第一讲 谓语动词
第一课时 动词的时态和语态
【典题试做】
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have__reported(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I don’t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have__made(make) over the years.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were__invited(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop.Since 2011, the country has__grown(grow) more corn than rice.
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started(start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant(mean) me no real harm.
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were__used(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success...
10．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.
11．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has__been__told/was__told(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
12．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school comes(come) first.”
1．考查的时态主要是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时；
2．考查被动语态的用法；
3．考查主谓一致。
要点一 各种时态的用法
一般时态
(一)一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
(陕西卷)On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. 周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．如果主句用一般将来时，那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
■名师点津
动词第三人称的构成
一般情况直接加-s
work→works get→gets
say→says read→reads
结尾为-s, -x, -sh, -ch或-o，在词尾加-es
discuss→discusses
wash→washes fix→fixes
teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加-es
carry→carries study→studies
try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
(二)一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。
(2019·江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr.Smith fell in love with the people and culture there. 史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
2. 有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。
(全国卷Ⅰ)Edward, you play so well.But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
■名师点津
动词过去式的构成
一般情况在动词后加-ed
work→worked
play→played
want→wanted
以不发音的-e结尾的动词后加-d
hope→hoped
like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加-ed
study→studied
try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed
stop→stopped
prefer→preferred
admit→admitted
permit→permitted
(三)一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
(北京卷)—What time is it? ——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute, I will check it for you. ——我不知道。但是请稍等，我给您查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
(陕西卷)Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer. 史密斯博士将在今年夏天与他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。
Look, dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon, I think. 瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得上交试卷。
A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可以和并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的从句连用。
(全国卷Ⅱ)Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
进行时态
(一)现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。
2．表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out.We must act immediately before there’s none left. 洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前立刻行动。
(二)过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
(2018·北京卷) Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
(北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred. 突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
(三)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。
■名师点津
动词进行时的构成
一般情况在词尾直接加-ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的-e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
sit→sitting
以-ie结尾的动词，变-ie为y再加-ing
lie→lying
die→dying
完成时态
(一)现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
(2019·江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months. 在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点， for＋时间段等表示一段时间的状语连用。
(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我已经好多年没有弹钢琴了。
(陕西卷)His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
■名师点津
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时
用于叙述过去的动作，与现在无关
现在完成时
所叙述的动作发生在过去某个或某段时间，该动作与现在有关系，可能对现在产生影响，也可能一直持续下去
Mr.Smith has lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在还在北京住着)
Mr.Smith lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在已不在北京)
(二)过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
(2019·天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。
■名师点津
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb.has/have done；This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did；It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从某人做某事以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...
一……就……。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时的要求为考生须掌握现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语有all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
(湖南卷)I’m tired out.I have been shopping all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything. 我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。
(北京卷)Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
要点二 被动语态
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动语态，此结构比较口语化。
被动语态的基本用法
被动语态的使用场合：
1．不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；
2．需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
(2019·江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics. 他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。
(2018·北京卷) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days. 一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。
■名师点津
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。
主动表示被动意义
1．“系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well，easily等)修饰，用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你买最近卖得很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一 时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1] Silk ____________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[分析] had become 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2] In the last few years, China ____________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
[分析] has made 题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二 参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3] The real reason why prices ____________(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[分析] were 题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he____________(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[分析] was going to be 题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三 句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5] —Is Peter coming?
—No, he ____________(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[分析] changed 题干中虽然有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：——彼得要来吗？——不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6] (天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I ____________(not see) for years.
[分析] hadn’t seen 句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了多年未见的戴维。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四 固定句式
英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7] It is the first time that I ____________(be) to Beijing.
[分析] have been 句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在从句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。
单句语法填空
1．A representative who had__seen(see) his performance before thought he could replace another star who intended to leave.
2．Additionally, the kinds of facial make-up(脸谱) are(be) the most particular art in Peking Opera.
3．That was the first time that I had__noticed(notice) the fresh taste of the meat and vegetables of Chinese food.
4．Since the very beginning, the technological base needed for 5G has__been__considered(consider)．
5．—Mona is never happy.Look, she is__complaining(complain) about her lunch.
—I think she’d better change her way of thinking.
6．—We are looking for somebody who is fluent in Spanish.
—No problem.I studied(study) Spanish for four years at college.
7．—Kevin, time for the next destination!
