D. takes a cup of tea喝一杯茶。根据第二段首句In China, guests are almost like gods.可知客人几乎像神一样，故选B。
2. C 【解析】题意：如果作者的客人想在他家抽烟，他会说什么？细节理解题。根据第三段When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly可知，他想直接阻止他们吸烟，四个选项中，Sorry, you can’t smoke here.正是劝阻，故选C。
3. B 【解析】题意：短文中画线的短语＂adapt to＂是什么意思？词义理解题。A. think back to回想起；B. get used to习惯于；C. look forward to期望；D. keep close to寸步不离。根据下文Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift.可知，作者在中国妻子的帮助下正在适应中国的习惯，前面说的是西方人，可以判断＂adapt to＂是＂适应＂的意思。四个选项中，get used to符合此意，故选B。
4. D 【解析】题意：这篇文章的大意是什么？综合理解题。A. Foreigners should learn from Chinese. 外国人应该向中国人学习。B. Hosts must do things in the guests’ way. 主人必须以客人的方式做事。C. Western hosts are always nice to guests. 西方主人对客人总是很友好。D. People should understand cultural differences. 人们应该了解文化差异。根据文意，作者介绍了中西方不同的待客之道，说明了不同的国家有着不一样的待客文化。可知选D。
B
【文章大意】作者介绍的是世界各地水资源短缺的问题以及各国为了节约水资源而做的努力，呼吁人们节约用水、保护地球。
1. A 【解析】题意：从第一段，我们可以看出，___________。综合理解题。A. people around the world are facing serious water problems. 世界各地的人们都面临严重的水问题。B. water is always the most important in our school lives在我们的学校生活中，水总是最重要的。C. saving water can help us better improve the environment.节约用水可以帮助我们更好地改善环境。D. people in different places have different habits to use water.不同地方的人使用水的习惯不同。根据Yet humans are facing serious water problems.和下文的数字，可知人类面临严重的水问题，故选A。
2. D 【解析】题意：2017中国水资源周试图___________。细节理解题。A. collect rainwater to wash their toilets收集雨水来冲洗厕所。B. remind people of the importance of water提醒人们水的重要性。C. put a bucket under your roof when it rains. 下雨的时候把水桶放在你的屋顶下面。D. call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it. 呼吁人们重复使用废水而不是浪费废水。根据It tried to call people to reuse waste water instead of wasting it.，可知选D。
3. B 【解析】题意：第三段单词＂reduce＂最有可能的意思是＂___________＂。词义理解题。A. sit down坐下；B. cut down减少；C. put down放下；D. write down写下。根据前文keep the grass longer so that it covers the ground，可知让草覆盖地面的目的是＂减少蒸发＂，故选B。
4. B 【解析】题意：作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？综合理解题。A. To share his rich knowledge about water. 分享他丰富的水知识。B. To warn more people to save water.警告更多人节约用水。C. To show how water problems change the world.展示水问题如何改变世界。D. To tell people how to discover safe water supply.告诉人们如何发现安全的供水。根据短文内容，作者介绍的是世界各地水资源短缺的问题，呼吁人们节约用水，可知ACD三项都与文意不合，故选B。
5. D 【解析】题意：下面哪一个是文章的标题？细节理解题。A. Water in the world has become less and less. 世界上的水越来越少了。B. Unsafe water makes so many people die.不安全的水会导致许多人死亡。C. Our planet will face serious water problems. 我们的星球将面临严重的水问题。D. Learning to save water to protect our planet.学会节约用水保护我们的星球。根据短文内容，作者介绍的是世界各地水资源短缺的问题，呼吁人们节约用水、保护地球，可知选D。
C
【文章大意】从二十世纪三十年代动画片《大力水手》的播映以来，菠菜成了人们餐桌上必不可少的一道菜，人们都认为菠菜所含的铁会赋予人力量。事实上，菠菜里含的铁并不比别的蔬菜多，只是菠菜中的叶酸才能够使人身体强壮，在本文中作者揭示了这一事实。
1. D 【解析】题意：这篇文章最好的题目是什么？主旨大意题。A. Popeye the Sailor大力水手；B. A Mistake with Numbers数字的错误。C. Folic Acid Makes You Strong叶酸使你强壮；D. The Truth About Spinach关于菠菜的真相。文章开头提出《大力水手》的播映使得人们一致认为菠菜会给人神奇的力量，然后下文指出this is not true.，接下来作者讲述了有关菠菜的事实，由此可知文章中心内容是纠正人们对于菠菜错误的认识，故答案选B。
2. A 【解析】题意：在许多人看到《大力水手》后，为什么他们吃菠菜？推理判断题。A. Because they thought spinach made them strong. 因为他们认为菠菜使他们强壮。B. Because they thought Popeye was funny. 因为他们认为大力水手很有趣。C. Because spinach had a lot of iron. 因为菠菜有很多铁。D. Because people liked folic acid. 因为人们喜欢吃叶酸。根据第一段中The sailor in that cartoon ate lots of spinach(菠菜)to make him strong. People watched him, and they began to buy and eat a lot more spinach.(在卡通片里，吃了很多菠菜的大力水手，使他强壮。人们观看他，他们开始买菠菜，吃更多的菠菜。)结合题意、语境和选项可知选A。
3. C 【解析】题意：阅读短文说，也许大力水手从____________得到他的力量。细节理解题。A. iron铁；B. spinach菠菜；C. folic acid叶酸；D. exercise锻炼。根据最后一段It is interesting to point out that folic acid can help make a person strong. Maybe it was really the folic acid that made Popeye strong all along.(有趣的是，指出了叶酸能使人强壮。也许就是叶酸自始至终使大力水手强壮。)结合题意、语境和选项可知选C。
4. A 【解析】题意：叶酸是____________。细节理解题。A. something in food食物中的某种东西；B. a vegetable一种蔬菜；C. dangerous危险的；D. a certain kind of spinach某种菠菜。根据文章第四段spinach does have something else which the body needs—folic acid.可知folic acid(叶酸)是食物中的某种东西。结合题意、语境和选项可知选A。