—No hurry! Another 15 minutes and we will__have__explored(explore) all the exhibition rooms of the museum.
8．If we keep(keep) on doing this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English.
9．—Will you be home before 7：00 pm tomorrow?
—Probably not, I will__be__picking(pick) up Johnny at the airport then.
10．—Allan, I have__asked(ask) you to come down several times.Why are you still here?
—Sorry, Mom.But I’m busy with my project.
课件49张PPT。英语[第二部分 语法专项突破]专题一 复杂多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
第一课时 动词的时态和语态have reporteddeclaredhave maderecommendedwere invitedhas grownstartedmeantwere usedmanagedhas been told/was toldcomeshad seenarehad noticedhas been consideredis complainingstudiedwill have exploredkeepwill be pickinghave asked本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典题试做】
1．(全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might be__made(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
1．考查情态动词的基本用法；
2．考查“情态动词＋have done”的用法；
3．考查虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法和with, without, but for, or等构成的含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；
4．考查wish后的宾语从句，as if/as though引导的从句等固定句式中虚拟语气的用法。
情态动词的基本用法
(一)can和could的用法
1．表示“能力”，意为“能，会”。
(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf. 塞缪尔是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。
(湖北卷)It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying.
过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。
■名师点津
was/were able to表示过去有能力做并且成功做了某事，相当于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth.。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出来。
2．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。
That can’t be Mary—she is in London now.
那不可能是玛丽——现在她在伦敦。
3．表示理论上的可能性，意为“有时候可能会”，用于肯定句。
(2018·北京卷)In today’s information age, the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company.
在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。
4．表示礼貌地请求，意为“能，可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。
(江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life？ ——你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
——过好每一天。
5．用于固定句式：cannot...too/enough “无论……也不过分；越……越好……”。
(陕西卷)I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你，在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。
(二)may和might的用法
1. 表示许可和请求，在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。
(北京卷)Might/May I have a word with you? It won’t take long. 我可以和你说句话吗？不会耽误你很长时间。
2．表示推测，意为“可能，或许”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中。
(湖南卷)If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.
当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会烧毁整座房子。
3．用于固定句式：may as well＋动词原形，意为 “最好；倒不如……”。
Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。
(三)must的用法
1．表示义务、必要性等，意为“必须”。其否定式mustn’t 意为“禁止”。
(北京卷)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
——难道你不能再多待一会儿吗？
—It’s getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is home alone. ——时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家呢。
2．表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”。must常用于肯定句中。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时，用must do；对正在进行的事进行猜测时，用must be doing；对已经发生的事进行猜测时，用must have done。
(重庆卷)You must be Carol.You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
你一定是卡罗尔。这么多年你一点都没变。
3. 表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。
(辽宁卷)If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停了。
(四)shall的用法
1．用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
(江西卷)Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?
要我告诉布雷特明天放学后以后直接过来吗？
2．用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
(辽宁卷)One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. 我们有一条规定，那就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
(五)should的用法
1．表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。
I don’t think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about.
我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。
2．表示推测、可能性、或预期，意为“应该；可能”。
He should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。
3．用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中，意为“竟然……；居然……”。
(2018·江苏卷)It’s strange that he should have taken the books without the owner’s permission. 简直是太奇怪了，他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。
(六)will和would的用法
1．表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. 我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(江苏卷)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn’t say where he was. 几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。
2．表示习惯性的动作，意为“总是”，will指现在，would指过去。
(四川卷)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
我仍旧记得快乐的童年，那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
3．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch？ 请让我看看你的新手表好吗？
(七)need的用法
need表示必要性，常用于疑问句和否定句中，needn’t表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，有人称、数和时态的变化；其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语。
(2017·天津卷)My room is a mess, but I needn’t clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.
我的房间里乱糟糟的，不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫，我可以上午再打扫。
Since you know it already, we don’t need to keep it a secret. 既然你已经知道了，我们就没有必要保密了。
(八)dare的用法
dare意为“敢，敢于”，没有人称、数和时态的变化，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，后接动词原形。作实义动词时，在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的不定式可省略。
How dare you leave your home without your parents’ permission?
在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家？
Most people hate Harry but they don’t dare to say so.
大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。
情态动词＋have done
对过去的推测
must have done
一定做过某事(肯定句)
can/could
have done
过去不可能做过某事(否定句)
过去可能做过某事吗？(疑问句)
may/might
have done
过去可能做过某事(肯定句)
过去可能没有做过某事(否定句)
对过去情况的后悔、遗憾或责备
could have done
本来能够做但却未做
should have done
本来应该做但是实际上未做
shouldn’t have done
本来不应该做而实际上做了
needn’t have done
本来没必要做却做了
(2019·天津卷)Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week.
保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。
(福建卷)—Sorry, Mum！I failed the job interview again. ——对不起，妈妈！我工作面试又失败了。
—Oh, it’s too bad.You should have made full preparations.
——哦，太糟糕了。你本应该做好充分的准备。
if条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气
主句谓语动词
从句谓语动词
虚拟现在
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式(be用were)
虚拟过去
should/would/could/ might＋have done
had＋过去分词
虚拟将来
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式/were to do/should do
(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers. 如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。
(北京卷)We would be back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。
(安徽卷)Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。
■名师点津
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中，谓语动词含有had, were, should时，可以把if省略，将had, were, should提到句首，变成倒装句。
(2017·江苏卷)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
如果没有老师的帮助，这个学生克服不了她的困难。
(江苏卷)It might have saved me some trouble had I known the schedule.
要是早知道时间表的话，可能会省去我一些麻烦。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语，并且动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
(北京卷)Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则等。
(2019·天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time. 工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成这项任务。
(江苏卷)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. 要不是托马斯·爱迪生，我们现在从中获益的很多东西就不会存在。
虚拟语气在从句中的运用
(一)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1．在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后接宾语从句，以及这些动词的名词后接同位语或表语从句，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三要求(require, demand, request)、四建议(suggest, advise, propose, recommend)。
(江苏卷)She suggested that Dale (should) join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting. 他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。
My suggestion was that necessary measures (should)be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations.
我的建议是采取必要措施来保护孩子们远离危险的境遇。
■名师点津
当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”时，从句要用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默表明他同意我的决定。
He insisted that he hadn’t stolen the money.
他坚持说他没有偷过钱。
2．在“It is/was＋adj./done＋that...”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded 等。
It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.
我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour exercise every day.
中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
3．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
情况
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. 这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己还能有机会去更多地参与其中。
I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.
我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。
I wish you could give me the book you borrowed from me last week tomorrow.
我希望你明天把你上周从我这儿借的那本书还给我。
4．would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的虚拟；从句谓语动词用过去完成时，表示对过去的虚拟。
(陕西卷)We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. 我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday. 要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。
(二)三个固定句式中的虚拟语气
句式
现在虚拟
过去虚拟
将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
It is (high) time that...
过去式或should＋动词原形
(2019·天津卷)Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there. 玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动，以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。
It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.
确实到了我们采取措施解决这个问题的时候了。
Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好！
■名师点津
当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
如何判定情态动词和虚拟语气
一、意义和语气判断法
所谓意义判断法就是分析语境并确定应填情态动词的含义。因此熟练掌握每个情态动词的意义和用法是答题的前提。此外，情态动词主要表示说话人的语气、态度或情感，所以在解答此类试题时，要从说话者的角度去考虑问题，结合具体的语境来分析和判断，最后确定所需情态动词是否符合说话者的语气以及特定的情感需要。
[例1] (浙江卷)George ____________(not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
[分析] can’t/couldn’t have gone 由下文的His coffee is still warm.可以看出，乔治应该是刚离开，不可能走太远，表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的否定推测，故填can’t/couldn’t have gone。
二、时间判断法
虚拟语气的考查重点在于判断句子是对现在、过去还是将来的动作进行虚拟。判断出时间后再根据相应的结构或句型确定谓语动词的形式。
[例2] (天津卷)I wish I ____________(be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
[分析] had been 句意：我真希望上周二参加了妹妹的婚礼，不过我当时正在纽约出差。根据句中的but可知“我参加了妹妹的婚礼”只是一种假设，根据空后的时间状语last Tuesday可知，动作发生在过去，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故谓语用“had＋过去分词”结构。故填had been。
单句语法填空
1．—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You must have put it in the wrong place.
2．(2020·杭州七校模拟)John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he came(come) tomorrow than today.
3．When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I had__answered(answer) your call.
4．He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he can be quite charming when he wishes.
5．Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he would go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
6．—What does the sign over there read?
—No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.
7．The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should)__be__developed(develop)．
8．It is high time that you considered/should__consider(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.
9．You didn’t let me drive.If we had__driven(drive) by turns, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
10．—Mum, little Ray broke his toys again!
—It doesn’t matter.You see, accidents will happen.
课件41张PPT。英语[第二部分 语法专项突破]专题一 复杂多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气be mademustmustcamehad answeredcanwouldshall(should) be developedconsidered/should considerhad drivenwill本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放第三课时 主谓一致
【典题试做】
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt are__removed(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
5．(全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is(be) often acceptable.
近几年高考对主谓一致的考查主要是语法一致和意义一致，就近一致相对来说考查较少，并且常常将主谓一致与动词的时态、语态结合起来进行综合考查。
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1．动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
(湖南卷)All the scientific evidence shows that increasing use of chemicals in farming is damaging our health.
所有的科学证据都表明，在农业中使用越来越多的化学品正在危害着我们的健康。
Everything is in a complete mass, which drives people crazy. 所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
2．主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
(2019·天津卷)Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
上周埃米和她的哥哥们回到村庄时，受到了热烈的欢迎。
I think Tom, rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
3．and, both...and...连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
■名师点津
如果and连接两个单数可数名词或不可数名词，表示同一人、同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(2020·湖北十二校联考)The writer and professor, who I often refer to at the meetings, is popular among those people. 我在会议上经常提到的那位作家兼教授，在那些人中很受欢迎。
4．定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
This is one of the novels that have ever been written by Mo Yan. 这是莫言所写的小说之一。
She is the only one of the girls who sings well in class.
她是班里女生中唯一一个歌唱得很好的。
5．“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process. 很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday. 每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。
意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1．集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成整体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
The whole class, which is made up of twenty boys and fifteen girls were told to stay behind after school to have an important meeting yesterday.
这个班由20个男生和15个女生组成。昨天全班学生被告知放学后留下来开一个重要的会。
■名师点津
形式为单数但意义为复数概念的police, people等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The police are searching for the murderer in the mountain. 警察正在山里搜寻杀人犯。
2．“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 总共有超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
3．“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。
4．a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.
大量的时间被浪费在了这个项目上。
With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
由于更多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
5．“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of people invited was one hundred, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 收到邀请的总共有100人，但很多人因为各种原因缺席了。
6．表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。
就近一致原则
就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
1．由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also)．.., not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Not only John and Tom but also their sister, Mary, takes great interest in the piano lessons. 不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。
(湖南卷)Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
2．在there be句型中，若有几个并列成分作主语，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
正确判断主谓一致
分析句子成分，找准句子主语，判断句子主语是单数还是复数。再根据主谓一致的三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则及就近一致原则判断谓语动词的单复数。
[例] (福建卷)The famous musician, as well as his students, ____________(invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
[分析] was invited as well as 连接并列主语时，谓语动词应和其前的主语保持人称和数的一致，故谓语动词应与The famous musician在数上保持一致，故用第三人称单数形式；且musician与invite之间为被动关系，再根据句中标志词at the opening ceremony...Expo可知，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was invited。
单句语法填空
1．The brain benefits were__seen(see) among people who ate roughly one and a third cups of raw greens a day, or about a half-cup of cooked dark, leafy greens.
2．As we all know, eye contact is a natural part of most casual conversation, which is(be) not always so exciting but always important.
3．This land of high mountains and dense forests is(be) the cradle of Chinese revolution.
4．In fact, such programs that promote traditional ancient relics have__become(become) popular in recent years.
5．The graduation ceremony takes place at the end of May or beginning of June, which usually includes(include) music, awards, and a guest speaker.
6．As the 5G era approaches(approach), one of the key concerns for telecom operators will be how they can use 5G networks to meet the needs of high-density areas.
7．Feeding birds is(be)good for everyone.Birders enjoy watching the birds, while the birds get enough food to survive in big cities.
8．The difference is that most Chinese paper-cuts are red, while those in other countries are(be) often made in many other colors.
9．(2020·温州适应性测试)However, people who have done related researches believe that the full moon affects(affect) human behaviors to some degree.
10．John as well as the other children who have no parents is__being__taken(take) good care of in the village now.
语法填空
(一)
Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday.The day after it has been known as Black Friday，1.which is the start of the holiday shopping season, and 2.has__been(be) the busiest shopping day of the year in the US since 2005.
Most stores offer big sales on Black Friday.They open their doors quite early in the morning and try to attract shoppers 3.with big discounts.Black Friday is a great time to go 4.shopping(shop)．However, there are problems.The 5.biggest(big) one is 6.that there are not enough low-priced items.These items are in great need, so people stand in long lines 7.to__get(get) them.They may wait three to four hours before a store opens.They may be hoping to get a TV or a computer at a low price, 8.but not everybody can get one.Some people leave, 9.disappointed(disappoint)．
The situation makes people worried.Some Black Friday events have been crazy.There have been fights over toys among shoppers.Some workers have even been hurt by large 10.crowds(crowd)．But most Black Friday events are safe and fun.Still, if you plan to go, you will expect a large number of people and a bit of pushing.
(二)
It used to be common to see US teenagers busy at fast-food restaurants cooking burgers and 1.cleaning(clean) tables, especially during the summer vacation. 2.However,__the scene is becoming less common.
Instead of finding summer jobs, many US teenagers are spending 3.their(they) free time taking classes. According to The Atlantic, this change partly results 4.from the low teen earnings paying little toward the costs of college. For many students who are going to attend college, the money from summer jobs doesn’t live up to their 5.expectations(expect) at all. Meanwhile, US teenagers’ increasing interest in education 6.accounts(account) for this as well. They go to summer school to learn 7.what they might not have time for after they leave school, which 8.is__considered(consider) as a wise choice.
Despite this, a summer job is still believed to benefit teenagers. Early work experience is 9.a human activity that develops people’s social skills. When kids are working, they gradually gain 10.practical(practice) knowledge and understanding of the labor market.
课件25张PPT。英语[第二部分 语法专项突破]专题一 复杂多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
第三课时 主谓一致areisare removed isiswere seenisishave becomeincludesapproachesisareaffectsis being taken请做：高考题型综合练word部分： 点击进入链接本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放
语法填空
(一)
Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday.The day after it has been known as Black Friday，1.which is the start of the holiday shopping season, and 2.has__been(be) the busiest shopping day of the year in the US since 2005.
Most stores offer big sales on Black Friday.They open their doors quite early in the morning and try to attract shoppers 3.with big discounts.Black Friday is a great time to go 4.shopping(shop)．However, there are problems.The 5.biggest(big) one is 6.that there are not enough low-priced items.These items are in great need, so people stand in long lines 7.to__get(get) them.They may wait three to four hours before a store opens.They may be hoping to get a TV or a computer at a low price, 8.but not everybody can get one.Some people leave, 9.disappointed(disappoint)．
The situation makes people worried.Some Black Friday events have been crazy.There have been fights over toys among shoppers.Some workers have even been hurt by large 10.crowds(crowd)．But most Black Friday events are safe and fun.Still, if you plan to go, you will expect a large number of people and a bit of pushing.
(二)
It used to be common to see US teenagers busy at fast-food restaurants cooking burgers and 1.cleaning(clean) tables, especially during the summer vacation. 2.However,__the scene is becoming less common.
Instead of finding summer jobs, many US teenagers are spending 3.their(they) free time taking classes. According to The Atlantic, this change partly results 4.from the low teen earnings paying little toward the costs of college. For many students who are going to attend college, the money from summer jobs doesn’t live up to their 5.expectations(expect) at all. Meanwhile, US teenagers’ increasing interest in education 6.accounts(account) for this as well. They go to summer school to learn 7.what they might not have time for after they leave school, which 8.is__considered(consider) as a wise choice.
Despite this, a summer job is still believed to benefit teenagers. Early work experience is 9.a human activity that develops people’s social skills. When kids are working, they gradually gain 10.practical(practice) knowledge and understanding of the labor market.
第二讲 非谓语动词
【典题试做】
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to__perform(perform) consistently over a large area.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for being(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to__retire(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to__get(get) there.
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long to__see(see) the benefit.
9．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying(die) early by running.
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to__improve(improve) water quality.
11．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
12．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me to__stay(stay) and watch.
13．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
14．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required to__process(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
15．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
16．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest)．
非谓语动词是高考考查的重点，其中非谓语动词作状语、定语仍是重中之重。同时，高考对非谓语动词在句中作主语、宾语的考查增势明显。
非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be doing
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
其表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京卷)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。
非谓语动词作状语
(一)不定式作状语
1．作目的状语。可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。
(2019·江苏卷)To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利，很多老年人开始使用智能手机。
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year in order to/so as to/to visit her.
她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
2．作结果状语。常用于下列结构中：only to do(表示意想不到的结果)；enough to do(足够做……)；too...to do...(太……而不能做……)；so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
3．作原因状语。常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。
(辽宁卷)This machine is very easy to operate.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟，任何人都能学会使用它。
■名师点津
语法填空中常考查“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
(二)分词作状语
分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2019·江苏卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物，这反映了人类的智慧与创造性。
(2018·北京卷) Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。
Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。
■名师点津
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且常用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。常见的有located(坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)等，无论它们在句中作何种成分都不用其-ing形式。
(天津卷)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.
由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
(三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的独立成分有：
独立成分
意义
generally speaking (to be general)
一般来说
honestly/roughly/strictly speaking
老实说/大体说/严格说
frankly speaking/to be frank
坦白说
judging from/by
根据……来判断
taking...into consideration/account
考虑到……
considering/seeing/given...
考虑到……
to tell the truth/to be honest
说实话
compared with/by
与……相比
to make things worse
更糟糕的是
(浙江卷)To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. 说实话，尽管这份工作本身很有趣，但是这个报酬不是很吸引人。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成，用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，常由逗号将其与句子主体分开，在句中通常作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等，还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有：
1．名词/代词＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)
(江苏卷)Much time spent sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 因为在桌前久坐，办公室工作人员一般都被健康问题所困扰。
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
2．with/without＋名词/代词＋宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多的难题要解决，这位新选的总统正过着一段艰难的日子。
(安徽卷)John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬，由于作业做完了，他很乐意地接受了。
(北京卷)I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on. 噪音不绝于耳，我没法做作业。
非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1．不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。
(2017·天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.
我在会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。
■名师点津
不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn’t find any paper to write on.
突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
2．序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词或代词后，常用不定式作定语。注意：该名词或代词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
3．被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。如ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。
(辽宁卷)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
(湖南卷)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
■名师点津
不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
I have a letter to post, so I can’t go swimming with you.
我有一封信(需要我)要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。
I have a letter to be posted. Can you help me?
我有一封信想(让别人替我)寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？
(二)分词作定语
1．作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。
(2019·天津卷)Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed to help them succeed academically and personally.
大多数大学现在为大一的学生提供一门专门为他们设计的课程，以帮助他们在学术和个人事务上取得成功。
(北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
2．作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
falling leaves 在落下的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves 叶(表完成)
■名师点津
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
②The bridge built in 2019 was designed by a local company.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.
非谓语动词作宾语
1．只接不定式作宾语的动词：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse，manage, care, pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮
offer, promise, choose, plan；agree, ask/beg, help
(2017·江苏卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help (to) shape your year ahead.
在年底对成功和失败进行快速的回顾会有助于你下一年的发展。
■名师点津
(1)此外afford, happen(碰巧), wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
(2)动词(短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
2．只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon；admit, delay/put off, fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
forbid/avoid, imagine, risk；can’t help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
■名师点津
allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advise doing/sb. to do sth.。
3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：(1)try to do 尽力做……；try doing 试着去做……；(2)mean to do打算做……；mean doing 意味着……；(3)regret to do遗憾要去做……；regret doing后悔做过……；(4)remember to do 记得去做……；remember doing记得做过……；(5)forget to do忘记去做……；forget doing 忘记做了……
(陕西卷)I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. 我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，还有我在那里所看到的一切。
(安徽卷)I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。
■名师点津
动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.(clean与the window之间存在动宾关系)
He needs to leave at once.(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)
4．动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语：be/get used to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始认真做某事), devote...to...(致力于……), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。此外，介词后跟动名词的结构：have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.
(陕西卷)It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
(浙江卷)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
■名师点津
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意，什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语：do nothing but...只能……； cannot help but...禁不住……；cannot but...不得不……；cannot choose but...只得……
非谓语动词作宾补
(一)不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。
(山东卷)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on. 如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
(江西卷)Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
完成她的项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
■名师点津
(1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。
(江西卷)He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
(3)有些动词，如hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand等后不能用不定式作补语。
(二)分词作宾补
1．现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。
(湖南卷)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?
听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？
■名师点津
catch sb. doing sth.意为“撞见某人正在做某事”。
2．过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。
(2018·天津卷)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken.
我需要一个新护照，因此我得照张相片。
■名师点津
(1)使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth.done＝get sth.done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth.doing sth.让……一直做某事；get sb./sth.doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb.do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事。
(四川卷)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed. 在开车进城之前，你需要找人洗洗车。
(2)have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与can’t, won’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I can’t have you getting away with telling lies.
我不能容忍你因撒谎而不受惩罚。
非谓语动词作主语和表语
(一)不定式作主语和表语
1．不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。
2．不定式作表语时：①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，多用不定式作表语。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
■名师点津
不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English. 我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
(二)动名词作主语和表语
1．动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
(2018·北京卷)Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.
沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
2．常用于动名词作主语的句型：
It’s a waste of time doing...；
It’s no use/good doing...；
It is useless doing.../There is no use doing...
It’s no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
■名师点津
不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
如何解答非谓语动词类题目
1．分析句子结构，辨别“谓语和非谓语”
首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语，如果是，就用谓语形式；如果句子中并不缺少谓语，则用非谓语形式。所以在解题过程中，首先必须明白非谓语动词虽然与动词有关，但它们都不是谓语动词。其次，必须培养识别英语句子谓语的能力，因为命题人经常就一些多义词、多性(词性)词，尤其是熟词生义设置题目，增加句式结构的复杂性和干扰性，从而导致考生理解失误，不能正确地划分句子主干，继而造成失分。
[例1] (全国卷Ⅰ)A study of travelers ____________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
[分析] conducted 本题存在一词多义、一词多性的特征，由于不能找到正确的谓语动词，考生容易误填was conducted或were conducted。因name的常见词性为名词，考生会将题干中的“names”误认为是名词name的复数形式。其实，在本题中，name为谓语动词，意为“选定；指定”，因主语“A study of travelers(一项关于游客的研究)”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式names。找到谓语之后，可轻松推知此处应填非谓语动词，再由“study”与“conduct”之间是被动关系，可知应填过去分词作后置定语。
2．寻找逻辑主语，确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系
非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就是逻辑主语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主动关系还是被动关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。
如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用动词不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词的被动式。
[例2] (重庆卷)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras ____________(return) to our shop for quality problems.
[分析] returned 句意：生产厂商定期来收集因质量问题而被退回到我们商店的相机。句中已有谓语动词comes，因此设空处应为非谓语动词；且动词return与其逻辑主语the cameras之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语，故填returned。
3．分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序
非谓语动词所发生的时间是一个相对时间，即相对应谓语动词的动作发生的时间而言。非谓语动词的形式不同，所指时间的含义也不同。根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如to have done, having done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to be doing, doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
[例3] ____________(work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
[分析] Having worked 考生容易误认为在句首设题，应填To work表示目的。然而，本题考查的是非谓语动词与谓语动词存在时间先后顺序时的用法。并且句中的主语Steve与work之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词的完成式having done。
单句语法填空
1．To__stabilize(stabilize) economic growth, various measures are being taken to expand domestic demand.
2．But if you do find it difficult to__fall(fall) asleep or stay asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to build up that healthy sleepiness in the evening.
3．Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty determining(determine) “which came first, the chicken or the egg？” says Julie Lumeng of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
4．Thanks to the high-tech rackets, they can now enjoy the magical feeling of hitting(hit) the ball at over 150 kilometers per hour!
5．Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city to__host(host) the Asian Games.
6．Actually, it is quite normal for the average person living(live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single day.
7．First of all, becoming(become) aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress.
8．They start building their huts late in the summer, but do not get them finished(finish) before the early frosts.
9．Traditional Chinese wedding customs may vary from place to place and time to time, but have been holding an important position in the lives of Chinese people, causing(cause) a far-reaching impact on the way the Chinese lead their lives.
10．Hosted(host) by the Jinan municipal government, the Jinan winter swimming race has been held for six successive years.
语法填空
(一)
Go(围棋) is a board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent.The game 1.was__invented(invent) in China more than 2，500 years ago and is believed to be the 2.oldest(old) board game continuously played to the present day.A 2016 survey found that there were over 20 million current players, the majority of 3.whom lived in East Asia.
The playing pieces are called “stones”．One player uses the white stones and the 4.other,__black.The players take 5.turns(turn) to place the stones on the vacant intersections(交叉点) of a board.Once 6.placed(place) on the board, stones may not be moved, but stones are removed from the board if “captured(捕获)”．Capture happens when a stone or a group of stones is surrounded by opposing stones on all points.The game goes on until neither player wishes to make another move.When a game 7.comes(come) to an end, the winner is determined by 8.counting(count) each player’s surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (贴目)．A teacher might 9.simplify(simple) the explanation by saying to a student “You may place your stone on any point on the board, but if I surround that stone, I will remove 10.it．”
(二)
Proper exercise is beneficial to our health. As the experts say, swimming is an excellent way to work your entire body. An hour of swimming 1.burns(burn) almost as many calories as running. There are a host of benefits you may gain from swimming 2.regularly(regular)．
One of 3.the biggest benefits of swimming is that it truly works well from head to toe. It can not only increase your heart rate without 4.stressing(stress) your body, but also build up your muscles and 5.strength(strong). Besides, swimming makes your heart and lung strong. It is so good for you that researchers say it may even reduce your risk of death. 6.Compared(compare) with inactive people, 7.swimmers(swim) have about half the risk of death. Some other studies have shown that swimming may help lower blood pressure and control blood sugar.
The number of persons 8.who/that experience some level of insomnia(失眠症) is increasing, so this is excellent news—the researchers conclude that swimming is a potentially powerful way to relieve stress quickly and promote deeper sleep.
Swimming is safe for most people. As with any workout, there are certain risks associated with swimming. If you 9.are__injured(injure) or have certain medical conditions, be sure to check with your doctor before swimming. 10.In general, it’s a good idea to check with your doctor whenever you start a new exercise program.
课件58张PPT。英语[第二部分 语法专项突破]专题一 复杂多变的动词
第二讲 非谓语动词to performnotingbeingto retiresayingto getlisteningto seedyingto improvelookingto stayeatingto processlayingrestingTo stabilizeto falldetermininghittingto hostlivingbecomingfinishedcausingHosted请做：高考题型综合练word部分： 点击进入链接本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放
语法填空
(一)
Go(围棋) is a board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent.The game 1.was__invented(invent) in China more than 2，500 years ago and is believed to be the 2.oldest(old) board game continuously played to the present day.A 2016 survey found that there were over 20 million current players, the majority of 3.whom lived in East Asia.
The playing pieces are called “stones”．One player uses the white stones and the 4.other,__black.The players take 5.turns(turn) to place the stones on the vacant intersections(交叉点) of a board.Once 6.placed(place) on the board, stones may not be moved, but stones are removed from the board if “captured(捕获)”．Capture happens when a stone or a group of stones is surrounded by opposing stones on all points.The game goes on until neither player wishes to make another move.When a game 7.comes(come) to an end, the winner is determined by 8.counting(count) each player’s surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (贴目)．A teacher might 9.simplify(simple) the explanation by saying to a student “You may place your stone on any point on the board, but if I surround that stone, I will remove 10.it．”
(二)
Proper exercise is beneficial to our health. As the experts say, swimming is an excellent way to work your entire body. An hour of swimming 1.burns(burn) almost as many calories as running. There are a host of benefits you may gain from swimming 2.regularly(regular)．
One of 3.the biggest benefits of swimming is that it truly works well from head to toe. It can not only increase your heart rate without 4.stressing(stress) your body, but also build up your muscles and 5.strength(strong). Besides, swimming makes your heart and lung strong. It is so good for you that researchers say it may even reduce your risk of death. 6.Compared(compare) with inactive people, 7.swimmers(swim) have about half the risk of death. Some other studies have shown that swimming may help lower blood pressure and control blood sugar.
The number of persons 8.who/that experience some level of insomnia(失眠症) is increasing, so this is excellent news—the researchers conclude that swimming is a potentially powerful way to relieve stress quickly and promote deeper sleep.
Swimming is safe for most people. As with any workout, there are certain risks associated with swimming. If you 9.are__injured(injure) or have certain medical conditions, be sure to check with your doctor before swimming. 10.In general, it’s a good idea to check with your doctor whenever you start a new exercise program.
